{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228392","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228394","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228428"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":228393,"next_page":228394,"prev_page":228392,"total_pages":228428,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":2283920,"total_count":2284275,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Zone of Privacy- Part 1, 1979/1992","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a VHS tape that has recordings that relate to privacy or public figures. These recordings are Teddy on marriage from the CBS News Reports 'Teddy', the Gary Hart press conference, the Gary Hart speech to American Newspaper Public Association, Bill and Hilary Clinton on '60 Minutes', the CBS evening news converage of Clinton/lowers, and Bush on Jennifer Fitzgerald.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204","ref_ssm":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204"],"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","parent_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","parent_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zone of Privacy- Part 1","title_ssm":["Zone of Privacy- Part 1"],"title_tesim":["Zone of Privacy- Part 1"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zone of Privacy- Part 1, 1979/1992"],"text":["Zone of Privacy- Part 1, 1979/1992","Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004","box 20","object 62","English.","This is a VHS tape that has recordings that relate to privacy or public figures. These recordings are Teddy on marriage from the CBS News Reports 'Teddy', the Gary Hart press conference, the Gary Hart speech to American Newspaper Public Association, Bill and Hilary Clinton on '60 Minutes', the CBS evening news converage of Clinton/lowers, and Bush on Jennifer Fitzgerald.","This VHS is stored in RG 42."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/1992"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Inclusive 1979-1992"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":204,"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"collection_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"containers_ssim":["box 20","object 62"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some materials in this collection are restricted."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"language_ssim":["English."],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a VHS tape that has recordings that relate to privacy or public figures. These recordings are Teddy on marriage from the CBS News Reports 'Teddy', the Gary Hart press conference, the Gary Hart speech to American Newspaper Public Association, Bill and Hilary Clinton on '60 Minutes', the CBS evening news converage of Clinton/lowers, and Bush on Jennifer Fitzgerald.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This is a VHS tape that has recordings that relate to privacy or public figures. These recordings are Teddy on marriage from the CBS News Reports 'Teddy', the Gary Hart press conference, the Gary Hart speech to American Newspaper Public Association, Bill and Hilary Clinton on '60 Minutes', the CBS evening news converage of Clinton/lowers, and Bush on Jennifer Fitzgerald."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis VHS is stored in RG 42.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["This VHS is stored in RG 42."],"_nest_path_":"/components#203","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:24:12.554Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_208.xml","title_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers"],"title_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["Inclusive 1948-2005","Bulk 1953-2004"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Inclusive 1948-2005"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["Bulk 1953-2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"text":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004","WLU.Coll.0369","Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill","Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings","Some materials in this collection are restricted.","Roger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster.","Blue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)","Includes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation.","The VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"collection_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0369"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0369"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"geogname_ssim":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"places_ssim":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"creator_ssm":["Mudd, Roger"],"creator_ssim":["Mudd, Roger"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["13.5 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials in this collection are restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some materials in this collection are restricted."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRoger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Roger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Roger Mudd Papers, WLU Coll. 0369, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003cp\u003eIn some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections staff to verify the appropriate format.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Roger Mudd Papers, WLU Coll. 0369, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections staff to verify the appropriate format."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Blue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":281,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:24:12.554Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c204"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Zone of Privacy- Part 2, 1992","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a VHS tape recording of the CNN broadcast Mary Tillotson and George Bush on Fitzgerald.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205","ref_ssm":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205"],"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","parent_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","parent_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zone of Privacy- Part 2","title_ssm":["Zone of Privacy- Part 2"],"title_tesim":["Zone of Privacy- Part 2"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zone of Privacy- Part 2, 1992"],"text":["Zone of Privacy- Part 2, 1992","Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004","box 20","object 63","English.","This is a VHS tape recording of the CNN broadcast Mary Tillotson and George Bush on Fitzgerald.","This VHS is stored in RG 42."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1992"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Single August 11, 1992"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":205,"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"collection_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"containers_ssim":["box 20","object 63"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some materials in this collection are restricted."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"language_ssim":["English."],"date_range_isim":[1992],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis is a VHS tape recording of the CNN broadcast Mary Tillotson and George Bush on Fitzgerald.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This is a VHS tape recording of the CNN broadcast Mary Tillotson and George Bush on Fitzgerald."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis VHS is stored in RG 42.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["This VHS is stored in RG 42."],"_nest_path_":"/components#204","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:24:12.554Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_208.xml","title_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers"],"title_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["Inclusive 1948-2005","Bulk 1953-2004"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Inclusive 1948-2005"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["Bulk 1953-2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"text":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004","WLU.Coll.0369","Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill","Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings","Some materials in this collection are restricted.","Roger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster.","Blue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)","Includes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation.","The VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"collection_ssim":["Roger Mudd Papers, 1948/2005, bulk 1953/2004"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0369"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0369"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"geogname_ssim":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"places_ssim":["Washington (D.C.) -- Capitol Hill"],"creator_ssm":["Mudd, Roger"],"creator_ssim":["Mudd, Roger"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"creators_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.)","Correspondence","Speeches, addresses, etc., American","Television scripts","Press coverage","Video recordings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["13.5 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials in this collection are restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some materials in this collection are restricted."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRoger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Roger Mudd is an alumnus of Washington and Lee University, Class of 1950, and a prominent television journalist and broadcaster."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Roger Mudd Papers, WLU Coll. 0369, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.\u003cp\u003eIn some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections staff to verify the appropriate format.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Roger Mudd Papers, WLU Coll. 0369, Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA. In some cases the citation format may vary. Please contact Special Collections staff to verify the appropriate format."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBlue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Blue sheet prepared by Edna Milliner (2/10/2011)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes graded papers, clippings, and correspondence with Washington and Lee University professors during Mudd's college years. Also includes speeches given for commencements, press/broadcasting associations, emcee roles, and acceptance of awards and honors. Includes correspondence with J. Stewart Bryan III, John Updike, Sandra Day O'Connor, Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather. Includes scripts from Mudd's years at the Richmond News Leader, CBS radio and television, NBC, PBS, and THC (History Channel) television. Includes VHS tapes of commencement addresses, clips from CBS, NBC, THC and PBS (MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour), personal appearances and professionally produced tapes narrated by Mudd. Especially notable are the video series entitled Great Minds in American History, Learning in America, Inside the Presidency, and Making History with Roger Mudd. Some of the clippings and tapes were used for Mudd's journalism classes at Princeton University and Washington and Lee University. Collection also includes day by day coverage of the U. S. Congressional journey of the 1964 Civil Rights legislation."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The VHS Tapes for the Roger Mudd Collection are stored in Record Group 42."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law.  The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials.  Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.  Permission for publication of this material, in part or in full, must be secured with the Head of Special Collections."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","Mudd, Roger","Rather, Dan","Cronkite, Walter","Updike, John","Woodruff, Judy","Shaw, Bernard","Sarafin, Barry","Paley, William","Bryan, J. Stewart","O'Connor, Sandra Day","Goldwater, Barry M. (Barry Morris)","Kennedy, Edward M. (Edward Moore)","Carter, Jimmy","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous)","Reagan, Ronald","Clinton, Bill","Bush, George","Dirksen, Everett McKinley","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard)","McCullough, David G","McPherson, James M","Ambrose, Stephen E.","Wood, Gordon S.","White, Richard"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":281,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:24:12.554Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_208_c205"}},{"id":"vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Zones, 1943.","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221","ref_ssm":["vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221"],"id":"vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04855","_root_":"vi_vi04855","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04855_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"vi_vi04855_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947","Series III. Subject files, 1942-1945.","Subject files, 1943-1945."],"parent_ids_ssim":["vi_vi04855","vi_vi04855_c03","vi_vi04855_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zones, \n\t\t1943.","title_ssm":["Zones, 1943."],"title_tesim":["Zones, 1943."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zones, 1943."],"text":["Zones, 1943.","Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947","Series III. Subject files, 1942-1945.","Subject files, 1943-1945.","box 150","folder 9"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947","Series III. Subject files, 1942-1945.","Subject files, 1943-1945."],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947","Series III. Subject files, 1942-1945.","Subject files, 1943-1945."],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":3469,"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947"],"containers_ssim":["box 150","folder 9"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#220","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:12:58.100Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi04855","ead_ssi":"vi_vi04855","_root_":"vi_vi04855","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi04855","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi04855.xml","title_ssm":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense"],"title_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1947 (bulk 1942-1944)."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1947 (bulk 1942-1944)."],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1947"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947"],"text":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947","22499","98.35 cu. ft. (314 boxes)","This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I. Correspondence, 1942-1945; \n\tSeries II. Correspondence with Localities, 1942-1945; \n\tSeries III. Subject Files, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries IV. Civilian Mobilization for War Services, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries V. Civilian Protection, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries VI. State Child Care Committee, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries VII. Emergency Medical Services, 1941-1944;\n\tSeries VIII. Evacuation Authority, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries IX. Coordinator of Negro Civilian Defense Activities, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries X. Transmissions and Directives from the Virginia Office Of Civilian Defense, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries XI. Transmissions and Directives from the U.S. Office Of Civilian Defense, 1941-1945;\n\tSeries XII. Financial Records, 1942-1946;\n\tSeries XIII. Personnel Records, 1940-1945;\n\tSeries XIV. History Files, undated;\n\tSeries XV. Photographs, 1940-1945;\n\tSeries XVI. Posters, 1941-1945;\n\tSeries XVII. Published Materials, 1939-1947;\n\tSeries XVIII. Virginia Defense Council, 1940-1942;\n\tSeries XIX. Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council, 1941-1942;","Governor James H. Price created the Virginia Defense Council in May 1940 by Executive Order to aid the National Defense Council by mobilizing the State's resources so that Virginia could effectively organize for protection in the event of an attack on American soil.  Colonel Mills F. Neal was appointed the first Coordinator, though he resigned in November of 1940 and was replaced by Brigadier General James A. Anderson.  J.H. Wyze was appointed Assistant Coordinator in January 1941.  Governor Price originially appointed ten members to the Council, though this number was later raised to sixteen members. The members of the Council represented activities across the state, including industry, labor, welfare, recreation, agriculture, transportation, education and the military.  The State was divided into eight Regional Defense Councils (Fredericksburg, Hampton Roads, Northern Virginia. Radford, Richmond-Petersburg-Hopewell, Shenandoah Valley, Southern Piedmont and Southwest Virginia) to assist in coordinating and managing defense activities across the state.  The Council and regional councils were advisory and had no administration authority.  The Virginia Defense Council established the Virginia Protective Force to take the place of the National Guard, which had been inducted into the Army; the Aircraft Warning Service; the Air Raid Warning System, with Warning and Control Centers; and Emergency Medical Services, which conducted surveys of medical facilities and personnel to assist in planning for medical services in case of emergency.  The Council and regional offices also organized auxilliary police and firemen, home nursing and nutrition classes, and resource conservation activities, and established Recreation Committees to support visiting soldiers.  Gen. Anderson resigned in August of 1941 and J. H. Wyze was appointed Acting Coordinator, and served in that capacity until the Virginia Defense Council was automatically dissolved on January 20, 1942, when Governor Price left office, though the Council remained active during an interim period between January 21-February 11, 1942.","The Virginia Office of Civilian Defense was established by an Act of the General Assembly (Chap. 10, Acts of 1942, House Bill 209), on February 11, 1942. Governor Colgate Darden, Jr., appointed J. H. Wyse as State Coordinator with authority to administer Civilian Defense programs at the state level and to organize and direct local defense councils.  Rather than organize under the old regional system, the Office of Civilian Defense established local defense councils in counties, cities and incorporated towns throughout the state, with the mayor or chief executive officer as the director of the local council.  The Office coordinated the activities, services and programs of the local defense councils, but this system placed responsibility for civilian defense in the hands of local public officials.","Two major divisions of the Office of Civilian Defense were Civilian Protection and Civilian Mobilization for War Services.  Civilian Protection activities were carried out by U.S. Citizens Defense Corps and included Air Raid Wardens and Shelters, Aircraft Warning Service, Auxiliary Police, Auxiliary Firemen, Blackout testing, Decontamination Squads, Drivers Corps, Emergency Food and Housing Services, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Welfare Services, Fire Guards, Forest Fire Fighters Service, Gas Program, Plant Protection, Road Repair Crews, and the State Evacuation Authority.  Civilian Mobilization for War Services was carried out by the U.S. Citizens Service Corps, which led efforts to keep the homefront strong in areas including Child Care, Consumer Programs, Health and Hospital Services, Housing Services, Library Services, Nutrition Services, Recreation and Youth Group Services, Salvage Programs, and War Bonds and Stamps.","With the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 the need for the office came to an end.  On November 19, 1945, Governor Darden issued an executive order abolishing the office effective January 1, 1946.","This collection documents the activities of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense (1942-1945), and also includes some records from the Virginia Defense Council (1940-1942), and the Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council (1941 Dec-1942).  Virginia Office of Civilian Defense records include series for Correspondence, Subject files, Civilian Mobilization, Civilian Protection, State Child Care Committee, Emergency Medical Service, Evacuation Authority, Coordinator fo Negro Civilian Defense Activities, Transmissions and Directives, Financial and Personnel records, History files, Photographs, Posters and Published Materials."],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense, 1939/1947"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["22499"],"unitid_tesim":["22499"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Office of Civilian Defense."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Office of Civilian Defense."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Accession 22499 was transferred by the Virginia World War II History Commission on 8/10/1950"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["98.35 cu. ft. (314 boxes)"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries I. Correspondence, 1942-1945; \u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries II. Correspondence with Localities, 1942-1945; \u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries III. Subject Files, 1942-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. Civilian Mobilization for War Services, 1942-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Civilian Protection, 1942-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. State Child Care Committee, 1942-1944;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Emergency Medical Services, 1941-1944;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Evacuation Authority, 1942-1944;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Coordinator of Negro Civilian Defense Activities, 1942-1944;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries X. Transmissions and Directives from the Virginia Office Of Civilian Defense, 1942-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XI. Transmissions and Directives from the U.S. Office Of Civilian Defense, 1941-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XII. Financial Records, 1942-1946;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XIII. Personnel Records, 1940-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XIV. History Files, undated;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XV. Photographs, 1940-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XVI. Posters, 1941-1945;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XVII. Published Materials, 1939-1947;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XVIII. Virginia Defense Council, 1940-1942;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\u003citem\u003eSeries XIX. Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council, 1941-1942;\u003c/item\u003e\n\t\n      \u003c/list\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I. Correspondence, 1942-1945; \n\tSeries II. Correspondence with Localities, 1942-1945; \n\tSeries III. Subject Files, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries IV. Civilian Mobilization for War Services, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries V. Civilian Protection, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries VI. State Child Care Committee, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries VII. Emergency Medical Services, 1941-1944;\n\tSeries VIII. Evacuation Authority, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries IX. Coordinator of Negro Civilian Defense Activities, 1942-1944;\n\tSeries X. Transmissions and Directives from the Virginia Office Of Civilian Defense, 1942-1945;\n\tSeries XI. Transmissions and Directives from the U.S. Office Of Civilian Defense, 1941-1945;\n\tSeries XII. Financial Records, 1942-1946;\n\tSeries XIII. Personnel Records, 1940-1945;\n\tSeries XIV. History Files, undated;\n\tSeries XV. Photographs, 1940-1945;\n\tSeries XVI. Posters, 1941-1945;\n\tSeries XVII. Published Materials, 1939-1947;\n\tSeries XVIII. Virginia Defense Council, 1940-1942;\n\tSeries XIX. Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council, 1941-1942;"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eGovernor James H. Price created the Virginia Defense Council in May 1940 by Executive Order to aid the National Defense Council by mobilizing the State's resources so that Virginia could effectively organize for protection in the event of an attack on American soil.  Colonel Mills F. Neal was appointed the first Coordinator, though he resigned in November of 1940 and was replaced by Brigadier General James A. Anderson.  J.H. Wyze was appointed Assistant Coordinator in January 1941.  Governor Price originially appointed ten members to the Council, though this number was later raised to sixteen members. The members of the Council represented activities across the state, including industry, labor, welfare, recreation, agriculture, transportation, education and the military.  The State was divided into eight Regional Defense Councils (Fredericksburg, Hampton Roads, Northern Virginia. Radford, Richmond-Petersburg-Hopewell, Shenandoah Valley, Southern Piedmont and Southwest Virginia) to assist in coordinating and managing defense activities across the state.  The Council and regional councils were advisory and had no administration authority.  The Virginia Defense Council established the Virginia Protective Force to take the place of the National Guard, which had been inducted into the Army; the Aircraft Warning Service; the Air Raid Warning System, with Warning and Control Centers; and Emergency Medical Services, which conducted surveys of medical facilities and personnel to assist in planning for medical services in case of emergency.  The Council and regional offices also organized auxilliary police and firemen, home nursing and nutrition classes, and resource conservation activities, and established Recreation Committees to support visiting soldiers.  Gen. Anderson resigned in August of 1941 and J. H. Wyze was appointed Acting Coordinator, and served in that capacity until the Virginia Defense Council was automatically dissolved on January 20, 1942, when Governor Price left office, though the Council remained active during an interim period between January 21-February 11, 1942.\u003c/p\u003e \n\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Virginia Office of Civilian Defense was established by an Act of the General Assembly (Chap. 10, Acts of 1942, House Bill 209), on February 11, 1942. Governor Colgate Darden, Jr., appointed J. H. Wyse as State Coordinator with authority to administer Civilian Defense programs at the state level and to organize and direct local defense councils.  Rather than organize under the old regional system, the Office of Civilian Defense established local defense councils in counties, cities and incorporated towns throughout the state, with the mayor or chief executive officer as the director of the local council.  The Office coordinated the activities, services and programs of the local defense councils, but this system placed responsibility for civilian defense in the hands of local public officials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo major divisions of the Office of Civilian Defense were Civilian Protection and Civilian Mobilization for War Services.  Civilian Protection activities were carried out by U.S. Citizens Defense Corps and included Air Raid Wardens and Shelters, Aircraft Warning Service, Auxiliary Police, Auxiliary Firemen, Blackout testing, Decontamination Squads, Drivers Corps, Emergency Food and Housing Services, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Welfare Services, Fire Guards, Forest Fire Fighters Service, Gas Program, Plant Protection, Road Repair Crews, and the State Evacuation Authority.  Civilian Mobilization for War Services was carried out by the U.S. Citizens Service Corps, which led efforts to keep the homefront strong in areas including Child Care, Consumer Programs, Health and Hospital Services, Housing Services, Library Services, Nutrition Services, Recreation and Youth Group Services, Salvage Programs, and War Bonds and Stamps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\t","\u003cp\u003eWith the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 the need for the office came to an end.  On November 19, 1945, Governor Darden issued an executive order abolishing the office effective January 1, 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Governor James H. Price created the Virginia Defense Council in May 1940 by Executive Order to aid the National Defense Council by mobilizing the State's resources so that Virginia could effectively organize for protection in the event of an attack on American soil.  Colonel Mills F. Neal was appointed the first Coordinator, though he resigned in November of 1940 and was replaced by Brigadier General James A. Anderson.  J.H. Wyze was appointed Assistant Coordinator in January 1941.  Governor Price originially appointed ten members to the Council, though this number was later raised to sixteen members. The members of the Council represented activities across the state, including industry, labor, welfare, recreation, agriculture, transportation, education and the military.  The State was divided into eight Regional Defense Councils (Fredericksburg, Hampton Roads, Northern Virginia. Radford, Richmond-Petersburg-Hopewell, Shenandoah Valley, Southern Piedmont and Southwest Virginia) to assist in coordinating and managing defense activities across the state.  The Council and regional councils were advisory and had no administration authority.  The Virginia Defense Council established the Virginia Protective Force to take the place of the National Guard, which had been inducted into the Army; the Aircraft Warning Service; the Air Raid Warning System, with Warning and Control Centers; and Emergency Medical Services, which conducted surveys of medical facilities and personnel to assist in planning for medical services in case of emergency.  The Council and regional offices also organized auxilliary police and firemen, home nursing and nutrition classes, and resource conservation activities, and established Recreation Committees to support visiting soldiers.  Gen. Anderson resigned in August of 1941 and J. H. Wyze was appointed Acting Coordinator, and served in that capacity until the Virginia Defense Council was automatically dissolved on January 20, 1942, when Governor Price left office, though the Council remained active during an interim period between January 21-February 11, 1942.","The Virginia Office of Civilian Defense was established by an Act of the General Assembly (Chap. 10, Acts of 1942, House Bill 209), on February 11, 1942. Governor Colgate Darden, Jr., appointed J. H. Wyse as State Coordinator with authority to administer Civilian Defense programs at the state level and to organize and direct local defense councils.  Rather than organize under the old regional system, the Office of Civilian Defense established local defense councils in counties, cities and incorporated towns throughout the state, with the mayor or chief executive officer as the director of the local council.  The Office coordinated the activities, services and programs of the local defense councils, but this system placed responsibility for civilian defense in the hands of local public officials.","Two major divisions of the Office of Civilian Defense were Civilian Protection and Civilian Mobilization for War Services.  Civilian Protection activities were carried out by U.S. Citizens Defense Corps and included Air Raid Wardens and Shelters, Aircraft Warning Service, Auxiliary Police, Auxiliary Firemen, Blackout testing, Decontamination Squads, Drivers Corps, Emergency Food and Housing Services, Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Welfare Services, Fire Guards, Forest Fire Fighters Service, Gas Program, Plant Protection, Road Repair Crews, and the State Evacuation Authority.  Civilian Mobilization for War Services was carried out by the U.S. Citizens Service Corps, which led efforts to keep the homefront strong in areas including Child Care, Consumer Programs, Health and Hospital Services, Housing Services, Library Services, Nutrition Services, Recreation and Youth Group Services, Salvage Programs, and War Bonds and Stamps.","With the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 the need for the office came to an end.  On November 19, 1945, Governor Darden issued an executive order abolishing the office effective January 1, 1946."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the activities of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense (1942-1945), and also includes some records from the Virginia Defense Council (1940-1942), and the Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council (1941 Dec-1942).  Virginia Office of Civilian Defense records include series for Correspondence, Subject files, Civilian Mobilization, Civilian Protection, State Child Care Committee, Emergency Medical Service, Evacuation Authority, Coordinator fo Negro Civilian Defense Activities, Transmissions and Directives, Financial and Personnel records, History files, Photographs, Posters and Published Materials.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the activities of the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense (1942-1945), and also includes some records from the Virginia Defense Council (1940-1942), and the Southwest Virginia Regional Defense Council (1941 Dec-1942).  Virginia Office of Civilian Defense records include series for Correspondence, Subject files, Civilian Mobilization, Civilian Protection, State Child Care Committee, Emergency Medical Service, Evacuation Authority, Coordinator fo Negro Civilian Defense Activities, Transmissions and Directives, Financial and Personnel records, History files, Photographs, Posters and Published Materials."],"total_component_count_is":6843,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:12:58.100Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi04855_c03_c02_c221"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"\"Zones\" correspondence, 1984","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"Zones\" correspondence","title_ssm":["\"Zones\" correspondence"],"title_tesim":["\"Zones\" correspondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Zones\" correspondence, 1984"],"text":["\"Zones\" correspondence, 1984","Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999","box 7","folder 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1984"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1984"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":145,"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"containers_ssim":["box 7","folder 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1984],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#142","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_652.xml","title_ssm":["Art Attack records"],"title_tesim":["Art Attack records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-2009"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"text":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652","Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography","Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.","The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records","Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.","Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.","An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on","The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.","R 74, C 4, S 1-6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"unitid_tesim":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Art Attack co-founder Lynn McCary in 2018 and 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"extent_tesim":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Installations and Events\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.2: International Installations \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records \u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nArt Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"their website.\" href=\"http://artattackinternational.org/mission.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e \n","\u003cp\u003eLynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nJared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArt Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Art Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"George Mason University oral history collection.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/r0121\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"art and artists.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?q[]=art\u0026amp;op[]=\u0026amp;field[]=keyword\u0026amp;from_year[]=\u0026amp;to_year[]=\u0026amp;filter_fields[]=subjects\u0026amp;filter_values[]=Art\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fa6f7a17953458efeb9ed412bc005d67\"\u003eThe Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5bf20a5fa74f6054415961374b783aa7\"\u003eR 74, C 4, S 1-6\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 74, C 4, S 1-6"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":399,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c143"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"\"Zones\" Free State equipment list","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"Zones\" Free State equipment list","title_ssm":["\"Zones\" Free State equipment list"],"title_tesim":["\"Zones\" Free State equipment list"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Zones\" Free State equipment list"],"text":["\"Zones\" Free State equipment list","Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999","box 7","folder 2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa late 1980s"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":146,"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"containers_ssim":["box 7","folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#143","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_652.xml","title_ssm":["Art Attack records"],"title_tesim":["Art Attack records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-2009"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"text":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652","Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography","Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.","The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records","Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.","Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.","An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on","The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.","R 74, C 4, S 1-6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"unitid_tesim":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Art Attack co-founder Lynn McCary in 2018 and 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"extent_tesim":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Installations and Events\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.2: International Installations \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records \u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nArt Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"their website.\" href=\"http://artattackinternational.org/mission.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e \n","\u003cp\u003eLynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nJared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArt Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Art Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"George Mason University oral history collection.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/r0121\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"art and artists.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?q[]=art\u0026amp;op[]=\u0026amp;field[]=keyword\u0026amp;from_year[]=\u0026amp;to_year[]=\u0026amp;filter_fields[]=subjects\u0026amp;filter_values[]=Art\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fa6f7a17953458efeb9ed412bc005d67\"\u003eThe Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5bf20a5fa74f6054415961374b783aa7\"\u003eR 74, C 4, S 1-6\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 74, C 4, S 1-6"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":399,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c144"}},{"id":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones...","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235","ref_ssm":["virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235"],"id":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235","ead_ssi":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","_root_":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","_nest_parent_":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04","parent_ssi":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04","parent_ssim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005","Series 1: Manuscripts, 1947/2005","Sub-Series 1.4: Education Career, 1982/2002"],"parent_ids_ssim":["virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01","virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones...","title_ssm":["Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones..."],"title_tesim":["Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones..."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones..."],"text":["Zones III through VII are called the fully textured zones...","Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005","Series 1: Manuscripts, 1947/2005","Sub-Series 1.4: Education Career, 1982/2002","Paper","box VA-04 Box 6","folder Folder 10","Item VA04.01.4.231","Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Photography--Study and teaching","English","Digitization has been made possible in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities: Exploring the Human Endeavor.","In Copyright: ©Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce this material for educational and publicity purposes only by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005","Series 1: Manuscripts, 1947/2005","Sub-Series 1.4: Education Career, 1982/2002"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005","Series 1: Manuscripts, 1947/2005","Sub-Series 1.4: Education Career, 1982/2002"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["undated"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":918,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts"],"collection_ssim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005"],"physdesc_tesim":["Paper"],"extent_ssm":["1 page"],"extent_tesim":["1 page"],"physfacet_tesim":["Notes"],"containers_ssim":["box VA-04 Box 6","folder Folder 10","Item VA04.01.4.231"],"creator_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research. Digitization of the collection has been made possible by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The digital collection can be accessed through the VMFA Collections Search website.","A limited number of files are restricted. Access to restricted materials may require written permission of the donor and/or the VMFA Director."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["In Copyright: ©Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce this material for educational and publicity purposes only by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust."],"persname_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002"],"names_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography--Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography--Study and teaching"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Acquired from the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust with the Arthur and Margaret Glasgow Endowment Fund."],"language_ssim":["English"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigitization has been made possible in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities: Exploring the Human Endeavor.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Digitization has been made possible in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities: Exploring the Human Endeavor."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLouis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04). Acquired from the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust with the Arthur and Margaret Glasgow Endowment Fund. VMFA Archives, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04). Acquired from the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust with the Arthur and Margaret Glasgow Endowment Fund. VMFA Archives, Richmond, Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn Copyright: ©Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce this material for educational and publicity purposes only by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["In Copyright: ©Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce this material for educational and publicity purposes only by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3/components#234","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:26:47.567Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","ead_ssi":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","_root_":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","_nest_parent_":"virmu_repositories_2_resources_37","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VMFA/repositories_2_resources_37.