Chesterfield County was named for Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of Chesterfield, British statesman and diplomat, and was formed from Henrico County in 1749. The county seat is Chesterfield Court House. Part of Henrico County was added to Chesterfield in 1922.

Estrays were stray livestock found wandering. An inquest was held to determine the value of the livestock in order to reimburse the person who had found and cared for the animal. The report generally includes a physical description of the animal as well as an assessed monetary value.

In 1793, the Virginia General Assembly specified that “free Negroes or mulattoes” were required to “be registered and numbered in a book to be kept by the town clerk, which shall specify age, name, color, status and by whom, and in what court emancipated.” The process was extended to localities in 1803. This bound register often coincided with a loose certificate containing largely the same identifying information. The 1793 law required one to obtain a new certificate every three years. Both the registration system and the process of renewal was enforced differently in the various Virginia localities. Thus, the information found in these registers may differ from year to year and across localities. In 1834, the General Assembly added a requirement that each person be specified by marks or scars and the instrument of emancipation, whether by deed or will, be recorded. Not all free people registered in their locality.

Some clerks recorded information as a narrative style, while other clerks recorded free people and their information in a ledger. This latter style more closely resembles a present day spreadsheet with columns and headings identifying name, age, free status, and so forth. Note that some county clerks used the same book to record other types of records such as marriage registrations or boat licenses, or in this case estray records.