Kenneth Thompson (August 29, 1921 - February 2, 2013) was an American political scientist, author, and scholar of international relations known for his contributions to normative theory and the tradition of political realism. He received his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago in 1950, where he studied under Hans J. Morgenthau, and subsequently held teaching positions at the University of Chicago and Northwestern University.

From 1955 to 1975, Thompson worked in international education and philanthropy, serving as vice president for international programs at the Rockefeller Foundation. He joined the faculty of the University of Virginia in 1975 as Commonwealth Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs and became director of the Miller Center of Public Affairs, a position he held until 1998.

During his tenure at the Miller Center, Thompson played a central role in shaping the institution's mission and programs, including the development of the Presidential Oral History Program, the Forum Program, and a series of bipartisan national commissions addressing issues such as presidential disability and the federal judicial selection process. His leadership contributed significantly to the study of the American presidency, public policy, and political history at the University of Virginia.

Thompson authored and edited numerous works on international relations, foreign policy, and political thought, and was a key figure in sustaining and advancing classical realist tradition in the twentieth century. His scholarship emphasized the importance of historical context, moral complexity, and the balance of power in international affairs.