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.vmfa.museum/repositories/2/resources/37","title_filing_ssi":"Draper, Louis (VA-04)","title_ssm":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04)"],"title_tesim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04)"],"unitdate_ssm":["1945-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1945-2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1945/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005"],"text":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005","VA-04","/repositories/2/resources/37","Photography, Artistic","Photography, Artistic -- Exhibitions","Photography--History--20th century","Photography--History--21st century","Photographers -- Virginia","Photography--Study and teaching","The collection is open for research. Digitization of the collection has been made possible by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The digital collection can be accessed through the VMFA Collections Search website.","A limited number of files are restricted. Access to restricted materials may require written permission of the donor and/or the VMFA Director.","The collection is organized into eleven series. Arrangement within each series varies based upon the material. In general, the manuscript materials are arranged chronologically (where possible), and the photographic material is arranged thematically, often by geographic location. The only series that is arranged alphabetically is Series 3.1: Identified Subjects.\"","Series 1\n        Manuscripts, 1947-2005, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 2\n        Publications, 1959-2005, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 3\n        Photography: Portraits, 1958-2001, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 4\n        Photography: United States Locations, 1957-1999, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 5\n        Photography: International Locations, 1978-1990, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 6\n        Photography: Landscapes and Abstractions, 1960-2000, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 7\n        Portfolios, 1964, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 8\n        Photographic Equipment, 1945-1988, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 9\n        Audiovisual Materials, 1972-2000, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 10\n        Born Digital Files, 1996-2001, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 11\n        Photographs by Others, 1946-1998, undated","Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop, 2020","Growing up in Civil Rights Richmond: A Community Remembers, 2019","Louis H. Draper: Selected Photographs, 2015","Timeless, 2015","The Sweet Breath of Life: A Poetic Narrative of the African-American Family, 2004","Virginia Artist File: Louis Draper","International Artist File: Kamoinge","Louis Hansel Draper","Born: September 24, 1935, Richmond, VA\nDied: February 18, 2002, Trenton, NJ","While a student at Virginia State College (now University) Lou Draper wrote to his father, Hansel, with the news that he had joined the school newspaper. His father—an amateur photographer in Richmond's East End—gave Draper his first camera. After joining the college camera club, he dropped a bottle of acid while trying to develop his film. As a result of trying to mop it up, he was hospitalized and subsequently kicked out of the club. Despite this initial setback, Draper resolved to be a photographer after seeing the exhibition catalogue for The Family of Man (1955). Realizing that the work he admired was made by photographers in New York, Draper left Virginia State during his final semester and, with the support of his family, moved to New York City.","Throughout the late 1950s Draper worked as a medical clerk while studying at the New York Institute of Photography. He dropped out realizing he could learn the same information through magazines like Modern Photography. In 1958 Draper enrolled in a photography workshop led by Harold Feinstein, where he met professional photographers like David Vestal and Herb Randall. Draper also worked as an assistant to studio photographers Larence Shustak and John Rawlings.","In 1959 Draper exhibited two works in the Photography at Mid-Century exhibition curated by Beaumont Newhall at the George Eastman House (now Museum). He also exhibited his work in Greenwich Village galleries, including the Image Gallery run by Larry Siegel.","Draper enrolled in workshops at the New School for Social Research, including W. Eugene Smith's course \"Photography Made Difficult: Photojournalism, the Construction of Picture Stories and Picture Essays\" and began working with the prolific magazine photographer around 1960. In addition to assisting in the darkroom, Draper was a teaching aide for \"Photography Made More Difficult\" hosted at Smith's Flower-District loft.","In 1963 Draper turned his attention to the Kamoinge Workshop and quickly emerged as one of the group's teachers. Draper contributed to major workshop projects in the early to mid-1960s beginning with Portfolio No. 1 through the \"Harlem\" photo-essay in the July 1966 issue of Camera magazine, which featured his photograph John Henry on the cover. Portfolio No. 2 and the photoessay included Draper's poem \"Colonial Legacy.\"","In the late 1960s Draper taught photography courses while taking classes in film production. Between 1966 and 1968 Draper worked with Randall, Ray Francis, and Jimmie Mannas at the Youth in Action program in Bedford-Stuyvesant, teaching photography to teenagers and young adults. He also participated in the Channel 13 Black Journal Workshop where he concentrated on learning motion picture production. In 1968 he enrolled in the graduate program at the New York University Institute of Film and Television along with future Kamoinge member Danny Dawson. Draper gained professional film experience by working for Mannas's Jymie Productions and assisted Mannas with two short documentaries, Head and Heart and The Folks. He was also a cameraman for commercial and independent projects led by NYU professors like cinematographer Bedrich (Beda) Batka and worked on a number of productions as a still photographer. In 1982 he was a script supervisor and photographer for the feature-length film Losing Ground.","In 1967 he began teaching a class in photographic techniques at Central Brooklyn Neighborhood College, which was supported by the Pratt Institute Center for Community Improvement. He left the program in 1969 but returned to Pratt in 1974 to teach a college-level photography course for design students. Draper joined the staff of the Multi-Media Project at Intermediate School 201 in the Bronx in 1971 where Herb Randall, Calvin Wilson, and Ray Francis also served as photographers and teachers. He also worked with the Photography for Rehabilitation program at the New York State Division for Youth in 1974.","In 1971 the director of the Studio Museum in Harlem, Edward Spriggs, called a meeting of photographers to address how they could use photography to support the neighborhood. Draper and Beuford Smith were among the founding members of a group named the Collective Black Photographers. During Draper's tenure as chairman of the group they organized a fundraisers and community photography projects. Draper also served on the Studio Museum's Photography Committee.","Essence sent Draper to Ruleville, Mississippi, to photograph civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer and the Freedom Farm Cooperative. These photographs were part of the feature story \"Fannie Lou Hamer Speaks Out\" in the magazine's October 1971 issue. The next month, Essence published Draper's portraits of the some of the mothers of the \"Harlem Six,\" a group of young Black men who were wrongly accused of murder in New York City in 1964.","In 1973 Draper won a Creative Artists Public Service (CAPS) program grant \"to create a set of film-strips about Ruleville, Mississippi . . . for use in New York City public schools and for public presentation.\" CAPS award panels included leading photographers such as Harry Callahan, and not only provided funding for artists but also enriched the creative community. In 1976 the CAPS publication Exposure: Work by Ten Photographers included work by Draper and Anthony Barboza. From 1974 to 1975 Draper served as coordinator of photography for the CAPS program and was an award panelist in 1982.","Interspersed with his teaching assignments, Draper explored other artistic media and forms. In addition to taking screenwriting classes at NYU, he attended workshops at the Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center in 1982, studying screenwriting with Fred Hudson and Elihu Weiner and videotape production with Vernard Gantt. Building on his experiences with W. Eugene Smith, Draper studied page design at the C. Richard Read Studio. On occasion, he worked as a studio assistant to Herb Robinson and Barboza. He was also a cofounder of Northlight Studios, which operated from 1975 to 1985.","From 1978 to 1982 Draper taught and coordinated photography courses for schools in New Jersey, through the Creative Resources Institute. Afterward, he began teaching photography for Mercer County Community College in Trenton. Draper finally received his bachelor of arts degree from Thomas A. Edison State College in 1987. He participated in organizations like the Trenton Artists Workshop Association (TAWA) and was an artist in residence at Light Work in Syracuse, New York, where he printed his series New Jersey Artists, which included portraits of painters Hughie Lee-Smith and Bernarda Bryson Shahn, among others.","Draper taught at Mercer until his death in 2002.","The biography above, written by Sharayah Cochran, has been reproduced from the catalog \"Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop.\"","Louis Draper's sister, Nell Draper-Winston, inherited his estate upon his death in 2002. The collection remained at Mercer Community College in Trenton, New Jersey while Gary Saretzky (Draper's friend and colleague, as well as an Archivist for the Monmouth County Archives) organized it from 2002-2006.","Saretzky created a detailed finding aid for the photographs and archives before transferring them (on Draper-Winston's behalf) to the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. The collection arrived at the University of Virginia on December 26, 2006, and left in November 2012 to come to Candela Books and Photographs in Richmond, Virginia (email to Courtney Tkacz from Heather Riser, Head of Operations, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, July 1, 2019).","At that time, Candela represented the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust and housed the collection until it was acquired by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in December 2015 as part of a gift-purchase of the archive and 35 photographs for the museum's art collection.","In February 2008, Don Lowing, a darkroom technician at Mercer County Community College located other materials including cameras, disks, and photographic materials (mainly negatives). These additional materials were inventoried by Saretzky and sent to the University of Virginia to be integrated into the rest of the collection (email to Courtney Tkacz from Gary Saretzky, June 28, 2019).","In 2017, the museum was awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to fund 29 months of work that transformed this extremely large, physical archive into a rich digital resource. An interdepartmental grant team was assembled from across the museum, including staff members of the Library/Archives, Imaging Resources, Curatorial, and Conservation departments.","While the physical archive had been well organized previously, the digitization process allowed the team to rethink the intellectual arrangement and determine an ideal numbering scheme for a photography archive. The result was a system designed around the organizing principle of the photoshoot itself, and now all related contact sheets, prints, slides, and negatives are described together.","Processing and description of the manuscript materials was performed by Courtney Yevich Tkacz from 2016-2017, and processing and description of the photographic material was performed by Margo Lentz-Meyer from 2017-2019. All materials were digitized in their original sleeves, then rehoused, but all sleeves with Draper's handwriting were retained.","The collection's inclusive dates are 1945-2005, with the bulk of the material dating from the 1960s-1990s. The collection is comprised of correspondence, ephemera, publications, negatives, contact sheets, slides, prints, and photographic equipment.","The collection is subject to all copyright laws. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce the collection only for their educational and publicity purposes by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. Other digitized content is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.","Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright, beyond that allowed by fair use, requires the researcher to obtain permission of copyright holders.","The extensive collection documents the life and work of Richmond-born photographer and educator Louis Draper (1935–2002). Manuscript and photographic materials document Draper's experience and work as an African American photographer, including his recognition of his photography as a form of \"engaged resistance\" that not only bore witness to leaders of the civil rights movement, but also offered a richer and more diverse perspective of African American life than provided by the mainstream media. \n\nIn 1963, he was a founding member of the Kamoinge Workshop, a collective of African American photographers, and the collection includes significant materials from the early years of the Kamoinge Workshop and document his perspective on the professional challenges that he and the collective confronted in the process of finding publications that would publish photographs of African Americans made by African Americans. \n\nHis photographs of significant 20th-century artists, writers, musicians, and performers reflect the wide array of personal connections that Draper made after moving to New York from Richmond, Virginia in 1957. Printed photographs and contact sheets in Draper's archive show a broad view of city life and the everyday interactions between people and also offer a unique vision of African American neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970s.","Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Archives","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Random House (Firm). Penguin Books, Inc.","United States Civil Service Commission","Junior Courier","Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action","Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.","American Telephone and Telegraph Company","Nikon, Inc.","New Bridge Baptist Church","American Negro Commemorative Society","Shaw-Beach","New York Foundation for the Arts","Pratt Institute. Art School","U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative","Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)","Free Library of Philadelphia","New Jersey State Teen Arts Program","Brooklyn Museum of Art","Riverside Church Weekday School","Mercer County Community College (N.J.)","Gallery Henoch","Rochester Institute of Technology","Virginia State College","New York University. Institute of Graduate Film and Television","Temple University","Thomas Edison State College","Eastman Kodak Company","Recording Institute of America","Indiana University. Independent Study Division","Preston Publications","Bucks County Community College","Edwal Scientific Products","Studio Museum in Harlem","Hackensack Public Schools","New York State Council on the Arts","Creative Resources Institute","Allen Memorial Art Museum","Trenton Writers Guild","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","The Rotkin Review","Princeton Photography Club","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center","Mercer County (N.J.)","Stockton State College","Ansel Adams Gallery (Yosemite National Park, Calif.)","Rider College Art Gallery","Photo Workshop","Mercer Medical Center","Noyes Museum of Art","Photographers Forum","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Morris Museum","Essence","New York University. American Photography Institute","George Eastman House","Art in the Atrium","Johnson \u0026 Johnson","Bristol-Myers Squibb Company","Webster University","Charles McCollough Studio","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","University of Texas at Austin‏","General Artists Agency","Pavilion Gallery. Sculpture Garden","Virginia Statesman","Camera (Lucerne, Switzerland)","The Arrow","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","New York Times company","Popular Photography","The Honeywell World","New York post","Associated Press","Photography Year","Black enterprise","College Voice","Dialogue","Trentonian","Trenton Sunday Times. The Magazine","Round-up","Trenton Sunday Times","Hightstown Gazette","Whoot","Garden State Press Clipping Bureau","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","New Jersey Clipping Service","Argo","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Courier-Post","Mercer","Time Off","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)","Art Matters","Trenton Times","Viking","United States Highway 1","Princeton Packet","The Monroe Township View","Voice","Princeton Living","The Link","Lawrence Ledger","Light Work (Organization : Syracuse, N.Y.)","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman Photographs","Sepia Tones","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Countee Cullen Library","International Center of Photography","Corcoran Gallery of Art","First Time Photo Gallery","George Washington University","Artists Space (Gallery)","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Memorial Hospital of Burlington County","Mariboe Gallery","Peddie School","Artworks","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","The Lawrenceville School","May Gallery","New York University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences","Trenton Artists Workshop Association","Forum Notes","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Creative Artists Public Service Program","Light Impressions Corporation","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.)","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). Galleries","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Photo Newsletter","James Van DerZee Institute","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Ten.8","Crown Publishers, Inc.","Atlanta University","Aperture, Inc.","Black Photographers Annual","Madison Art Center","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","En Foco, Inc.","Kenyon College","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Culturefront","Newsweek","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Art Direction","College of New Rochelle","Hofstra University","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Césaire Photo Agency","Photo/Chronicles Ltd.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.)","New Jersey State Museum","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","International Black Photographers","Trenton City Museum","Ellarslie Mansion","Pavilion Galleries","TAWA Soviet Exchange Committee","Photographic Association of the USSR","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Mercer County Community College News","Bucks County Technical School (Bucks County, Pa.)","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Activities Department","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Government Association","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center. Lobby Gallery","Hopewell Valley News","Artifacts Gallery","Mercer County Library. Ewing Branch","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). East Windsor Municipal Building","Pennington Post","Queenstown Gallery","Hamilton Township Public Library","Messenger-Press","Town Topics","Chronicle","Mercer Messenger","Beacon","New Jersey. Department of Higher Education","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Audio Visual Product News","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","William Morrow and Company","Black Creation","New York University. Institute of African-American Affairs","Avon Books.","Hearst Corporation","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Langston Hughes Society","Brown University","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","South Trenton Review","New Jersey Historical Commission","Transmondo","Sekonic","Hasselblad USA","Lindahl","Staticmaster","Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Faulkner, William, 1897-1962","Harris, Charles \"Teenie\", 1908-1998","Parker, Pat","Gloster, Dorothy","Williams, Henry A.","Draper, Hansel H.","Beach, George A. (George Anderson), 1902-1994","Massey, Cal, 1927-1972","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Morgan, Margaret","Collins, Kathleen, 1942-1988","Gray, Ronald K.","Gloster, Brandon","Schulte, Roger","Hudson, Fred","Marcus","Szarkowski, John, 1925-2007","Bunnell, Peter C., 1937-","Caponigro, Paul, 1932-","Bat'ka, Bedřich, 1922-1994","Tangney, Ralph","Reno, Mike","Darkroom \u0026 creative camera techniques","Jilg, Mark","McNutt, Dennis","Beach, Donald","Felip, John","Carter, David","Moman-Bell, Patricia","Russo, Eleanor","Kolovakos, Gregory, 1951-1990","Holford, Mary","Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 1951-","Olander, William, 1950-1989","Collins, Denise","Salewski, Randal","Horwitz, Alan","Levin, David","Remer, Lisa","West, Janice M.","Blackford, Eva","Holl-Madara, Lynn","Siskind, Carroll","Conklin, D. David","Chiego, William J., 1943-","Rotkin, Charles E., 1916-","Rosado, Maria","Price, Pamela","Steele, Diana","Fawcetter, Caroline","Young, John","Willis, Deborah, 1948-","Bey, Dawoud, 1953-","Pope, Sharon","Mathesius, Bill","Feinstein, Harold, 1931-2015","Schneeman, Liane","Williams, H. G.","Adams, Jeanne","Zakia, Richard D. (Richard Donald), 1925-2012","Henderson, Wanda","Naar, Harry I.","Wiley, Mary Helen","Collier, David E., 1929-2012","Kokotajlo, Stan","Troeller, Linda, 1949-","Fabbri, Anne R.","The Noyes Museum","Saretzky, Gary D.","Serbin, Glen","Deering, Bill","Cook, Sue","Simad, Teresa","Carty, Diane","Williams, Ann","The Morris Museum","Rand, Henry","Aparicio, Roxana","Earenfight, Phillip, 1962-","Russell, Lisa","Tolin, Ann","McCollough, Charles","Smith, Beuford, 1941-","Morris, Jennifer","Lehman, Arnold L.","Duganne, Erina","Bertoli, Barbara","Stephanini, Pat","Pavilion Gallery Sculpture Garden","Nini, Rose","Pearce, Jeannie","O'Boyle, Bob","Baum, Ralph","Vestal, David, 1924-2013","Petit, Philippe, 1949-","Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1937-","Ms.","Rivera, Christine","Cagan, Steve","Doan-Johnson, Susan","McCoy, Regina","Viksjo, Cathy","Post, Kevin","Bledsoe, Lysbeth","Shipley, Barbara","Heisler, Wendy","Star-Ledger","Seidel, Mitchell","Carlson, Michele","Small, Michael C.","Mutterperl, Mindy","Crossman, Lorraine","Fone, Lisa","Addis, Amanda","Purcell, Janet","Monroe Township View","Orsi, Chris","Beres, Derek","Dube, Ilene","Kimbrough, Larry","Fischl \u0026 Hartman","General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division","Madison, Clarence","Maddox, James","Noyes Museum","Lawrenceville School","Kismaric, Carole, 1942-2002","Palaszczuk, Mary Ellen","Fernandez, Isabelle","Kenyon, Kathleen","Weems, Carrie Mae, 1953-","Walker, Shawn, 1940-","Sullivan, George E. (George Edward), 1927-","Dutton Juvenile","Taha, Halima","Crown Publishers","DeCarava, Roy, 1919-2009","Mannas, James \"Jimmie\" M., 1941-","Rudolph, Sa","Francis, James \"Ray\"","Jackson, Miles M., Jr., 1929-","Mayer, Grace M.","Hoffman, Michael E. (Michael Eugene), 1942-2001","Porter, Allan, 1934-2022","Crawford, Joe","Liska, Jane","Cobb, Vandell","Romais, Miriam","Wilson, Calvin, 1924-","Fournier, Collette","Stewart, Frank, 1949-","Hinzmann, Hilary","Lawrence, Steve","Smith, Evelyn","Fennar, Albert, 1938-","Howard, Herman","Martin, Steve","Barboza, Anthony, 1944-","Barboza, Ken","Clarke, LeRoy, 1938-","Cowans, Adger W., 1936-","Preston, George Nelson, 1938-","Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","Dix, Seldon","Littles, Dolores Allen","Dawson, C. Daniel","American Visions","Parks, Toni","Pinderhughes, John, 1946-","Randall, Herbert, 1936-","Robinson, Herb","Wilmer, Val (Valerie), 1941-","Photo/Chronicles","Smith, Morgan, 1910-1993","Smith, Marvin, 1910-2003","Smith, Ming, 1950-","Steichen, Edward, 1879-1973","Kenkeleba Gallery","Greene, Cheryll Y., 1943-2013","Sleet, Moneta, Jr., 1926-1996","Stewart, Charles (Chuck), 1927-2017","Wilkinson, Carlton","Kauffman, Aubrey","Leipzig, Melvin, 1935-","Baskakov, Andrew","Brodsky, Judith","Berezin, Valentin Solomonovich","Nesterova, Natalʹi︠a︡, 1944-","Chilnikov, Sergey","Mari ASSR Photographic Art Society","Suprun, Aleksandr","Dobrynkin, A.","Hanley, John P.","Bullock, Joanne B.","Corwin, Luene Holmes, 1937-","Dowd, Jennifer Ann","Mathias, John","Weiss, Celia","Bundy, Roy","Flynn, William J.","Hain, Josh","Rivera, Frank","White, Larry","Barksdale, William E., 1927-","Dietrich, Marilyn","Duncan, Noreen","Lobby Gallery","Hymans, Kay","Lamba, Marie","Stender, Barbara","Williams, Gray","New Jersey Department of Higher Education","Osborne, Linda","Caruso, Jennifer","Moran, Daniel Thomas","Bateson, Michael A.","Davis, Gail","Gray, Jeanne","Clyde","Smith, W. Eugene, 1918-1978","Von Hildebrand, Alice, 1923-2022","Von Hildebrand, Dietrich, 1889-1977","O'Daniel, Therman B. (Therman Benjamin), 1908-1986","Hathaway, Paul R.","Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1917-1977","Johnson, Thomas A., 1928-2008","Gillespie, Marcia","Reynolds, Barbara Ann","Jackson, Jacqueline, 1944-","Moore, Marjorie","Fouch, Barbara","James, Delores","McDougall, Joyce, 1926-2011","Lebovici, Serge, 1915-2000","Avon Books","Clark, Duvie","Ebert, Alan","Bryant, Joyce, 1927-2022","Bower, Sue","Kiley, Frederick S. (Frederick Spencer), 1922-2002","Wright, Giles R.","Allen, Jules, 1947-","Anderson, Julie","Chycota, Johanna","Anderson, Mary B.","Pendergrass, Teddy, 1950-2010","Paul, Billy, 1934-2016","Shinee, Ntozake","Ferman, Terry","Barboza, Leanette","Barboza, Linda Anderson","Barboza, Tim","Bass, George Houston, 1938-1990","Builder, Levy, 1942-","Fuller, Naimah","Bennett, Alan","Bickal, Janet","Blake, Nina","Blake, Eubie, 1887-1983","Bobo, Anne","Bogle, Donald, 1944-","McNatt, Rosemary Bray","Brenner, Glen","Brooks, Wenonah","Bulaj, Marek","Johnson, Barbara Piasecka, 1937-2013","Burton, Sandy","Callender, Arlene","Campbell, Diane","Carty, Delores","Ceglia, Vincent","Chambers, Paul, 1935-1969","Chapman, Glenn Edward","Chavez, Lynn","Chavez, Pete","Chavooshian, Marge","Colavita, James J., 1949-1996","Collins, Lucrentia","Cook, Molly","Simao, Teresa","Crawley, Hazel","Critchlow, Carol","Crotty, Mary","Cummings, Blondell, 1944-2015","Davis, Daryl","Davis, Judy","Davis, Miles, 1926-1991","De Veaux, Alexis, 1948-","Banks, Diane","Deveaux, Pam","Dixon, Mel","Douglas, Clara","Dunham, Katherine, 1909-2006","Esquila, Ramon","Evans, Scott","Fennar, Miya","Koho, Keiko","Fennar, Tad","Folmer, Daniella","Fontaine, Walter","Durniak, John","Galeano, Cheryl","Gibson, Pat","Goldman, Midge","Goodkin, Vera Herman","Guitar Shorty, 1939-2022","Flakes, Jacqueline Hamer, 1966-","Moore, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1893-1978","Harper, Toy","Johnson, Hall, 1887-1970","Harper, Ves","Heck, Soskia","Henry, John","Heywood, Jeni","Hicks, Bernice S.","Hilton, Larry","Hunter, Clementine, 1886-1988","Anderson, Madeline","Iman, 1955-","Jackson, Jesse Louis, 1941-","Jessua, Alain, 1932-2017","Jones, Billy","Kim, Yung Ju","Konrad, Adolf Ferdinand, 1915-2004","Kucay, Susan","Landau, Jacob, 1917-2001","Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000","Lehman, Harold","Leipzig, Francesca","Leipzig, Joshua","Graves, Michael, 1934-2015","Lewis, Byron E., Sr., 1931-","Lindfors, Viveca, 1920-1995","Littwin, Michael","Livingston, Bud","Lowing, Donald","Malloy, Tom, 1912-2008","Marshall, Paula","McNichol, Terri","Medina, Pablo, 1948-","Merlino, Joseph","Merlino, Molly","Goldman, Irene","Miller, Robert","Miller, Tony","Michaux, Lewis H., 1885-1976","Novak, Josie","Palmer, Nancy","Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922-1975","Passer, Ivan, 1933-2020","Pastira, Sangeeta","Patterson, Latta","Freed, Arthur","Perkoff, Sarah","Ryan, Dave","Polar, Maria","Santiago, Nilsa","Pietroski, Susan","Portee, Natalie","Purdy, Janet, Dr.","Purdy, John","Rachlin, Margaret","Randall, Rosalind","Reaves, Gail","Reaves, Kenny","Reiner, Eric","Reynolds, Rene","Richardson, Al","Richardson, Beverly","Rodriguez, Cecilio","Rosskam, Louise, 1910-2003","Ruffner, Jim","Rutkowski, Catherine","Samad, Marianne","Sandler, Kathe","Sandler, Eve","Sandler, Joan","Santos, Delissa","Sartezky, Anya","Schulte, Judy","Puccio, Victor","Schulte, Lynn M.","Schwartz, Lise","Selwood, Maureen","Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1903-2004","Sherman, Terry","Simmons, Ron","Slater, Xandria","Smith, Catherine","Smith, Gregory","Lee-Smith, Hughie, 1915-1999","Smith, Kevin","Smith, Mingus","Standard, Michael","Taylor, John","Taylor, Susan, 1946-","Teneny, Ralph","Sommerville, Tom","Tooker, Holly","Torres, Jose","Van Der Zee, James, 1886-1983","Wallace, Douglas","Weiss, Jiří, 1913-2004","Welliver, Michael","White, Hazel","Wiggins, Ernie","Wilkerson, Lisa","Williams, Ace","Williams, Jim","Wood, Michelle","X., Malcolm, 1925-1965","Draper-Winston, Nell","Winston, Charles","Johnson, Beverly, 1952-","Davidhazy, Andrew","Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","Jackson, Maynard, 1938-2003","Jackson, Valerie Richardson, 1949-","Hamer, Perry","Cook, Susan","Palmer, Douglas, 1951-","Harrell, Hugh","Smith, Aileen","Jorrin, Mario","Calla, Henry","Angelou, Maya, 1928-2014","Maynard, Joan, 1921-1998","Cronkite, Walter, 1916-2009","Cavett, Dick, 1936-","Hurwitz, Leo T., 1909-1991","Chiarenza, Carl, 1935-","Cauthen, Steve, 1960-","Gunn, Bill, 1934-1989","Scott, Seret","Deleo, Fame P.","Toppin, Christopher","Deileo, Fame","Mick, Chianese","Peck, Mary S.","Boeing, Loran K.","Doter, ?","Dill, Timothy","Jaborski, Pierre","Libsohn, Sol, 1914-2001","Linder, Evan","Pope-Lance, Elton","Jean-Bart, Leslie","McBride, Will","Ryan, Joe","Long, Kadar","Malloy","Mike","Hashimoto","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04), 1945/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Item","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["VA-04","/repositories/2/resources/37"],"unitid_tesim":["VA-04","/repositories/2/resources/37"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts"],"creator_ssm":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏"],"creator_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Faulkner, William, 1897-1962","Harris, Charles \"Teenie\", 1908-1998","Parker, Pat","Gloster, Dorothy","Williams, Henry A.","Draper, Hansel H.","Shaw-Beach","Beach, George A. (George Anderson), 1902-1994","Massey, Cal, 1927-1972","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Morgan, Margaret","Collins, Kathleen, 1942-1988","Gray, Ronald K.","Gloster, Brandon","Schulte, Roger","Hudson, Fred","Marcus","Szarkowski, John, 1925-2007","Bunnell, Peter C., 1937-","Caponigro, Paul, 1932-","Bat'ka, Bedřich, 1922-1994","Tangney, Ralph","Reno, Mike","Recording Institute of America","Darkroom \u0026 creative camera techniques","Jilg, Mark","McNutt, Dennis","Bucks County Community College","Beach, Donald","Felip, John","Edwal Scientific Products","Carter, David","Moman-Bell, Patricia","Russo, Eleanor","Hackensack Public Schools","Kolovakos, Gregory, 1951-1990","New York State Council on the Arts","Holford, Mary","Creative Resources Institute","Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 1951-","Olander, William, 1950-1989","Collins, Denise","Salewski, Randal","Horwitz, Alan","Levin, David","Remer, Lisa","West, Janice M.","Blackford, Eva","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","Holl-Madara, Lynn","Siskind, Carroll","Conklin, D. David","Chiego, William J., 1943-","Rotkin, Charles E., 1916-","The Rotkin Review","Rosado, Maria","Price, Pamela","Steele, Diana","Princeton Photography Club","Fawcetter, Caroline","Young, John","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Willis, Deborah, 1948-","Bey, Dawoud, 1953-","Pope, Sharon","Mathesius, Bill","Feinstein, Harold, 1931-2015","Schneeman, Liane","Williams, H. G.","Adams, Jeanne","Zakia, Richard D. (Richard Donald), 1925-2012","Henderson, Wanda","Naar, Harry I.","Photo Workshop","Wiley, Mary Helen","Collier, David E., 1929-2012","Kokotajlo, Stan","Troeller, Linda, 1949-","Fabbri, Anne R.","The Noyes Museum","Saretzky, Gary D.","Serbin, Glen","Deering, Bill","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Cook, Sue","Simad, Teresa","Carty, Diane","Williams, Ann","The Morris Museum","Rand, Henry","Aparicio, Roxana","George Eastman House","Earenfight, Phillip, 1962-","Russell, Lisa","Tolin, Ann","McCollough, Charles","Charles McCollough Studio","Smith, Beuford, 1941-","Morris, Jennifer","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","Lehman, Arnold L.","Duganne, Erina","General Artists Agency","Bertoli, Barbara","Stephanini, Pat","Pavilion Gallery Sculpture Garden","Nini, Rose","Pearce, Jeannie","O'Boyle, Bob","Virginia Statesman","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Baum, Ralph","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","Vestal, David, 1924-2013","Associated Press","Petit, Philippe, 1949-","Photography Year","Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1937-","Ms.","Rivera, Christine","Dialogue","Cagan, Steve","Doan-Johnson, Susan","Hightstown Gazette","McCoy, Regina","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","Viksjo, Cathy","Argo","Post, Kevin","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Bledsoe, Lysbeth","Courier-Post","Shipley, Barbara","Heisler, Wendy","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger","Seidel, Mitchell","Carlson, Michele","Small, Michael C.","Mutterperl, Mindy","Crossman, Lorraine","Fone, Lisa","Addis, Amanda","Purcell, Janet","Monroe Township View","Orsi, Chris","Princeton Living","Beres, Derek","Dube, Ilene","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Kimbrough, Larry","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman","Sepia Tones","General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Madison, Clarence","First Time Photo Gallery","Maddox, James","Noyes Museum","Morris Museum","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Mariboe Gallery","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","Lawrenceville School","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Light Impressions Corporation","Kismaric, Carole, 1942-2002","Palaszczuk, Mary Ellen","Fernandez, Isabelle","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Kenyon, Kathleen","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Weems, Carrie Mae, 1953-","Ten.8","Walker, Shawn, 1940-","Sullivan, George E. (George Edward), 1927-","Dutton Juvenile","Taha, Halima","Crown Publishers","DeCarava, Roy, 1919-2009","Mannas, James \"Jimmie\" M., 1941-","Rudolph, Sa","Francis, James \"Ray\"","Jackson, Miles M., Jr., 1929-","Mayer, Grace M.","Hoffman, Michael E. (Michael Eugene), 1942-2001","Porter, Allan, 1934-2022","Crawford, Joe","Liska, Jane","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","Cobb, Vandell","Romais, Miriam","Kenyon College","Wilson, Calvin, 1924-","Fournier, Collette","Stewart, Frank, 1949-","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Hinzmann, Hilary","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Lawrence, Steve","Culturefront","Smith, Evelyn","Fennar, Albert, 1938-","Howard, Herman","Martin, Steve","Newsweek","Barboza, Anthony, 1944-","Barboza, Ken","Clarke, LeRoy, 1938-","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Cowans, Adger W., 1936-","Art Direction","Preston, George Nelson, 1938-","Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","College of New Rochelle","Dix, Seldon","Littles, Dolores Allen","Dawson, C. Daniel","American Visions","Parks, Toni","Pinderhughes, John, 1946-","Randall, Herbert, 1936-","Robinson, Herb","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Wilmer, Val (Valerie), 1941-","Photo/Chronicles","Smith, Morgan, 1910-1993","Smith, Marvin, 1910-2003","Smith, Ming, 1950-","Steichen, Edward, 1879-1973","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","Greene, Cheryll Y., 1943-2013","Sleet, Moneta, Jr., 1926-1996","Stewart, Charles (Chuck), 1927-2017","Wilkinson, Carlton","Kauffman, Aubrey","Leipzig, Melvin, 1935-","Baskakov, Andrew","Brodsky, Judith","Berezin, Valentin Solomonovich","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Nesterova, Natalʹi︠a︡, 1944-","Chilnikov, Sergey","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Mari ASSR Photographic Art Society","Suprun, Aleksandr","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Dobrynkin, A.","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Hanley, John P.","Bullock, Joanne B.","Corwin, Luene Holmes, 1937-","Dowd, Jennifer Ann","Mathias, John","Weiss, Celia","Bundy, Roy","Flynn, William J.","Hain, Josh","Rivera, Frank","White, Larry","Barksdale, William E., 1927-","Dietrich, Marilyn","Duncan, Noreen","Lobby Gallery","Hymans, Kay","Lamba, Marie","Hopewell Valley News","Stender, Barbara","Artifacts Gallery","Town Topics","Chronicle","Beacon","Williams, Gray","New Jersey Department of Higher Education","Osborne, Linda","Caruso, Jennifer","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Moran, Daniel Thomas","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Bateson, Michael A.","Audio Visual Product News","Davis, Gail","Gray, Jeanne","Clyde","Smith, W. Eugene, 1918-1978","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","Von Hildebrand, Alice, 1923-2022","Von Hildebrand, Dietrich, 1889-1977","O'Daniel, Therman B. (Therman Benjamin), 1908-1986","William Morrow and Company","Hathaway, Paul R.","Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1917-1977","Johnson, Thomas A., 1928-2008","Gillespie, Marcia","Reynolds, Barbara Ann","Jackson, Jacqueline, 1944-","Moore, Marjorie","Fouch, Barbara","James, Delores","McDougall, Joyce, 1926-2011","Lebovici, Serge, 1915-2000","Avon Books","Hearst Corporation","Clark, Duvie","Ebert, Alan","Bryant, Joyce, 1927-2022","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","Bower, Sue","Kiley, Frederick S. (Frederick Spencer), 1922-2002","Wright, Giles R.","New Jersey Historical Commission","Allen, Jules, 1947-","Anderson, Julie","Chycota, Johanna","Anderson, Mary B.","Pendergrass, Teddy, 1950-2010","Paul, Billy, 1934-2016","Shinee, Ntozake","Ferman, Terry","Barboza, Leanette","Barboza, Linda Anderson","Barboza, Tim","Bass, George Houston, 1938-1990","Builder, Levy, 1942-","Fuller, Naimah","Bennett, Alan","Bickal, Janet","Blake, Nina","Blake, Eubie, 1887-1983","Bobo, Anne","Bogle, Donald, 1944-","McNatt, Rosemary Bray","Brenner, Glen","Brooks, Wenonah","Bulaj, Marek","Johnson, Barbara Piasecka, 1937-2013","Burton, Sandy","Callender, Arlene","Campbell, Diane","Carty, Delores","Ceglia, Vincent","Chambers, Paul, 1935-1969","Chapman, Glenn Edward","Chavez, Lynn","Chavez, Pete","Chavooshian, Marge","Colavita, James J., 1949-1996","Collins, Lucrentia","Cook, Molly","Simao, Teresa","Crawley, Hazel","Critchlow, Carol","Crotty, Mary","Cummings, Blondell, 1944-2015","Davis, Daryl","Davis, Judy","Davis, Miles, 1926-1991","De Veaux, Alexis, 1948-","Banks, Diane","Deveaux, Pam","Dixon, Mel","Douglas, Clara","Dunham, Katherine, 1909-2006","Esquila, Ramon","Evans, Scott","Fennar, Miya","Koho, Keiko","Fennar, Tad","Folmer, Daniella","Fontaine, Walter","Durniak, John","Galeano, Cheryl","Gibson, Pat","Goldman, Midge","Goodkin, Vera Herman","Guitar Shorty, 1939-2022","Flakes, Jacqueline Hamer, 1966-","Moore, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1893-1978","Harper, Toy","Johnson, Hall, 1887-1970","Harper, Ves","Heck, Soskia","Henry, John","Heywood, Jeni","Hicks, Bernice S.","Hilton, Larry","Hunter, Clementine, 1886-1988","Anderson, Madeline","Iman, 1955-","Jackson, Jesse Louis, 1941-","Jessua, Alain, 1932-2017","Jones, Billy","Kim, Yung Ju","Konrad, Adolf Ferdinand, 1915-2004","Kucay, Susan","Landau, Jacob, 1917-2001","Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000","Lehman, Harold","Leipzig, Francesca","Leipzig, Joshua","Graves, Michael, 1934-2015","Lewis, Byron E., Sr., 1931-","Lindfors, Viveca, 1920-1995","Littwin, Michael","Livingston, Bud","Lowing, Donald","Malloy, Tom, 1912-2008","Marshall, Paula","McNichol, Terri","Medina, Pablo, 1948-","Merlino, Joseph","Merlino, Molly","Goldman, Irene","Miller, Robert","Miller, Tony","Michaux, Lewis H., 1885-1976","Novak, Josie","Palmer, Nancy","Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922-1975","Passer, Ivan, 1933-2020","Pastira, Sangeeta","Patterson, Latta","Freed, Arthur","Perkoff, Sarah","Ryan, Dave","Polar, Maria","Santiago, Nilsa","Pietroski, Susan","Portee, Natalie","Purdy, Janet, Dr.","Purdy, John","Rachlin, Margaret","Randall, Rosalind","Reaves, Gail","Reaves, Kenny","Reiner, Eric","Reynolds, Rene","Richardson, Al","Richardson, Beverly","Rodriguez, Cecilio","Rosskam, Louise, 1910-2003","Ruffner, Jim","Rutkowski, Catherine","Samad, Marianne","Sandler, Kathe","Sandler, Eve","Sandler, Joan","Santos, Delissa","Sartezky, Anya","Schulte, Judy","Puccio, Victor","Schulte, Lynn M.","Schwartz, Lise","Selwood, Maureen","Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1903-2004","Sherman, Terry","Simmons, Ron","Slater, Xandria","Smith, Catherine","Smith, Gregory","Lee-Smith, Hughie, 1915-1999","Smith, Kevin","Smith, Mingus","Standard, Michael","Taylor, John","Taylor, Susan, 1946-","Teneny, Ralph","Sommerville, Tom","Tooker, Holly","Torres, Jose","Van Der Zee, James, 1886-1983","Wallace, Douglas","Weiss, Jiří, 1913-2004","Welliver, Michael","White, Hazel","Wiggins, Ernie","Wilkerson, Lisa","Williams, Ace","Williams, Jim","Wood, Michelle","X., Malcolm, 1925-1965","Draper-Winston, Nell","Winston, Charles","Johnson, Beverly, 1952-","Davidhazy, Andrew","Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","Jackson, Maynard, 1938-2003","Jackson, Valerie Richardson, 1949-","Hamer, Perry","Cook, Susan","Palmer, Douglas, 1951-","Harrell, Hugh","Smith, Aileen","Jorrin, Mario","Calla, Henry","Angelou, Maya, 1928-2014","Maynard, Joan, 1921-1998","Cronkite, Walter, 1916-2009","Cavett, Dick, 1936-","Hurwitz, Leo T., 1909-1991","Chiarenza, Carl, 1935-","Cauthen, Steve, 1960-","Gunn, Bill, 1934-1989","Scott, Seret","Deleo, Fame P.","Toppin, Christopher","Deileo, Fame","Mick, Chianese","Peck, Mary S.","Boeing, Loran K.","Doter, ?","Dill, Timothy","Jaborski, Pierre","Libsohn, Sol, 1914-2001","Linder, Evan","Pope-Lance, Elton","Jean-Bart, Leslie","McBride, Will","Ryan, Joe","Long, Kadar","Malloy","Mike","Hashimoto"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Archives","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Random House (Firm). Penguin Books, Inc.","United States Civil Service Commission","Junior Courier","Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action","Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.","American Telephone and Telegraph Company","Nikon, Inc.","New Bridge Baptist Church","American Negro Commemorative Society","Shaw-Beach","New York Foundation for the Arts","Pratt Institute. Art School","U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative","Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)","Free Library of Philadelphia","New Jersey State Teen Arts Program","Brooklyn Museum of Art","Riverside Church Weekday School","Mercer County Community College (N.J.)","Gallery Henoch","Rochester Institute of Technology","Virginia State College","New York University. Institute of Graduate Film and Television","Temple University","Thomas Edison State College","Eastman Kodak Company","Recording Institute of America","Indiana University. Independent Study Division","Preston Publications","Bucks County Community College","Edwal Scientific Products","Studio Museum in Harlem","Hackensack Public Schools","New York State Council on the Arts","Creative Resources Institute","Allen Memorial Art Museum","Trenton Writers Guild","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","The Rotkin Review","Princeton Photography Club","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center","Mercer County (N.J.)","Stockton State College","Ansel Adams Gallery (Yosemite National Park, Calif.)","Rider College Art Gallery","Photo Workshop","Mercer Medical Center","Noyes Museum of Art","Photographers Forum","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Morris Museum","Essence","New York University. American Photography Institute","George Eastman House","Art in the Atrium","Johnson \u0026 Johnson","Bristol-Myers Squibb Company","Webster University","Charles McCollough Studio","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","University of Texas at Austin‏","General Artists Agency","Pavilion Gallery. Sculpture Garden","Virginia Statesman","Camera (Lucerne, Switzerland)","The Arrow","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","New York Times company","Popular Photography","The Honeywell World","New York post","Associated Press","Photography Year","Black enterprise","College Voice","Dialogue","Trentonian","Trenton Sunday Times. The Magazine","Round-up","Trenton Sunday Times","Hightstown Gazette","Whoot","Garden State Press Clipping Bureau","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","New Jersey Clipping Service","Argo","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Courier-Post","Mercer","Time Off","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)","Art Matters","Trenton Times","Viking","United States Highway 1","Princeton Packet","The Monroe Township View","Voice","Princeton Living","The Link","Lawrence Ledger","Light Work (Organization : Syracuse, N.Y.)","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman Photographs","Sepia Tones","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Countee Cullen Library","International Center of Photography","Corcoran Gallery of Art","First Time Photo Gallery","George Washington University","Artists Space (Gallery)","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Memorial Hospital of Burlington County","Mariboe Gallery","Peddie School","Artworks","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","The Lawrenceville School","May Gallery","New York University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences","Trenton Artists Workshop Association","Forum Notes","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Creative Artists Public Service Program","Light Impressions Corporation","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.)","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). Galleries","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Photo Newsletter","James Van DerZee Institute","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Ten.8","Crown Publishers, Inc.","Atlanta University","Aperture, Inc.","Black Photographers Annual","Madison Art Center","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","En Foco, Inc.","Kenyon College","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Culturefront","Newsweek","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Art Direction","College of New Rochelle","Hofstra University","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Césaire Photo Agency","Photo/Chronicles Ltd.