- Robert Hunt Land Papers, 1938/19423
- Robert Morton Hughes Papers, 1715/1940, bulk 1871/19331
- Robertson Family Papers, 1730/19501
- Rockbridge Historical Society collection of deeds, 1748/19201
- Rose, Redd, and Claiborne family papers, 1771/20091
- Roy Bird Cook (1886-1961), Collector, Papers, 1679/1984, bulk 1840/19601
- Ruby Leighton Family History Collection, 1908/20102
- Ruffner Family Association Collection, 1811/2014, bulk 1999/20141
- Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/19951
- Samuel H. Yonge papers, 1890/19351
- Sheet Music Collection, 1827/19742
- Shenandoah County Historical Society Collection, 1147/20002
- Stearns Family Papers, 1714/19201
- Surveying Collection, 1741/18012
- Susan H. Godson Papers, 1980/19931