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.)","New Jersey State Museum","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","International Black Photographers","Trenton City Museum","Ellarslie Mansion","Pavilion Galleries","TAWA Soviet Exchange Committee","Photographic Association of the USSR","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Mercer County Community College News","Bucks County Technical School (Bucks County, Pa.)","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Activities Department","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Government Association","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center. Lobby Gallery","Hopewell Valley News","Artifacts Gallery","Mercer County Library. Ewing Branch","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). East Windsor Municipal Building","Pennington Post","Queenstown Gallery","Hamilton Township Public Library","Messenger-Press","Town Topics","Chronicle","Mercer Messenger","Beacon","New Jersey. Department of Higher Education","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Audio Visual Product News","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","William Morrow and Company","Black Creation","New York University. Institute of African-American Affairs","Avon Books.","Hearst Corporation","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Langston Hughes Society","Brown University","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","South Trenton Review","New Jersey Historical Commission","Transmondo","Sekonic","Hasselblad USA","Lindahl","Staticmaster"],"creators_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Faulkner, William, 1897-1962","Harris, Charles \"Teenie\", 1908-1998","Parker, Pat","Gloster, Dorothy","Williams, Henry A.","Draper, Hansel H.","Shaw-Beach","Beach, George A. (George Anderson), 1902-1994","Massey, Cal, 1927-1972","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Morgan, Margaret","Collins, Kathleen, 1942-1988","Gray, Ronald K.","Gloster, Brandon","Schulte, Roger","Hudson, Fred","Marcus","Szarkowski, John, 1925-2007","Bunnell, Peter C., 1937-","Caponigro, Paul, 1932-","Bat'ka, Bedřich, 1922-1994","Tangney, Ralph","Reno, Mike","Recording Institute of America","Darkroom \u0026 creative camera techniques","Jilg, Mark","McNutt, Dennis","Bucks County Community College","Beach, Donald","Felip, John","Edwal Scientific Products","Carter, David","Moman-Bell, Patricia","Russo, Eleanor","Hackensack Public Schools","Kolovakos, Gregory, 1951-1990","New York State Council on the Arts","Holford, Mary","Creative Resources Institute","Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 1951-","Olander, William, 1950-1989","Collins, Denise","Salewski, Randal","Horwitz, Alan","Levin, David","Remer, Lisa","West, Janice M.","Blackford, Eva","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","Holl-Madara, Lynn","Siskind, Carroll","Conklin, D. David","Chiego, William J., 1943-","Rotkin, Charles E., 1916-","The Rotkin Review","Rosado, Maria","Price, Pamela","Steele, Diana","Princeton Photography Club","Fawcetter, Caroline","Young, John","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Willis, Deborah, 1948-","Bey, Dawoud, 1953-","Pope, Sharon","Mathesius, Bill","Feinstein, Harold, 1931-2015","Schneeman, Liane","Williams, H. G.","Adams, Jeanne","Zakia, Richard D. (Richard Donald), 1925-2012","Henderson, Wanda","Naar, Harry I.","Photo Workshop","Wiley, Mary Helen","Collier, David E., 1929-2012","Kokotajlo, Stan","Troeller, Linda, 1949-","Fabbri, Anne R.","The Noyes Museum","Saretzky, Gary D.","Serbin, Glen","Deering, Bill","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Cook, Sue","Simad, Teresa","Carty, Diane","Williams, Ann","The Morris Museum","Rand, Henry","Aparicio, Roxana","George Eastman House","Earenfight, Phillip, 1962-","Russell, Lisa","Tolin, Ann","McCollough, Charles","Charles McCollough Studio","Smith, Beuford, 1941-","Morris, Jennifer","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","Lehman, Arnold L.","Duganne, Erina","General Artists Agency","Bertoli, Barbara","Stephanini, Pat","Pavilion Gallery Sculpture Garden","Nini, Rose","Pearce, Jeannie","O'Boyle, Bob","Virginia Statesman","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Baum, Ralph","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","Vestal, David, 1924-2013","Associated Press","Petit, Philippe, 1949-","Photography Year","Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1937-","Ms.","Rivera, Christine","Dialogue","Cagan, Steve","Doan-Johnson, Susan","Hightstown Gazette","McCoy, Regina","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","Viksjo, Cathy","Argo","Post, Kevin","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Bledsoe, Lysbeth","Courier-Post","Shipley, Barbara","Heisler, Wendy","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger","Seidel, Mitchell","Carlson, Michele","Small, Michael C.","Mutterperl, Mindy","Crossman, Lorraine","Fone, Lisa","Addis, Amanda","Purcell, Janet","Monroe Township View","Orsi, Chris","Princeton Living","Beres, Derek","Dube, Ilene","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Kimbrough, Larry","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman","Sepia Tones","General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Madison, Clarence","First Time Photo Gallery","Maddox, James","Noyes Museum","Morris Museum","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Mariboe Gallery","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","Lawrenceville School","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Light Impressions Corporation","Kismaric, Carole, 1942-2002","Palaszczuk, Mary Ellen","Fernandez, Isabelle","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Kenyon, Kathleen","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Weems, Carrie Mae, 1953-","Ten.8","Walker, Shawn, 1940-","Sullivan, George E. (George Edward), 1927-","Dutton Juvenile","Taha, Halima","Crown Publishers","DeCarava, Roy, 1919-2009","Mannas, James \"Jimmie\" M., 1941-","Rudolph, Sa","Francis, James \"Ray\"","Jackson, Miles M., Jr., 1929-","Mayer, Grace M.","Hoffman, Michael E. (Michael Eugene), 1942-2001","Porter, Allan, 1934-2022","Crawford, Joe","Liska, Jane","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","Cobb, Vandell","Romais, Miriam","Kenyon College","Wilson, Calvin, 1924-","Fournier, Collette","Stewart, Frank, 1949-","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Hinzmann, Hilary","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Lawrence, Steve","Culturefront","Smith, Evelyn","Fennar, Albert, 1938-","Howard, Herman","Martin, Steve","Newsweek","Barboza, Anthony, 1944-","Barboza, Ken","Clarke, LeRoy, 1938-","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Cowans, Adger W., 1936-","Art Direction","Preston, George Nelson, 1938-","Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","College of New Rochelle","Dix, Seldon","Littles, Dolores Allen","Dawson, C. Daniel","American Visions","Parks, Toni","Pinderhughes, John, 1946-","Randall, Herbert, 1936-","Robinson, Herb","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Wilmer, Val (Valerie), 1941-","Photo/Chronicles","Smith, Morgan, 1910-1993","Smith, Marvin, 1910-2003","Smith, Ming, 1950-","Steichen, Edward, 1879-1973","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","Greene, Cheryll Y., 1943-2013","Sleet, Moneta, Jr., 1926-1996","Stewart, Charles (Chuck), 1927-2017","Wilkinson, Carlton","Kauffman, Aubrey","Leipzig, Melvin, 1935-","Baskakov, Andrew","Brodsky, Judith","Berezin, Valentin Solomonovich","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Nesterova, Natalʹi︠a︡, 1944-","Chilnikov, Sergey","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Mari ASSR Photographic Art Society","Suprun, Aleksandr","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Dobrynkin, A.","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Hanley, John P.","Bullock, Joanne B.","Corwin, Luene Holmes, 1937-","Dowd, Jennifer Ann","Mathias, John","Weiss, Celia","Bundy, Roy","Flynn, William J.","Hain, Josh","Rivera, Frank","White, Larry","Barksdale, William E., 1927-","Dietrich, Marilyn","Duncan, Noreen","Lobby Gallery","Hymans, Kay","Lamba, Marie","Hopewell Valley News","Stender, Barbara","Artifacts Gallery","Town Topics","Chronicle","Beacon","Williams, Gray","New Jersey Department of Higher Education","Osborne, Linda","Caruso, Jennifer","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Moran, Daniel Thomas","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Bateson, Michael A.","Audio Visual Product News","Davis, Gail","Gray, Jeanne","Clyde","Smith, W. Eugene, 1918-1978","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","Von Hildebrand, Alice, 1923-2022","Von Hildebrand, Dietrich, 1889-1977","O'Daniel, Therman B. (Therman Benjamin), 1908-1986","William Morrow and Company","Hathaway, Paul R.","Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1917-1977","Johnson, Thomas A., 1928-2008","Gillespie, Marcia","Reynolds, Barbara Ann","Jackson, Jacqueline, 1944-","Moore, Marjorie","Fouch, Barbara","James, Delores","McDougall, Joyce, 1926-2011","Lebovici, Serge, 1915-2000","Avon Books","Hearst Corporation","Clark, Duvie","Ebert, Alan","Bryant, Joyce, 1927-2022","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","Bower, Sue","Kiley, Frederick S. (Frederick Spencer), 1922-2002","Wright, Giles R.","New Jersey Historical Commission","Allen, Jules, 1947-","Anderson, Julie","Chycota, Johanna","Anderson, Mary B.","Pendergrass, Teddy, 1950-2010","Paul, Billy, 1934-2016","Shinee, Ntozake","Ferman, Terry","Barboza, Leanette","Barboza, Linda Anderson","Barboza, Tim","Bass, George Houston, 1938-1990","Builder, Levy, 1942-","Fuller, Naimah","Bennett, Alan","Bickal, Janet","Blake, Nina","Blake, Eubie, 1887-1983","Bobo, Anne","Bogle, Donald, 1944-","McNatt, Rosemary Bray","Brenner, Glen","Brooks, Wenonah","Bulaj, Marek","Johnson, Barbara Piasecka, 1937-2013","Burton, Sandy","Callender, Arlene","Campbell, Diane","Carty, Delores","Ceglia, Vincent","Chambers, Paul, 1935-1969","Chapman, Glenn Edward","Chavez, Lynn","Chavez, Pete","Chavooshian, Marge","Colavita, James J., 1949-1996","Collins, Lucrentia","Cook, Molly","Simao, Teresa","Crawley, Hazel","Critchlow, Carol","Crotty, Mary","Cummings, Blondell, 1944-2015","Davis, Daryl","Davis, Judy","Davis, Miles, 1926-1991","De Veaux, Alexis, 1948-","Banks, Diane","Deveaux, Pam","Dixon, Mel","Douglas, Clara","Dunham, Katherine, 1909-2006","Esquila, Ramon","Evans, Scott","Fennar, Miya","Koho, Keiko","Fennar, Tad","Folmer, Daniella","Fontaine, Walter","Durniak, John","Galeano, Cheryl","Gibson, Pat","Goldman, Midge","Goodkin, Vera Herman","Guitar Shorty, 1939-2022","Flakes, Jacqueline Hamer, 1966-","Moore, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1893-1978","Harper, Toy","Johnson, Hall, 1887-1970","Harper, Ves","Heck, Soskia","Henry, John","Heywood, Jeni","Hicks, Bernice S.","Hilton, Larry","Hunter, Clementine, 1886-1988","Anderson, Madeline","Iman, 1955-","Jackson, Jesse Louis, 1941-","Jessua, Alain, 1932-2017","Jones, Billy","Kim, Yung Ju","Konrad, Adolf Ferdinand, 1915-2004","Kucay, Susan","Landau, Jacob, 1917-2001","Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000","Lehman, Harold","Leipzig, Francesca","Leipzig, Joshua","Graves, Michael, 1934-2015","Lewis, Byron E., Sr., 1931-","Lindfors, Viveca, 1920-1995","Littwin, Michael","Livingston, Bud","Lowing, Donald","Malloy, Tom, 1912-2008","Marshall, Paula","McNichol, Terri","Medina, Pablo, 1948-","Merlino, Joseph","Merlino, Molly","Goldman, Irene","Miller, Robert","Miller, Tony","Michaux, Lewis H., 1885-1976","Novak, Josie","Palmer, Nancy","Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922-1975","Passer, Ivan, 1933-2020","Pastira, Sangeeta","Patterson, Latta","Freed, Arthur","Perkoff, Sarah","Ryan, Dave","Polar, Maria","Santiago, Nilsa","Pietroski, Susan","Portee, Natalie","Purdy, Janet, Dr.","Purdy, John","Rachlin, Margaret","Randall, Rosalind","Reaves, Gail","Reaves, Kenny","Reiner, Eric","Reynolds, Rene","Richardson, Al","Richardson, Beverly","Rodriguez, Cecilio","Rosskam, Louise, 1910-2003","Ruffner, Jim","Rutkowski, Catherine","Samad, Marianne","Sandler, Kathe","Sandler, Eve","Sandler, Joan","Santos, Delissa","Sartezky, Anya","Schulte, Judy","Puccio, Victor","Schulte, Lynn M.","Schwartz, Lise","Selwood, Maureen","Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1903-2004","Sherman, Terry","Simmons, Ron","Slater, Xandria","Smith, Catherine","Smith, Gregory","Lee-Smith, Hughie, 1915-1999","Smith, Kevin","Smith, Mingus","Standard, Michael","Taylor, John","Taylor, Susan, 1946-","Teneny, Ralph","Sommerville, Tom","Tooker, Holly","Torres, Jose","Van Der Zee, James, 1886-1983","Wallace, Douglas","Weiss, Jiří, 1913-2004","Welliver, Michael","White, Hazel","Wiggins, Ernie","Wilkerson, Lisa","Williams, Ace","Williams, Jim","Wood, Michelle","X., Malcolm, 1925-1965","Draper-Winston, Nell","Winston, Charles","Johnson, Beverly, 1952-","Davidhazy, Andrew","Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","Jackson, Maynard, 1938-2003","Jackson, Valerie Richardson, 1949-","Hamer, Perry","Cook, Susan","Palmer, Douglas, 1951-","Harrell, Hugh","Smith, Aileen","Jorrin, Mario","Calla, Henry","Angelou, Maya, 1928-2014","Maynard, Joan, 1921-1998","Cronkite, Walter, 1916-2009","Cavett, Dick, 1936-","Hurwitz, Leo T., 1909-1991","Chiarenza, Carl, 1935-","Cauthen, Steve, 1960-","Gunn, Bill, 1934-1989","Scott, Seret","Deleo, Fame P.","Toppin, Christopher","Deileo, Fame","Mick, Chianese","Peck, Mary S.","Boeing, Loran K.","Doter, ?","Dill, Timothy","Jaborski, Pierre","Libsohn, Sol, 1914-2001","Linder, Evan","Pope-Lance, Elton","Jean-Bart, Leslie","McBride, Will","Ryan, Joe","Long, Kadar","Malloy","Mike","Hashimoto","Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Archives","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Random House (Firm). Penguin Books, Inc.","United States Civil Service Commission","Junior Courier","Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action","Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.","American Telephone and Telegraph Company","Nikon, Inc.","New Bridge Baptist Church","American Negro Commemorative Society","Shaw-Beach","New York Foundation for the Arts","Pratt Institute. Art School","U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative","Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)","Free Library of Philadelphia","New Jersey State Teen Arts Program","Brooklyn Museum of Art","Riverside Church Weekday School","Mercer County Community College (N.J.)","Gallery Henoch","Rochester Institute of Technology","Virginia State College","New York University. Institute of Graduate Film and Television","Temple University","Thomas Edison State College","Eastman Kodak Company","Recording Institute of America","Indiana University. Independent Study Division","Preston Publications","Bucks County Community College","Edwal Scientific Products","Studio Museum in Harlem","Hackensack Public Schools","New York State Council on the Arts","Creative Resources Institute","Allen Memorial Art Museum","Trenton Writers Guild","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","The Rotkin Review","Princeton Photography Club","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center","Mercer County (N.J.)","Stockton State College","Ansel Adams Gallery (Yosemite National Park, Calif.)","Rider College Art Gallery","Photo Workshop","Mercer Medical Center","Noyes Museum of Art","Photographers Forum","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Morris Museum","Essence","New York University. American Photography Institute","George Eastman House","Art in the Atrium","Johnson \u0026 Johnson","Bristol-Myers Squibb Company","Webster University","Charles McCollough Studio","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","University of Texas at Austin‏","General Artists Agency","Pavilion Gallery. Sculpture Garden","Virginia Statesman","Camera (Lucerne, Switzerland)","The Arrow","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","New York Times company","Popular Photography","The Honeywell World","New York post","Associated Press","Photography Year","Black enterprise","College Voice","Dialogue","Trentonian","Trenton Sunday Times. The Magazine","Round-up","Trenton Sunday Times","Hightstown Gazette","Whoot","Garden State Press Clipping Bureau","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","New Jersey Clipping Service","Argo","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Courier-Post","Mercer","Time Off","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)","Art Matters","Trenton Times","Viking","United States Highway 1","Princeton Packet","The Monroe Township View","Voice","Princeton Living","The Link","Lawrence Ledger","Light Work (Organization : Syracuse, N.Y.)","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman Photographs","Sepia Tones","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Countee Cullen Library","International Center of Photography","Corcoran Gallery of Art","First Time Photo Gallery","George Washington University","Artists Space (Gallery)","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Memorial Hospital of Burlington County","Mariboe Gallery","Peddie School","Artworks","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","The Lawrenceville School","May Gallery","New York University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences","Trenton Artists Workshop Association","Forum Notes","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Creative Artists Public Service Program","Light Impressions Corporation","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.)","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). Galleries","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Photo Newsletter","James Van DerZee Institute","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Ten.8","Crown Publishers, Inc.","Atlanta University","Aperture, Inc.","Black Photographers Annual","Madison Art Center","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","En Foco, Inc.","Kenyon College","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Culturefront","Newsweek","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Art Direction","College of New Rochelle","Hofstra University","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Césaire Photo Agency","Photo/Chronicles Ltd.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.)","New Jersey State Museum","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","International Black Photographers","Trenton City Museum","Ellarslie Mansion","Pavilion Galleries","TAWA Soviet Exchange Committee","Photographic Association of the USSR","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Mercer County Community College News","Bucks County Technical School (Bucks County, Pa.)","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Activities Department","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Government Association","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center. Lobby Gallery","Hopewell Valley News","Artifacts Gallery","Mercer County Library. Ewing Branch","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). East Windsor Municipal Building","Pennington Post","Queenstown Gallery","Hamilton Township Public Library","Messenger-Press","Town Topics","Chronicle","Mercer Messenger","Beacon","New Jersey. Department of Higher Education","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Audio Visual Product News","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","William Morrow and Company","Black Creation","New York University. Institute of African-American Affairs","Avon Books.","Hearst Corporation","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Langston Hughes Society","Brown University","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","South Trenton Review","New Jersey Historical Commission","Transmondo","Sekonic","Hasselblad USA","Lindahl","Staticmaster"],"access_terms_ssm":["The collection is subject to all copyright laws. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce the collection only for their educational and publicity purposes by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. Other digitized content is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.","Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright, beyond that allowed by fair use, requires the researcher to obtain permission of copyright holders."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Photography, Artistic","Photography, Artistic -- Exhibitions","Photography--History--20th century","Photography--History--21st century","Photographers -- Virginia","Photography--Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Photography, Artistic","Photography, Artistic -- Exhibitions","Photography--History--20th century","Photography--History--21st century","Photographers -- Virginia","Photography--Study and teaching"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["37.5 Linear Feet 170 boxes; 6,605 items"],"extent_tesim":["37.5 Linear Feet 170 boxes; 6,605 items"],"date_range_isim":[1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research. Digitization of the collection has been made possible by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The digital collection can be accessed through the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vmfa.museum/collections/search-archives/louis-h-draper-archive-portal/\"\u003eVMFA Collections Search website\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA limited number of files are restricted. Access to restricted materials may require written permission of the donor and/or the VMFA Director.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research. Digitization of the collection has been made possible by the National Endowment for the Humanities. The digital collection can be accessed through the VMFA Collections Search website.","A limited number of files are restricted. Access to restricted materials may require written permission of the donor and/or the VMFA Director."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into eleven series. Arrangement within each series varies based upon the material. In general, the manuscript materials are arranged chronologically (where possible), and the photographic material is arranged thematically, often by geographic location. The only series that is arranged alphabetically is Series 3.1: Identified Subjects.\"\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 1\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eManuscripts, 1947-2005, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 2\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePublications, 1959-2005, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 3\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotography: Portraits, 1958-2001, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 4\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotography: United States Locations, 1957-1999, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 5\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotography: International Locations, 1978-1990, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 6\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotography: Landscapes and Abstractions, 1960-2000, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 7\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePortfolios, 1964, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 8\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotographic Equipment, 1945-1988, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 9\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eAudiovisual Materials, 1972-2000, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 10\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eBorn Digital Files, 1996-2001, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eSeries 11\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003ePhotographs by Others, 1946-1998, undated\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into eleven series. Arrangement within each series varies based upon the material. In general, the manuscript materials are arranged chronologically (where possible), and the photographic material is arranged thematically, often by geographic location. The only series that is arranged alphabetically is Series 3.1: Identified Subjects.\"","Series 1\n        Manuscripts, 1947-2005, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 2\n        Publications, 1959-2005, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 3\n        Photography: Portraits, 1958-2001, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 4\n        Photography: United States Locations, 1957-1999, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 5\n        Photography: International Locations, 1978-1990, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 6\n        Photography: Landscapes and Abstractions, 1960-2000, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 7\n        Portfolios, 1964, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 8\n        Photographic Equipment, 1945-1988, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 9\n        Audiovisual Materials, 1972-2000, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 10\n        Born Digital Files, 1996-2001, undated\n      \n      \n        Series 11\n        Photographs by Others, 1946-1998, undated"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWorking Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop, 2020\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eGrowing up in Civil Rights Richmond: A Community Remembers, 2019\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eLouis H. Draper: Selected Photographs, 2015\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eTimeless, 2015\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eThe Sweet Breath of Life: A Poetic Narrative of the African-American Family, 2004\u003c/bibref\u003e\n  ","\u003cbibref\u003eVirginia Artist File: Louis Draper\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eInternational Artist File: Kamoinge\u003c/bibref\u003e\n  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Related Materials - VMFA Library: Books","Related Materials - VMFA Library: Artist Files"],"bibliography_tesim":["Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop, 2020","Growing up in Civil Rights Richmond: A Community Remembers, 2019","Louis H. Draper: Selected Photographs, 2015","Timeless, 2015","The Sweet Breath of Life: A Poetic Narrative of the African-American Family, 2004","Virginia Artist File: Louis Draper","International Artist File: Kamoinge"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLouis Hansel Draper\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorn: September 24, 1935, Richmond, VA\nDied: February 18, 2002, Trenton, NJ\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile a student at Virginia State College (now University) Lou Draper wrote to his father, Hansel, with the news that he had joined the school newspaper. His father—an amateur photographer in Richmond's East End—gave Draper his first camera. After joining the college camera club, he dropped a bottle of acid while trying to develop his film. As a result of trying to mop it up, he was hospitalized and subsequently kicked out of the club. Despite this initial setback, Draper resolved to be a photographer after seeing the exhibition catalogue for The Family of Man (1955). Realizing that the work he admired was made by photographers in New York, Draper left Virginia State during his final semester and, with the support of his family, moved to New York City.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the late 1950s Draper worked as a medical clerk while studying at the New York Institute of Photography. He dropped out realizing he could learn the same information through magazines like Modern Photography. In 1958 Draper enrolled in a photography workshop led by Harold Feinstein, where he met professional photographers like David Vestal and Herb Randall. Draper also worked as an assistant to studio photographers Larence Shustak and John Rawlings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1959 Draper exhibited two works in the Photography at Mid-Century exhibition curated by Beaumont Newhall at the George Eastman House (now Museum). He also exhibited his work in Greenwich Village galleries, including the Image Gallery run by Larry Siegel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraper enrolled in workshops at the New School for Social Research, including W. Eugene Smith's course \"Photography Made Difficult: Photojournalism, the Construction of Picture Stories and Picture Essays\" and began working with the prolific magazine photographer around 1960. In addition to assisting in the darkroom, Draper was a teaching aide for \"Photography Made More Difficult\" hosted at Smith's Flower-District loft.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1963 Draper turned his attention to the Kamoinge Workshop and quickly emerged as one of the group's teachers. Draper contributed to major workshop projects in the early to mid-1960s beginning with Portfolio No. 1 through the \"Harlem\" photo-essay in the July 1966 issue of Camera magazine, which featured his photograph John Henry on the cover. Portfolio No. 2 and the photoessay included Draper's poem \"Colonial Legacy.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1960s Draper taught photography courses while taking classes in film production. Between 1966 and 1968 Draper worked with Randall, Ray Francis, and Jimmie Mannas at the Youth in Action program in Bedford-Stuyvesant, teaching photography to teenagers and young adults. He also participated in the Channel 13 Black Journal Workshop where he concentrated on learning motion picture production. In 1968 he enrolled in the graduate program at the New York University Institute of Film and Television along with future Kamoinge member Danny Dawson. Draper gained professional film experience by working for Mannas's Jymie Productions and assisted Mannas with two short documentaries, Head and Heart and The Folks. He was also a cameraman for commercial and independent projects led by NYU professors like cinematographer Bedrich (Beda) Batka and worked on a number of productions as a still photographer. In 1982 he was a script supervisor and photographer for the feature-length film Losing Ground.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1967 he began teaching a class in photographic techniques at Central Brooklyn Neighborhood College, which was supported by the Pratt Institute Center for Community Improvement. He left the program in 1969 but returned to Pratt in 1974 to teach a college-level photography course for design students. Draper joined the staff of the Multi-Media Project at Intermediate School 201 in the Bronx in 1971 where Herb Randall, Calvin Wilson, and Ray Francis also served as photographers and teachers. He also worked with the Photography for Rehabilitation program at the New York State Division for Youth in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1971 the director of the Studio Museum in Harlem, Edward Spriggs, called a meeting of photographers to address how they could use photography to support the neighborhood. Draper and Beuford Smith were among the founding members of a group named the Collective Black Photographers. During Draper's tenure as chairman of the group they organized a fundraisers and community photography projects. Draper also served on the Studio Museum's Photography Committee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEssence sent Draper to Ruleville, Mississippi, to photograph civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer and the Freedom Farm Cooperative. These photographs were part of the feature story \"Fannie Lou Hamer Speaks Out\" in the magazine's October 1971 issue. The next month, Essence published Draper's portraits of the some of the mothers of the \"Harlem Six,\" a group of young Black men who were wrongly accused of murder in New York City in 1964.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1973 Draper won a Creative Artists Public Service (CAPS) program grant \"to create a set of film-strips about Ruleville, Mississippi . . . for use in New York City public schools and for public presentation.\" CAPS award panels included leading photographers such as Harry Callahan, and not only provided funding for artists but also enriched the creative community. In 1976 the CAPS publication Exposure: Work by Ten Photographers included work by Draper and Anthony Barboza. From 1974 to 1975 Draper served as coordinator of photography for the CAPS program and was an award panelist in 1982.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterspersed with his teaching assignments, Draper explored other artistic media and forms. In addition to taking screenwriting classes at NYU, he attended workshops at the Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center in 1982, studying screenwriting with Fred Hudson and Elihu Weiner and videotape production with Vernard Gantt. Building on his experiences with W. Eugene Smith, Draper studied page design at the C. Richard Read Studio. On occasion, he worked as a studio assistant to Herb Robinson and Barboza. He was also a cofounder of Northlight Studios, which operated from 1975 to 1985.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom 1978 to 1982 Draper taught and coordinated photography courses for schools in New Jersey, through the Creative Resources Institute. Afterward, he began teaching photography for Mercer County Community College in Trenton. Draper finally received his bachelor of arts degree from Thomas A. Edison State College in 1987. He participated in organizations like the Trenton Artists Workshop Association (TAWA) and was an artist in residence at Light Work in Syracuse, New York, where he printed his series New Jersey Artists, which included portraits of painters Hughie Lee-Smith and Bernarda Bryson Shahn, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDraper taught at Mercer until his death in 2002.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe biography above, written by Sharayah Cochran, has been reproduced from the catalog \"Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop.\"\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Louis Hansel Draper","Born: September 24, 1935, Richmond, VA\nDied: February 18, 2002, Trenton, NJ","While a student at Virginia State College (now University) Lou Draper wrote to his father, Hansel, with the news that he had joined the school newspaper. His father—an amateur photographer in Richmond's East End—gave Draper his first camera. After joining the college camera club, he dropped a bottle of acid while trying to develop his film. As a result of trying to mop it up, he was hospitalized and subsequently kicked out of the club. Despite this initial setback, Draper resolved to be a photographer after seeing the exhibition catalogue for The Family of Man (1955). Realizing that the work he admired was made by photographers in New York, Draper left Virginia State during his final semester and, with the support of his family, moved to New York City.","Throughout the late 1950s Draper worked as a medical clerk while studying at the New York Institute of Photography. He dropped out realizing he could learn the same information through magazines like Modern Photography. In 1958 Draper enrolled in a photography workshop led by Harold Feinstein, where he met professional photographers like David Vestal and Herb Randall. Draper also worked as an assistant to studio photographers Larence Shustak and John Rawlings.","In 1959 Draper exhibited two works in the Photography at Mid-Century exhibition curated by Beaumont Newhall at the George Eastman House (now Museum). He also exhibited his work in Greenwich Village galleries, including the Image Gallery run by Larry Siegel.","Draper enrolled in workshops at the New School for Social Research, including W. Eugene Smith's course \"Photography Made Difficult: Photojournalism, the Construction of Picture Stories and Picture Essays\" and began working with the prolific magazine photographer around 1960. In addition to assisting in the darkroom, Draper was a teaching aide for \"Photography Made More Difficult\" hosted at Smith's Flower-District loft.","In 1963 Draper turned his attention to the Kamoinge Workshop and quickly emerged as one of the group's teachers. Draper contributed to major workshop projects in the early to mid-1960s beginning with Portfolio No. 1 through the \"Harlem\" photo-essay in the July 1966 issue of Camera magazine, which featured his photograph John Henry on the cover. Portfolio No. 2 and the photoessay included Draper's poem \"Colonial Legacy.\"","In the late 1960s Draper taught photography courses while taking classes in film production. Between 1966 and 1968 Draper worked with Randall, Ray Francis, and Jimmie Mannas at the Youth in Action program in Bedford-Stuyvesant, teaching photography to teenagers and young adults. He also participated in the Channel 13 Black Journal Workshop where he concentrated on learning motion picture production. In 1968 he enrolled in the graduate program at the New York University Institute of Film and Television along with future Kamoinge member Danny Dawson. Draper gained professional film experience by working for Mannas's Jymie Productions and assisted Mannas with two short documentaries, Head and Heart and The Folks. He was also a cameraman for commercial and independent projects led by NYU professors like cinematographer Bedrich (Beda) Batka and worked on a number of productions as a still photographer. In 1982 he was a script supervisor and photographer for the feature-length film Losing Ground.","In 1967 he began teaching a class in photographic techniques at Central Brooklyn Neighborhood College, which was supported by the Pratt Institute Center for Community Improvement. He left the program in 1969 but returned to Pratt in 1974 to teach a college-level photography course for design students. Draper joined the staff of the Multi-Media Project at Intermediate School 201 in the Bronx in 1971 where Herb Randall, Calvin Wilson, and Ray Francis also served as photographers and teachers. He also worked with the Photography for Rehabilitation program at the New York State Division for Youth in 1974.","In 1971 the director of the Studio Museum in Harlem, Edward Spriggs, called a meeting of photographers to address how they could use photography to support the neighborhood. Draper and Beuford Smith were among the founding members of a group named the Collective Black Photographers. During Draper's tenure as chairman of the group they organized a fundraisers and community photography projects. Draper also served on the Studio Museum's Photography Committee.","Essence sent Draper to Ruleville, Mississippi, to photograph civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer and the Freedom Farm Cooperative. These photographs were part of the feature story \"Fannie Lou Hamer Speaks Out\" in the magazine's October 1971 issue. The next month, Essence published Draper's portraits of the some of the mothers of the \"Harlem Six,\" a group of young Black men who were wrongly accused of murder in New York City in 1964.","In 1973 Draper won a Creative Artists Public Service (CAPS) program grant \"to create a set of film-strips about Ruleville, Mississippi . . . for use in New York City public schools and for public presentation.\" CAPS award panels included leading photographers such as Harry Callahan, and not only provided funding for artists but also enriched the creative community. In 1976 the CAPS publication Exposure: Work by Ten Photographers included work by Draper and Anthony Barboza. From 1974 to 1975 Draper served as coordinator of photography for the CAPS program and was an award panelist in 1982.","Interspersed with his teaching assignments, Draper explored other artistic media and forms. In addition to taking screenwriting classes at NYU, he attended workshops at the Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center in 1982, studying screenwriting with Fred Hudson and Elihu Weiner and videotape production with Vernard Gantt. Building on his experiences with W. Eugene Smith, Draper studied page design at the C. Richard Read Studio. On occasion, he worked as a studio assistant to Herb Robinson and Barboza. He was also a cofounder of Northlight Studios, which operated from 1975 to 1985.","From 1978 to 1982 Draper taught and coordinated photography courses for schools in New Jersey, through the Creative Resources Institute. Afterward, he began teaching photography for Mercer County Community College in Trenton. Draper finally received his bachelor of arts degree from Thomas A. Edison State College in 1987. He participated in organizations like the Trenton Artists Workshop Association (TAWA) and was an artist in residence at Light Work in Syracuse, New York, where he printed his series New Jersey Artists, which included portraits of painters Hughie Lee-Smith and Bernarda Bryson Shahn, among others.","Draper taught at Mercer until his death in 2002.","The biography above, written by Sharayah Cochran, has been reproduced from the catalog \"Working Together: Louis Draper and the Kamoinge Workshop.\""],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLouis Draper's sister, Nell Draper-Winston, inherited his estate upon his death in 2002. The collection remained at Mercer Community College in Trenton, New Jersey while Gary Saretzky (Draper's friend and colleague, as well as an Archivist for the Monmouth County Archives) organized it from 2002-2006. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSaretzky created a detailed finding aid for the photographs and archives before transferring them (on Draper-Winston's behalf) to the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. The collection arrived at the University of Virginia on December 26, 2006, and left in November 2012 to come to Candela Books and Photographs in Richmond, Virginia (\u003ci\u003eemail to Courtney Tkacz from Heather Riser, Head of Operations, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, July 1, 2019\u003c/i\u003e). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt that time, Candela represented the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust and housed the collection until it was acquired by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in December 2015 as part of a gift-purchase of the archive and 35 photographs for the museum's art collection. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn February 2008, Don Lowing, a darkroom technician at Mercer County Community College located other materials including cameras, disks, and photographic materials (mainly negatives). These additional materials were inventoried by Saretzky and sent to the University of Virginia to be integrated into the rest of the collection (\u003ci\u003eemail to Courtney Tkacz from Gary Saretzky, June 28, 2019\u003c/i\u003e). \u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Louis Draper's sister, Nell Draper-Winston, inherited his estate upon his death in 2002. The collection remained at Mercer Community College in Trenton, New Jersey while Gary Saretzky (Draper's friend and colleague, as well as an Archivist for the Monmouth County Archives) organized it from 2002-2006.","Saretzky created a detailed finding aid for the photographs and archives before transferring them (on Draper-Winston's behalf) to the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. The collection arrived at the University of Virginia on December 26, 2006, and left in November 2012 to come to Candela Books and Photographs in Richmond, Virginia (email to Courtney Tkacz from Heather Riser, Head of Operations, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, July 1, 2019).","At that time, Candela represented the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust and housed the collection until it was acquired by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in December 2015 as part of a gift-purchase of the archive and 35 photographs for the museum's art collection.","In February 2008, Don Lowing, a darkroom technician at Mercer County Community College located other materials including cameras, disks, and photographic materials (mainly negatives). These additional materials were inventoried by Saretzky and sent to the University of Virginia to be integrated into the rest of the collection (email to Courtney Tkacz from Gary Saretzky, June 28, 2019)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLouis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04). Acquired from the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust with the Arthur and Margaret Glasgow Endowment Fund. VMFA Archives, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Louis H. Draper Artist Archives (VA-04). Acquired from the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust with the Arthur and Margaret Glasgow Endowment Fund. VMFA Archives, Richmond, Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 2017, the museum was awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to fund 29 months of work that transformed this extremely large, physical archive into a rich digital resource. An interdepartmental grant team was assembled from across the museum, including staff members of the Library/Archives, Imaging Resources, Curatorial, and Conservation departments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile the physical archive had been well organized previously, the digitization process allowed the team to rethink the intellectual arrangement and determine an ideal numbering scheme for a photography archive. The result was a system designed around the organizing principle of the photoshoot itself, and now all related contact sheets, prints, slides, and negatives are described together.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProcessing and description of the manuscript materials was performed by Courtney Yevich Tkacz from 2016-2017, and processing and description of the photographic material was performed by Margo Lentz-Meyer from 2017-2019. All materials were digitized in their original sleeves, then rehoused, but all sleeves with Draper's handwriting were retained.    \u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["In 2017, the museum was awarded a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to fund 29 months of work that transformed this extremely large, physical archive into a rich digital resource. An interdepartmental grant team was assembled from across the museum, including staff members of the Library/Archives, Imaging Resources, Curatorial, and Conservation departments.","While the physical archive had been well organized previously, the digitization process allowed the team to rethink the intellectual arrangement and determine an ideal numbering scheme for a photography archive. The result was a system designed around the organizing principle of the photoshoot itself, and now all related contact sheets, prints, slides, and negatives are described together.","Processing and description of the manuscript materials was performed by Courtney Yevich Tkacz from 2016-2017, and processing and description of the photographic material was performed by Margo Lentz-Meyer from 2017-2019. All materials were digitized in their original sleeves, then rehoused, but all sleeves with Draper's handwriting were retained."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection's inclusive dates are 1945-2005, with the bulk of the material dating from the 1960s-1990s. The collection is comprised of correspondence, ephemera, publications, negatives, contact sheets, slides, prints, and photographic equipment.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection's inclusive dates are 1945-2005, with the bulk of the material dating from the 1960s-1990s. The collection is comprised of correspondence, ephemera, publications, negatives, contact sheets, slides, prints, and photographic equipment."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is subject to all copyright laws. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce the collection only for their educational and publicity purposes by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. Other digitized content is licensed for use under a \u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTransmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright, beyond that allowed by fair use, requires the researcher to obtain permission of copyright holders. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The collection is subject to all copyright laws. VMFA has been granted a non-exclusive license to reproduce the collection only for their educational and publicity purposes by the Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust. Other digitized content is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.","Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by copyright, beyond that allowed by fair use, requires the researcher to obtain permission of copyright holders."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_80d4d02edaa46a99725ed524cbb90700\"\u003eThe extensive collection documents the life and work of Richmond-born photographer and educator Louis Draper (1935–2002). Manuscript and photographic materials document Draper's experience and work as an African American photographer, including his recognition of his photography as a form of \"engaged resistance\" that not only bore witness to leaders of the civil rights movement, but also offered a richer and more diverse perspective of African American life than provided by the mainstream media. \n\nIn 1963, he was a founding member of the Kamoinge Workshop, a collective of African American photographers, and the collection includes significant materials from the early years of the Kamoinge Workshop and document his perspective on the professional challenges that he and the collective confronted in the process of finding publications that would publish photographs of African Americans made by African Americans. \n\nHis photographs of significant 20th-century artists, writers, musicians, and performers reflect the wide array of personal connections that Draper made after moving to New York from Richmond, Virginia in 1957. Printed photographs and contact sheets in Draper's archive show a broad view of city life and the everyday interactions between people and also offer a unique vision of African American neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970s.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The extensive collection documents the life and work of Richmond-born photographer and educator Louis Draper (1935–2002). Manuscript and photographic materials document Draper's experience and work as an African American photographer, including his recognition of his photography as a form of \"engaged resistance\" that not only bore witness to leaders of the civil rights movement, but also offered a richer and more diverse perspective of African American life than provided by the mainstream media. \n\nIn 1963, he was a founding member of the Kamoinge Workshop, a collective of African American photographers, and the collection includes significant materials from the early years of the Kamoinge Workshop and document his perspective on the professional challenges that he and the collective confronted in the process of finding publications that would publish photographs of African Americans made by African Americans. \n\nHis photographs of significant 20th-century artists, writers, musicians, and performers reflect the wide array of personal connections that Draper made after moving to New York from Richmond, Virginia in 1957. Printed photographs and contact sheets in Draper's archive show a broad view of city life and the everyday interactions between people and also offer a unique vision of African American neighborhoods in the 1960s and 1970s."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Archives","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Random House (Firm). Penguin Books, Inc.","United States Civil Service Commission","Junior Courier","Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action","Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.","American Telephone and Telegraph Company","Nikon, Inc.","New Bridge Baptist Church","American Negro Commemorative Society","Shaw-Beach","New York Foundation for the Arts","Pratt Institute. Art School","U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative","Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)","Free Library of Philadelphia","New Jersey State Teen Arts Program","Brooklyn Museum of Art","Riverside Church Weekday School","Mercer County Community College (N.J.)","Gallery Henoch","Rochester Institute of Technology","Virginia State College","New York University. Institute of Graduate Film and Television","Temple University","Thomas Edison State College","Eastman Kodak Company","Recording Institute of America","Indiana University. Independent Study Division","Preston Publications","Bucks County Community College","Edwal Scientific Products","Studio Museum in Harlem","Hackensack Public Schools","New York State Council on the Arts","Creative Resources Institute","Allen Memorial Art Museum","Trenton Writers Guild","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","The Rotkin Review","Princeton Photography Club","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center","Mercer County (N.J.)","Stockton State College","Ansel Adams Gallery (Yosemite National Park, Calif.)","Rider College Art Gallery","Photo Workshop","Mercer Medical Center","Noyes Museum of Art","Photographers Forum","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Morris Museum","Essence","New York University. American Photography Institute","George Eastman House","Art in the Atrium","Johnson \u0026 Johnson","Bristol-Myers Squibb Company","Webster University","Charles McCollough Studio","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","University of Texas at Austin‏","General Artists Agency","Pavilion Gallery. Sculpture Garden","Virginia Statesman","Camera (Lucerne, Switzerland)","The Arrow","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","New York Times company","Popular Photography","The Honeywell World","New York post","Associated Press","Photography Year","Black enterprise","College Voice","Dialogue","Trentonian","Trenton Sunday Times. The Magazine","Round-up","Trenton Sunday Times","Hightstown Gazette","Whoot","Garden State Press Clipping Bureau","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","New Jersey Clipping Service","Argo","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Courier-Post","Mercer","Time Off","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)","Art Matters","Trenton Times","Viking","United States Highway 1","Princeton Packet","The Monroe Township View","Voice","Princeton Living","The Link","Lawrence Ledger","Light Work (Organization : Syracuse, N.Y.)","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman Photographs","Sepia Tones","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Countee Cullen Library","International Center of Photography","Corcoran Gallery of Art","First Time Photo Gallery","George Washington University","Artists Space (Gallery)","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Memorial Hospital of Burlington County","Mariboe Gallery","Peddie School","Artworks","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","The Lawrenceville School","May Gallery","New York University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences","Trenton Artists Workshop Association","Forum Notes","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Creative Artists Public Service Program","Light Impressions Corporation","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.)","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). Galleries","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Photo Newsletter","James Van DerZee Institute","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Ten.8","Crown Publishers, Inc.","Atlanta University","Aperture, Inc.","Black Photographers Annual","Madison Art Center","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","En Foco, Inc.","Kenyon College","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Culturefront","Newsweek","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Art Direction","College of New Rochelle","Hofstra University","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Césaire Photo Agency","Photo/Chronicles Ltd.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.)","New Jersey State Museum","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","International Black Photographers","Trenton City Museum","Ellarslie Mansion","Pavilion Galleries","TAWA Soviet Exchange Committee","Photographic Association of the USSR","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Mercer County Community College News","Bucks County Technical School (Bucks County, Pa.)","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Activities Department","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Government Association","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center. Lobby Gallery","Hopewell Valley News","Artifacts Gallery","Mercer County Library. Ewing Branch","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). East Windsor Municipal Building","Pennington Post","Queenstown Gallery","Hamilton Township Public Library","Messenger-Press","Town Topics","Chronicle","Mercer Messenger","Beacon","New Jersey. Department of Higher Education","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Audio Visual Product News","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","William Morrow and Company","Black Creation","New York University. Institute of African-American Affairs","Avon Books.","Hearst Corporation","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Langston Hughes Society","Brown University","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","South Trenton Review","New Jersey Historical Commission","Transmondo","Sekonic","Hasselblad USA","Lindahl","Staticmaster"],"names_coll_ssim":["Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002"],"persname_ssim":["Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Faulkner, William, 1897-1962","Harris, Charles \"Teenie\", 1908-1998","Parker, Pat","Gloster, Dorothy","Williams, Henry A.","Draper, Hansel H.","Shaw-Beach","Beach, George A. (George Anderson), 1902-1994","Massey, Cal, 1927-1972","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Morgan, Margaret","Collins, Kathleen, 1942-1988","Gray, Ronald K.","Gloster, Brandon","Schulte, Roger","Hudson, Fred","Marcus","Szarkowski, John, 1925-2007","Bunnell, Peter C., 1937-","Caponigro, Paul, 1932-","Bat'ka, Bedřich, 1922-1994","Tangney, Ralph","Reno, Mike","Recording Institute of America","Darkroom \u0026 creative camera techniques","Jilg, Mark","McNutt, Dennis","Bucks County Community College","Beach, Donald","Felip, John","Edwal Scientific Products","Carter, David","Moman-Bell, Patricia","Russo, Eleanor","Hackensack Public Schools","Kolovakos, Gregory, 1951-1990","New York State Council on the Arts","Holford, Mary","Creative Resources Institute","Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 1951-","Olander, William, 1950-1989","Collins, Denise","Salewski, Randal","Horwitz, Alan","Levin, David","Remer, Lisa","West, Janice M.","Blackford, Eva","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","Holl-Madara, Lynn","Siskind, Carroll","Conklin, D. David","Chiego, William J., 1943-","Rotkin, Charles E., 1916-","The Rotkin Review","Rosado, Maria","Price, Pamela","Steele, Diana","Princeton Photography Club","Fawcetter, Caroline","Young, John","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Willis, Deborah, 1948-","Bey, Dawoud, 1953-","Pope, Sharon","Mathesius, Bill","Feinstein, Harold, 1931-2015","Schneeman, Liane","Williams, H. G.","Adams, Jeanne","Zakia, Richard D. (Richard Donald), 1925-2012","Henderson, Wanda","Naar, Harry I.","Photo Workshop","Wiley, Mary Helen","Collier, David E., 1929-2012","Kokotajlo, Stan","Troeller, Linda, 1949-","Fabbri, Anne R.","The Noyes Museum","Saretzky, Gary D.","Serbin, Glen","Deering, Bill","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Cook, Sue","Simad, Teresa","Carty, Diane","Williams, Ann","The Morris Museum","Rand, Henry","Aparicio, Roxana","George Eastman House","Earenfight, Phillip, 1962-","Russell, Lisa","Tolin, Ann","McCollough, Charles","Charles McCollough Studio","Smith, Beuford, 1941-","Morris, Jennifer","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","Lehman, Arnold L.","Duganne, Erina","General Artists Agency","Bertoli, Barbara","Stephanini, Pat","Pavilion Gallery Sculpture Garden","Nini, Rose","Pearce, Jeannie","O'Boyle, Bob","Virginia Statesman","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Baum, Ralph","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","Vestal, David, 1924-2013","Associated Press","Petit, Philippe, 1949-","Photography Year","Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1937-","Ms.","Rivera, Christine","Dialogue","Cagan, Steve","Doan-Johnson, Susan","Hightstown Gazette","McCoy, Regina","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","Viksjo, Cathy","Argo","Post, Kevin","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Bledsoe, Lysbeth","Courier-Post","Shipley, Barbara","Heisler, Wendy","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger","Seidel, Mitchell","Carlson, Michele","Small, Michael C.","Mutterperl, Mindy","Crossman, Lorraine","Fone, Lisa","Addis, Amanda","Purcell, Janet","Monroe Township View","Orsi, Chris","Princeton Living","Beres, Derek","Dube, Ilene","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Kimbrough, Larry","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman","Sepia Tones","General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Madison, Clarence","First Time Photo Gallery","Maddox, James","Noyes Museum","Morris Museum","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Mariboe Gallery","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","Lawrenceville School","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Light Impressions Corporation","Kismaric, Carole, 1942-2002","Palaszczuk, Mary Ellen","Fernandez, Isabelle","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Kenyon, Kathleen","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Weems, Carrie Mae, 1953-","Ten.8","Walker, Shawn, 1940-","Sullivan, George E. (George Edward), 1927-","Dutton Juvenile","Taha, Halima","Crown Publishers","DeCarava, Roy, 1919-2009","Mannas, James \"Jimmie\" M., 1941-","Rudolph, Sa","Francis, James \"Ray\"","Jackson, Miles M., Jr., 1929-","Mayer, Grace M.","Hoffman, Michael E. (Michael Eugene), 1942-2001","Porter, Allan, 1934-2022","Crawford, Joe","Liska, Jane","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","Cobb, Vandell","Romais, Miriam","Kenyon College","Wilson, Calvin, 1924-","Fournier, Collette","Stewart, Frank, 1949-","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Hinzmann, Hilary","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Lawrence, Steve","Culturefront","Smith, Evelyn","Fennar, Albert, 1938-","Howard, Herman","Martin, Steve","Newsweek","Barboza, Anthony, 1944-","Barboza, Ken","Clarke, LeRoy, 1938-","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Cowans, Adger W., 1936-","Art Direction","Preston, George Nelson, 1938-","Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","College of New Rochelle","Dix, Seldon","Littles, Dolores Allen","Dawson, C. Daniel","American Visions","Parks, Toni","Pinderhughes, John, 1946-","Randall, Herbert, 1936-","Robinson, Herb","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Wilmer, Val (Valerie), 1941-","Photo/Chronicles","Smith, Morgan, 1910-1993","Smith, Marvin, 1910-2003","Smith, Ming, 1950-","Steichen, Edward, 1879-1973","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","Greene, Cheryll Y., 1943-2013","Sleet, Moneta, Jr., 1926-1996","Stewart, Charles (Chuck), 1927-2017","Wilkinson, Carlton","Kauffman, Aubrey","Leipzig, Melvin, 1935-","Baskakov, Andrew","Brodsky, Judith","Berezin, Valentin Solomonovich","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Nesterova, Natalʹi︠a︡, 1944-","Chilnikov, Sergey","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Mari ASSR Photographic Art Society","Suprun, Aleksandr","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Dobrynkin, A.","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Hanley, John P.","Bullock, Joanne B.","Corwin, Luene Holmes, 1937-","Dowd, Jennifer Ann","Mathias, John","Weiss, Celia","Bundy, Roy","Flynn, William J.","Hain, Josh","Rivera, Frank","White, Larry","Barksdale, William E., 1927-","Dietrich, Marilyn","Duncan, Noreen","Lobby Gallery","Hymans, Kay","Lamba, Marie","Hopewell Valley News","Stender, Barbara","Artifacts Gallery","Town Topics","Chronicle","Beacon","Williams, Gray","New Jersey Department of Higher Education","Osborne, Linda","Caruso, Jennifer","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Moran, Daniel Thomas","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Bateson, Michael A.","Audio Visual Product News","Davis, Gail","Gray, Jeanne","Clyde","Smith, W. Eugene, 1918-1978","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","Von Hildebrand, Alice, 1923-2022","Von Hildebrand, Dietrich, 1889-1977","O'Daniel, Therman B. (Therman Benjamin), 1908-1986","William Morrow and Company","Hathaway, Paul R.","Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1917-1977","Johnson, Thomas A., 1928-2008","Gillespie, Marcia","Reynolds, Barbara Ann","Jackson, Jacqueline, 1944-","Moore, Marjorie","Fouch, Barbara","James, Delores","McDougall, Joyce, 1926-2011","Lebovici, Serge, 1915-2000","Avon Books","Hearst Corporation","Clark, Duvie","Ebert, Alan","Bryant, Joyce, 1927-2022","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","Bower, Sue","Kiley, Frederick S. (Frederick Spencer), 1922-2002","Wright, Giles R.","New Jersey Historical Commission","Allen, Jules, 1947-","Anderson, Julie","Chycota, Johanna","Anderson, Mary B.","Pendergrass, Teddy, 1950-2010","Paul, Billy, 1934-2016","Shinee, Ntozake","Ferman, Terry","Barboza, Leanette","Barboza, Linda Anderson","Barboza, Tim","Bass, George Houston, 1938-1990","Builder, Levy, 1942-","Fuller, Naimah","Bennett, Alan","Bickal, Janet","Blake, Nina","Blake, Eubie, 1887-1983","Bobo, Anne","Bogle, Donald, 1944-","McNatt, Rosemary Bray","Brenner, Glen","Brooks, Wenonah","Bulaj, Marek","Johnson, Barbara Piasecka, 1937-2013","Burton, Sandy","Callender, Arlene","Campbell, Diane","Carty, Delores","Ceglia, Vincent","Chambers, Paul, 1935-1969","Chapman, Glenn Edward","Chavez, Lynn","Chavez, Pete","Chavooshian, Marge","Colavita, James J., 1949-1996","Collins, Lucrentia","Cook, Molly","Simao, Teresa","Crawley, Hazel","Critchlow, Carol","Crotty, Mary","Cummings, Blondell, 1944-2015","Davis, Daryl","Davis, Judy","Davis, Miles, 1926-1991","De Veaux, Alexis, 1948-","Banks, Diane","Deveaux, Pam","Dixon, Mel","Douglas, Clara","Dunham, Katherine, 1909-2006","Esquila, Ramon","Evans, Scott","Fennar, Miya","Koho, Keiko","Fennar, Tad","Folmer, Daniella","Fontaine, Walter","Durniak, John","Galeano, Cheryl","Gibson, Pat","Goldman, Midge","Goodkin, Vera Herman","Guitar Shorty, 1939-2022","Flakes, Jacqueline Hamer, 1966-","Moore, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1893-1978","Harper, Toy","Johnson, Hall, 1887-1970","Harper, Ves","Heck, Soskia","Henry, John","Heywood, Jeni","Hicks, Bernice S.","Hilton, Larry","Hunter, Clementine, 1886-1988","Anderson, Madeline","Iman, 1955-","Jackson, Jesse Louis, 1941-","Jessua, Alain, 1932-2017","Jones, Billy","Kim, Yung Ju","Konrad, Adolf Ferdinand, 1915-2004","Kucay, Susan","Landau, Jacob, 1917-2001","Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000","Lehman, Harold","Leipzig, Francesca","Leipzig, Joshua","Graves, Michael, 1934-2015","Lewis, Byron E., Sr., 1931-","Lindfors, Viveca, 1920-1995","Littwin, Michael","Livingston, Bud","Lowing, Donald","Malloy, Tom, 1912-2008","Marshall, Paula","McNichol, Terri","Medina, Pablo, 1948-","Merlino, Joseph","Merlino, Molly","Goldman, Irene","Miller, Robert","Miller, Tony","Michaux, Lewis H., 1885-1976","Novak, Josie","Palmer, Nancy","Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922-1975","Passer, Ivan, 1933-2020","Pastira, Sangeeta","Patterson, Latta","Freed, Arthur","Perkoff, Sarah","Ryan, Dave","Polar, Maria","Santiago, Nilsa","Pietroski, Susan","Portee, Natalie","Purdy, Janet, Dr.","Purdy, John","Rachlin, Margaret","Randall, Rosalind","Reaves, Gail","Reaves, Kenny","Reiner, Eric","Reynolds, Rene","Richardson, Al","Richardson, Beverly","Rodriguez, Cecilio","Rosskam, Louise, 1910-2003","Ruffner, Jim","Rutkowski, Catherine","Samad, Marianne","Sandler, Kathe","Sandler, Eve","Sandler, Joan","Santos, Delissa","Sartezky, Anya","Schulte, Judy","Puccio, Victor","Schulte, Lynn M.","Schwartz, Lise","Selwood, Maureen","Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1903-2004","Sherman, Terry","Simmons, Ron","Slater, Xandria","Smith, Catherine","Smith, Gregory","Lee-Smith, Hughie, 1915-1999","Smith, Kevin","Smith, Mingus","Standard, Michael","Taylor, John","Taylor, Susan, 1946-","Teneny, Ralph","Sommerville, Tom","Tooker, Holly","Torres, Jose","Van Der Zee, James, 1886-1983","Wallace, Douglas","Weiss, Jiří, 1913-2004","Welliver, Michael","White, Hazel","Wiggins, Ernie","Wilkerson, Lisa","Williams, Ace","Williams, Jim","Wood, Michelle","X., Malcolm, 1925-1965","Draper-Winston, Nell","Winston, Charles","Johnson, Beverly, 1952-","Davidhazy, Andrew","Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","Jackson, Maynard, 1938-2003","Jackson, Valerie Richardson, 1949-","Hamer, Perry","Cook, Susan","Palmer, Douglas, 1951-","Harrell, Hugh","Smith, Aileen","Jorrin, Mario","Calla, Henry","Angelou, Maya, 1928-2014","Maynard, Joan, 1921-1998","Cronkite, Walter, 1916-2009","Cavett, Dick, 1936-","Hurwitz, Leo T., 1909-1991","Chiarenza, Carl, 1935-","Cauthen, Steve, 1960-","Gunn, Bill, 1934-1989","Scott, Seret","Deleo, Fame P.","Toppin, Christopher","Deileo, Fame","Mick, Chianese","Peck, Mary S.","Boeing, Loran K.","Doter, ?","Dill, Timothy","Jaborski, Pierre","Libsohn, Sol, 1914-2001","Linder, Evan","Pope-Lance, Elton","Jean-Bart, Leslie","McBride, Will","Ryan, Joe","Long, Kadar","Malloy","Mike","Hashimoto"],"names_ssim":["Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Archives","Louis H. Draper Preservation Trust","Kamoinge Inc.‏","Random House (Firm). Penguin Books, Inc.","United States Civil Service Commission","Junior Courier","Bedford-Stuyvesant Youth in Action","Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.","American Telephone and Telegraph Company","Nikon, Inc.","New Bridge Baptist Church","American Negro Commemorative Society","Shaw-Beach","New York Foundation for the Arts","Pratt Institute. Art School","U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative","Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.)","Free Library of Philadelphia","New Jersey State Teen Arts Program","Brooklyn Museum of Art","Riverside Church Weekday School","Mercer County Community College (N.J.)","Gallery Henoch","Rochester Institute of Technology","Virginia State College","New York University. Institute of Graduate Film and Television","Temple University","Thomas Edison State College","Eastman Kodak Company","Recording Institute of America","Indiana University. Independent Study Division","Preston Publications","Bucks County Community College","Edwal Scientific Products","Studio Museum in Harlem","Hackensack Public Schools","New York State Council on the Arts","Creative Resources Institute","Allen Memorial Art Museum","Trenton Writers Guild","Greater Bordentown Chamber of Commerce","The Rotkin Review","Princeton Photography Club","John Young Audio-Visual Production","Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center","Mercer County (N.J.)","Stockton State College","Ansel Adams Gallery (Yosemite National Park, Calif.)","Rider College Art Gallery","Photo Workshop","Mercer Medical Center","Noyes Museum of Art","Photographers Forum","Art Kane Photo Workshop","Morris Museum","Essence","New York University. American Photography Institute","George Eastman House","Art in the Atrium","Johnson \u0026 Johnson","Bristol-Myers Squibb Company","Webster University","Charles McCollough Studio","Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture","University of Texas at Austin‏","General Artists Agency","Pavilion Gallery. Sculpture Garden","Virginia Statesman","Camera (Lucerne, Switzerland)","The Arrow","Like It Is","Photography Project of the President's Council on Youth Opportunity","Industrial Photography","Inside Out","New York Times company","Popular Photography","The Honeywell World","New York post","Associated Press","Photography Year","Black enterprise","College Voice","Dialogue","Trentonian","Trenton Sunday Times. The Magazine","Round-up","Trenton Sunday Times","Hightstown Gazette","Whoot","Garden State Press Clipping Bureau","Press of Atlantic City","Weekend Beacon","New Jersey Clipping Service","Argo","Asbury Park Press","Burlington Times","Courier-Post","Mercer","Time Off","New Jersey Herald","Star-Ledger (Newark, N.J.)","Art Matters","Trenton Times","Viking","United States Highway 1","Princeton Packet","The Monroe Township View","Voice","Princeton Living","The Link","Lawrence Ledger","Light Work (Organization : Syracuse, N.Y.)","Merrimack Publishing Corp.","Decathlon Corporation","Paramount Pictures Corporation","Fischl \u0026 Hartman Photographs","Sepia Tones","Image Gallery","Community Gallery","Countee Cullen Library","International Center of Photography","Corcoran Gallery of Art","First Time Photo Gallery","George Washington University","Artists Space (Gallery)","Arts Council of Rockland","Rockland Community College (Suffern, N.Y.)","Memorial Hospital of Burlington County","Mariboe Gallery","Peddie School","Artworks","Princeton Art Association","Allan P. Kirby Arts Center Gallery","The Lawrenceville School","May Gallery","New York University. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences","Trenton Artists Workshop Association","Forum Notes","Empire State College","New York African American Institute","J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College","Creative Artists Public Service Program","Light Impressions Corporation","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.)","Fashion Institute of Technology (New York, N.Y.). Galleries","Catskill Center for Photography (Woodstock, N.Y.)","Photo Newsletter","James Van DerZee Institute","Obscura","Los Angeles Center For Photographic Studies","Ten.8","Crown Publishers, Inc.","Atlanta University","Aperture, Inc.","Black Photographers Annual","Madison Art Center","Columbia College (Chicago, Ill.)","En Foco, Inc.","Kenyon College","W.W. Norton \u0026 Company","Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship","Culturefront","Newsweek","New York (N.Y.). Department of Commerce and Industrial Development","Uniworld Group, Inc. (Bethesda, Md.)","Mingo, Jones, Guilmenot, Inc.","De-Lite Records","PolyGram Records, Inc.","David Deutsch Associates","Art Direction","College of New Rochelle","Hofstra University","National Urban League","Gallery 62","Césaire Photo Agency","Photo/Chronicles Ltd.","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Just Above Midtown Gallery","Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.)","New Jersey State Museum","Gordon Parks Gallery","School of New Resources","Crawford \u0026 Sloan Gallery","International Black Photographers","Trenton City Museum","Ellarslie Mansion","Pavilion Galleries","TAWA Soviet Exchange Committee","Photographic Association of the USSR","Planeta Publishers","Sovart Inc.","Chuvash ASSR Photographic Art Society","Perm Scientific Methodological Center for Folk Art and Cultural and Educational Work","People's Photostudio of Perm","Reticulation","Chuvashskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova","Mercer County Community College News","Bucks County Technical School (Bucks County, Pa.)","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Activities Department","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). Student Government Association","St. Lawrence Rehabilitation Center. Lobby Gallery","Hopewell Valley News","Artifacts Gallery","Mercer County Library. Ewing Branch","Mercer County Community College (N.J.). East Windsor Municipal Building","Pennington Post","Queenstown Gallery","Hamilton Township Public Library","Messenger-Press","Town Topics","Chronicle","Mercer Messenger","Beacon","New Jersey. Department of Higher Education","Infinity","American Society of Magazine Photographers","Barksdale Gallery","American Academy of Arts and Letters","Audio Visual Product News","County College of Morris","UFA Gallery","Gallery of South Orange","Jubilee","William Morrow and Company","Black Creation","New York University. Institute of African-American Affairs","Avon Books.","Hearst Corporation","Frederick Douglass Creative Arts Center","Another View, Inc.","Langston Hughes Society","Brown University","Garland Publishing, Inc.","U.S. Lakeland Terrier Club","South Trenton Review","New Jersey Historical Commission","Transmondo","Sekonic","Hasselblad USA","Lindahl","Staticmaster","Draper, Louis H., 1935-2002","Faulkner, William, 1897-1962","Harris, Charles \"Teenie\", 1908-1998","Parker, Pat","Gloster, Dorothy","Williams, Henry A.","Draper, Hansel H.","Beach, George A. (George Anderson), 1902-1994","Massey, Cal, 1927-1972","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Morgan, Margaret","Collins, Kathleen, 1942-1988","Gray, Ronald K.","Gloster, Brandon","Schulte, Roger","Hudson, Fred","Marcus","Szarkowski, John, 1925-2007","Bunnell, Peter C., 1937-","Caponigro, Paul, 1932-","Bat'ka, Bedřich, 1922-1994","Tangney, Ralph","Reno, Mike","Darkroom \u0026 creative camera techniques","Jilg, Mark","McNutt, Dennis","Beach, Donald","Felip, John","Carter, David","Moman-Bell, Patricia","Russo, Eleanor","Kolovakos, Gregory, 1951-1990","Holford, Mary","Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne, 1951-","Olander, William, 1950-1989","Collins, Denise","Salewski, Randal","Horwitz, Alan","Levin, David","Remer, Lisa","West, Janice M.","Blackford, Eva","Holl-Madara, Lynn","Siskind, Carroll","Conklin, D. David","Chiego, William J., 1943-","Rotkin, Charles E., 1916-","Rosado, Maria","Price, Pamela","Steele, Diana","Fawcetter, Caroline","Young, John","Willis, Deborah, 1948-","Bey, Dawoud, 1953-","Pope, Sharon","Mathesius, Bill","Feinstein, Harold, 1931-2015","Schneeman, Liane","Williams, H. G.","Adams, Jeanne","Zakia, Richard D. (Richard Donald), 1925-2012","Henderson, Wanda","Naar, Harry I.","Wiley, Mary Helen","Collier, David E., 1929-2012","Kokotajlo, Stan","Troeller, Linda, 1949-","Fabbri, Anne R.","The Noyes Museum","Saretzky, Gary D.","Serbin, Glen","Deering, Bill","Cook, Sue","Simad, Teresa","Carty, Diane","Williams, Ann","The Morris Museum","Rand, Henry","Aparicio, Roxana","Earenfight, Phillip, 1962-","Russell, Lisa","Tolin, Ann","McCollough, Charles","Smith, Beuford, 1941-","Morris, Jennifer","Lehman, Arnold L.","Duganne, Erina","Bertoli, Barbara","Stephanini, Pat","Pavilion Gallery Sculpture Garden","Nini, Rose","Pearce, Jeannie","O'Boyle, Bob","Baum, Ralph","Vestal, David, 1924-2013","Petit, Philippe, 1949-","Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 1937-","Ms.","Rivera, Christine","Cagan, Steve","Doan-Johnson, Susan","McCoy, Regina","Viksjo, Cathy","Post, Kevin","Bledsoe, Lysbeth","Shipley, Barbara","Heisler, Wendy","Star-Ledger","Seidel, Mitchell","Carlson, Michele","Small, Michael C.","Mutterperl, Mindy","Crossman, Lorraine","Fone, Lisa","Addis, Amanda","Purcell, Janet","Monroe Township View","Orsi, Chris","Beres, Derek","Dube, Ilene","Kimbrough, Larry","Fischl \u0026 Hartman","General Motors Corporation. Chevrolet Motor Division","Madison, Clarence","Maddox, James","Noyes Museum","Lawrenceville School","Kismaric, Carole, 1942-2002","Palaszczuk, Mary Ellen","Fernandez, Isabelle","Kenyon, Kathleen","Weems, Carrie Mae, 1953-","Walker, Shawn, 1940-","Sullivan, George E. (George Edward), 1927-","Dutton Juvenile","Taha, Halima","Crown Publishers","DeCarava, Roy, 1919-2009","Mannas, James \"Jimmie\" M., 1941-","Rudolph, Sa","Francis, James \"Ray\"","Jackson, Miles M., Jr., 1929-","Mayer, Grace M.","Hoffman, Michael E. (Michael Eugene), 1942-2001","Porter, Allan, 1934-2022","Crawford, Joe","Liska, Jane","Cobb, Vandell","Romais, Miriam","Wilson, Calvin, 1924-","Fournier, Collette","Stewart, Frank, 1949-","Hinzmann, Hilary","Lawrence, Steve","Smith, Evelyn","Fennar, Albert, 1938-","Howard, Herman","Martin, Steve","Barboza, Anthony, 1944-","Barboza, Ken","Clarke, LeRoy, 1938-","Cowans, Adger W., 1936-","Preston, George Nelson, 1938-","Bearden, Romare, 1911-1988","Dix, Seldon","Littles, Dolores Allen","Dawson, C. Daniel","American Visions","Parks, Toni","Pinderhughes, John, 1946-","Randall, Herbert, 1936-","Robinson, Herb","Wilmer, Val (Valerie), 1941-","Photo/Chronicles","Smith, Morgan, 1910-1993","Smith, Marvin, 1910-2003","Smith, Ming, 1950-","Steichen, Edward, 1879-1973","Kenkeleba Gallery","Greene, Cheryll Y., 1943-2013","Sleet, Moneta, Jr., 1926-1996","Stewart, Charles (Chuck), 1927-2017","Wilkinson, Carlton","Kauffman, Aubrey","Leipzig, Melvin, 1935-","Baskakov, Andrew","Brodsky, Judith","Berezin, Valentin Solomonovich","Nesterova, Natalʹi︠a︡, 1944-","Chilnikov, Sergey","Mari ASSR Photographic Art Society","Suprun, Aleksandr","Dobrynkin, A.","Hanley, John P.","Bullock, Joanne B.","Corwin, Luene Holmes, 1937-","Dowd, Jennifer Ann","Mathias, John","Weiss, Celia","Bundy, Roy","Flynn, William J.","Hain, Josh","Rivera, Frank","White, Larry","Barksdale, William E., 1927-","Dietrich, Marilyn","Duncan, Noreen","Lobby Gallery","Hymans, Kay","Lamba, Marie","Stender, Barbara","Williams, Gray","New Jersey Department of Higher Education","Osborne, Linda","Caruso, Jennifer","Moran, Daniel Thomas","Bateson, Michael A.","Davis, Gail","Gray, Jeanne","Clyde","Smith, W. Eugene, 1918-1978","Von Hildebrand, Alice, 1923-2022","Von Hildebrand, Dietrich, 1889-1977","O'Daniel, Therman B. (Therman Benjamin), 1908-1986","Hathaway, Paul R.","Hamer, Fannie Lou, 1917-1977","Johnson, Thomas A., 1928-2008","Gillespie, Marcia","Reynolds, Barbara Ann","Jackson, Jacqueline, 1944-","Moore, Marjorie","Fouch, Barbara","James, Delores","McDougall, Joyce, 1926-2011","Lebovici, Serge, 1915-2000","Avon Books","Clark, Duvie","Ebert, Alan","Bryant, Joyce, 1927-2022","Bower, Sue","Kiley, Frederick S. (Frederick Spencer), 1922-2002","Wright, Giles R.","Allen, Jules, 1947-","Anderson, Julie","Chycota, Johanna","Anderson, Mary B.","Pendergrass, Teddy, 1950-2010","Paul, Billy, 1934-2016","Shinee, Ntozake","Ferman, Terry","Barboza, Leanette","Barboza, Linda Anderson","Barboza, Tim","Bass, George Houston, 1938-1990","Builder, Levy, 1942-","Fuller, Naimah","Bennett, Alan","Bickal, Janet","Blake, Nina","Blake, Eubie, 1887-1983","Bobo, Anne","Bogle, Donald, 1944-","McNatt, Rosemary Bray","Brenner, Glen","Brooks, Wenonah","Bulaj, Marek","Johnson, Barbara Piasecka, 1937-2013","Burton, Sandy","Callender, Arlene","Campbell, Diane","Carty, Delores","Ceglia, Vincent","Chambers, Paul, 1935-1969","Chapman, Glenn Edward","Chavez, Lynn","Chavez, Pete","Chavooshian, Marge","Colavita, James J., 1949-1996","Collins, Lucrentia","Cook, Molly","Simao, Teresa","Crawley, Hazel","Critchlow, Carol","Crotty, Mary","Cummings, Blondell, 1944-2015","Davis, Daryl","Davis, Judy","Davis, Miles, 1926-1991","De Veaux, Alexis, 1948-","Banks, Diane","Deveaux, Pam","Dixon, Mel","Douglas, Clara","Dunham, Katherine, 1909-2006","Esquila, Ramon","Evans, Scott","Fennar, Miya","Koho, Keiko","Fennar, Tad","Folmer, Daniella","Fontaine, Walter","Durniak, John","Galeano, Cheryl","Gibson, Pat","Goldman, Midge","Goodkin, Vera Herman","Guitar Shorty, 1939-2022","Flakes, Jacqueline Hamer, 1966-","Moore, Richard B. (Richard Benjamin), 1893-1978","Harper, Toy","Johnson, Hall, 1887-1970","Harper, Ves","Heck, Soskia","Henry, John","Heywood, Jeni","Hicks, Bernice S.","Hilton, Larry","Hunter, Clementine, 1886-1988","Anderson, Madeline","Iman, 1955-","Jackson, Jesse Louis, 1941-","Jessua, Alain, 1932-2017","Jones, Billy","Kim, Yung Ju","Konrad, Adolf Ferdinand, 1915-2004","Kucay, Susan","Landau, Jacob, 1917-2001","Lawrence, Jacob, 1917-2000","Lehman, Harold","Leipzig, Francesca","Leipzig, Joshua","Graves, Michael, 1934-2015","Lewis, Byron E., Sr., 1931-","Lindfors, Viveca, 1920-1995","Littwin, Michael","Livingston, Bud","Lowing, Donald","Malloy, Tom, 1912-2008","Marshall, Paula","McNichol, Terri","Medina, Pablo, 1948-","Merlino, Joseph","Merlino, Molly","Goldman, Irene","Miller, Robert","Miller, Tony","Michaux, Lewis H., 1885-1976","Novak, Josie","Palmer, Nancy","Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 1922-1975","Passer, Ivan, 1933-2020","Pastira, Sangeeta","Patterson, Latta","Freed, Arthur","Perkoff, Sarah","Ryan, Dave","Polar, Maria","Santiago, Nilsa","Pietroski, Susan","Portee, Natalie","Purdy, Janet, Dr.","Purdy, John","Rachlin, Margaret","Randall, Rosalind","Reaves, Gail","Reaves, Kenny","Reiner, Eric","Reynolds, Rene","Richardson, Al","Richardson, Beverly","Rodriguez, Cecilio","Rosskam, Louise, 1910-2003","Ruffner, Jim","Rutkowski, Catherine","Samad, Marianne","Sandler, Kathe","Sandler, Eve","Sandler, Joan","Santos, Delissa","Sartezky, Anya","Schulte, Judy","Puccio, Victor","Schulte, Lynn M.","Schwartz, Lise","Selwood, Maureen","Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1903-2004","Sherman, Terry","Simmons, Ron","Slater, Xandria","Smith, Catherine","Smith, Gregory","Lee-Smith, Hughie, 1915-1999","Smith, Kevin","Smith, Mingus","Standard, Michael","Taylor, John","Taylor, Susan, 1946-","Teneny, Ralph","Sommerville, Tom","Tooker, Holly","Torres, Jose","Van Der Zee, James, 1886-1983","Wallace, Douglas","Weiss, Jiří, 1913-2004","Welliver, Michael","White, Hazel","Wiggins, Ernie","Wilkerson, Lisa","Williams, Ace","Williams, Jim","Wood, Michelle","X., Malcolm, 1925-1965","Draper-Winston, Nell","Winston, Charles","Johnson, Beverly, 1952-","Davidhazy, Andrew","Baldwin, James, 1924-1987","Jackson, Maynard, 1938-2003","Jackson, Valerie Richardson, 1949-","Hamer, Perry","Cook, Susan","Palmer, Douglas, 1951-","Harrell, Hugh","Smith, Aileen","Jorrin, Mario","Calla, Henry","Angelou, Maya, 1928-2014","Maynard, Joan, 1921-1998","Cronkite, Walter, 1916-2009","Cavett, Dick, 1936-","Hurwitz, Leo T., 1909-1991","Chiarenza, Carl, 1935-","Cauthen, Steve, 1960-","Gunn, Bill, 1934-1989","Scott, Seret","Deleo, Fame P.","Toppin, Christopher","Deileo, Fame","Mick, Chianese","Peck, Mary S.","Boeing, Loran K.","Doter, ?","Dill, Timothy","Jaborski, Pierre","Libsohn, Sol, 1914-2001","Linder, Evan","Pope-Lance, Elton","Jean-Bart, Leslie","McBride, Will","Ryan, Joe","Long, Kadar","Malloy","Mike","Hashimoto"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"total_component_count_is":6758,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:26:47.567Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/virmu_repositories_2_resources_37_c01_c04_c235"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"\"Zones\" press release and articles, 1984","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"Zones\" press release and articles","title_ssm":["\"Zones\" press release and articles"],"title_tesim":["\"Zones\" press release and articles"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"Zones\" press release and articles, 1984"],"text":["\"Zones\" press release and articles, 1984","Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999","box 7","folder 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","Series 1: Art Installations and Events, 1979/1999","Subseries 1: Installations and Events in the United States, 1980/1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1984"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1984"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":147,"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"containers_ssim":["box 7","folder 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1984],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#144","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_652.xml","title_ssm":["Art Attack records"],"title_tesim":["Art Attack records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-2009"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2009"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"text":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009","C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652","Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography","Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.","The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records","Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.","Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.","An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on","The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.","R 74, C 4, S 1-6","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"collection_ssim":["Art Attack records, 1979/2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"unitid_tesim":["C0507","/repositories/2/resources/652"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Art Attack co-founder Lynn McCary in 2018 and 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art","Art -- Exhibitions","Photography"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"extent_tesim":["21 Linear Feet 43 boxes, 1 map case"],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Some materials are restricted due to content. Please see inventory for more details. All other materials are open to access."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Installations and Events\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries 1.2: International Installations \u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records \u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into two series based on the content of the materials.","Series\n      Series 1: Installations and Events\n      Subseries 1.1: Installations in the United States \n      Subseries 1.2: International Installations \n      Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\nArt Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"their website.\" href=\"http://artattackinternational.org/mission.html\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e \n","\u003cp\u003eLynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nJared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical and Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Art Attack was a guerilla art collective founded in Los Angeles in 1979, by Lynn McCary and Billy Burns. The group relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1981, and again to New York City shortly after. Initially, Art Attack did not have any official members. Participants joined and left sporadically; however, it eventually formed a core group of four artists: Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, Jared (Hendrickson) Louche, and Alberto Gaitán. This core group worked with multiple select artists on projects in the United States and Europe. Their creative process aimed to reflect the \"'real world' interactive systems\" to create discussion of differing interpretations of their work. The core group, alongside collaborating artists, worked towards utilizing their adaptability to address problems that many artists are confronted with. You can read more about Art Attack at","Lynn McCary studied at American University, graduating with a double major in Graphic Design and Visual Communications. She co-founded Art Attack in 1979 and has worked with many institutions, including Artist Space, the Washington Project of the Arts, and the National Institute for Music Theatre. McCary currently works as an event planner in New York City, primarily planning fundraising events for cultural and educational nonprofits.","Evan Hughes graduated from the School of American Craftsmen at Rochester Institute of Technology, and his work specialized in designing and creating unique furniture and sculptures. His work has been featured in the Franz Bader Gallery and has been involved in Art Attack since 1984. Hughes continues to collaborate professionally with architects and artists, such as 1100 Architect and constructing sculptural work for Frank Stella. He also worked extensively with the late Richard Artschwager, including the commissioned artist interiors of the elevators at the Whitney Museum of American Art.","Jared (Hendrickson) Louche is a musician, primarily know as founder and frontman of the Washington, D.C. industrial rock band Chemlab, which he has intermittently performed with from 1989 through the present. In 1997 when Chemlab initially broke up, Louche worked as an investment banker on Wall Street. Louche has released solo music outside of Chemlab, and is also one of the founders of the electro-industrial music supergroup H3llb3nt. Louche's work with Art Attack included performance poetry.","Alberto Gaitán studied multiple creative fields throughout his professional and academic career. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biology from the University of Miami but also pursued music theory, composition, programming, and photography studies. He joined Art Attack in 1985 and has performed and had his work featured at institutions such as the Corcoran Gallery of Arts, The National Theatre, and many others. Gaitán passed away in 2022."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArt Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Art Attack records, C0507, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia from September-December 2023. Additional processing completed by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024. Finding aid completed by Vilma Chicas Garcia in December 2024. Finding aid edited and uploaded by Amanda Menjivar in February 2024."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"George Mason University oral history collection.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/resources/r0121\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on \u003cextptr show=\"new\" title=\"art and artists.\" href=\"https://aspace.gmu.edu/search?q[]=art\u0026amp;op[]=\u0026amp;field[]=keyword\u0026amp;from_year[]=\u0026amp;to_year[]=\u0026amp;filter_fields[]=subjects\u0026amp;filter_values[]=Art\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["An oral history with Art Attack members Lynn McCary, Evan Hughes, and Peter Winant is available to access in the","The Special Collections Research Center holds other collections focused on"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation.  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective. This collection is arranged into two series.","Series 1: Art Installations and Events consists of correspondence, planning documents, trip expenses, and reviews, and is separated into two subseries. Subseries 1: Installations in the United States contains materials of projects created or displayed in the United States. Subseries 2: International installations contains materials from projects conducted and displayed in European countries, including Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, and France.","Series 2: Art Attack Organization Records contains materials that have to do specifically with Art Attack as an organization, including articles, correspondence, their mission statement, portfolios, press reviews, and trip information that was not explicitly tied to any installation."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fa6f7a17953458efeb9ed412bc005d67\"\u003eThe Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Art Attack records contains materials that documented the creative process of multidisciplinary American and international artists as a part of the Art Attack collective from 1979-2009. The collection contains audience feedback, cassette tapes, contact sheets, correspondence, mixed-media artwork, notes, oversized blueprints, photographs, photo negatives, photo slides, contact sheets, and press and reviews created by and related to the Art Attack collective."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5bf20a5fa74f6054415961374b783aa7\"\u003eR 74, C 4, S 1-6\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["R 74, C 4, S 1-6"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English\n,       German\n,       Polish\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":399,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:16.850Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_652_c01_c01_c145"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran, 1918","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMoran is relieved of duty at the New York office.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030","parent_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series III. Walter Reed, 1806/1955, bulk 1874/1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran, 1918"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03","viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran","title_ssm":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran"],"title_tesim":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran, 1918"],"text":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran, 1918","Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series III. Walter Reed, 1806/1955, bulk 1874/1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran, 1918","box 30","folder 46","Armed Forces","military records","English","Moran is relieved of duty at the New York office."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series III. Walter Reed, 1806/1955, bulk 1874/1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran, 1918"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series III. Walter Reed, 1806/1955, bulk 1874/1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran, 1918"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1918"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["November 19, 1918"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":3441,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"extent_ssm":["1 page"],"extent_tesim":["1 page"],"containers_ssim":["box 30","folder 46"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Armed Forces","military records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Armed Forces","military records"],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1918],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMoran is relieved of duty at the New York office.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Moran is relieved of duty at the New York office."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1029/components#10","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:42:05.992Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_1710.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202324","title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998","bulk 1863-1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["bulk 1863-1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"text":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710","Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever","There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      II. Henry Rose Carter\n      III. Walter Reed\n      IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      V. Maps\n      VI. Alphabetical files\n      VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      VIII. Miscellany\n      IX. Photographs\n      X. Photographic negatives\n      XI. Reprints\n      XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n      XIII. Reed family additions\n      XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n      XV. Laura Wood\n      XVI. Edward Hook additions","The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n      When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n      Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n      [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n      [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n      [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n      [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n      [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n      [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n      [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n      [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n      [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [16] Please see note [7].\n      [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n      [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n      [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n      [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n      [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n      [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n      [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n      [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n      [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n      [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.","Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints\n      Series XIII. Reed family additions\n      Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.","Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff","Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.","Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.","In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.","Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.","Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.","In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.","In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.","In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.","In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n      correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n      genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n      legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n      military records relating to Jesse;\n      certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n      obituaries;\n      copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n      newspaper articles;\n      a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n      and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n      scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n      journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n      and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n      condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n      and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n      military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n      Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n      medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n      articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n      and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n      biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n      copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n      materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n      scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n      autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n      notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n      correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n      correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n      newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n      drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n      meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n      scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n      and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n      Cuba;\n      sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n      other correspondence;\n      newspaper and magazine clippings;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n      transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n      a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n      the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n      articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n      and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n      diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n      copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n      copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n      correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n      articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n      family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n      Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n      the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n      aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n      scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n      the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n      the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n      other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n      documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n      biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n      the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n      scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n      and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n      newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n      and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n      newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n      correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n      and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n      press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n      oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n      photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n      genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n      autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n      a journal article by George Sternberg;\n      and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n      and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.","Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Materials from the following series were donated to the University of Virginia's Alderman Library in the fall of 1966 and the summer of 1970 by Philip Showalter Hench's widow, Mary Kahler Hench, with the approval of his estate:","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were donated to the HAM/TMC by Philip Showalter Hench as a small part of a larger collection of materials.","Materials from Series XIII. Reed family additions were donated by various individuals to Alderman Library between 1947 and 1972. Box 139, Folder 1 contains a list that describes each of these donations in detail.","Materials from Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, in 1988 and 1989.","Materials from Series XV. Laura Wood were most likely donated to Alderman Library between 1972 and 1982.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library as a part of the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eI. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eII. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIII. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eV. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eX. Photographic negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXVI. Edward Hook additions\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization of the Collection"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      II. Henry Rose Carter\n      III. Walter Reed\n      IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      V. Maps\n      VI. Alphabetical files\n      VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      VIII. Miscellany\n      IX. Photographs\n      X. Photographic negatives\n      XI. Reprints\n      XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n      XIII. Reed family additions\n      XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n      XV. Laura Wood\n      XVI. Edward Hook additions"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information for the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission","Biographical Information for Walter Reed","Biographical Information for Jesse W. Lazear","Biographical Information for Henry Rose Carter","Biographical Information for Jefferson Randolph Kean","Biographical Information for Philip Showalter Hench"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n      When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n      Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n      [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n      [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n      [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n      [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n      [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n      [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n      [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n      [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n      [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [16] Please see note [7].\n      [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n      [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n      [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n      [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n      [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n      [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n      [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n      [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n      [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n      [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries V. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries X. Negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints\n      Series XIII. Reed family additions\n      Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eProcessed by:\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eHistorical Collections Staff\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing History"],"processinfo_tesim":["Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.","Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.","In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.","Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.","Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.","In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.","In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.","In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.","In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003elegal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecertificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eobituaries;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ejournal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eresearch notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003econdolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWalter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emedical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003erecords relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ematerials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edrafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emeeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHavana and its environs;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003esites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand military installations in the United States.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother correspondence;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper and magazine clippings;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical and autobiographical accounts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003etranscripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMemoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003einformed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ediplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emanuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephysicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003efamily members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCamp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe U.S.S.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMaine\u003c/emph\u003eand the Spanish-American War;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eaerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003estill scenes from the movies,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003eand\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJezebel\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edocuments and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench and his family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ean inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe correspondence of experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003epress clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eoral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's research notes.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea journal article by George Sternberg;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand exhibition materials.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n      correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n      genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n      legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n      military records relating to Jesse;\n      certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n      obituaries;\n      copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n      newspaper articles;\n      a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n      and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n      scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n      journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n      and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n      condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n      and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n      military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n      Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n      medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n      articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n      and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n      biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n      copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n      materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n      scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n      autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n      notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n      correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n      correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n      newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n      drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n      meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n      scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n      and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n      Cuba;\n      sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n      other correspondence;\n      newspaper and magazine clippings;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n      transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n      a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n      the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n      articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n      and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n      diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n      copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n      copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n      correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n      articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n      family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n      Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n      the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n      aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n      scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n      the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n      the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n      other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n      documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n      biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n      the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n      scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n      and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n      newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n      and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n      newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n      correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n      and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n      press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n      oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n      photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n      genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n      autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n      a journal article by George Sternberg;\n      and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n      and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Status"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_98fe81a152b4be0b7388b1814ffaf4bd\"\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission."],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10452,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:42:05.992Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ewas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003etheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eicteroides\u003c/emph\u003eproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ein tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e(later called\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e, and later still\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/emph\u003e) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHow could a building become infected?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWhen does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eOver what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex pungens\u003c/emph\u003efailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003e, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e, published immediately in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e. [16]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eBacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical News\u003c/title\u003e(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association\u003c/title\u003eIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[9] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[10] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[11]\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas reclassified shortly after the experiments as\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia\u003c/emph\u003eand later became\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[13] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[14] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[15] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[16] Please see note [7].\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eExperimental Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note)\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eWalter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArmy Register\u003c/title\u003e, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eJesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAnopheles\u003c/emph\u003emosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e [1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\u003c/title\u003e \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eHenry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003e[5]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eHenry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Medical Journal\u003c/title\u003e32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Carter, Henry Rose.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003eBaltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eJefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Military Surgeon\u003c/title\u003e, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c03_c1030_c11"}},{"id":"viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMoran is relieved of duty at the New York office.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11","ref_ssm":["viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11"],"id":"viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11","ead_ssi":"viuh_viuh00010","_root_":"viuh_viuh00010","_nest_parent_":"viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030","parent_ssi":"viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030","parent_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974","Series III. Walter Reed1806-circa 1955\n bulk 1874-1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran1918"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viuh_viuh00010","viuh_viuh00010_c03","viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918","title_ssm":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918"],"title_tesim":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918"],"text":["Zone Supply Orders No. 34 from A.A. Stewart for John J. Moran November 19, 1918","Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974","Series III. Walter Reed1806-circa 1955\n bulk 1874-1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran1918","box 30","folder 46","United States. Army","Armed Forces","military records","English","Moran is relieved of duty at the New York office."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974","Series III. Walter Reed1806-circa 1955\n bulk 1874-1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran1918"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974","Series III. Walter Reed1806-circa 1955\n bulk 1874-1936","Military records relating to John J. Moran1918"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":3441,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Health Sciences Library"],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"extent_ssm":["1 page"],"extent_tesim":["1 page"],"containers_ssim":["box 30","folder 46"],"creator_ssim":["United States. Army"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"corpname_ssim":["United States. Army"],"names_ssim":["United States. Army"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Armed Forces","military records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Armed Forces","military records"],"language_ssim":["English"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMoran is relieved of duty at the New York office.\u003c/p\u003e\n                  "],"scopecontent_tesim":["Moran is relieved of duty at the New York office."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1029/components#10","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:47:14.155Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viuh_viuh00010","ead_ssi":"viuh_viuh00010","_root_":"viuh_viuh00010","_nest_parent_":"viuh_viuh00010","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-hs/viuh00010.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=uva-hs/viuh00010.xml","title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"text":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974","MS-1","Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow fever","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n            II. Henry Rose Carter\n            III. Walter Reed\n            IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n            V. Maps\n            VI. Alphabetical files\n            VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n            VIII. Miscellany\n            IX. Photographs\n            X. Photographic negatives\n            XI. Reprints\n            XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n            XIII. Reed family additions\n            XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n            XV. Laura Wood\n            XVI. Edward Hook additions","The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n            When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n            Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n            [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n            [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n            [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n            [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n            [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n            [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n            [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n            [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n            [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n            [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n            \n            [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n            [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n            [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n            [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n            [16] Please see note [7].\n            [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n            [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n            [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n            [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n            [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n            [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\n               Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n            \n            [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n            [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n            [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n            [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n            [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n            [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n            [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n            [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n            [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n            [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n            correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n            genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n            legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n            military records relating to Jesse;\n            certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n            obituaries;\n            copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n            newspaper articles;\n            a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n            and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n            scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n            journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n            research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n            and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n            condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n            and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n            military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n            Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n            medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n            articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n            and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n            biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n            records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n            copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n            and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n            materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n            scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n            and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n            autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n            notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n            correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n            correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n            newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n            drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n            meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n            scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n            and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n            Cuba;\n            sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n            and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n            other correspondence;\n            newspaper and magazine clippings;\n            unpublished manuscripts;\n            biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n            transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n            Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n            a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n            and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n            the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n            articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n            a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n            and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n            diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n            copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n            artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n            copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n            correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n            articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n            notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n            family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n            Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n            the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n            aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n            scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n            the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n            the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n            still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n            other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n            documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n            and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n            biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n            the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n            scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n            and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n            newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n            photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n            and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n            newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n            correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n            and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n            correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n            correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n            press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n            oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n            photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n            genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n            autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n            unpublished manuscripts;\n            artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n            Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n            a journal article by George Sternberg;\n            and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n            copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n            and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.","United States. Army","Johns Hopkins University","University of Edinburgh","New York County (N.Y.)","United States. Congress. House","Gilman, Son \u0026 Co.","United States. Congress. Senate","United States. Congress","Merchants’ Association of New York","Hospital Santo Tomás (Panama, Panama)","Alabama State Board of Health","Venezuela","Peru","Georgia. Legislature. House of Assembly","Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","Thomas Nelson \u0026 Sons","South Carolina. Supreme Court","Rockefeller Foundation","United States. Public Health Service","Great Britain. Ministry of Health","National cyclopaedia of American biography","Johns Hopkins Hospital","Gibson Bros.","Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)","William H. Welch Medical Library","Metropolitan Life Insurance Company","United States. Government Printing Office","W.H. Lowdermilk \u0026 Co.","Luther M. Cornwall Co.","United States. War Department","Charles Scribner's Sons","Wyeth, Inc.","Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","Bettmann Archive","Argosy Book Stores","Lutheran Memorial Hospital","Cuba","Smithsonian Institution","Russell Brothers (Anniston, Alabama)","Cuba. Cuban Tourist Commission","Cuba. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional","American Photo Co.","University of Virginia","Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","Lazear, William L.","Hepburn, David","Maryland. Circuit Court (Baltimore)","Herron, W.A.","Bates, A.E.","Sternberg, George Miller, 1838-1915","Futcher, Thomas B. (Thomas Barnes), 1871-1938","Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), 1871-1954","Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919","Baldwin, T.A.","Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927","Lazear, Mabel H., 1874-1946","Morris, F.H.","Paton, Stewart, 1865-1942","Thayer, William Sydney, 1864-1932","Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), 1857-1950","Lazear, Jesse T.","Houston, Martha P.","Kahn, Julius, 1861-1924","Gorgas, William Crawford, 1854-1920","Gray, C.S.","Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), 1843-1927","Latimer, Caroline","Watson, R.A.","Mead, S.C.","Mansfelde, A.S. von","Dalzell, John, 1845-1927","Lazear, Thomas C.","Lazear, William Houston","Welch, William Henry, 1850-1934","Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), 1839-","Williams, Marian Walker","Rogers, H.W.","Armstrong, J. N. (John Nelson), 1870-1944","Kane, Emma G.","Norton, Rupert","Derby, George","Seth, Alexander L.","Seth, Catherine E.","Darnall, C.R.","Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931","Ireland, M. W. (Merritte Weber), 1867-1952","Gawne, James O.","Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette","Templeton, Alexander M.","Bridges, C.H.","Agramonte, A. (Aristides), 1869-1931","van Beuren, Frederick T., Jr.","Harper, J.B.","Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937","Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939","Dougherty, Jr., T.H.,","Peddicord, Harper","Hare, Amory, 1885-1964","Albertini, A. Diaz","Stirling, H.V.","Carter, Laura Armistead, d. 1935","Smith, William F.","Richards, W.S.","Carter, Henry Rose, Jr.","Rose, Wickliffe, 1862-1931","Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953","Porter, Joseph Y.","Blue, Rupert Lee, 1868-1948","LePrince, Joseph Albert Augustin, 1875-","Kerr, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Stimson, Arthur Marston, 1876-","Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick), 1865-1941","Seidelin, Harold","Brown, Earl I.","Glennan, A.H.","Pou, James H. (James Hinton), 1861-1935","Tillery, P.A.","Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), 1865-1940","Wright, Boykin","Wright, Boykin, Jr.","Grote, Carl A.","Wilder, Sarah Hinds","Newton, B.R.","Moore, H. F. (Henry Frank), 1867-1948","Harper, James E.","Bell, Landon Covington, 1880-1960","Horner, H.H.","Munson, Edward Lyman, 1868-1947","Elizalde, Rafael H.","Watson, Malcolm, 1873-1955","Hepler, Clara","Kirk, Robert H.","Guiteras, John, 1852-1925","Dowling, Oscar","Whitmore, Eugene R.","Wescott, George T.","Barret, Harvey P.","Perry, James Clifford, 1864-","Schereschewsky, J. W. (Joseph Williams), 1873-1940","Darling, Samuel T. (Samuel Taylor), 1872-1925","Geiger, J. C. (Jacob Casson), 1885-1981","Byam, W.","Allmand, Dorothy","Bass, Charles C. (Charles Cassedy), 1875-1975","Fisher, H.C.","Weedon, Leslie W.","Noguchi, Hideyo, 1876-1928","Simon, Sidney R.","Shaw, Edwin Coupland, 1863-1941","Mayne, Bruce, 1882-","Williams, Louis L.","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","White, Joseph Hill, 1859-1953","Welles, Thomas","Connor, Michael E.","Lyster, Theodore C.","Merrill, O. C.","Boldridge, F.M.","Obregón, Alvaro, 1880-1928","Perlitt, J.J.","Bates, Lewis B.","Hanson, Henry, 1877-1954","Fricks, Lunsford Dickson, 1873-","Lebredo, Mario G.","Mitchel, E.W.","Vega, M.L.","Fairchild, D.S., Jr.","Thorpe, John Edward Stirling, d. 1950","Cudlipp, J.S.","Messer, Richard","Fisher, Lawrence Machemar, 1886-","Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957","Read, Florence Matilda","Griffitts, T. H. D. (Thomas Houston Dow), 1878-","Balfour, Andrew, Sir, 1873-1931","Caldwell, B. W.","Woodfall, H.C.","Pierce, C. C. (Claude Connor), 1878-1944","Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), 1880-1965","Parker, George","Cavassa, Nicolas E.","Perkins, R.T.","Guthrie, J. Birney","Komp, William H. Wood, 1893-","Barber, M. A. (Marshall Albert), 1868-1953","Cascorrcelos, A.B.","Roche, Bessie G.","Frost, Wade Hampton, 1880-1938","Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), 1872-1940","Derivaux, R. C. (Robert Clarence), 1887-","Bair, M.Z.","Scannell, E.J.","Mendelsohn, Isador W.","Williamson, Charles C. (Charles Clarence), 1877-1965","Pareja y Pareja, Wenceslao","Russell, Frederick F. (Frederick Fuller), 1870-1960","Gunn, Selskar Michael, 1883-1944","Hazlehurst, G.H.","Long, John D., 1874-1949","Lombard, Marion S., 1888-","Wood, H.R.","Sutton, J.V.","Hausheer, W.C.","Nettles, T.D.","Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), 1858-1943","Denno, S.J.","Veracruz, M.","Robertson, H. McG.","Connal, A.","Coello, Carlos","Comstock, Charles Worthington, 1870-","Bost, Helen","Woldert, Albert","Rucker, William Colby, 1875-","Avila, Manuel","Miller, Frederick A.","Arthur, Lindsley","Felt, John P.","Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926","Richards, B.M.","Creel, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1878-1971","Diaz, Alva","Sweet, Ernest Albert, 1876-","Houle, E.C.","Smith, John H.","Pothier, Oliver L.","Monroe, Willys M.","McCoy, George W. (George Walter), 1876-1952","Byrd, J.L.","Pettman, F.E.","White, R.O.","Armstrong, H. G.","Armstrong, H.G.","Deeks, W.E. (William Edgar), 1866-1931","Maxcy, Kenneth F. (Kenneth Fuller), 1889-1966","Coogle, C.P.","Leathers, Waller S. (Waller Smith), 1874-1946","Muller, Henry R.","Ravenel, Mazÿck Porcher","Serpa Novoa, Roberto, 1888-1959","Owen, William O. (William Otway), 1854-1924","Gill, C. A. (Clifford Allchin), 1878-","Tilden, Evelyn B.","Dunn, Lawrence H.","Daniel, Walter M.","Woodward, L.O.","Blake, Sir Henry Arthur, 1840-1918","Muench, Hugo, 1894-","Fox, Carroll, 1874-1936","Macphail, N.P.","Heiser, Victor G. (Victor George), 1873-","Strode, George K., 1886-","Lamborn, Charles C.","Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), 1889-1968","Carr, G. Jameson","Rice, Lee","Thompson, Rudolph E.","Quayle, Daniel","Pergassa, Antonio","Smith, Lucian","Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), 1869-1946","Stitt, E. R. (Edward Rhodes), 1867-1948","Barret, Claudia","Noble, Robert E. (Robert Ernest), 1870-","Moseley, Benjamin, 1742-1819","Vaughn, Emmet I.","Linson, J.H.","Grubbs, Samuel Bates, 1871-1942","Acker, Mollie Flint","Fontaine, Katherine","Fontaine, Louise","Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), 1889-","Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1879-1925","Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), 1864-1941","White, William C.","Penhallow, D.P.","Frost, Susan","Rosenau, Myra F.","Avery, S.D.","Cobb, J.O.","Thompson, L.","Stiles, Virginia","Goddard, Calvin, 1891-1955","Voegtlin, Silian","Claibourne, W.S.","Gardiner, J.S.","Lavinder, C. H. (Claude Hervey), 1872-1950","Stewart, P.M.","Redd, H. Carter","Hoffman, Frances A.","Fishbein, Morris, 1889-1976","Pope, Alton Stackpole, 1886-","Phalen, James Matthew, 1872-","Townsend, Carolyn","Ramsey, George H. (George Herbert), 1891-","Myron [s.n.]","Seward, Blanton P.","Kain, F.B.","Martinez, H. J.","Barret, Nannie Mason","Peak, Mayme Ober","Carter, Edward Champe","Moore, D. Fitzgerald","Bonzi, H.A.","Knorr, John A.","Reed, Emilie Lawrence, 1856-1950","Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), 1834-1888","Flint, Austin, 1812-1886","Harrison, James F.","Brown, Joseph B.","Harris, John T.","Lewis, John F.","Barnes, J.K.","Barnes, J. K.","Byrne, Charles B.","Crane, C. H.","Mckee, James C.","Crane, C.H.","Howard, O.O.","Greenleaf, Charles R.","Kellogg, W.L.","Sutherland, Charles","Mason, E. C. (Edwin C.)","Alden, Charles Henry, 1836-1906","Bailhache, Preston H.","Geddings, Henry Downes, 1859-1913","Wyman, Walter, 1848-1911","Pardinas, Jesus","Reed, Walter L.","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Lafferty, John J.","Simpson, T. McN.","Corbin, H. C.","Lockhart, Charles","Brown, M.C.","Finlay, Carlos Juan, 1833-1915","Rossiter, P.S.","Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), 1870-","Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), 1875-1960","Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore","Davis, John G.","Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932","Stark, Alexander N.","Roberts, P.K.","Havard, Valery, 1846-1927","Echeverria, Rafael T.","Black, William Murray, 1855-1933","Dunshire, J.F.","Durham, Herbert E.","Myers, Walter","Carroll, James, 1854-1907","Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946","Godfrey, Edward Settle, 1843-1932","Goodale, George L.","Ludlow, William","Horlbeck, Henry B.","Licéaga, Eduardo, 1836-1920","Baird, George W.","Michie, Robert E. Lee","Scott, Hugh L.","Richards, W. V.","Forwood, William H.","Smith, William Alden, 1859-1932","Bishop, Roswell P.","Hamilton, E. L.","Smith, Samuel W.","Darragh, A. B.","Mattingly, [L.H.]","Jackson, Harry Frederick","Kober, George M. (George Martin), 1850-1931","Ames, Roger Post","Moran, John J. (John Joseph), 1876-1950","Jones, George A.","Pauncefote, Julian, 1828-1902","Hay, John","Sparkman, S. M.","Glennan, A. H.","Carpenter, Edward","Sanger, Wm. Cary (William Cary), 1853-1921","Xavier, A. F.","Amaral, Raul R. de","Caldas, Philippe","Chittinden, T. H.","Rojas, Ignacio","Corbin, H.C.","Ward, Thomas","Hickey, J. B.","Beach, F.H.","Benis, Jose Maria","Root, Elihu, 1845-1937","Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), 1862-1940","Crossby, [s.n.]","O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), 1845-1912","Black, [s.n.]","Borden, William Cline, 1858-1934","La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), 1849-1920","McCain, H. P. (Henry Pinckney), 1861-1941","Reed, Christopher","Vaughan, John R.","Blincoe, Laura Reed","Hall, [s.n.]","Medgo, Arthur V.","Walker, John H.","Sharpe, A. C.","Amador Guerrero, Manuel, 1833-1909","Walker, John Grimes, 1835-1907","Ames, Azel, 1845-1908","Maury, R.B.","Kent, Charles W., 1860-1917","Mason, C.F.","Thomas, Pride","Taft, William H. (William Howard), 1857-1930","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Matas, Rudolph, 1860-1957","Farshish, P.","Magoon, Charles Edward, 1861-1920","Smith, George H.","Blake, Henry Arthur, Sir, 1840-1918","DeWitt, Calvin","Blincoe, Anita Clayton","Dickinson, Robert Latou, 1861-1950","Stewart, N.P.","Fulton, John N.","Dean, E.R.","Chrystie, Mrs. Percival","Hall, Mrs. John R","Rittenhouse, B.F.","Morgan, S.S.","Jackson, Laura Grace","Senter, Orestes A.B.","Willson, Chat Hill","Hall, Mrs. John A.","Osgood, L.","Carroll, Jennie","Kissinger, John R.","Cushing, Harvey, 1869-1939","Skinner, J.O.","King, A. F. A. (Albert Freeman Africanus), 1841-1914","Hill, William N.","Donnally, H.H.","Price, Marshall L.","Booth, Carolyn H.","Kissinger, Ida E.","Denby, Edwin, 1870-1929","Wilson, Jennie","Arnold, W. F. (Will Ford)","Ross, John W.","Lyster, Winifred","Wallace, Edward P.","Christensen, Emmy L.","Morgan, G.E.","Minturn, Robert S.","McKnight, Virginia","Kleberg, Rudolph, Jr.","Getman, Frederick Hutton, 1877-1941","Duffield, M.P.","Hamlin, Elbert B. (Elbert Bacon), 1874-1936","McCutchen, Mary I.S.M.","Sherman, John P.R.","Sanford, Edward Terry, 1865-1930","Spooner, Mary L.","Hawkins, A.","Blackwood, N.J.","Ropes, James Hardy, 1866-1933","Penrose, Mary L.","Gilman, John","Hinkle, Thornton M. (Thornton Mills), 1840-1920","Otis, Charles E.","Babcock, Mrs. Albert","Kimball, H.F.","Wingate, George Wood, 1840-1928","Keen, William W. (William Williams), 1837-1932","Wilson, Alexander M.","Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987","Wise, James Waterman, 1901-","Kennedy, Elijah Robinson, 1844-1926","Bonham, Eleanor M.","Butcher, Howard, Jr.","Gould, Alice Bache, 1868-1953","Thomas, G.W.","Frye, G.","Goldbacher, N.V.","Sturgis, Helen M","Ernst, Harold C. (Harold Clarence), 1856-1922","Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), 1863-1931","Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937","Rixey, Presley Marion, 1852-1928","White, Wilbert W. (Wilbert Webster), 1863-1944","Pilcher, James Evelyn, 1857-1911","Blake, Warren Barton, 1883-1918","Caverico, Charles","Love, Albert G. (Albert Gallatin), 1877-","Wratten, Bessie C.","Wratten, George M.","Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 1847-1928","Torney, George H.","Gandy, Charles M.","Goethals, George W. (George Washington), 1858-1928","Wilson, Robert, Jr.","Halliday, Dean","Snidow, Herman W.","Cline, W.G.","Reed, W.O.","Riva, Isabel","Asplund, C.J","Nichols, H.J.","Ulio, James Alexander, 1882-1958","Mayes, James J.","Harbold, R.P.","Sternberg, Martha L.","Cardenas, J. Gil","Corrigan, John P.","McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), 1863-1939","Tasker, A.N.","Norman, W.W.","Baxter, John K.","Carroll, Harry M.","Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965","Whitebread, Charles, 1878-1963","Peabody, James Edward, 1869-","Inman, Charles","Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth","Karshner, Clyde","Seymour, Flora Warren, 1888-1948","Elliott, L.M.","Kerr, R.W.","Murran, Alicilla M.","Deland, Margaret, 1857-1945","Jean, Sally Lucas, 1878-1971","MacLachlan, Maud","de Kruif, Paul","Force, Edith R.","Smittle, Jack","Adamson, Estelle","Young, Tandy C.","Rumbaugh, Anne","Bailey, Mildred","Riley, Muryle","Campbell, Dorothy","Jones, Huston, Jr.","Milligan, Rhett","Hedgpath, Cecil","Mann, Kathleen","Corder, Everett","Brancht, Frances","Chapman, Helen","Chapin, Elizabeth","Meloan, Alice","Hogue, Margeris","Kindrick, Thelma","Reed, Fannie","Harder, Elbert","Cunningham, Hugh","Esmey, Kendall","McGarvey, Ida","Fleming, Bradford","Leavitt, D.E.","Shuell, Lawrence","Chapman, George E.","Kirby, Charles","Saili, Aubrey","Alspaugh, Edna","Malone, Dorotha","Fishback, Dorothy","Daniel, May","McCoy, Adolphus E.","Gere, Herbert","Nelson, Robert F.","Kosslow, Elizabeth","Hardy, A.S.","Kibler, James Luther","Jones, Clarence P.","Upshur, Alfred P.","Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), 1874-1953","Poore, C.G.","Binley, Henry","Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1858-1941","Oemler, Marie Conway, 1879-1932","Scott, Winfield","Bland, Schuyler O.","Kelly, John M.","Davis, William T.","Tansey, William A.","Fitzgerald, Charles E.","Fletcher, C.C.","O'Connell, W.A.","Ament, Lytton G.","Sheppard, Morris, 1875-1941","Good, James William","Harrison, William G.","Ireland, Elizabeth L.","Reed, Landon","Hewitt, Richard M.","Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), 1892-1959","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Blondel, Dorothy","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Lower, Margaret H.","Andrus, John H., 1879-1942","Nolte, Helen Crone","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931","Updegraff, Gertrude B.","Davison, Wilburt Cornell, 1892-1972","Hollander, Herbert S.","Brown, Oren Britt","Ritchey, Richard B.","Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer, Jr.","Hawley, Paul R. (Paul Ramsey), 1891-1965","Reed, James Clayton","Roper, Laura Wood, 1911-2003","Schwieger, John D.","King, William Franklin, 1874-","Patterson, Robert U.","Briggs, Walter De Blois, 1901-","Baker, C. B. (Chauncey Brooke), 1860-1936","Woods, J.G.","Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924","Keating, John McLeod, 1830-1906","Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez","Goldwater, S. S. (Sigismund Schulz), 1873-1942","Brooks, Harlow, 1871-1936","Reynolds, Frederick P.","Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), 1870-1960","Cox, Wesley C.","Sawyer, Wilbur A. (Wilbur Augustus), 1879-1951","Boyd, Allen R.","Hudson, N. Paul","Raymond, F.N.","Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 1898-1966","Rovensky, [s.n.]","Dawson, Lord","Lambert, Gustaf E.","Lemon, W.S.","Tisdel, Alton P., 1879-1945","Burnett, Frank C.","Andrus, David L.","Kelly, William D.","Slocum, Chuck H.","Woltman, Henry W.","Dabney, A.S.","Montgomery, Robert, 1904-1981","Jones, Harold W.","Furnas, J. C. (Joseph Chamberlain), 1905-2001","Dickson, John","Benjamin, Mary A.","Moran, Ida E.","Schellberg, Leonard","Schellberg, Louise","Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart)","Clemons, Harry, 1879-1968","Cowley, R.F.","Pogolotti, Luis B.","Forns, Alberto Recio","Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), 1890-1954","Marietta, S.M.","Marvin, H.P.","Alvare, Ignacio","Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), 1867-1943","Rojas, María Teresa de, 1902-","Armstrong, Donald B. (Donald Budd), 1886-","Angles, Eduardo","Lundeen, Ernest","Hough, Neva Pauline","Webster, Royal S.","McCubbin, W.A.","Fishback, Mary","Cooke, Robert P.","Finlay, Carlos E. (Carlos Eduardo), 1868-","Castro, Juan D.","Domínguez y Roldán, Francisco, 1864-1942","Conat, Mabel Louise, 1888-","Rice, Paul North, 1888-1967","Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), 1893-","Hartzell, John B.","Logan, R. Elwood","Fernandez, Felix E.","Randolph, F.F.","Haig, I.T.","Brooke, R.H.","Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), 1874-1942","Johnson, H.A.","Adams, E.S.","Jordan, H. E. (Harvey Ernest)","Hufford, A.R.","Brewer, Melvin D.","Sutter, Georgia S.","Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, 1891-1974","Lopez, Julian Zunzunequi","Macia, Adrian","Zunzunegui, Demetrio","Bevan, Arthur, 1888-1968","Wheeler, Helen","Lake, Dorothy M.","Davis, Horace W.","Peabody, Elizabeth","[s.n.], Sam","[s.n.], Sue","[s.n.], George","Morrison, W.Z.","Roberts, Lucy","Woods, Archie S.","Church, Martha","Church, William","Driscoll, Mary G.","[s.n.], Alice","Hench, Kahler","Hench, Susan","Hench, Mary","Simpson, June","Simpson, Walter M.","Allen, [s.n.]","Repp, Mrs. R.M.","[s.n.], Had","Pinbán, Lydia E.","Lomas, Julia","Kahler, Mrs.","Butsch, Janet","Butsch, William","Arnett, George W.","Cantaleon, M.","Spielmacher, Earl","Parcell, L. Evans","Hart, Joseph D.","McClain, A. V.","Sigerist, Henry E. (Henry Ernest), 1891-1957","Berkson, Joseph","Horton, Bayard T.","Moran, Elida C.","Schnurr, Dorma V.","Vergara, Jose Randin","Crane, J. W.","Withington, D.J.","Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962","Kellogg, George A.","Birmingham, Harry R.","McDonald, Edward","Lhotka, Charles L.","Willis, John M.","Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), 1890-1969","Harwick, H. J.","Freer, Harry L.","Parsons, H. S.","Schwegmann, George A., 1900-","Gooch, Robert C.","McKenna, F. A.","Fors, Alberto J.","Bullard, John R.","Hamer, Philip M. (Philip May), 1891-","Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, 1890-1960","Law, Frank F.","Gill, Robert S. (Robert Sutherland), 1886-","Edmundson, Frank","Marsh, Charles S. (Charles Seabrooke), 1926-","Galbreath, R.S.","[s.n.], Lida","Rodríguez Pérez, J. F.","Wood, Frances","Sexton, Anna M.","Malaret, Blanca","Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom)","McEwan, E.F.","Usher, Robert J.","Davis, Harry A.","Bliss, Theodore L.","Postell, William Dosité, 1908-1982","Taylor, John R.","Stewart, W. Branks","Marshall, Mary Louise, 1893-","Hoffmann, W.H.","Hirschman, Milton","Freyberg, Richard H., 1904-","Sacasa, Carlos F.","Garcia, Pablo Isaac","Cervantes, Enrique","Wilson, W. F. (William Frank), 1875-","Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Recio, Alberto","Waters, James F.","Folwell, Mary Haywood","Ramos, Domingo F., 1884-1966?","Malloch, Archibald, 1887-","LeMan, Lloyd D.","Barnett, James M.","Jones, Harold Wellington, 1877-1958","Rose, Mona","Cooksley, F.A.","Johnson, Lucius W.","White, Charles S.","Dodge, Douglas R.","Carbonell Ponce, Felipe","Fallon, John","Randin, Jose","Smith, Luther Ely, 1873-1951","Howard, Lucy T.","Coles, Charles H.","Borden, Daniel L., 1887-1969","Holman, W. L. (William Ludlow), 1879-","Pemberton, Anne","Kellogg, John","Rose, June","Logan, Leatha","Michie, Thomas J.","Heard, James D.","Dampf, Alfons, 1884-1948","Crain, Darrell C.","Reeve, Roy M.","Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), 1886-","Ahrendts, J.L.","Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), 1895-1972","Hart, John W.","Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), 1866-1943","Hartung, Edward F.","Suarez, Peter W.","Hall, Francis C.","Ferguson, W.R.","Titus, Warren Irving","Mayer, Edgar, 1889-","Polley, Howard Freeman, 1913-","Waring, James J., 1883-1962","Davis, Alice M.","Romero, Raquel","Seth, Frances B.","Altick, Arthur R.","Lybarger, Nancy","Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 1915-1972","Hoyt, Avery S., 1888-1974","Espinosa y G. Caceras, Luis","Hutchison, William Easton","Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis.","Hopkins, Wayne","Dry, Thomas Jan, 1903-","Morgan, Hugh J.","Rynearson, Edward Harper, 1901-","Lucy, Anne","Schuman, Henry","Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, 1875-","McDermott, G. A.","Kennedy, Foster, 1884-","Robinson, Sara D.","Peraza, Fermin","Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1908-","Kenealy, J. N.","McDonald, James F.","Leake, J. P. (James Payton), 1881-1973","Trent, Josiah C. (Josiah Charles), 1914-1948","Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 1875-1966","Nogueira, Pedro","Andreu, Jose R.","Leavitt, Dave","Owen, John A., Jr.","Nixon, P.I.","Bradshaw, R.G.","Wyllie, John Cook, 1908-1968","Wranek, William H., Jr.","Wranek, Jr., William H., Jr.","Ennis, T. James","Berkeley, Francis L. (Francis Lewis), 1911-2003","Kirkland, William G.","Packard, Arthur W.","Keeling, Hal R.","Bettmann, Otto","Purdy, Theodore M.","Sweeney, Ray","Lyons, Bertha L.","Rhoads, M.A.","McCoy, Frank Ross, 1874-1954","Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), 1888-","Tydings, Millard E. (Millard Evelyn), 1890-1961","Tillisch, Jan H.","Benson, Otis O.","Fowler, Rita","Nation, C.B.","Carbonell, Felipe","Dart, Raymond O.","Roley, Richard","Minor, James F.","Franck, Lillie W.","Brill, G. Meredith","Trout, Hugh Henry, 1878-1950","Jennings, S.L.","Benitoa, Antonio Perez","Pena, Esteban Valderrama y","Hanberry, James L.","Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), 1897-1972","Standley, Frank","Christian, Henry A. (Henry Asbury), 1876-1951","Hodges, Fletcher, 1906-2006","Lowe, J. Ward","McFarland, Ross Armstrong, 1901-1976","Cromwell, Fred W.","Kealy, J.F.","Tice, Linwood F.","Crissman, LaVonne","Colete, Honorato","Cardenas, Raul de","Maynard, Edwin P.","Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), 1872-1958","Smith, M. Katherine","Bustinza, F.","Tripoli, C.J.","Carey, Frank","Wright, W.H.","Spencer, Steven M.","Borrell, Jose","Worden, John E., Jr.","Cruikshank, R.D.","Kean, Robert H.","Wallach, Sidney, 1905-1979","Soper, Fred Lowe, 1893-1977","Wood, William A.","Maguire, John","Paul, John R. (John Rodman), 1893-1971","Eckman, James Russell, 1908-1987","Griswold, Bessie M.","Graham, Wallace H.","Spies, Tom D. (Tom Douglas), 1902-1960","Bean, William Bennett","Alexander, Martha","Mayer, Willard D.","Tate, Paul L.","Narbona, Oscar M.","Whelden, John","Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), 1905-","Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), 1898-1966","McEwen, Currier","La Rosa, Margarita","Lopez, Guillermo Garcia","Hemphill, William Edwin, 1912-","Warthen, Harry J.","Watson, Roy","Ireland, Hans W.","Stunts, A. Edward","Rath, Frederick L.","Clark, G. Glenwood","Lappage, Eleanor","Loranz, C.F.","Hinton, R.J.","Fiese, Marshall Jesse, 1917-","Lazier, Wilbur A.","Castillo, Pedro A.","Spies, Betty","Bullock, Helen Duprey, 1904-1995","Kennedy, Katherine","Haines, S.F.","Rodríguez Expósito, César, 1904-","Smith, Austin, 1912-","Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), 1888-","Beaulac, Willard Leon, 1899-","Lippard, Vernon W., 1905-","Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), 1892-1976","Warren, Andrew J.","Halverson, Wilton L.","Bennett, George A.","Berry, George P.","Rake, Paul F.","Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), 1901-1963","Wylie, H. Boyd","Laurence, William Leonard, 1888-","Hench, Nadine","Cassidy, Helen","Echeverria, Jose R.","Baker, James D.","Armstrong, George Ellis, 1900-","Fransway, Arlyne C.","Streit, Paul H.","Quinn, S.J.","Johnson, Victor, 1901-","Warner, Lena A.","Bennett, George A","Gustafason, Angela T.","Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), 1913-","Crenshaw, John L.","Rosenberg, Edward F.","Cornwell, Barbara","Guell, Gonzalo","Treanor, Wally","DeCoursey, Elbert, 1902-1994","Harvey, Gwen","Treanor, Wally J.","Roldan, Miguel","Lastra, Jose Elias Olivello","O'Shaugnessy, P.S.","Wilder, Russell M. (Russell Morse), 1885-1959","Younger, Edward, 1909-","Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), 1914-1987","Truby, Bonnie","Williams, Louis J., Jr.","Concheso, Aurelio Fernandez, 1896-1955","LaGarde, Barbara L.","Duffield, Pauline","Brumby, W.M.","Woodward, Robert F.","Flynn, Raymond P.","Bitner, Robert E.","Randall, Harold M.","Sweet, Forest H.","Standlee, Mary W. (Mary Walker)","Briggs, Walter M.","Gawne, Jane L.","O’Hara, Barratt, 1882-1969","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","McNinch, Joseph H.","Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), 1894-1965","Carles y Casadevall, Mariano","Pichardo, D. Esteban T.","Morris, Josephine Ames","Carroll, Mrs. George","Gomez, Federico","Cornwell, Dean, 1892-1960","Romeu y Jaime, Domingo","Artigas, Francisco Argilagos","Lynch, Delia A.","Pinto, A.S.","Bushnell, George E. (George Ensign), 1853-1924","Almeyda, Jose Ramos","Morejos, A.","Thomason, H.D.","López del Valle, José Antonio, 1875-1937","Miller, [s.n.]","Gorgas, Marie D. (Marie Doughty), -1929","Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949","Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrik), 1863-1944","Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945","Clark, Jerome","Richardson, Louisa C.","Birmingham, Henry P.","Delaney, M.A.","Strong, Richard A.","West, Olin","Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944","Walker, J. Carter (John Carter), 1874-","Amador, R.A.","LeRoy y Cassá, Jorge, 1867-1934","de Niedman, W.F.","Beveridge, Wilfred William Ogilvy","Hagedorn, Hermann, 1882-1964","Agramonte, Frances F.","Ashford, Mahlon","Kean, Cornelia Knox","Gilhus, A. T.","Kelly, John J.","Smith, Theobald,1859-1934","Anoreu, George","Eberhart","Grimes, G.W.","Thies, Carl","Ed. Bouton","Blincoe, Lemuel Soule","Kean, Louise Young, 1877-1915","Collection is predominantly inEnglish; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collectioncirca 1800-circa 1998\n bulk 1863-1974"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS-1"],"unitid_tesim":["MS-1"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Health Sciences Library"],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Health Sciences Library"],"creator_ssm":["Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","United States. Army"],"creator_ssim":["Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","United States. Army"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","Lazear, William L.","Hepburn, David","Maryland. Circuit Court (Baltimore)","Herron, W.A.","Bates, A.E.","Sternberg, George Miller, 1838-1915","Futcher, Thomas B. (Thomas Barnes), 1871-1938","Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), 1871-1954","Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919","Baldwin, T.A.","Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927","Lazear, Mabel H., 1874-1946","Morris, F.H.","Paton, Stewart, 1865-1942","Thayer, William Sydney, 1864-1932","Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), 1857-1950","Lazear, Jesse T.","Houston, Martha P.","Kahn, Julius, 1861-1924","Gorgas, William Crawford, 1854-1920","Gray, C.S.","Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), 1843-1927","Latimer, Caroline","Watson, R.A.","Mead, S.C.","Mansfelde, A.S. von","Dalzell, John, 1845-1927","Lazear, Thomas C.","Lazear, William Houston","Welch, William Henry, 1850-1934","Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), 1839-","Williams, Marian Walker","Rogers, H.W.","Armstrong, J. N. (John Nelson), 1870-1944","Kane, Emma G.","Norton, Rupert","Derby, George","Seth, Alexander L.","Seth, Catherine E.","Darnall, C.R.","Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931","Ireland, M. W. (Merritte Weber), 1867-1952","Gawne, James O.","Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette","Templeton, Alexander M.","Bridges, C.H.","Agramonte, A. (Aristides), 1869-1931","van Beuren, Frederick T., Jr.","Harper, J.B.","Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937","Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939","Dougherty, Jr., T.H.,","Peddicord, Harper","Hare, Amory, 1885-1964","Albertini, A. Diaz","Stirling, H.V.","Carter, Laura Armistead, d. 1935","Smith, William F.","Richards, W.S.","Carter, Henry Rose, Jr.","Rose, Wickliffe, 1862-1931","Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953","Porter, Joseph Y.","Blue, Rupert Lee, 1868-1948","LePrince, Joseph Albert Augustin, 1875-","Kerr, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Stimson, Arthur Marston, 1876-","Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick), 1865-1941","Seidelin, Harold","Brown, Earl I.","Glennan, A.H.","Pou, James H. (James Hinton), 1861-1935","Tillery, P.A.","Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), 1865-1940","Wright, Boykin","Wright, Boykin, Jr.","Grote, Carl A.","Wilder, Sarah Hinds","Newton, B.R.","Moore, H. F. (Henry Frank), 1867-1948","Harper, James E.","Bell, Landon Covington, 1880-1960","Horner, H.H.","Munson, Edward Lyman, 1868-1947","Elizalde, Rafael H.","Watson, Malcolm, 1873-1955","Hepler, Clara","Kirk, Robert H.","Guiteras, John, 1852-1925","Dowling, Oscar","Whitmore, Eugene R.","Wescott, George T.","Barret, Harvey P.","Perry, James Clifford, 1864-","Schereschewsky, J. W. (Joseph Williams), 1873-1940","Darling, Samuel T. (Samuel Taylor), 1872-1925","Geiger, J. C. (Jacob Casson), 1885-1981","Byam, W.","Allmand, Dorothy","Bass, Charles C. (Charles Cassedy), 1875-1975","Fisher, H.C.","Weedon, Leslie W.","Noguchi, Hideyo, 1876-1928","Simon, Sidney R.","Shaw, Edwin Coupland, 1863-1941","Mayne, Bruce, 1882-","Williams, Louis L.","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","White, Joseph Hill, 1859-1953","Welles, Thomas","Connor, Michael E.","Lyster, Theodore C.","Merrill, O. C.","Boldridge, F.M.","Obregón, Alvaro, 1880-1928","Perlitt, J.J.","Bates, Lewis B.","Hanson, Henry, 1877-1954","Fricks, Lunsford Dickson, 1873-","Lebredo, Mario G.","Mitchel, E.W.","Vega, M.L.","Fairchild, D.S., Jr.","Thorpe, John Edward Stirling, d. 1950","Cudlipp, J.S.","Messer, Richard","Fisher, Lawrence Machemar, 1886-","Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957","Read, Florence Matilda","Griffitts, T. H. D. (Thomas Houston Dow), 1878-","Balfour, Andrew, Sir, 1873-1931","Caldwell, B. W.","Woodfall, H.C.","Pierce, C. C. (Claude Connor), 1878-1944","Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), 1880-1965","Parker, George","Cavassa, Nicolas E.","Perkins, R.T.","Guthrie, J. Birney","Komp, William H. Wood, 1893-","Barber, M. A. (Marshall Albert), 1868-1953","Cascorrcelos, A.B.","Roche, Bessie G.","Frost, Wade Hampton, 1880-1938","Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), 1872-1940","Derivaux, R. C. (Robert Clarence), 1887-","Bair, M.Z.","Scannell, E.J.","Mendelsohn, Isador W.","Williamson, Charles C. (Charles Clarence), 1877-1965","Pareja y Pareja, Wenceslao","Russell, Frederick F. (Frederick Fuller), 1870-1960","Gunn, Selskar Michael, 1883-1944","Hazlehurst, G.H.","Long, John D., 1874-1949","Lombard, Marion S., 1888-","Wood, H.R.","Sutton, J.V.","Hausheer, W.C.","Nettles, T.D.","Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), 1858-1943","Denno, S.J.","Veracruz, M.","Robertson, H. McG.","Connal, A.","Coello, Carlos","Comstock, Charles Worthington, 1870-","Bost, Helen","Woldert, Albert","Rucker, William Colby, 1875-","Avila, Manuel","Miller, Frederick A.","Arthur, Lindsley","Felt, John P.","Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926","Richards, B.M.","Creel, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1878-1971","Diaz, Alva","Sweet, Ernest Albert, 1876-","Houle, E.C.","Smith, John H.","Pothier, Oliver L.","Monroe, Willys M.","McCoy, George W. (George Walter), 1876-1952","Byrd, J.L.","Pettman, F.E.","White, R.O.","Armstrong, H. G.","Armstrong, H.G.","Deeks, W.E. (William Edgar), 1866-1931","Maxcy, Kenneth F. (Kenneth Fuller), 1889-1966","Coogle, C.P.","Leathers, Waller S. (Waller Smith), 1874-1946","Muller, Henry R.","Ravenel, Mazÿck Porcher","Serpa Novoa, Roberto, 1888-1959","Owen, William O. (William Otway), 1854-1924","Gill, C. A. (Clifford Allchin), 1878-","Tilden, Evelyn B.","Dunn, Lawrence H.","Daniel, Walter M.","Woodward, L.O.","Blake, Sir Henry Arthur, 1840-1918","Muench, Hugo, 1894-","Fox, Carroll, 1874-1936","Macphail, N.P.","Heiser, Victor G. (Victor George), 1873-","Strode, George K., 1886-","Lamborn, Charles C.","Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), 1889-1968","Carr, G. Jameson","Rice, Lee","Thompson, Rudolph E.","Quayle, Daniel","Pergassa, Antonio","Smith, Lucian","Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), 1869-1946","Stitt, E. R. (Edward Rhodes), 1867-1948","Barret, Claudia","Noble, Robert E. (Robert Ernest), 1870-","Moseley, Benjamin, 1742-1819","Vaughn, Emmet I.","Linson, J.H.","Grubbs, Samuel Bates, 1871-1942","Acker, Mollie Flint","Fontaine, Katherine","Fontaine, Louise","Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), 1889-","Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1879-1925","Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), 1864-1941","White, William C.","Penhallow, D.P.","Frost, Susan","Rosenau, Myra F.","Avery, S.D.","Cobb, J.O.","Thompson, L.","Stiles, Virginia","Goddard, Calvin, 1891-1955","Voegtlin, Silian","Claibourne, W.S.","Gardiner, J.S.","Lavinder, C. H. (Claude Hervey), 1872-1950","Stewart, P.M.","Redd, H. Carter","Hoffman, Frances A.","Fishbein, Morris, 1889-1976","Pope, Alton Stackpole, 1886-","Phalen, James Matthew, 1872-","Townsend, Carolyn","Ramsey, George H. (George Herbert), 1891-","Myron [s.n.]","Seward, Blanton P.","Kain, F.B.","Martinez, H. J.","Barret, Nannie Mason","Peak, Mayme Ober","Carter, Edward Champe","Moore, D. Fitzgerald","Bonzi, H.A.","Knorr, John A.","Reed, Emilie Lawrence, 1856-1950","Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), 1834-1888","Flint, Austin, 1812-1886","Harrison, James F.","Brown, Joseph B.","Harris, John T.","Lewis, John F.","Barnes, J.K.","Barnes, J. K.","Byrne, Charles B.","Crane, C. H.","Mckee, James C.","Crane, C.H.","Howard, O.O.","Greenleaf, Charles R.","Kellogg, W.L.","Sutherland, Charles","Mason, E. C. (Edwin C.)","Alden, Charles Henry, 1836-1906","Bailhache, Preston H.","Geddings, Henry Downes, 1859-1913","Wyman, Walter, 1848-1911","Pardinas, Jesus","Reed, Walter L.","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Lafferty, John J.","Simpson, T. McN.","Corbin, H. C.","Lockhart, Charles","Brown, M.C.","Finlay, Carlos Juan, 1833-1915","Rossiter, P.S.","Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), 1870-","Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), 1875-1960","Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore","Davis, John G.","Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932","Stark, Alexander N.","Roberts, P.K.","Havard, Valery, 1846-1927","Echeverria, Rafael T.","Black, William Murray, 1855-1933","Dunshire, J.F.","Durham, Herbert E.","Myers, Walter","Carroll, James, 1854-1907","Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946","Godfrey, Edward Settle, 1843-1932","Goodale, George L.","Ludlow, William","Horlbeck, Henry B.","Licéaga, Eduardo, 1836-1920","Baird, George W.","Michie, Robert E. Lee","Scott, Hugh L.","Richards, W. V.","Forwood, William H.","Smith, William Alden, 1859-1932","Bishop, Roswell P.","Hamilton, E. L.","Smith, Samuel W.","Darragh, A. B.","Mattingly, [L.H.]","Jackson, Harry Frederick","Kober, George M. (George Martin), 1850-1931","Ames, Roger Post","Moran, John J. (John Joseph), 1876-1950","Jones, George A.","Pauncefote, Julian, 1828-1902","Hay, John","Sparkman, S. M.","Glennan, A. H.","Carpenter, Edward","Sanger, Wm. Cary (William Cary), 1853-1921","Xavier, A. F.","Amaral, Raul R. de","Caldas, Philippe","Chittinden, T. H.","Rojas, Ignacio","Corbin, H.C.","Ward, Thomas","Hickey, J. B.","Beach, F.H.","Benis, Jose Maria","Root, Elihu, 1845-1937","Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), 1862-1940","Crossby, [s.n.]","O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), 1845-1912","Black, [s.n.]","Borden, William Cline, 1858-1934","La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), 1849-1920","McCain, H. P. (Henry Pinckney), 1861-1941","Reed, Christopher","Vaughan, John R.","Blincoe, Laura Reed","Hall, [s.n.]","Medgo, Arthur V.","Walker, John H.","Sharpe, A. C.","Amador Guerrero, Manuel, 1833-1909","Walker, John Grimes, 1835-1907","Ames, Azel, 1845-1908","Maury, R.B.","Kent, Charles W., 1860-1917","Mason, C.F.","Thomas, Pride","Taft, William H. (William Howard), 1857-1930","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Matas, Rudolph, 1860-1957","Farshish, P.","Magoon, Charles Edward, 1861-1920","Smith, George H.","Blake, Henry Arthur, Sir, 1840-1918","DeWitt, Calvin","Blincoe, Anita Clayton","Dickinson, Robert Latou, 1861-1950","Stewart, N.P.","Fulton, John N.","Dean, E.R.","Chrystie, Mrs. Percival","Hall, Mrs. John R","Rittenhouse, B.F.","Morgan, S.S.","Jackson, Laura Grace","Senter, Orestes A.B.","Willson, Chat Hill","Hall, Mrs. John A.","Osgood, L.","Carroll, Jennie","Kissinger, John R.","Cushing, Harvey, 1869-1939","Skinner, J.O.","King, A. F. A. (Albert Freeman Africanus), 1841-1914","Hill, William N.","Donnally, H.H.","Price, Marshall L.","Booth, Carolyn H.","Kissinger, Ida E.","Denby, Edwin, 1870-1929","Wilson, Jennie","Arnold, W. F. (Will Ford)","Ross, John W.","Lyster, Winifred","Wallace, Edward P.","Christensen, Emmy L.","Morgan, G.E.","Minturn, Robert S.","McKnight, Virginia","Kleberg, Rudolph, Jr.","Getman, Frederick Hutton, 1877-1941","Duffield, M.P.","Hamlin, Elbert B. (Elbert Bacon), 1874-1936","McCutchen, Mary I.S.M.","Sherman, John P.R.","Sanford, Edward Terry, 1865-1930","Spooner, Mary L.","Hawkins, A.","Blackwood, N.J.","Ropes, James Hardy, 1866-1933","Penrose, Mary L.","Gilman, John","Hinkle, Thornton M. (Thornton Mills), 1840-1920","Otis, Charles E.","Babcock, Mrs. Albert","Kimball, H.F.","Wingate, George Wood, 1840-1928","Keen, William W. (William Williams), 1837-1932","Wilson, Alexander M.","Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987","Wise, James Waterman, 1901-","Kennedy, Elijah Robinson, 1844-1926","Bonham, Eleanor M.","Butcher, Howard, Jr.","Gould, Alice Bache, 1868-1953","Thomas, G.W.","Frye, G.","Goldbacher, N.V.","Sturgis, Helen M","Ernst, Harold C. (Harold Clarence), 1856-1922","Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), 1863-1931","Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937","Rixey, Presley Marion, 1852-1928","White, Wilbert W. (Wilbert Webster), 1863-1944","Pilcher, James Evelyn, 1857-1911","Blake, Warren Barton, 1883-1918","Caverico, Charles","Love, Albert G. (Albert Gallatin), 1877-","Wratten, Bessie C.","Wratten, George M.","Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 1847-1928","Torney, George H.","Gandy, Charles M.","Goethals, George W. (George Washington), 1858-1928","Wilson, Robert, Jr.","Halliday, Dean","Snidow, Herman W.","Cline, W.G.","Reed, W.O.","Riva, Isabel","Asplund, C.J","Nichols, H.J.","Ulio, James Alexander, 1882-1958","Mayes, James J.","Harbold, R.P.","Sternberg, Martha L.","Cardenas, J. Gil","Corrigan, John P.","McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), 1863-1939","Tasker, A.N.","Norman, W.W.","Baxter, John K.","Carroll, Harry M.","Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965","Whitebread, Charles, 1878-1963","Peabody, James Edward, 1869-","Inman, Charles","Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth","Karshner, Clyde","Seymour, Flora Warren, 1888-1948","Elliott, L.M.","Kerr, R.W.","Murran, Alicilla M.","Deland, Margaret, 1857-1945","Jean, Sally Lucas, 1878-1971","MacLachlan, Maud","de Kruif, Paul","Force, Edith R.","Smittle, Jack","Adamson, Estelle","Young, Tandy C.","Rumbaugh, Anne","Bailey, Mildred","Riley, Muryle","Campbell, Dorothy","Jones, Huston, Jr.","Milligan, Rhett","Hedgpath, Cecil","Mann, Kathleen","Corder, Everett","Brancht, Frances","Chapman, Helen","Chapin, Elizabeth","Meloan, Alice","Hogue, Margeris","Kindrick, Thelma","Reed, Fannie","Harder, Elbert","Cunningham, Hugh","Esmey, Kendall","McGarvey, Ida","Fleming, Bradford","Leavitt, D.E.","Shuell, Lawrence","Chapman, George E.","Kirby, Charles","Saili, Aubrey","Alspaugh, Edna","Malone, Dorotha","Fishback, Dorothy","Daniel, May","McCoy, Adolphus E.","Gere, Herbert","Nelson, Robert F.","Kosslow, Elizabeth","Hardy, A.S.","Kibler, James Luther","Jones, Clarence P.","Upshur, Alfred P.","Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), 1874-1953","Poore, C.G.","Binley, Henry","Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1858-1941","Oemler, Marie Conway, 1879-1932","Scott, Winfield","Bland, Schuyler O.","Kelly, John M.","Davis, William T.","Tansey, William A.","Fitzgerald, Charles E.","Fletcher, C.C.","O'Connell, W.A.","Ament, Lytton G.","Sheppard, Morris, 1875-1941","Good, James William","Harrison, William G.","Ireland, Elizabeth L.","Reed, Landon","Hewitt, Richard M.","Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), 1892-1959","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Blondel, Dorothy","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Lower, Margaret H.","Andrus, John H., 1879-1942","Nolte, Helen Crone","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931","Updegraff, Gertrude B.","Davison, Wilburt Cornell, 1892-1972","Hollander, Herbert S.","Brown, Oren Britt","Ritchey, Richard B.","Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer, Jr.","Hawley, Paul R. (Paul Ramsey), 1891-1965","Reed, James Clayton","Roper, Laura Wood, 1911-2003","Schwieger, John D.","King, William Franklin, 1874-","Patterson, Robert U.","Briggs, Walter De Blois, 1901-","Baker, C. B. (Chauncey Brooke), 1860-1936","Woods, J.G.","Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924","Keating, John McLeod, 1830-1906","Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez","Goldwater, S. S. (Sigismund Schulz), 1873-1942","Brooks, Harlow, 1871-1936","Reynolds, Frederick P.","Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), 1870-1960","Cox, Wesley C.","Sawyer, Wilbur A. (Wilbur Augustus), 1879-1951","Boyd, Allen R.","Hudson, N. Paul","Raymond, F.N.","Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 1898-1966","Rovensky, [s.n.]","Dawson, Lord","Lambert, Gustaf E.","Lemon, W.S.","Tisdel, Alton P., 1879-1945","Burnett, Frank C.","Andrus, David L.","Kelly, William D.","Slocum, Chuck H.","Woltman, Henry W.","Dabney, A.S.","Montgomery, Robert, 1904-1981","Jones, Harold W.","Furnas, J. C. (Joseph Chamberlain), 1905-2001","Dickson, John","Benjamin, Mary A.","Moran, Ida E.","Schellberg, Leonard","Schellberg, Louise","Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart)","Clemons, Harry, 1879-1968","Cowley, R.F.","Pogolotti, Luis B.","Forns, Alberto Recio","Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), 1890-1954","Marietta, S.M.","Marvin, H.P.","Alvare, Ignacio","Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), 1867-1943","Rojas, María Teresa de, 1902-","Armstrong, Donald B. (Donald Budd), 1886-","Angles, Eduardo","Lundeen, Ernest","Hough, Neva Pauline","Webster, Royal S.","McCubbin, W.A.","Fishback, Mary","Cooke, Robert P.","Finlay, Carlos E. (Carlos Eduardo), 1868-","Castro, Juan D.","Domínguez y Roldán, Francisco, 1864-1942","Conat, Mabel Louise, 1888-","Rice, Paul North, 1888-1967","Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), 1893-","Hartzell, John B.","Logan, R. Elwood","Fernandez, Felix E.","Randolph, F.F.","Haig, I.T.","Brooke, R.H.","Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), 1874-1942","Johnson, H.A.","Adams, E.S.","Jordan, H. E. (Harvey Ernest)","Hufford, A.R.","Brewer, Melvin D.","Sutter, Georgia S.","Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, 1891-1974","Lopez, Julian Zunzunequi","Macia, Adrian","Zunzunegui, Demetrio","Bevan, Arthur, 1888-1968","Wheeler, Helen","Lake, Dorothy M.","Davis, Horace W.","Peabody, Elizabeth","[s.n.], Sam","[s.n.], Sue","[s.n.], George","Morrison, W.Z.","Roberts, Lucy","Woods, Archie S.","Church, Martha","Church, William","Driscoll, Mary G.","[s.n.], Alice","Hench, Kahler","Hench, Susan","Hench, Mary","Simpson, June","Simpson, Walter M.","Allen, [s.n.]","Repp, Mrs. R.M.","[s.n.], Had","Pinbán, Lydia E.","Lomas, Julia","Kahler, Mrs.","Butsch, Janet","Butsch, William","Arnett, George W.","Cantaleon, M.","Spielmacher, Earl","Parcell, L. Evans","Hart, Joseph D.","McClain, A. V.","Sigerist, Henry E. (Henry Ernest), 1891-1957","Berkson, Joseph","Horton, Bayard T.","Moran, Elida C.","Schnurr, Dorma V.","Vergara, Jose Randin","Crane, J. W.","Withington, D.J.","Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962","Kellogg, George A.","Birmingham, Harry R.","McDonald, Edward","Lhotka, Charles L.","Willis, John M.","Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), 1890-1969","Harwick, H. J.","Freer, Harry L.","Parsons, H. S.","Schwegmann, George A., 1900-","Gooch, Robert C.","McKenna, F. A.","Fors, Alberto J.","Bullard, John R.","Hamer, Philip M. (Philip May), 1891-","Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, 1890-1960","Law, Frank F.","Gill, Robert S. (Robert Sutherland), 1886-","Edmundson, Frank","Marsh, Charles S. (Charles Seabrooke), 1926-","Galbreath, R.S.","[s.n.], Lida","Rodríguez Pérez, J. F.","Wood, Frances","Sexton, Anna M.","Malaret, Blanca","Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom)","McEwan, E.F.","Usher, Robert J.","Davis, Harry A.","Bliss, Theodore L.","Postell, William Dosité, 1908-1982","Taylor, John R.","Stewart, W. Branks","Marshall, Mary Louise, 1893-","Hoffmann, W.H.","Hirschman, Milton","Freyberg, Richard H., 1904-","Sacasa, Carlos F.","Garcia, Pablo Isaac","Cervantes, Enrique","Wilson, W. F. (William Frank), 1875-","Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Recio, Alberto","Waters, James F.","Folwell, Mary Haywood","Ramos, Domingo F., 1884-1966?","Malloch, Archibald, 1887-","LeMan, Lloyd D.","Barnett, James M.","Jones, Harold Wellington, 1877-1958","Rose, Mona","Cooksley, F.A.","Johnson, Lucius W.","White, Charles S.","Dodge, Douglas R.","Carbonell Ponce, Felipe","Fallon, John","Randin, Jose","Smith, Luther Ely, 1873-1951","Howard, Lucy T.","Coles, Charles H.","Borden, Daniel L., 1887-1969","Holman, W. L. (William Ludlow), 1879-","Pemberton, Anne","Kellogg, John","Rose, June","Logan, Leatha","Michie, Thomas J.","Heard, James D.","Dampf, Alfons, 1884-1948","Crain, Darrell C.","Reeve, Roy M.","Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), 1886-","Ahrendts, J.L.","Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), 1895-1972","Hart, John W.","Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), 1866-1943","Hartung, Edward F.","Suarez, Peter W.","Hall, Francis C.","Ferguson, W.R.","Titus, Warren Irving","Mayer, Edgar, 1889-","Polley, Howard Freeman, 1913-","Waring, James J., 1883-1962","Davis, Alice M.","Romero, Raquel","Seth, Frances B.","Altick, Arthur R.","Lybarger, Nancy","Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 1915-1972","Hoyt, Avery S., 1888-1974","Espinosa y G. Caceras, Luis","Hutchison, William Easton","Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis.","Hopkins, Wayne","Dry, Thomas Jan, 1903-","Morgan, Hugh J.","Rynearson, Edward Harper, 1901-","Lucy, Anne","Schuman, Henry","Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, 1875-","McDermott, G. A.","Kennedy, Foster, 1884-","Robinson, Sara D.","Peraza, Fermin","Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1908-","Kenealy, J. N.","McDonald, James F.","Leake, J. P. (James Payton), 1881-1973","Trent, Josiah C. (Josiah Charles), 1914-1948","Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 1875-1966","Nogueira, Pedro","Andreu, Jose R.","Leavitt, Dave","Owen, John A., Jr.","Nixon, P.I.","Bradshaw, R.G.","Wyllie, John Cook, 1908-1968","Wranek, William H., Jr.","Wranek, Jr., William H., Jr.","Ennis, T. James","Berkeley, Francis L. (Francis Lewis), 1911-2003","Kirkland, William G.","Packard, Arthur W.","Keeling, Hal R.","Bettmann, Otto","Purdy, Theodore M.","Sweeney, Ray","Lyons, Bertha L.","Rhoads, M.A.","McCoy, Frank Ross, 1874-1954","Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), 1888-","Tydings, Millard E. (Millard Evelyn), 1890-1961","Tillisch, Jan H.","Benson, Otis O.","Fowler, Rita","Nation, C.B.","Carbonell, Felipe","Dart, Raymond O.","Roley, Richard","Minor, James F.","Franck, Lillie W.","Brill, G. Meredith","Trout, Hugh Henry, 1878-1950","Jennings, S.L.","Benitoa, Antonio Perez","Pena, Esteban Valderrama y","Hanberry, James L.","Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), 1897-1972","Standley, Frank","Christian, Henry A. (Henry Asbury), 1876-1951","Hodges, Fletcher, 1906-2006","Lowe, J. Ward","McFarland, Ross Armstrong, 1901-1976","Cromwell, Fred W.","Kealy, J.F.","Tice, Linwood F.","Crissman, LaVonne","Colete, Honorato","Cardenas, Raul de","Maynard, Edwin P.","Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), 1872-1958","Smith, M. Katherine","Bustinza, F.","Tripoli, C.J.","Carey, Frank","Wright, W.H.","Spencer, Steven M.","Borrell, Jose","Worden, John E., Jr.","Cruikshank, R.D.","Kean, Robert H.","Wallach, Sidney, 1905-1979","Soper, Fred Lowe, 1893-1977","Wood, William A.","Maguire, John","Paul, John R. (John Rodman), 1893-1971","Eckman, James Russell, 1908-1987","Griswold, Bessie M.","Graham, Wallace H.","Spies, Tom D. (Tom Douglas), 1902-1960","Bean, William Bennett","Alexander, Martha","Mayer, Willard D.","Tate, Paul L.","Narbona, Oscar M.","Whelden, John","Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), 1905-","Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), 1898-1966","McEwen, Currier","La Rosa, Margarita","Lopez, Guillermo Garcia","Hemphill, William Edwin, 1912-","Warthen, Harry J.","Watson, Roy","Ireland, Hans W.","Stunts, A. Edward","Rath, Frederick L.","Clark, G. Glenwood","Lappage, Eleanor","Loranz, C.F.","Hinton, R.J.","Fiese, Marshall Jesse, 1917-","Lazier, Wilbur A.","Castillo, Pedro A.","Spies, Betty","Bullock, Helen Duprey, 1904-1995","Kennedy, Katherine","Haines, S.F.","Rodríguez Expósito, César, 1904-","Smith, Austin, 1912-","Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), 1888-","Beaulac, Willard Leon, 1899-","Lippard, Vernon W., 1905-","Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), 1892-1976","Warren, Andrew J.","Halverson, Wilton L.","Bennett, George A.","Berry, George P.","Rake, Paul F.","Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), 1901-1963","Wylie, H. Boyd","Laurence, William Leonard, 1888-","Hench, Nadine","Cassidy, Helen","Echeverria, Jose R.","Baker, James D.","Armstrong, George Ellis, 1900-","Fransway, Arlyne C.","Streit, Paul H.","Quinn, S.J.","Johnson, Victor, 1901-","Warner, Lena A.","Bennett, George A","Gustafason, Angela T.","Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), 1913-","Crenshaw, John L.","Rosenberg, Edward F.","Cornwell, Barbara","Guell, Gonzalo","Treanor, Wally","DeCoursey, Elbert, 1902-1994","Harvey, Gwen","Treanor, Wally J.","Roldan, Miguel","Lastra, Jose Elias Olivello","O'Shaugnessy, P.S.","Wilder, Russell M. (Russell Morse), 1885-1959","Younger, Edward, 1909-","Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), 1914-1987","Truby, Bonnie","Williams, Louis J., Jr.","Concheso, Aurelio Fernandez, 1896-1955","LaGarde, Barbara L.","Duffield, Pauline","Brumby, W.M.","Woodward, Robert F.","Flynn, Raymond P.","Bitner, Robert E.","Randall, Harold M.","Sweet, Forest H.","Standlee, Mary W. (Mary Walker)","Briggs, Walter M.","Gawne, Jane L.","O’Hara, Barratt, 1882-1969","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","McNinch, Joseph H.","Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), 1894-1965","Carles y Casadevall, Mariano","Pichardo, D. Esteban T.","Morris, Josephine Ames","Carroll, Mrs. George","Gomez, Federico","Cornwell, Dean, 1892-1960","Romeu y Jaime, Domingo","Artigas, Francisco Argilagos","Lynch, Delia A.","Pinto, A.S.","Bushnell, George E. (George Ensign), 1853-1924","Almeyda, Jose Ramos","Morejos, A.","Thomason, H.D.","López del Valle, José Antonio, 1875-1937","Miller, [s.n.]","Gorgas, Marie D. (Marie Doughty), -1929","Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949","Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrik), 1863-1944","Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945","Clark, Jerome","Richardson, Louisa C.","Birmingham, Henry P.","Delaney, M.A.","Strong, Richard A.","West, Olin","Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944","Walker, J. Carter (John Carter), 1874-","Amador, R.A.","LeRoy y Cassá, Jorge, 1867-1934","de Niedman, W.F.","Beveridge, Wilfred William Ogilvy","Hagedorn, Hermann, 1882-1964","Agramonte, Frances F.","Ashford, Mahlon","Kean, Cornelia Knox","Gilhus, A. T.","Kelly, John J.","Smith, Theobald,1859-1934","Anoreu, George","Eberhart","Grimes, G.W.","Thies, Carl","Ed. Bouton","Blincoe, Lemuel Soule","Kean, Louise Young, 1877-1915"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["United States. Army","Johns Hopkins University","University of Edinburgh","New York County (N.Y.)","United States. Congress. House","Gilman, Son \u0026 Co.","United States. Congress. Senate","United States. Congress","Merchants’ Association of New York","Hospital Santo Tomás (Panama, Panama)","Alabama State Board of Health","Venezuela","Peru","Georgia. Legislature. House of Assembly","Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","Thomas Nelson \u0026 Sons","South Carolina. Supreme Court","Rockefeller Foundation","United States. Public Health Service","Great Britain. Ministry of Health","National cyclopaedia of American biography","Johns Hopkins Hospital","Gibson Bros.","Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)","William H. Welch Medical Library","Metropolitan Life Insurance Company","United States. Government Printing Office","W.H. Lowdermilk \u0026 Co.","Luther M. Cornwall Co.","United States. War Department","Charles Scribner's Sons","Wyeth, Inc.","Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","Bettmann Archive","Argosy Book Stores","Lutheran Memorial Hospital","Cuba","Smithsonian Institution","Russell Brothers (Anniston, Alabama)","Cuba. Cuban Tourist Commission","Cuba. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional","American Photo Co.","University of Virginia"],"creators_ssim":["Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","Lazear, William L.","Hepburn, David","Maryland. Circuit Court (Baltimore)","Herron, W.A.","Bates, A.E.","Sternberg, George Miller, 1838-1915","Futcher, Thomas B. (Thomas Barnes), 1871-1938","Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), 1871-1954","Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919","Baldwin, T.A.","Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927","Lazear, Mabel H., 1874-1946","Morris, F.H.","Paton, Stewart, 1865-1942","Thayer, William Sydney, 1864-1932","Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), 1857-1950","Lazear, Jesse T.","Houston, Martha P.","Kahn, Julius, 1861-1924","Gorgas, William Crawford, 1854-1920","Gray, C.S.","Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), 1843-1927","Latimer, Caroline","Watson, R.A.","Mead, S.C.","Mansfelde, A.S. von","Dalzell, John, 1845-1927","Lazear, Thomas C.","Lazear, William Houston","Welch, William Henry, 1850-1934","Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), 1839-","Williams, Marian Walker","Rogers, H.W.","Armstrong, J. N. (John Nelson), 1870-1944","Kane, Emma G.","Norton, Rupert","Derby, George","Seth, Alexander L.","Seth, Catherine E.","Darnall, C.R.","Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931","Ireland, M. W. (Merritte Weber), 1867-1952","Gawne, James O.","Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette","Templeton, Alexander M.","Bridges, C.H.","Agramonte, A. (Aristides), 1869-1931","van Beuren, Frederick T., Jr.","Harper, J.B.","Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937","Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939","Dougherty, Jr., T.H.,","Peddicord, Harper","Hare, Amory, 1885-1964","Albertini, A. Diaz","Stirling, H.V.","Carter, Laura Armistead, d. 1935","Smith, William F.","Richards, W.S.","Carter, Henry Rose, Jr.","Rose, Wickliffe, 1862-1931","Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953","Porter, Joseph Y.","Blue, Rupert Lee, 1868-1948","LePrince, Joseph Albert Augustin, 1875-","Kerr, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Stimson, Arthur Marston, 1876-","Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick), 1865-1941","Seidelin, Harold","Brown, Earl I.","Glennan, A.H.","Pou, James H. (James Hinton), 1861-1935","Tillery, P.A.","Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), 1865-1940","Wright, Boykin","Wright, Boykin, Jr.","Grote, Carl A.","Wilder, Sarah Hinds","Newton, B.R.","Moore, H. F. (Henry Frank), 1867-1948","Harper, James E.","Bell, Landon Covington, 1880-1960","Horner, H.H.","Munson, Edward Lyman, 1868-1947","Elizalde, Rafael H.","Watson, Malcolm, 1873-1955","Hepler, Clara","Kirk, Robert H.","Guiteras, John, 1852-1925","Dowling, Oscar","Whitmore, Eugene R.","Wescott, George T.","Barret, Harvey P.","Perry, James Clifford, 1864-","Schereschewsky, J. W. (Joseph Williams), 1873-1940","Darling, Samuel T. (Samuel Taylor), 1872-1925","Geiger, J. C. (Jacob Casson), 1885-1981","Byam, W.","Allmand, Dorothy","Bass, Charles C. (Charles Cassedy), 1875-1975","Fisher, H.C.","Weedon, Leslie W.","Noguchi, Hideyo, 1876-1928","Simon, Sidney R.","Shaw, Edwin Coupland, 1863-1941","Mayne, Bruce, 1882-","Williams, Louis L.","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","White, Joseph Hill, 1859-1953","Welles, Thomas","Connor, Michael E.","Lyster, Theodore C.","Merrill, O. C.","Boldridge, F.M.","Obregón, Alvaro, 1880-1928","Perlitt, J.J.","Bates, Lewis B.","Hanson, Henry, 1877-1954","Fricks, Lunsford Dickson, 1873-","Lebredo, Mario G.","Mitchel, E.W.","Vega, M.L.","Fairchild, D.S., Jr.","Thorpe, John Edward Stirling, d. 1950","Cudlipp, J.S.","Messer, Richard","Fisher, Lawrence Machemar, 1886-","Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957","Read, Florence Matilda","Griffitts, T. H. D. (Thomas Houston Dow), 1878-","Balfour, Andrew, Sir, 1873-1931","Caldwell, B. W.","Woodfall, H.C.","Pierce, C. C. (Claude Connor), 1878-1944","Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), 1880-1965","Parker, George","Cavassa, Nicolas E.","Perkins, R.T.","Guthrie, J. Birney","Komp, William H. Wood, 1893-","Barber, M. A. (Marshall Albert), 1868-1953","Cascorrcelos, A.B.","Roche, Bessie G.","Frost, Wade Hampton, 1880-1938","Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), 1872-1940","Derivaux, R. C. (Robert Clarence), 1887-","Bair, M.Z.","Scannell, E.J.","Mendelsohn, Isador W.","Williamson, Charles C. (Charles Clarence), 1877-1965","Pareja y Pareja, Wenceslao","Russell, Frederick F. (Frederick Fuller), 1870-1960","Gunn, Selskar Michael, 1883-1944","Hazlehurst, G.H.","Long, John D., 1874-1949","Lombard, Marion S., 1888-","Wood, H.R.","Sutton, J.V.","Hausheer, W.C.","Nettles, T.D.","Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), 1858-1943","Denno, S.J.","Veracruz, M.","Robertson, H. McG.","Connal, A.","Coello, Carlos","Comstock, Charles Worthington, 1870-","Bost, Helen","Woldert, Albert","Rucker, William Colby, 1875-","Avila, Manuel","Miller, Frederick A.","Arthur, Lindsley","Felt, John P.","Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926","Richards, B.M.","Creel, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1878-1971","Diaz, Alva","Sweet, Ernest Albert, 1876-","Houle, E.C.","Smith, John H.","Pothier, Oliver L.","Monroe, Willys M.","McCoy, George W. (George Walter), 1876-1952","Byrd, J.L.","Pettman, F.E.","White, R.O.","Armstrong, H. G.","Armstrong, H.G.","Deeks, W.E. (William Edgar), 1866-1931","Maxcy, Kenneth F. (Kenneth Fuller), 1889-1966","Coogle, C.P.","Leathers, Waller S. (Waller Smith), 1874-1946","Muller, Henry R.","Ravenel, Mazÿck Porcher","Serpa Novoa, Roberto, 1888-1959","Owen, William O. (William Otway), 1854-1924","Gill, C. A. (Clifford Allchin), 1878-","Tilden, Evelyn B.","Dunn, Lawrence H.","Daniel, Walter M.","Woodward, L.O.","Blake, Sir Henry Arthur, 1840-1918","Muench, Hugo, 1894-","Fox, Carroll, 1874-1936","Macphail, N.P.","Heiser, Victor G. (Victor George), 1873-","Strode, George K., 1886-","Lamborn, Charles C.","Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), 1889-1968","Carr, G. Jameson","Rice, Lee","Thompson, Rudolph E.","Quayle, Daniel","Pergassa, Antonio","Smith, Lucian","Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), 1869-1946","Stitt, E. R. (Edward Rhodes), 1867-1948","Barret, Claudia","Noble, Robert E. (Robert Ernest), 1870-","Moseley, Benjamin, 1742-1819","Vaughn, Emmet I.","Linson, J.H.","Grubbs, Samuel Bates, 1871-1942","Acker, Mollie Flint","Fontaine, Katherine","Fontaine, Louise","Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), 1889-","Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1879-1925","Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), 1864-1941","White, William C.","Penhallow, D.P.","Frost, Susan","Rosenau, Myra F.","Avery, S.D.","Cobb, J.O.","Thompson, L.","Stiles, Virginia","Goddard, Calvin, 1891-1955","Voegtlin, Silian","Claibourne, W.S.","Gardiner, J.S.","Lavinder, C. H. (Claude Hervey), 1872-1950","Stewart, P.M.","Redd, H. Carter","Hoffman, Frances A.","Fishbein, Morris, 1889-1976","Pope, Alton Stackpole, 1886-","Phalen, James Matthew, 1872-","Townsend, Carolyn","Ramsey, George H. (George Herbert), 1891-","Myron [s.n.]","Seward, Blanton P.","Kain, F.B.","Martinez, H. J.","Barret, Nannie Mason","Peak, Mayme Ober","Carter, Edward Champe","Moore, D. Fitzgerald","Bonzi, H.A.","Knorr, John A.","Reed, Emilie Lawrence, 1856-1950","Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), 1834-1888","Flint, Austin, 1812-1886","Harrison, James F.","Brown, Joseph B.","Harris, John T.","Lewis, John F.","Barnes, J.K.","Barnes, J. K.","Byrne, Charles B.","Crane, C. H.","Mckee, James C.","Crane, C.H.","Howard, O.O.","Greenleaf, Charles R.","Kellogg, W.L.","Sutherland, Charles","Mason, E. C. (Edwin C.)","Alden, Charles Henry, 1836-1906","Bailhache, Preston H.","Geddings, Henry Downes, 1859-1913","Wyman, Walter, 1848-1911","Pardinas, Jesus","Reed, Walter L.","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Lafferty, John J.","Simpson, T. McN.","Corbin, H. C.","Lockhart, Charles","Brown, M.C.","Finlay, Carlos Juan, 1833-1915","Rossiter, P.S.","Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), 1870-","Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), 1875-1960","Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore","Davis, John G.","Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932","Stark, Alexander N.","Roberts, P.K.","Havard, Valery, 1846-1927","Echeverria, Rafael T.","Black, William Murray, 1855-1933","Dunshire, J.F.","Durham, Herbert E.","Myers, Walter","Carroll, James, 1854-1907","Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946","Godfrey, Edward Settle, 1843-1932","Goodale, George L.","Ludlow, William","Horlbeck, Henry B.","Licéaga, Eduardo, 1836-1920","Baird, George W.","Michie, Robert E. Lee","Scott, Hugh L.","Richards, W. V.","Forwood, William H.","Smith, William Alden, 1859-1932","Bishop, Roswell P.","Hamilton, E. L.","Smith, Samuel W.","Darragh, A. B.","Mattingly, [L.H.]","Jackson, Harry Frederick","Kober, George M. (George Martin), 1850-1931","Ames, Roger Post","Moran, John J. (John Joseph), 1876-1950","Jones, George A.","Pauncefote, Julian, 1828-1902","Hay, John","Sparkman, S. M.","Glennan, A. H.","Carpenter, Edward","Sanger, Wm. Cary (William Cary), 1853-1921","Xavier, A. F.","Amaral, Raul R. de","Caldas, Philippe","Chittinden, T. H.","Rojas, Ignacio","Corbin, H.C.","Ward, Thomas","Hickey, J. B.","Beach, F.H.","Benis, Jose Maria","Root, Elihu, 1845-1937","Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), 1862-1940","Crossby, [s.n.]","O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), 1845-1912","Black, [s.n.]","Borden, William Cline, 1858-1934","La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), 1849-1920","McCain, H. P. (Henry Pinckney), 1861-1941","Reed, Christopher","Vaughan, John R.","Blincoe, Laura Reed","Hall, [s.n.]","Medgo, Arthur V.","Walker, John H.","Sharpe, A. C.","Amador Guerrero, Manuel, 1833-1909","Walker, John Grimes, 1835-1907","Ames, Azel, 1845-1908","Maury, R.B.","Kent, Charles W., 1860-1917","Mason, C.F.","Thomas, Pride","Taft, William H. (William Howard), 1857-1930","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Matas, Rudolph, 1860-1957","Farshish, P.","Magoon, Charles Edward, 1861-1920","Smith, George H.","Blake, Henry Arthur, Sir, 1840-1918","DeWitt, Calvin","Blincoe, Anita Clayton","Dickinson, Robert Latou, 1861-1950","Stewart, N.P.","Fulton, John N.","Dean, E.R.","Chrystie, Mrs. Percival","Hall, Mrs. John R","Rittenhouse, B.F.","Morgan, S.S.","Jackson, Laura Grace","Senter, Orestes A.B.","Willson, Chat Hill","Hall, Mrs. John A.","Osgood, L.","Carroll, Jennie","Kissinger, John R.","Cushing, Harvey, 1869-1939","Skinner, J.O.","King, A. F. A. (Albert Freeman Africanus), 1841-1914","Hill, William N.","Donnally, H.H.","Price, Marshall L.","Booth, Carolyn H.","Kissinger, Ida E.","Denby, Edwin, 1870-1929","Wilson, Jennie","Arnold, W. F. (Will Ford)","Ross, John W.","Lyster, Winifred","Wallace, Edward P.","Christensen, Emmy L.","Morgan, G.E.","Minturn, Robert S.","McKnight, Virginia","Kleberg, Rudolph, Jr.","Getman, Frederick Hutton, 1877-1941","Duffield, M.P.","Hamlin, Elbert B. (Elbert Bacon), 1874-1936","McCutchen, Mary I.S.M.","Sherman, John P.R.","Sanford, Edward Terry, 1865-1930","Spooner, Mary L.","Hawkins, A.","Blackwood, N.J.","Ropes, James Hardy, 1866-1933","Penrose, Mary L.","Gilman, John","Hinkle, Thornton M. (Thornton Mills), 1840-1920","Otis, Charles E.","Babcock, Mrs. Albert","Kimball, H.F.","Wingate, George Wood, 1840-1928","Keen, William W. (William Williams), 1837-1932","Wilson, Alexander M.","Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987","Wise, James Waterman, 1901-","Kennedy, Elijah Robinson, 1844-1926","Bonham, Eleanor M.","Butcher, Howard, Jr.","Gould, Alice Bache, 1868-1953","Thomas, G.W.","Frye, G.","Goldbacher, N.V.","Sturgis, Helen M","Ernst, Harold C. (Harold Clarence), 1856-1922","Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), 1863-1931","Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937","Rixey, Presley Marion, 1852-1928","White, Wilbert W. (Wilbert Webster), 1863-1944","Pilcher, James Evelyn, 1857-1911","Blake, Warren Barton, 1883-1918","Caverico, Charles","Love, Albert G. (Albert Gallatin), 1877-","Wratten, Bessie C.","Wratten, George M.","Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 1847-1928","Torney, George H.","Gandy, Charles M.","Goethals, George W. (George Washington), 1858-1928","Wilson, Robert, Jr.","Halliday, Dean","Snidow, Herman W.","Cline, W.G.","Reed, W.O.","Riva, Isabel","Asplund, C.J","Nichols, H.J.","Ulio, James Alexander, 1882-1958","Mayes, James J.","Harbold, R.P.","Sternberg, Martha L.","Cardenas, J. Gil","Corrigan, John P.","McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), 1863-1939","Tasker, A.N.","Norman, W.W.","Baxter, John K.","Carroll, Harry M.","Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965","Whitebread, Charles, 1878-1963","Peabody, James Edward, 1869-","Inman, Charles","Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth","Karshner, Clyde","Seymour, Flora Warren, 1888-1948","Elliott, L.M.","Kerr, R.W.","Murran, Alicilla M.","Deland, Margaret, 1857-1945","Jean, Sally Lucas, 1878-1971","MacLachlan, Maud","de Kruif, Paul","Force, Edith R.","Smittle, Jack","Adamson, Estelle","Young, Tandy C.","Rumbaugh, Anne","Bailey, Mildred","Riley, Muryle","Campbell, Dorothy","Jones, Huston, Jr.","Milligan, Rhett","Hedgpath, Cecil","Mann, Kathleen","Corder, Everett","Brancht, Frances","Chapman, Helen","Chapin, Elizabeth","Meloan, Alice","Hogue, Margeris","Kindrick, Thelma","Reed, Fannie","Harder, Elbert","Cunningham, Hugh","Esmey, Kendall","McGarvey, Ida","Fleming, Bradford","Leavitt, D.E.","Shuell, Lawrence","Chapman, George E.","Kirby, Charles","Saili, Aubrey","Alspaugh, Edna","Malone, Dorotha","Fishback, Dorothy","Daniel, May","McCoy, Adolphus E.","Gere, Herbert","Nelson, Robert F.","Kosslow, Elizabeth","Hardy, A.S.","Kibler, James Luther","Jones, Clarence P.","Upshur, Alfred P.","Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), 1874-1953","Poore, C.G.","Binley, Henry","Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1858-1941","Oemler, Marie Conway, 1879-1932","Scott, Winfield","Bland, Schuyler O.","Kelly, John M.","Davis, William T.","Tansey, William A.","Fitzgerald, Charles E.","Fletcher, C.C.","O'Connell, W.A.","Ament, Lytton G.","Sheppard, Morris, 1875-1941","Good, James William","Harrison, William G.","Ireland, Elizabeth L.","Reed, Landon","Hewitt, Richard M.","Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), 1892-1959","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Blondel, Dorothy","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Lower, Margaret H.","Andrus, John H., 1879-1942","Nolte, Helen Crone","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931","Updegraff, Gertrude B.","Davison, Wilburt Cornell, 1892-1972","Hollander, Herbert S.","Brown, Oren Britt","Ritchey, Richard B.","Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer, Jr.","Hawley, Paul R. (Paul Ramsey), 1891-1965","Reed, James Clayton","Roper, Laura Wood, 1911-2003","Schwieger, John D.","King, William Franklin, 1874-","Patterson, Robert U.","Briggs, Walter De Blois, 1901-","Baker, C. B. (Chauncey Brooke), 1860-1936","Woods, J.G.","Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924","Keating, John McLeod, 1830-1906","Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez","Goldwater, S. S. (Sigismund Schulz), 1873-1942","Brooks, Harlow, 1871-1936","Reynolds, Frederick P.","Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), 1870-1960","Cox, Wesley C.","Sawyer, Wilbur A. (Wilbur Augustus), 1879-1951","Boyd, Allen R.","Hudson, N. Paul","Raymond, F.N.","Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 1898-1966","Rovensky, [s.n.]","Dawson, Lord","Lambert, Gustaf E.","Lemon, W.S.","Tisdel, Alton P., 1879-1945","Burnett, Frank C.","Andrus, David L.","Kelly, William D.","Slocum, Chuck H.","Woltman, Henry W.","Dabney, A.S.","Montgomery, Robert, 1904-1981","Jones, Harold W.","Furnas, J. C. (Joseph Chamberlain), 1905-2001","Dickson, John","Benjamin, Mary A.","Moran, Ida E.","Schellberg, Leonard","Schellberg, Louise","Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart)","Clemons, Harry, 1879-1968","Cowley, R.F.","Pogolotti, Luis B.","Forns, Alberto Recio","Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), 1890-1954","Marietta, S.M.","Marvin, H.P.","Alvare, Ignacio","Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), 1867-1943","Rojas, María Teresa de, 1902-","Armstrong, Donald B. (Donald Budd), 1886-","Angles, Eduardo","Lundeen, Ernest","Hough, Neva Pauline","Webster, Royal S.","McCubbin, W.A.","Fishback, Mary","Cooke, Robert P.","Finlay, Carlos E. (Carlos Eduardo), 1868-","Castro, Juan D.","Domínguez y Roldán, Francisco, 1864-1942","Conat, Mabel Louise, 1888-","Rice, Paul North, 1888-1967","Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), 1893-","Hartzell, John B.","Logan, R. Elwood","Fernandez, Felix E.","Randolph, F.F.","Haig, I.T.","Brooke, R.H.","Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), 1874-1942","Johnson, H.A.","Adams, E.S.","Jordan, H. E. (Harvey Ernest)","Hufford, A.R.","Brewer, Melvin D.","Sutter, Georgia S.","Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, 1891-1974","Lopez, Julian Zunzunequi","Macia, Adrian","Zunzunegui, Demetrio","Bevan, Arthur, 1888-1968","Wheeler, Helen","Lake, Dorothy M.","Davis, Horace W.","Peabody, Elizabeth","[s.n.], Sam","[s.n.], Sue","[s.n.], George","Morrison, W.Z.","Roberts, Lucy","Woods, Archie S.","Church, Martha","Church, William","Driscoll, Mary G.","[s.n.], Alice","Hench, Kahler","Hench, Susan","Hench, Mary","Simpson, June","Simpson, Walter M.","Allen, [s.n.]","Repp, Mrs. R.M.","[s.n.], Had","Pinbán, Lydia E.","Lomas, Julia","Kahler, Mrs.","Butsch, Janet","Butsch, William","Arnett, George W.","Cantaleon, M.","Spielmacher, Earl","Parcell, L. Evans","Hart, Joseph D.","McClain, A. V.","Sigerist, Henry E. (Henry Ernest), 1891-1957","Berkson, Joseph","Horton, Bayard T.","Moran, Elida C.","Schnurr, Dorma V.","Vergara, Jose Randin","Crane, J. W.","Withington, D.J.","Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962","Kellogg, George A.","Birmingham, Harry R.","McDonald, Edward","Lhotka, Charles L.","Willis, John M.","Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), 1890-1969","Harwick, H. J.","Freer, Harry L.","Parsons, H. S.","Schwegmann, George A., 1900-","Gooch, Robert C.","McKenna, F. A.","Fors, Alberto J.","Bullard, John R.","Hamer, Philip M. (Philip May), 1891-","Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, 1890-1960","Law, Frank F.","Gill, Robert S. (Robert Sutherland), 1886-","Edmundson, Frank","Marsh, Charles S. (Charles Seabrooke), 1926-","Galbreath, R.S.","[s.n.], Lida","Rodríguez Pérez, J. F.","Wood, Frances","Sexton, Anna M.","Malaret, Blanca","Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom)","McEwan, E.F.","Usher, Robert J.","Davis, Harry A.","Bliss, Theodore L.","Postell, William Dosité, 1908-1982","Taylor, John R.","Stewart, W. Branks","Marshall, Mary Louise, 1893-","Hoffmann, W.H.","Hirschman, Milton","Freyberg, Richard H., 1904-","Sacasa, Carlos F.","Garcia, Pablo Isaac","Cervantes, Enrique","Wilson, W. F. (William Frank), 1875-","Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Recio, Alberto","Waters, James F.","Folwell, Mary Haywood","Ramos, Domingo F., 1884-1966?","Malloch, Archibald, 1887-","LeMan, Lloyd D.","Barnett, James M.","Jones, Harold Wellington, 1877-1958","Rose, Mona","Cooksley, F.A.","Johnson, Lucius W.","White, Charles S.","Dodge, Douglas R.","Carbonell Ponce, Felipe","Fallon, John","Randin, Jose","Smith, Luther Ely, 1873-1951","Howard, Lucy T.","Coles, Charles H.","Borden, Daniel L., 1887-1969","Holman, W. L. (William Ludlow), 1879-","Pemberton, Anne","Kellogg, John","Rose, June","Logan, Leatha","Michie, Thomas J.","Heard, James D.","Dampf, Alfons, 1884-1948","Crain, Darrell C.","Reeve, Roy M.","Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), 1886-","Ahrendts, J.L.","Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), 1895-1972","Hart, John W.","Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), 1866-1943","Hartung, Edward F.","Suarez, Peter W.","Hall, Francis C.","Ferguson, W.R.","Titus, Warren Irving","Mayer, Edgar, 1889-","Polley, Howard Freeman, 1913-","Waring, James J., 1883-1962","Davis, Alice M.","Romero, Raquel","Seth, Frances B.","Altick, Arthur R.","Lybarger, Nancy","Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 1915-1972","Hoyt, Avery S., 1888-1974","Espinosa y G. Caceras, Luis","Hutchison, William Easton","Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis.","Hopkins, Wayne","Dry, Thomas Jan, 1903-","Morgan, Hugh J.","Rynearson, Edward Harper, 1901-","Lucy, Anne","Schuman, Henry","Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, 1875-","McDermott, G. A.","Kennedy, Foster, 1884-","Robinson, Sara D.","Peraza, Fermin","Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1908-","Kenealy, J. N.","McDonald, James F.","Leake, J. P. (James Payton), 1881-1973","Trent, Josiah C. (Josiah Charles), 1914-1948","Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 1875-1966","Nogueira, Pedro","Andreu, Jose R.","Leavitt, Dave","Owen, John A., Jr.","Nixon, P.I.","Bradshaw, R.G.","Wyllie, John Cook, 1908-1968","Wranek, William H., Jr.","Wranek, Jr., William H., Jr.","Ennis, T. James","Berkeley, Francis L. (Francis Lewis), 1911-2003","Kirkland, William G.","Packard, Arthur W.","Keeling, Hal R.","Bettmann, Otto","Purdy, Theodore M.","Sweeney, Ray","Lyons, Bertha L.","Rhoads, M.A.","McCoy, Frank Ross, 1874-1954","Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), 1888-","Tydings, Millard E. (Millard Evelyn), 1890-1961","Tillisch, Jan H.","Benson, Otis O.","Fowler, Rita","Nation, C.B.","Carbonell, Felipe","Dart, Raymond O.","Roley, Richard","Minor, James F.","Franck, Lillie W.","Brill, G. Meredith","Trout, Hugh Henry, 1878-1950","Jennings, S.L.","Benitoa, Antonio Perez","Pena, Esteban Valderrama y","Hanberry, James L.","Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), 1897-1972","Standley, Frank","Christian, Henry A. (Henry Asbury), 1876-1951","Hodges, Fletcher, 1906-2006","Lowe, J. Ward","McFarland, Ross Armstrong, 1901-1976","Cromwell, Fred W.","Kealy, J.F.","Tice, Linwood F.","Crissman, LaVonne","Colete, Honorato","Cardenas, Raul de","Maynard, Edwin P.","Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), 1872-1958","Smith, M. Katherine","Bustinza, F.","Tripoli, C.J.","Carey, Frank","Wright, W.H.","Spencer, Steven M.","Borrell, Jose","Worden, John E., Jr.","Cruikshank, R.D.","Kean, Robert H.","Wallach, Sidney, 1905-1979","Soper, Fred Lowe, 1893-1977","Wood, William A.","Maguire, John","Paul, John R. (John Rodman), 1893-1971","Eckman, James Russell, 1908-1987","Griswold, Bessie M.","Graham, Wallace H.","Spies, Tom D. (Tom Douglas), 1902-1960","Bean, William Bennett","Alexander, Martha","Mayer, Willard D.","Tate, Paul L.","Narbona, Oscar M.","Whelden, John","Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), 1905-","Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), 1898-1966","McEwen, Currier","La Rosa, Margarita","Lopez, Guillermo Garcia","Hemphill, William Edwin, 1912-","Warthen, Harry J.","Watson, Roy","Ireland, Hans W.","Stunts, A. Edward","Rath, Frederick L.","Clark, G. Glenwood","Lappage, Eleanor","Loranz, C.F.","Hinton, R.J.","Fiese, Marshall Jesse, 1917-","Lazier, Wilbur A.","Castillo, Pedro A.","Spies, Betty","Bullock, Helen Duprey, 1904-1995","Kennedy, Katherine","Haines, S.F.","Rodríguez Expósito, César, 1904-","Smith, Austin, 1912-","Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), 1888-","Beaulac, Willard Leon, 1899-","Lippard, Vernon W., 1905-","Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), 1892-1976","Warren, Andrew J.","Halverson, Wilton L.","Bennett, George A.","Berry, George P.","Rake, Paul F.","Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), 1901-1963","Wylie, H. Boyd","Laurence, William Leonard, 1888-","Hench, Nadine","Cassidy, Helen","Echeverria, Jose R.","Baker, James D.","Armstrong, George Ellis, 1900-","Fransway, Arlyne C.","Streit, Paul H.","Quinn, S.J.","Johnson, Victor, 1901-","Warner, Lena A.","Bennett, George A","Gustafason, Angela T.","Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), 1913-","Crenshaw, John L.","Rosenberg, Edward F.","Cornwell, Barbara","Guell, Gonzalo","Treanor, Wally","DeCoursey, Elbert, 1902-1994","Harvey, Gwen","Treanor, Wally J.","Roldan, Miguel","Lastra, Jose Elias Olivello","O'Shaugnessy, P.S.","Wilder, Russell M. (Russell Morse), 1885-1959","Younger, Edward, 1909-","Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), 1914-1987","Truby, Bonnie","Williams, Louis J., Jr.","Concheso, Aurelio Fernandez, 1896-1955","LaGarde, Barbara L.","Duffield, Pauline","Brumby, W.M.","Woodward, Robert F.","Flynn, Raymond P.","Bitner, Robert E.","Randall, Harold M.","Sweet, Forest H.","Standlee, Mary W. (Mary Walker)","Briggs, Walter M.","Gawne, Jane L.","O’Hara, Barratt, 1882-1969","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","McNinch, Joseph H.","Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), 1894-1965","Carles y Casadevall, Mariano","Pichardo, D. Esteban T.","Morris, Josephine Ames","Carroll, Mrs. George","Gomez, Federico","Cornwell, Dean, 1892-1960","Romeu y Jaime, Domingo","Artigas, Francisco Argilagos","Lynch, Delia A.","Pinto, A.S.","Bushnell, George E. (George Ensign), 1853-1924","Almeyda, Jose Ramos","Morejos, A.","Thomason, H.D.","López del Valle, José Antonio, 1875-1937","Miller, [s.n.]","Gorgas, Marie D. (Marie Doughty), -1929","Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949","Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrik), 1863-1944","Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945","Clark, Jerome","Richardson, Louisa C.","Birmingham, Henry P.","Delaney, M.A.","Strong, Richard A.","West, Olin","Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944","Walker, J. Carter (John Carter), 1874-","Amador, R.A.","LeRoy y Cassá, Jorge, 1867-1934","de Niedman, W.F.","Beveridge, Wilfred William Ogilvy","Hagedorn, Hermann, 1882-1964","Agramonte, Frances F.","Ashford, Mahlon","Kean, Cornelia Knox","Gilhus, A. T.","Kelly, John J.","Smith, Theobald,1859-1934","Anoreu, George","Eberhart","Grimes, G.W.","Thies, Carl","Ed. Bouton","Blincoe, Lemuel Soule","Kean, Louise Young, 1877-1915","United States. Army","Johns Hopkins University","University of Edinburgh","New York County (N.Y.)","United States. Congress. House","Gilman, Son \u0026 Co.","United States. Congress. Senate","United States. Congress","Merchants’ Association of New York","Hospital Santo Tomás (Panama, Panama)","Alabama State Board of Health","Venezuela","Peru","Georgia. Legislature. House of Assembly","Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","Thomas Nelson \u0026 Sons","South Carolina. Supreme Court","Rockefeller Foundation","United States. Public Health Service","Great Britain. Ministry of Health","National cyclopaedia of American biography","Johns Hopkins Hospital","Gibson Bros.","Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)","William H. Welch Medical Library","Metropolitan Life Insurance Company","United States. Government Printing Office","W.H. Lowdermilk \u0026 Co.","Luther M. Cornwall Co.","United States. War Department","Charles Scribner's Sons","Wyeth, Inc.","Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","Bettmann Archive","Argosy Book Stores","Lutheran Memorial Hospital","Cuba","Smithsonian Institution","Russell Brothers (Anniston, Alabama)","Cuba. Cuban Tourist Commission","Cuba. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional","American Photo Co.","University of Virginia"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Materials from the following series were donated to the University of Virginia's Alderman Library in the fall of 1966 and the summer of 1970 by Philip Showalter Hench's widow, Mary Kahler Hench, with the approval of his estate:","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n               Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n               Series III. Walter Reed\n               Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n               Series V. Maps\n               Series VI. Alphabetical files\n               Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n               Series VIII. Miscellany\n               Series IX. Photographs\n               Series X. Negatives\n               Series XI. Reprints","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were donated to the HAM/TMC by Philip Showalter Hench as a small part of a larger collection of materials.","Materials from Series XIII. Reed family additions were donated by various individuals to Alderman Library between 1947 and 1972. Box 139, Folder 1 contains a list that describes each of these donations in detail.","Materials from Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, in 1988 and 1989.","Materials from Series XV. Laura Wood were most likely donated to Alderman Library between 1972 and 1982.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library as a part of the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow fever"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow fever"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["67 linear feet; 153 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["67 linear feet; 153 boxes"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eI. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eII. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eIII. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eIV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eV. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eVI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eVII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eVIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eIX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eX. Photographic negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eXVI. Edward Hook additions\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization of the Collection"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n            II. Henry Rose Carter\n            III. Walter Reed\n            IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n            V. Maps\n            VI. Alphabetical files\n            VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n            VIII. Miscellany\n            IX. Photographs\n            X. Photographic negatives\n            XI. Reprints\n            XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n            XIII. Reed family additions\n            XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n            XV. Laura Wood\n            XVI. Edward Hook additions"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information for the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission","Biographical Information for Walter Reed","Biographical Information for Jesse W. Lazear","Biographical Information for Henry Rose Carter","Biographical Information for Jefferson Randolph Kean","Biographical Information for Philip Showalter Hench"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n            When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n            Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n            [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n            [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n            [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n            [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n            [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n            [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n            [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n            [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n            [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n            [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n            \n            [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n            [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n            [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n            [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n            [16] Please see note [7].\n            [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n            [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n            [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n            [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n            [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n            [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\n               Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n            \n            [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n            [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n            [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n            [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n            [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n            [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n            [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n            [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n            [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n            [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003egenealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003elegal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecertificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eobituaries;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ejournal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eresearch notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003econdolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eWalter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003emedical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003earticles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003earticles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ebiographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003erecords relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eitems (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ematerials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eHench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enotes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003edrafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003emeeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enotes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eHavana and its environs;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eCuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003esites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand military installations in the United States.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eother correspondence;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enewspaper and magazine clippings;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ebiographical and autobiographical accounts;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003etranscripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMemoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enotes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003einformed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ediplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eartifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003emanuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eitems that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephotographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enotes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephysicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003efamily members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eCamp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe U.S.S.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMaine\u003c/emph\u003eand the Spanish-American War;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eaerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003estill scenes from the movies,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003eand\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJezebel\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eother events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003edocuments and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench and his family.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ebiographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephotographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ean inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ethe correspondence of experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003epress clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eoral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003escientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003egenealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eartifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's research notes.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephotocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ea journal article by George Sternberg;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSeries XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003ecopies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eand exhibition materials.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n            correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n            genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n            legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n            military records relating to Jesse;\n            certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n            obituaries;\n            copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n            newspaper articles;\n            a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n            and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n            scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n            journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n            research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n            and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n            condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n            and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n            military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n            Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n            medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n            articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n            and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n            biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n            records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n            copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n            and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n            materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n            scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n            and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n            autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n            notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n            correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n            correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n            newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n            drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n            meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n            scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n            and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n            Cuba;\n            sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n            and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n            other correspondence;\n            newspaper and magazine clippings;\n            unpublished manuscripts;\n            biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n            transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n            Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n            a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n            and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n            the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n            articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n            a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n            and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n            diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n            copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n            artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n            copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n            correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n            articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n            photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n            notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n            family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n            Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n            the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n            aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n            scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n            the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n            the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n            still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n            other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n            documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n            and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n            biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n            the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n            scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n            and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n            newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n            photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n            and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n            newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n            a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n            correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n            and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n            correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n            correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n            press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n            oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n            scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n            photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n            genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n            autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n            unpublished manuscripts;\n            artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n            Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n            a journal article by George Sternberg;\n            and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n            copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n            and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n      "],"abstract_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission’s discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission."],"corpname_ssim":["United States. Army","Johns Hopkins University","University of Edinburgh","New York County (N.Y.)","United States. Congress. House","Gilman, Son \u0026 Co.","United States. Congress. Senate","United States. Congress","Merchants’ Association of New York","Hospital Santo Tomás (Panama, Panama)","Alabama State Board of Health","Venezuela","Peru","Georgia. Legislature. House of Assembly","Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","Thomas Nelson \u0026 Sons","South Carolina. Supreme Court","Rockefeller Foundation","United States. Public Health Service","Great Britain. Ministry of Health","National cyclopaedia of American biography","Johns Hopkins Hospital","Gibson Bros.","Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)","William H. Welch Medical Library","Metropolitan Life Insurance Company","United States. Government Printing Office","W.H. Lowdermilk \u0026 Co.","Luther M. Cornwall Co.","United States. War Department","Charles Scribner's Sons","Wyeth, Inc.","Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","Bettmann Archive","Argosy Book Stores","Lutheran Memorial Hospital","Cuba","Smithsonian Institution","Russell Brothers (Anniston, Alabama)","Cuba. Cuban Tourist Commission","Cuba. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional","American Photo Co.","University of Virginia"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army","Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902"],"persname_ssim":["Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","Lazear, William L.","Hepburn, David","Maryland. Circuit Court (Baltimore)","Herron, W.A.","Bates, A.E.","Sternberg, George Miller, 1838-1915","Futcher, Thomas B. (Thomas Barnes), 1871-1938","Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), 1871-1954","Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919","Baldwin, T.A.","Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927","Lazear, Mabel H., 1874-1946","Morris, F.H.","Paton, Stewart, 1865-1942","Thayer, William Sydney, 1864-1932","Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), 1857-1950","Lazear, Jesse T.","Houston, Martha P.","Kahn, Julius, 1861-1924","Gorgas, William Crawford, 1854-1920","Gray, C.S.","Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), 1843-1927","Latimer, Caroline","Watson, R.A.","Mead, S.C.","Mansfelde, A.S. von","Dalzell, John, 1845-1927","Lazear, Thomas C.","Lazear, William Houston","Welch, William Henry, 1850-1934","Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), 1839-","Williams, Marian Walker","Rogers, H.W.","Armstrong, J. N. (John Nelson), 1870-1944","Kane, Emma G.","Norton, Rupert","Derby, George","Seth, Alexander L.","Seth, Catherine E.","Darnall, C.R.","Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931","Ireland, M. W. (Merritte Weber), 1867-1952","Gawne, James O.","Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette","Templeton, Alexander M.","Bridges, C.H.","Agramonte, A. (Aristides), 1869-1931","van Beuren, Frederick T., Jr.","Harper, J.B.","Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937","Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939","Dougherty, Jr., T.H.,","Peddicord, Harper","Hare, Amory, 1885-1964","Albertini, A. Diaz","Stirling, H.V.","Carter, Laura Armistead, d. 1935","Smith, William F.","Richards, W.S.","Carter, Henry Rose, Jr.","Rose, Wickliffe, 1862-1931","Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953","Porter, Joseph Y.","Blue, Rupert Lee, 1868-1948","LePrince, Joseph Albert Augustin, 1875-","Kerr, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Stimson, Arthur Marston, 1876-","Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick), 1865-1941","Seidelin, Harold","Brown, Earl I.","Glennan, A.H.","Pou, James H. (James Hinton), 1861-1935","Tillery, P.A.","Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), 1865-1940","Wright, Boykin","Wright, Boykin, Jr.","Grote, Carl A.","Wilder, Sarah Hinds","Newton, B.R.","Moore, H. F. (Henry Frank), 1867-1948","Harper, James E.","Bell, Landon Covington, 1880-1960","Horner, H.H.","Munson, Edward Lyman, 1868-1947","Elizalde, Rafael H.","Watson, Malcolm, 1873-1955","Hepler, Clara","Kirk, Robert H.","Guiteras, John, 1852-1925","Dowling, Oscar","Whitmore, Eugene R.","Wescott, George T.","Barret, Harvey P.","Perry, James Clifford, 1864-","Schereschewsky, J. W. (Joseph Williams), 1873-1940","Darling, Samuel T. (Samuel Taylor), 1872-1925","Geiger, J. C. (Jacob Casson), 1885-1981","Byam, W.","Allmand, Dorothy","Bass, Charles C. (Charles Cassedy), 1875-1975","Fisher, H.C.","Weedon, Leslie W.","Noguchi, Hideyo, 1876-1928","Simon, Sidney R.","Shaw, Edwin Coupland, 1863-1941","Mayne, Bruce, 1882-","Williams, Louis L.","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","White, Joseph Hill, 1859-1953","Welles, Thomas","Connor, Michael E.","Lyster, Theodore C.","Merrill, O. C.","Boldridge, F.M.","Obregón, Alvaro, 1880-1928","Perlitt, J.J.","Bates, Lewis B.","Hanson, Henry, 1877-1954","Fricks, Lunsford Dickson, 1873-","Lebredo, Mario G.","Mitchel, E.W.","Vega, M.L.","Fairchild, D.S., Jr.","Thorpe, John Edward Stirling, d. 1950","Cudlipp, J.S.","Messer, Richard","Fisher, Lawrence Machemar, 1886-","Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957","Read, Florence Matilda","Griffitts, T. H. D. (Thomas Houston Dow), 1878-","Balfour, Andrew, Sir, 1873-1931","Caldwell, B. W.","Woodfall, H.C.","Pierce, C. C. (Claude Connor), 1878-1944","Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), 1880-1965","Parker, George","Cavassa, Nicolas E.","Perkins, R.T.","Guthrie, J. Birney","Komp, William H. Wood, 1893-","Barber, M. A. (Marshall Albert), 1868-1953","Cascorrcelos, A.B.","Roche, Bessie G.","Frost, Wade Hampton, 1880-1938","Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), 1872-1940","Derivaux, R. C. (Robert Clarence), 1887-","Bair, M.Z.","Scannell, E.J.","Mendelsohn, Isador W.","Williamson, Charles C. (Charles Clarence), 1877-1965","Pareja y Pareja, Wenceslao","Russell, Frederick F. (Frederick Fuller), 1870-1960","Gunn, Selskar Michael, 1883-1944","Hazlehurst, G.H.","Long, John D., 1874-1949","Lombard, Marion S., 1888-","Wood, H.R.","Sutton, J.V.","Hausheer, W.C.","Nettles, T.D.","Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), 1858-1943","Denno, S.J.","Veracruz, M.","Robertson, H. McG.","Connal, A.","Coello, Carlos","Comstock, Charles Worthington, 1870-","Bost, Helen","Woldert, Albert","Rucker, William Colby, 1875-","Avila, Manuel","Miller, Frederick A.","Arthur, Lindsley","Felt, John P.","Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926","Richards, B.M.","Creel, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1878-1971","Diaz, Alva","Sweet, Ernest Albert, 1876-","Houle, E.C.","Smith, John H.","Pothier, Oliver L.","Monroe, Willys M.","McCoy, George W. (George Walter), 1876-1952","Byrd, J.L.","Pettman, F.E.","White, R.O.","Armstrong, H. G.","Armstrong, H.G.","Deeks, W.E. (William Edgar), 1866-1931","Maxcy, Kenneth F. (Kenneth Fuller), 1889-1966","Coogle, C.P.","Leathers, Waller S. (Waller Smith), 1874-1946","Muller, Henry R.","Ravenel, Mazÿck Porcher","Serpa Novoa, Roberto, 1888-1959","Owen, William O. (William Otway), 1854-1924","Gill, C. A. (Clifford Allchin), 1878-","Tilden, Evelyn B.","Dunn, Lawrence H.","Daniel, Walter M.","Woodward, L.O.","Blake, Sir Henry Arthur, 1840-1918","Muench, Hugo, 1894-","Fox, Carroll, 1874-1936","Macphail, N.P.","Heiser, Victor G. (Victor George), 1873-","Strode, George K., 1886-","Lamborn, Charles C.","Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), 1889-1968","Carr, G. Jameson","Rice, Lee","Thompson, Rudolph E.","Quayle, Daniel","Pergassa, Antonio","Smith, Lucian","Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), 1869-1946","Stitt, E. R. (Edward Rhodes), 1867-1948","Barret, Claudia","Noble, Robert E. (Robert Ernest), 1870-","Moseley, Benjamin, 1742-1819","Vaughn, Emmet I.","Linson, J.H.","Grubbs, Samuel Bates, 1871-1942","Acker, Mollie Flint","Fontaine, Katherine","Fontaine, Louise","Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), 1889-","Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1879-1925","Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), 1864-1941","White, William C.","Penhallow, D.P.","Frost, Susan","Rosenau, Myra F.","Avery, S.D.","Cobb, J.O.","Thompson, L.","Stiles, Virginia","Goddard, Calvin, 1891-1955","Voegtlin, Silian","Claibourne, W.S.","Gardiner, J.S.","Lavinder, C. H. (Claude Hervey), 1872-1950","Stewart, P.M.","Redd, H. Carter","Hoffman, Frances A.","Fishbein, Morris, 1889-1976","Pope, Alton Stackpole, 1886-","Phalen, James Matthew, 1872-","Townsend, Carolyn","Ramsey, George H. (George Herbert), 1891-","Myron [s.n.]","Seward, Blanton P.","Kain, F.B.","Martinez, H. J.","Barret, Nannie Mason","Peak, Mayme Ober","Carter, Edward Champe","Moore, D. Fitzgerald","Bonzi, H.A.","Knorr, John A.","Reed, Emilie Lawrence, 1856-1950","Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), 1834-1888","Flint, Austin, 1812-1886","Harrison, James F.","Brown, Joseph B.","Harris, John T.","Lewis, John F.","Barnes, J.K.","Barnes, J. K.","Byrne, Charles B.","Crane, C. H.","Mckee, James C.","Crane, C.H.","Howard, O.O.","Greenleaf, Charles R.","Kellogg, W.L.","Sutherland, Charles","Mason, E. C. (Edwin C.)","Alden, Charles Henry, 1836-1906","Bailhache, Preston H.","Geddings, Henry Downes, 1859-1913","Wyman, Walter, 1848-1911","Pardinas, Jesus","Reed, Walter L.","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Lafferty, John J.","Simpson, T. McN.","Corbin, H. C.","Lockhart, Charles","Brown, M.C.","Finlay, Carlos Juan, 1833-1915","Rossiter, P.S.","Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), 1870-","Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), 1875-1960","Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore","Davis, John G.","Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932","Stark, Alexander N.","Roberts, P.K.","Havard, Valery, 1846-1927","Echeverria, Rafael T.","Black, William Murray, 1855-1933","Dunshire, J.F.","Durham, Herbert E.","Myers, Walter","Carroll, James, 1854-1907","Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946","Godfrey, Edward Settle, 1843-1932","Goodale, George L.","Ludlow, William","Horlbeck, Henry B.","Licéaga, Eduardo, 1836-1920","Baird, George W.","Michie, Robert E. Lee","Scott, Hugh L.","Richards, W. V.","Forwood, William H.","Smith, William Alden, 1859-1932","Bishop, Roswell P.","Hamilton, E. L.","Smith, Samuel W.","Darragh, A. B.","Mattingly, [L.H.]","Jackson, Harry Frederick","Kober, George M. (George Martin), 1850-1931","Ames, Roger Post","Moran, John J. (John Joseph), 1876-1950","Jones, George A.","Pauncefote, Julian, 1828-1902","Hay, John","Sparkman, S. M.","Glennan, A. H.","Carpenter, Edward","Sanger, Wm. Cary (William Cary), 1853-1921","Xavier, A. F.","Amaral, Raul R. de","Caldas, Philippe","Chittinden, T. H.","Rojas, Ignacio","Corbin, H.C.","Ward, Thomas","Hickey, J. B.","Beach, F.H.","Benis, Jose Maria","Root, Elihu, 1845-1937","Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), 1862-1940","Crossby, [s.n.]","O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), 1845-1912","Black, [s.n.]","Borden, William Cline, 1858-1934","La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), 1849-1920","McCain, H. P. (Henry Pinckney), 1861-1941","Reed, Christopher","Vaughan, John R.","Blincoe, Laura Reed","Hall, [s.n.]","Medgo, Arthur V.","Walker, John H.","Sharpe, A. C.","Amador Guerrero, Manuel, 1833-1909","Walker, John Grimes, 1835-1907","Ames, Azel, 1845-1908","Maury, R.B.","Kent, Charles W., 1860-1917","Mason, C.F.","Thomas, Pride","Taft, William H. (William Howard), 1857-1930","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Matas, Rudolph, 1860-1957","Farshish, P.","Magoon, Charles Edward, 1861-1920","Smith, George H.","Blake, Henry Arthur, Sir, 1840-1918","DeWitt, Calvin","Blincoe, Anita Clayton","Dickinson, Robert Latou, 1861-1950","Stewart, N.P.","Fulton, John N.","Dean, E.R.","Chrystie, Mrs. Percival","Hall, Mrs. John R","Rittenhouse, B.F.","Morgan, S.S.","Jackson, Laura Grace","Senter, Orestes A.B.","Willson, Chat Hill","Hall, Mrs. John A.","Osgood, L.","Carroll, Jennie","Kissinger, John R.","Cushing, Harvey, 1869-1939","Skinner, J.O.","King, A. F. A. (Albert Freeman Africanus), 1841-1914","Hill, William N.","Donnally, H.H.","Price, Marshall L.","Booth, Carolyn H.","Kissinger, Ida E.","Denby, Edwin, 1870-1929","Wilson, Jennie","Arnold, W. F. (Will Ford)","Ross, John W.","Lyster, Winifred","Wallace, Edward P.","Christensen, Emmy L.","Morgan, G.E.","Minturn, Robert S.","McKnight, Virginia","Kleberg, Rudolph, Jr.","Getman, Frederick Hutton, 1877-1941","Duffield, M.P.","Hamlin, Elbert B. (Elbert Bacon), 1874-1936","McCutchen, Mary I.S.M.","Sherman, John P.R.","Sanford, Edward Terry, 1865-1930","Spooner, Mary L.","Hawkins, A.","Blackwood, N.J.","Ropes, James Hardy, 1866-1933","Penrose, Mary L.","Gilman, John","Hinkle, Thornton M. (Thornton Mills), 1840-1920","Otis, Charles E.","Babcock, Mrs. Albert","Kimball, H.F.","Wingate, George Wood, 1840-1928","Keen, William W. (William Williams), 1837-1932","Wilson, Alexander M.","Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987","Wise, James Waterman, 1901-","Kennedy, Elijah Robinson, 1844-1926","Bonham, Eleanor M.","Butcher, Howard, Jr.","Gould, Alice Bache, 1868-1953","Thomas, G.W.","Frye, G.","Goldbacher, N.V.","Sturgis, Helen M","Ernst, Harold C. (Harold Clarence), 1856-1922","Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), 1863-1931","Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937","Rixey, Presley Marion, 1852-1928","White, Wilbert W. (Wilbert Webster), 1863-1944","Pilcher, James Evelyn, 1857-1911","Blake, Warren Barton, 1883-1918","Caverico, Charles","Love, Albert G. (Albert Gallatin), 1877-","Wratten, Bessie C.","Wratten, George M.","Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 1847-1928","Torney, George H.","Gandy, Charles M.","Goethals, George W. (George Washington), 1858-1928","Wilson, Robert, Jr.","Halliday, Dean","Snidow, Herman W.","Cline, W.G.","Reed, W.O.","Riva, Isabel","Asplund, C.J","Nichols, H.J.","Ulio, James Alexander, 1882-1958","Mayes, James J.","Harbold, R.P.","Sternberg, Martha L.","Cardenas, J. Gil","Corrigan, John P.","McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), 1863-1939","Tasker, A.N.","Norman, W.W.","Baxter, John K.","Carroll, Harry M.","Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965","Whitebread, Charles, 1878-1963","Peabody, James Edward, 1869-","Inman, Charles","Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth","Karshner, Clyde","Seymour, Flora Warren, 1888-1948","Elliott, L.M.","Kerr, R.W.","Murran, Alicilla M.","Deland, Margaret, 1857-1945","Jean, Sally Lucas, 1878-1971","MacLachlan, Maud","de Kruif, Paul","Force, Edith R.","Smittle, Jack","Adamson, Estelle","Young, Tandy C.","Rumbaugh, Anne","Bailey, Mildred","Riley, Muryle","Campbell, Dorothy","Jones, Huston, Jr.","Milligan, Rhett","Hedgpath, Cecil","Mann, Kathleen","Corder, Everett","Brancht, Frances","Chapman, Helen","Chapin, Elizabeth","Meloan, Alice","Hogue, Margeris","Kindrick, Thelma","Reed, Fannie","Harder, Elbert","Cunningham, Hugh","Esmey, Kendall","McGarvey, Ida","Fleming, Bradford","Leavitt, D.E.","Shuell, Lawrence","Chapman, George E.","Kirby, Charles","Saili, Aubrey","Alspaugh, Edna","Malone, Dorotha","Fishback, Dorothy","Daniel, May","McCoy, Adolphus E.","Gere, Herbert","Nelson, Robert F.","Kosslow, Elizabeth","Hardy, A.S.","Kibler, James Luther","Jones, Clarence P.","Upshur, Alfred P.","Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), 1874-1953","Poore, C.G.","Binley, Henry","Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1858-1941","Oemler, Marie Conway, 1879-1932","Scott, Winfield","Bland, Schuyler O.","Kelly, John M.","Davis, William T.","Tansey, William A.","Fitzgerald, Charles E.","Fletcher, C.C.","O'Connell, W.A.","Ament, Lytton G.","Sheppard, Morris, 1875-1941","Good, James William","Harrison, William G.","Ireland, Elizabeth L.","Reed, Landon","Hewitt, Richard M.","Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), 1892-1959","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Blondel, Dorothy","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Lower, Margaret H.","Andrus, John H., 1879-1942","Nolte, Helen Crone","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931","Updegraff, Gertrude B.","Davison, Wilburt Cornell, 1892-1972","Hollander, Herbert S.","Brown, Oren Britt","Ritchey, Richard B.","Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer, Jr.","Hawley, Paul R. (Paul Ramsey), 1891-1965","Reed, James Clayton","Roper, Laura Wood, 1911-2003","Schwieger, John D.","King, William Franklin, 1874-","Patterson, Robert U.","Briggs, Walter De Blois, 1901-","Baker, C. B. (Chauncey Brooke), 1860-1936","Woods, J.G.","Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924","Keating, John McLeod, 1830-1906","Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez","Goldwater, S. S. (Sigismund Schulz), 1873-1942","Brooks, Harlow, 1871-1936","Reynolds, Frederick P.","Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), 1870-1960","Cox, Wesley C.","Sawyer, Wilbur A. (Wilbur Augustus), 1879-1951","Boyd, Allen R.","Hudson, N. Paul","Raymond, F.N.","Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 1898-1966","Rovensky, [s.n.]","Dawson, Lord","Lambert, Gustaf E.","Lemon, W.S.","Tisdel, Alton P., 1879-1945","Burnett, Frank C.","Andrus, David L.","Kelly, William D.","Slocum, Chuck H.","Woltman, Henry W.","Dabney, A.S.","Montgomery, Robert, 1904-1981","Jones, Harold W.","Furnas, J. C. (Joseph Chamberlain), 1905-2001","Dickson, John","Benjamin, Mary A.","Moran, Ida E.","Schellberg, Leonard","Schellberg, Louise","Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart)","Clemons, Harry, 1879-1968","Cowley, R.F.","Pogolotti, Luis B.","Forns, Alberto Recio","Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), 1890-1954","Marietta, S.M.","Marvin, H.P.","Alvare, Ignacio","Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), 1867-1943","Rojas, María Teresa de, 1902-","Armstrong, Donald B. (Donald Budd), 1886-","Angles, Eduardo","Lundeen, Ernest","Hough, Neva Pauline","Webster, Royal S.","McCubbin, W.A.","Fishback, Mary","Cooke, Robert P.","Finlay, Carlos E. (Carlos Eduardo), 1868-","Castro, Juan D.","Domínguez y Roldán, Francisco, 1864-1942","Conat, Mabel Louise, 1888-","Rice, Paul North, 1888-1967","Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), 1893-","Hartzell, John B.","Logan, R. Elwood","Fernandez, Felix E.","Randolph, F.F.","Haig, I.T.","Brooke, R.H.","Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), 1874-1942","Johnson, H.A.","Adams, E.S.","Jordan, H. E. (Harvey Ernest)","Hufford, A.R.","Brewer, Melvin D.","Sutter, Georgia S.","Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, 1891-1974","Lopez, Julian Zunzunequi","Macia, Adrian","Zunzunegui, Demetrio","Bevan, Arthur, 1888-1968","Wheeler, Helen","Lake, Dorothy M.","Davis, Horace W.","Peabody, Elizabeth","[s.n.], Sam","[s.n.], Sue","[s.n.], George","Morrison, W.Z.","Roberts, Lucy","Woods, Archie S.","Church, Martha","Church, William","Driscoll, Mary G.","[s.n.], Alice","Hench, Kahler","Hench, Susan","Hench, Mary","Simpson, June","Simpson, Walter M.","Allen, [s.n.]","Repp, Mrs. R.M.","[s.n.], Had","Pinbán, Lydia E.","Lomas, Julia","Kahler, Mrs.","Butsch, Janet","Butsch, William","Arnett, George W.","Cantaleon, M.","Spielmacher, Earl","Parcell, L. Evans","Hart, Joseph D.","McClain, A. V.","Sigerist, Henry E. (Henry Ernest), 1891-1957","Berkson, Joseph","Horton, Bayard T.","Moran, Elida C.","Schnurr, Dorma V.","Vergara, Jose Randin","Crane, J. W.","Withington, D.J.","Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962","Kellogg, George A.","Birmingham, Harry R.","McDonald, Edward","Lhotka, Charles L.","Willis, John M.","Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), 1890-1969","Harwick, H. J.","Freer, Harry L.","Parsons, H. S.","Schwegmann, George A., 1900-","Gooch, Robert C.","McKenna, F. A.","Fors, Alberto J.","Bullard, John R.","Hamer, Philip M. (Philip May), 1891-","Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, 1890-1960","Law, Frank F.","Gill, Robert S. (Robert Sutherland), 1886-","Edmundson, Frank","Marsh, Charles S. (Charles Seabrooke), 1926-","Galbreath, R.S.","[s.n.], Lida","Rodríguez Pérez, J. F.","Wood, Frances","Sexton, Anna M.","Malaret, Blanca","Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom)","McEwan, E.F.","Usher, Robert J.","Davis, Harry A.","Bliss, Theodore L.","Postell, William Dosité, 1908-1982","Taylor, John R.","Stewart, W. Branks","Marshall, Mary Louise, 1893-","Hoffmann, W.H.","Hirschman, Milton","Freyberg, Richard H., 1904-","Sacasa, Carlos F.","Garcia, Pablo Isaac","Cervantes, Enrique","Wilson, W. F. (William Frank), 1875-","Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Recio, Alberto","Waters, James F.","Folwell, Mary Haywood","Ramos, Domingo F., 1884-1966?","Malloch, Archibald, 1887-","LeMan, Lloyd D.","Barnett, James M.","Jones, Harold Wellington, 1877-1958","Rose, Mona","Cooksley, F.A.","Johnson, Lucius W.","White, Charles S.","Dodge, Douglas R.","Carbonell Ponce, Felipe","Fallon, John","Randin, Jose","Smith, Luther Ely, 1873-1951","Howard, Lucy T.","Coles, Charles H.","Borden, Daniel L., 1887-1969","Holman, W. L. (William Ludlow), 1879-","Pemberton, Anne","Kellogg, John","Rose, June","Logan, Leatha","Michie, Thomas J.","Heard, James D.","Dampf, Alfons, 1884-1948","Crain, Darrell C.","Reeve, Roy M.","Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), 1886-","Ahrendts, J.L.","Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), 1895-1972","Hart, John W.","Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), 1866-1943","Hartung, Edward F.","Suarez, Peter W.","Hall, Francis C.","Ferguson, W.R.","Titus, Warren Irving","Mayer, Edgar, 1889-","Polley, Howard Freeman, 1913-","Waring, James J., 1883-1962","Davis, Alice M.","Romero, Raquel","Seth, Frances B.","Altick, Arthur R.","Lybarger, Nancy","Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 1915-1972","Hoyt, Avery S., 1888-1974","Espinosa y G. Caceras, Luis","Hutchison, William Easton","Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis.","Hopkins, Wayne","Dry, Thomas Jan, 1903-","Morgan, Hugh J.","Rynearson, Edward Harper, 1901-","Lucy, Anne","Schuman, Henry","Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, 1875-","McDermott, G. A.","Kennedy, Foster, 1884-","Robinson, Sara D.","Peraza, Fermin","Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1908-","Kenealy, J. N.","McDonald, James F.","Leake, J. P. (James Payton), 1881-1973","Trent, Josiah C. (Josiah Charles), 1914-1948","Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 1875-1966","Nogueira, Pedro","Andreu, Jose R.","Leavitt, Dave","Owen, John A., Jr.","Nixon, P.I.","Bradshaw, R.G.","Wyllie, John Cook, 1908-1968","Wranek, William H., Jr.","Wranek, Jr., William H., Jr.","Ennis, T. James","Berkeley, Francis L. (Francis Lewis), 1911-2003","Kirkland, William G.","Packard, Arthur W.","Keeling, Hal R.","Bettmann, Otto","Purdy, Theodore M.","Sweeney, Ray","Lyons, Bertha L.","Rhoads, M.A.","McCoy, Frank Ross, 1874-1954","Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), 1888-","Tydings, Millard E. (Millard Evelyn), 1890-1961","Tillisch, Jan H.","Benson, Otis O.","Fowler, Rita","Nation, C.B.","Carbonell, Felipe","Dart, Raymond O.","Roley, Richard","Minor, James F.","Franck, Lillie W.","Brill, G. Meredith","Trout, Hugh Henry, 1878-1950","Jennings, S.L.","Benitoa, Antonio Perez","Pena, Esteban Valderrama y","Hanberry, James L.","Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), 1897-1972","Standley, Frank","Christian, Henry A. (Henry Asbury), 1876-1951","Hodges, Fletcher, 1906-2006","Lowe, J. Ward","McFarland, Ross Armstrong, 1901-1976","Cromwell, Fred W.","Kealy, J.F.","Tice, Linwood F.","Crissman, LaVonne","Colete, Honorato","Cardenas, Raul de","Maynard, Edwin P.","Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), 1872-1958","Smith, M. Katherine","Bustinza, F.","Tripoli, C.J.","Carey, Frank","Wright, W.H.","Spencer, Steven M.","Borrell, Jose","Worden, John E., Jr.","Cruikshank, R.D.","Kean, Robert H.","Wallach, Sidney, 1905-1979","Soper, Fred Lowe, 1893-1977","Wood, William A.","Maguire, John","Paul, John R. (John Rodman), 1893-1971","Eckman, James Russell, 1908-1987","Griswold, Bessie M.","Graham, Wallace H.","Spies, Tom D. (Tom Douglas), 1902-1960","Bean, William Bennett","Alexander, Martha","Mayer, Willard D.","Tate, Paul L.","Narbona, Oscar M.","Whelden, John","Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), 1905-","Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), 1898-1966","McEwen, Currier","La Rosa, Margarita","Lopez, Guillermo Garcia","Hemphill, William Edwin, 1912-","Warthen, Harry J.","Watson, Roy","Ireland, Hans W.","Stunts, A. Edward","Rath, Frederick L.","Clark, G. Glenwood","Lappage, Eleanor","Loranz, C.F.","Hinton, R.J.","Fiese, Marshall Jesse, 1917-","Lazier, Wilbur A.","Castillo, Pedro A.","Spies, Betty","Bullock, Helen Duprey, 1904-1995","Kennedy, Katherine","Haines, S.F.","Rodríguez Expósito, César, 1904-","Smith, Austin, 1912-","Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), 1888-","Beaulac, Willard Leon, 1899-","Lippard, Vernon W., 1905-","Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), 1892-1976","Warren, Andrew J.","Halverson, Wilton L.","Bennett, George A.","Berry, George P.","Rake, Paul F.","Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), 1901-1963","Wylie, H. Boyd","Laurence, William Leonard, 1888-","Hench, Nadine","Cassidy, Helen","Echeverria, Jose R.","Baker, James D.","Armstrong, George Ellis, 1900-","Fransway, Arlyne C.","Streit, Paul H.","Quinn, S.J.","Johnson, Victor, 1901-","Warner, Lena A.","Bennett, George A","Gustafason, Angela T.","Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), 1913-","Crenshaw, John L.","Rosenberg, Edward F.","Cornwell, Barbara","Guell, Gonzalo","Treanor, Wally","DeCoursey, Elbert, 1902-1994","Harvey, Gwen","Treanor, Wally J.","Roldan, Miguel","Lastra, Jose Elias Olivello","O'Shaugnessy, P.S.","Wilder, Russell M. (Russell Morse), 1885-1959","Younger, Edward, 1909-","Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), 1914-1987","Truby, Bonnie","Williams, Louis J., Jr.","Concheso, Aurelio Fernandez, 1896-1955","LaGarde, Barbara L.","Duffield, Pauline","Brumby, W.M.","Woodward, Robert F.","Flynn, Raymond P.","Bitner, Robert E.","Randall, Harold M.","Sweet, Forest H.","Standlee, Mary W. (Mary Walker)","Briggs, Walter M.","Gawne, Jane L.","O’Hara, Barratt, 1882-1969","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","McNinch, Joseph H.","Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), 1894-1965","Carles y Casadevall, Mariano","Pichardo, D. Esteban T.","Morris, Josephine Ames","Carroll, Mrs. George","Gomez, Federico","Cornwell, Dean, 1892-1960","Romeu y Jaime, Domingo","Artigas, Francisco Argilagos","Lynch, Delia A.","Pinto, A.S.","Bushnell, George E. (George Ensign), 1853-1924","Almeyda, Jose Ramos","Morejos, A.","Thomason, H.D.","López del Valle, José Antonio, 1875-1937","Miller, [s.n.]","Gorgas, Marie D. (Marie Doughty), -1929","Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949","Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrik), 1863-1944","Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945","Clark, Jerome","Richardson, Louisa C.","Birmingham, Henry P.","Delaney, M.A.","Strong, Richard A.","West, Olin","Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944","Walker, J. Carter (John Carter), 1874-","Amador, R.A.","LeRoy y Cassá, Jorge, 1867-1934","de Niedman, W.F.","Beveridge, Wilfred William Ogilvy","Hagedorn, Hermann, 1882-1964","Agramonte, Frances F.","Ashford, Mahlon","Kean, Cornelia Knox","Gilhus, A. T.","Kelly, John J.","Smith, Theobald,1859-1934","Anoreu, George","Eberhart","Grimes, G.W.","Thies, Carl","Ed. Bouton","Blincoe, Lemuel Soule","Kean, Louise Young, 1877-1915"],"names_ssim":["United States. Army","Johns Hopkins University","University of Edinburgh","New York County (N.Y.)","United States. Congress. House","Gilman, Son \u0026 Co.","United States. Congress. Senate","United States. Congress","Merchants’ Association of New York","Hospital Santo Tomás (Panama, Panama)","Alabama State Board of Health","Venezuela","Peru","Georgia. Legislature. House of Assembly","Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","Thomas Nelson \u0026 Sons","South Carolina. Supreme Court","Rockefeller Foundation","United States. Public Health Service","Great Britain. Ministry of Health","National cyclopaedia of American biography","Johns Hopkins Hospital","Gibson Bros.","Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.)","William H. Welch Medical Library","Metropolitan Life Insurance Company","United States. Government Printing Office","W.H. Lowdermilk \u0026 Co.","Luther M. Cornwall Co.","United States. War Department","Charles Scribner's Sons","Wyeth, Inc.","Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research","Bettmann Archive","Argosy Book Stores","Lutheran Memorial Hospital","Cuba","Smithsonian Institution","Russell Brothers (Anniston, Alabama)","Cuba. Cuban Tourist Commission","Cuba. Ministerio de Defensa Nacional","American Photo Co.","University of Virginia","Carter, Henry Rose, 1852-1925","Hench, Philip S. (Philip Showalter), 1896-1965","Kean, Jefferson Randolph, 1860-1950","Lazear, Jesse William, 1866-1900","Reed, Walter, 1851-1902","Lazear, William L.","Hepburn, David","Maryland. Circuit Court (Baltimore)","Herron, W.A.","Bates, A.E.","Sternberg, George Miller, 1838-1915","Futcher, Thomas B. (Thomas Barnes), 1871-1938","Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), 1871-1954","Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919","Baldwin, T.A.","Wood, Leonard, 1860-1927","Lazear, Mabel H., 1874-1946","Morris, F.H.","Paton, Stewart, 1865-1942","Thayer, William Sydney, 1864-1932","Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), 1857-1950","Lazear, Jesse T.","Houston, Martha P.","Kahn, Julius, 1861-1924","Gorgas, William Crawford, 1854-1920","Gray, C.S.","Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), 1843-1927","Latimer, Caroline","Watson, R.A.","Mead, S.C.","Mansfelde, A.S. von","Dalzell, John, 1845-1927","Lazear, Thomas C.","Lazear, William Houston","Welch, William Henry, 1850-1934","Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), 1839-","Williams, Marian Walker","Rogers, H.W.","Armstrong, J. N. (John Nelson), 1870-1944","Kane, Emma G.","Norton, Rupert","Derby, George","Seth, Alexander L.","Seth, Catherine E.","Darnall, C.R.","Anthony, Daniel Read, 1870-1931","Ireland, M. W. (Merritte Weber), 1867-1952","Gawne, James O.","Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette","Templeton, Alexander M.","Bridges, C.H.","Agramonte, A. (Aristides), 1869-1931","van Beuren, Frederick T., Jr.","Harper, J.B.","Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937","Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939","Dougherty, Jr., T.H.,","Peddicord, Harper","Hare, Amory, 1885-1964","Albertini, A. Diaz","Stirling, H.V.","Carter, Laura Armistead, d. 1935","Smith, William F.","Richards, W.S.","Carter, Henry Rose, Jr.","Rose, Wickliffe, 1862-1931","Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886-1953","Porter, Joseph Y.","Blue, Rupert Lee, 1868-1948","LePrince, Joseph Albert Augustin, 1875-","Kerr, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Stimson, Arthur Marston, 1876-","Smith, Hugh M. (Hugh McCormick), 1865-1941","Seidelin, Harold","Brown, Earl I.","Glennan, A.H.","Pou, James H. (James Hinton), 1861-1935","Tillery, P.A.","Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), 1865-1940","Wright, Boykin","Wright, Boykin, Jr.","Grote, Carl A.","Wilder, Sarah Hinds","Newton, B.R.","Moore, H. F. (Henry Frank), 1867-1948","Harper, James E.","Bell, Landon Covington, 1880-1960","Horner, H.H.","Munson, Edward Lyman, 1868-1947","Elizalde, Rafael H.","Watson, Malcolm, 1873-1955","Hepler, Clara","Kirk, Robert H.","Guiteras, John, 1852-1925","Dowling, Oscar","Whitmore, Eugene R.","Wescott, George T.","Barret, Harvey P.","Perry, James Clifford, 1864-","Schereschewsky, J. W. (Joseph Williams), 1873-1940","Darling, Samuel T. (Samuel Taylor), 1872-1925","Geiger, J. C. (Jacob Casson), 1885-1981","Byam, W.","Allmand, Dorothy","Bass, Charles C. (Charles Cassedy), 1875-1975","Fisher, H.C.","Weedon, Leslie W.","Noguchi, Hideyo, 1876-1928","Simon, Sidney R.","Shaw, Edwin Coupland, 1863-1941","Mayne, Bruce, 1882-","Williams, Louis L.","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), 1869-1948","White, Joseph Hill, 1859-1953","Welles, Thomas","Connor, Michael E.","Lyster, Theodore C.","Merrill, O. C.","Boldridge, F.M.","Obregón, Alvaro, 1880-1928","Perlitt, J.J.","Bates, Lewis B.","Hanson, Henry, 1877-1954","Fricks, Lunsford Dickson, 1873-","Lebredo, Mario G.","Mitchel, E.W.","Vega, M.L.","Fairchild, D.S., Jr.","Thorpe, John Edward Stirling, d. 1950","Cudlipp, J.S.","Messer, Richard","Fisher, Lawrence Machemar, 1886-","Cohn, Alfred E. (Alfred Einstein), 1879-1957","Read, Florence Matilda","Griffitts, T. H. D. (Thomas Houston Dow), 1878-","Balfour, Andrew, Sir, 1873-1931","Caldwell, B. W.","Woodfall, H.C.","Pierce, C. C. (Claude Connor), 1878-1944","Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), 1880-1965","Parker, George","Cavassa, Nicolas E.","Perkins, R.T.","Guthrie, J. Birney","Komp, William H. Wood, 1893-","Barber, M. A. (Marshall Albert), 1868-1953","Cascorrcelos, A.B.","Roche, Bessie G.","Frost, Wade Hampton, 1880-1938","Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), 1872-1940","Derivaux, R. C. (Robert Clarence), 1887-","Bair, M.Z.","Scannell, E.J.","Mendelsohn, Isador W.","Williamson, Charles C. (Charles Clarence), 1877-1965","Pareja y Pareja, Wenceslao","Russell, Frederick F. (Frederick Fuller), 1870-1960","Gunn, Selskar Michael, 1883-1944","Hazlehurst, G.H.","Long, John D., 1874-1949","Lombard, Marion S., 1888-","Wood, H.R.","Sutton, J.V.","Hausheer, W.C.","Nettles, T.D.","Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), 1858-1943","Denno, S.J.","Veracruz, M.","Robertson, H. McG.","Connal, A.","Coello, Carlos","Comstock, Charles Worthington, 1870-","Bost, Helen","Woldert, Albert","Rucker, William Colby, 1875-","Avila, Manuel","Miller, Frederick A.","Arthur, Lindsley","Felt, John P.","Safford, William Edwin, 1859-1926","Richards, B.M.","Creel, R. H. (Richard Henry), 1878-1971","Diaz, Alva","Sweet, Ernest Albert, 1876-","Houle, E.C.","Smith, John H.","Pothier, Oliver L.","Monroe, Willys M.","McCoy, George W. (George Walter), 1876-1952","Byrd, J.L.","Pettman, F.E.","White, R.O.","Armstrong, H. G.","Armstrong, H.G.","Deeks, W.E. (William Edgar), 1866-1931","Maxcy, Kenneth F. (Kenneth Fuller), 1889-1966","Coogle, C.P.","Leathers, Waller S. (Waller Smith), 1874-1946","Muller, Henry R.","Ravenel, Mazÿck Porcher","Serpa Novoa, Roberto, 1888-1959","Owen, William O. (William Otway), 1854-1924","Gill, C. A. (Clifford Allchin), 1878-","Tilden, Evelyn B.","Dunn, Lawrence H.","Daniel, Walter M.","Woodward, L.O.","Blake, Sir Henry Arthur, 1840-1918","Muench, Hugo, 1894-","Fox, Carroll, 1874-1936","Macphail, N.P.","Heiser, Victor G. (Victor George), 1873-","Strode, George K., 1886-","Lamborn, Charles C.","Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), 1889-1968","Carr, G. Jameson","Rice, Lee","Thompson, Rudolph E.","Quayle, Daniel","Pergassa, Antonio","Smith, Lucian","Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), 1869-1946","Stitt, E. R. (Edward Rhodes), 1867-1948","Barret, Claudia","Noble, Robert E. (Robert Ernest), 1870-","Moseley, Benjamin, 1742-1819","Vaughn, Emmet I.","Linson, J.H.","Grubbs, Samuel Bates, 1871-1942","Acker, Mollie Flint","Fontaine, Katherine","Fontaine, Louise","Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), 1889-","Ransom, Brayton Howard, 1879-1925","Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), 1864-1941","White, William C.","Penhallow, D.P.","Frost, Susan","Rosenau, Myra F.","Avery, S.D.","Cobb, J.O.","Thompson, L.","Stiles, Virginia","Goddard, Calvin, 1891-1955","Voegtlin, Silian","Claibourne, W.S.","Gardiner, J.S.","Lavinder, C. H. (Claude Hervey), 1872-1950","Stewart, P.M.","Redd, H. Carter","Hoffman, Frances A.","Fishbein, Morris, 1889-1976","Pope, Alton Stackpole, 1886-","Phalen, James Matthew, 1872-","Townsend, Carolyn","Ramsey, George H. (George Herbert), 1891-","Myron [s.n.]","Seward, Blanton P.","Kain, F.B.","Martinez, H. J.","Barret, Nannie Mason","Peak, Mayme Ober","Carter, Edward Champe","Moore, D. Fitzgerald","Bonzi, H.A.","Knorr, John A.","Reed, Emilie Lawrence, 1856-1950","Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), 1834-1888","Flint, Austin, 1812-1886","Harrison, James F.","Brown, Joseph B.","Harris, John T.","Lewis, John F.","Barnes, J.K.","Barnes, J. K.","Byrne, Charles B.","Crane, C. H.","Mckee, James C.","Crane, C.H.","Howard, O.O.","Greenleaf, Charles R.","Kellogg, W.L.","Sutherland, Charles","Mason, E. C. (Edwin C.)","Alden, Charles Henry, 1836-1906","Bailhache, Preston H.","Geddings, Henry Downes, 1859-1913","Wyman, Walter, 1848-1911","Pardinas, Jesus","Reed, Walter L.","Lee, Fitzhugh, 1835-1905","Lafferty, John J.","Simpson, T. McN.","Corbin, H. C.","Lockhart, Charles","Brown, M.C.","Finlay, Carlos Juan, 1833-1915","Rossiter, P.S.","Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), 1870-","Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), 1875-1960","Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore","Davis, John G.","Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932","Stark, Alexander N.","Roberts, P.K.","Havard, Valery, 1846-1927","Echeverria, Rafael T.","Black, William Murray, 1855-1933","Dunshire, J.F.","Durham, Herbert E.","Myers, Walter","Carroll, James, 1854-1907","Flexner, Simon, 1863-1946","Godfrey, Edward Settle, 1843-1932","Goodale, George L.","Ludlow, William","Horlbeck, Henry B.","Licéaga, Eduardo, 1836-1920","Baird, George W.","Michie, Robert E. Lee","Scott, Hugh L.","Richards, W. V.","Forwood, William H.","Smith, William Alden, 1859-1932","Bishop, Roswell P.","Hamilton, E. L.","Smith, Samuel W.","Darragh, A. B.","Mattingly, [L.H.]","Jackson, Harry Frederick","Kober, George M. (George Martin), 1850-1931","Ames, Roger Post","Moran, John J. (John Joseph), 1876-1950","Jones, George A.","Pauncefote, Julian, 1828-1902","Hay, John","Sparkman, S. M.","Glennan, A. H.","Carpenter, Edward","Sanger, Wm. Cary (William Cary), 1853-1921","Xavier, A. F.","Amaral, Raul R. de","Caldas, Philippe","Chittinden, T. H.","Rojas, Ignacio","Corbin, H.C.","Ward, Thomas","Hickey, J. B.","Beach, F.H.","Benis, Jose Maria","Root, Elihu, 1845-1937","Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), 1862-1940","Crossby, [s.n.]","O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), 1845-1912","Black, [s.n.]","Borden, William Cline, 1858-1934","La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), 1849-1920","McCain, H. P. (Henry Pinckney), 1861-1941","Reed, Christopher","Vaughan, John R.","Blincoe, Laura Reed","Hall, [s.n.]","Medgo, Arthur V.","Walker, John H.","Sharpe, A. C.","Amador Guerrero, Manuel, 1833-1909","Walker, John Grimes, 1835-1907","Ames, Azel, 1845-1908","Maury, R.B.","Kent, Charles W., 1860-1917","Mason, C.F.","Thomas, Pride","Taft, William H. (William Howard), 1857-1930","Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919","Matas, Rudolph, 1860-1957","Farshish, P.","Magoon, Charles Edward, 1861-1920","Smith, George H.","Blake, Henry Arthur, Sir, 1840-1918","DeWitt, Calvin","Blincoe, Anita Clayton","Dickinson, Robert Latou, 1861-1950","Stewart, N.P.","Fulton, John N.","Dean, E.R.","Chrystie, Mrs. Percival","Hall, Mrs. John R","Rittenhouse, B.F.","Morgan, S.S.","Jackson, Laura Grace","Senter, Orestes A.B.","Willson, Chat Hill","Hall, Mrs. John A.","Osgood, L.","Carroll, Jennie","Kissinger, John R.","Cushing, Harvey, 1869-1939","Skinner, J.O.","King, A. F. A. (Albert Freeman Africanus), 1841-1914","Hill, William N.","Donnally, H.H.","Price, Marshall L.","Booth, Carolyn H.","Kissinger, Ida E.","Denby, Edwin, 1870-1929","Wilson, Jennie","Arnold, W. F. (Will Ford)","Ross, John W.","Lyster, Winifred","Wallace, Edward P.","Christensen, Emmy L.","Morgan, G.E.","Minturn, Robert S.","McKnight, Virginia","Kleberg, Rudolph, Jr.","Getman, Frederick Hutton, 1877-1941","Duffield, M.P.","Hamlin, Elbert B. (Elbert Bacon), 1874-1936","McCutchen, Mary I.S.M.","Sherman, John P.R.","Sanford, Edward Terry, 1865-1930","Spooner, Mary L.","Hawkins, A.","Blackwood, N.J.","Ropes, James Hardy, 1866-1933","Penrose, Mary L.","Gilman, John","Hinkle, Thornton M. (Thornton Mills), 1840-1920","Otis, Charles E.","Babcock, Mrs. Albert","Kimball, H.F.","Wingate, George Wood, 1840-1928","Keen, William W. (William Williams), 1837-1932","Wilson, Alexander M.","Polier, Justine Wise, 1903-1987","Wise, James Waterman, 1901-","Kennedy, Elijah Robinson, 1844-1926","Bonham, Eleanor M.","Butcher, Howard, Jr.","Gould, Alice Bache, 1868-1953","Thomas, G.W.","Frye, G.","Goldbacher, N.V.","Sturgis, Helen M","Ernst, Harold C. (Harold Clarence), 1856-1922","Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), 1863-1931","Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), 1867-1937","Rixey, Presley Marion, 1852-1928","White, Wilbert W. (Wilbert Webster), 1863-1944","Pilcher, James Evelyn, 1857-1911","Blake, Warren Barton, 1883-1918","Caverico, Charles","Love, Albert G. (Albert Gallatin), 1877-","Wratten, Bessie C.","Wratten, George M.","Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, 1847-1928","Torney, George H.","Gandy, Charles M.","Goethals, George W. (George Washington), 1858-1928","Wilson, Robert, Jr.","Halliday, Dean","Snidow, Herman W.","Cline, W.G.","Reed, W.O.","Riva, Isabel","Asplund, C.J","Nichols, H.J.","Ulio, James Alexander, 1882-1958","Mayes, James J.","Harbold, R.P.","Sternberg, Martha L.","Cardenas, J. Gil","Corrigan, John P.","McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), 1863-1939","Tasker, A.N.","Norman, W.W.","Baxter, John K.","Carroll, Harry M.","Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Benjamin Charles), 1875-1965","Whitebread, Charles, 1878-1963","Peabody, James Edward, 1869-","Inman, Charles","Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth","Karshner, Clyde","Seymour, Flora Warren, 1888-1948","Elliott, L.M.","Kerr, R.W.","Murran, Alicilla M.","Deland, Margaret, 1857-1945","Jean, Sally Lucas, 1878-1971","MacLachlan, Maud","de Kruif, Paul","Force, Edith R.","Smittle, Jack","Adamson, Estelle","Young, Tandy C.","Rumbaugh, Anne","Bailey, Mildred","Riley, Muryle","Campbell, Dorothy","Jones, Huston, Jr.","Milligan, Rhett","Hedgpath, Cecil","Mann, Kathleen","Corder, Everett","Brancht, Frances","Chapman, Helen","Chapin, Elizabeth","Meloan, Alice","Hogue, Margeris","Kindrick, Thelma","Reed, Fannie","Harder, Elbert","Cunningham, Hugh","Esmey, Kendall","McGarvey, Ida","Fleming, Bradford","Leavitt, D.E.","Shuell, Lawrence","Chapman, George E.","Kirby, Charles","Saili, Aubrey","Alspaugh, Edna","Malone, Dorotha","Fishback, Dorothy","Daniel, May","McCoy, Adolphus E.","Gere, Herbert","Nelson, Robert F.","Kosslow, Elizabeth","Hardy, A.S.","Kibler, James Luther","Jones, Clarence P.","Upshur, Alfred P.","Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), 1874-1953","Poore, C.G.","Binley, Henry","Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1858-1941","Oemler, Marie Conway, 1879-1932","Scott, Winfield","Bland, Schuyler O.","Kelly, John M.","Davis, William T.","Tansey, William A.","Fitzgerald, Charles E.","Fletcher, C.C.","O'Connell, W.A.","Ament, Lytton G.","Sheppard, Morris, 1875-1941","Good, James William","Harrison, William G.","Ireland, Elizabeth L.","Reed, Landon","Hewitt, Richard M.","Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), 1892-1959","Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1883-1972","Blondel, Dorothy","Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963","Lower, Margaret H.","Andrus, John H., 1879-1942","Nolte, Helen Crone","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931","Updegraff, Gertrude B.","Davison, Wilburt Cornell, 1892-1972","Hollander, Herbert S.","Brown, Oren Britt","Ritchey, Richard B.","Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer, Jr.","Hawley, Paul R. (Paul Ramsey), 1891-1965","Reed, James Clayton","Roper, Laura Wood, 1911-2003","Schwieger, John D.","King, William Franklin, 1874-","Patterson, Robert U.","Briggs, Walter De Blois, 1901-","Baker, C. B. (Chauncey Brooke), 1860-1936","Woods, J.G.","Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1850-1924","Keating, John McLeod, 1830-1906","Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez","Goldwater, S. S. (Sigismund Schulz), 1873-1942","Brooks, Harlow, 1871-1936","Reynolds, Frederick P.","Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), 1870-1960","Cox, Wesley C.","Sawyer, Wilbur A. (Wilbur Augustus), 1879-1951","Boyd, Allen R.","Hudson, N. Paul","Raymond, F.N.","Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, 1898-1966","Rovensky, [s.n.]","Dawson, Lord","Lambert, Gustaf E.","Lemon, W.S.","Tisdel, Alton P., 1879-1945","Burnett, Frank C.","Andrus, David L.","Kelly, William D.","Slocum, Chuck H.","Woltman, Henry W.","Dabney, A.S.","Montgomery, Robert, 1904-1981","Jones, Harold W.","Furnas, J. C. (Joseph Chamberlain), 1905-2001","Dickson, John","Benjamin, Mary A.","Moran, Ida E.","Schellberg, Leonard","Schellberg, Louise","Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart)","Clemons, Harry, 1879-1968","Cowley, R.F.","Pogolotti, Luis B.","Forns, Alberto Recio","Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), 1890-1954","Marietta, S.M.","Marvin, H.P.","Alvare, Ignacio","Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), 1867-1943","Rojas, María Teresa de, 1902-","Armstrong, Donald B. (Donald Budd), 1886-","Angles, Eduardo","Lundeen, Ernest","Hough, Neva Pauline","Webster, Royal S.","McCubbin, W.A.","Fishback, Mary","Cooke, Robert P.","Finlay, Carlos E. (Carlos Eduardo), 1868-","Castro, Juan D.","Domínguez y Roldán, Francisco, 1864-1942","Conat, Mabel Louise, 1888-","Rice, Paul North, 1888-1967","Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), 1893-","Hartzell, John B.","Logan, R. Elwood","Fernandez, Felix E.","Randolph, F.F.","Haig, I.T.","Brooke, R.H.","Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), 1874-1942","Johnson, H.A.","Adams, E.S.","Jordan, H. E. (Harvey Ernest)","Hufford, A.R.","Brewer, Melvin D.","Sutter, Georgia S.","Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, 1891-1974","Lopez, Julian Zunzunequi","Macia, Adrian","Zunzunegui, Demetrio","Bevan, Arthur, 1888-1968","Wheeler, Helen","Lake, Dorothy M.","Davis, Horace W.","Peabody, Elizabeth","[s.n.], Sam","[s.n.], Sue","[s.n.], George","Morrison, W.Z.","Roberts, Lucy","Woods, Archie S.","Church, Martha","Church, William","Driscoll, Mary G.","[s.n.], Alice","Hench, Kahler","Hench, Susan","Hench, Mary","Simpson, June","Simpson, Walter M.","Allen, [s.n.]","Repp, Mrs. R.M.","[s.n.], Had","Pinbán, Lydia E.","Lomas, Julia","Kahler, Mrs.","Butsch, Janet","Butsch, William","Arnett, George W.","Cantaleon, M.","Spielmacher, Earl","Parcell, L. Evans","Hart, Joseph D.","McClain, A. V.","Sigerist, Henry E. (Henry Ernest), 1891-1957","Berkson, Joseph","Horton, Bayard T.","Moran, Elida C.","Schnurr, Dorma V.","Vergara, Jose Randin","Crane, J. W.","Withington, D.J.","Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), 1871-1962","Kellogg, George A.","Birmingham, Harry R.","McDonald, Edward","Lhotka, Charles L.","Willis, John M.","Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), 1890-1969","Harwick, H. J.","Freer, Harry L.","Parsons, H. S.","Schwegmann, George A., 1900-","Gooch, Robert C.","McKenna, F. A.","Fors, Alberto J.","Bullard, John R.","Hamer, Philip M. (Philip May), 1891-","Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, 1890-1960","Law, Frank F.","Gill, Robert S. (Robert Sutherland), 1886-","Edmundson, Frank","Marsh, Charles S. (Charles Seabrooke), 1926-","Galbreath, R.S.","[s.n.], Lida","Rodríguez Pérez, J. F.","Wood, Frances","Sexton, Anna M.","Malaret, Blanca","Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom)","McEwan, E.F.","Usher, Robert J.","Davis, Harry A.","Bliss, Theodore L.","Postell, William Dosité, 1908-1982","Taylor, John R.","Stewart, W. Branks","Marshall, Mary Louise, 1893-","Hoffmann, W.H.","Hirschman, Milton","Freyberg, Richard H., 1904-","Sacasa, Carlos F.","Garcia, Pablo Isaac","Cervantes, Enrique","Wilson, W. F. (William Frank), 1875-","Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), 1871-","Recio, Alberto","Waters, James F.","Folwell, Mary Haywood","Ramos, Domingo F., 1884-1966?","Malloch, Archibald, 1887-","LeMan, Lloyd D.","Barnett, James M.","Jones, Harold Wellington, 1877-1958","Rose, Mona","Cooksley, F.A.","Johnson, Lucius W.","White, Charles S.","Dodge, Douglas R.","Carbonell Ponce, Felipe","Fallon, John","Randin, Jose","Smith, Luther Ely, 1873-1951","Howard, Lucy T.","Coles, Charles H.","Borden, Daniel L., 1887-1969","Holman, W. L. (William Ludlow), 1879-","Pemberton, Anne","Kellogg, John","Rose, June","Logan, Leatha","Michie, Thomas J.","Heard, James D.","Dampf, Alfons, 1884-1948","Crain, Darrell C.","Reeve, Roy M.","Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), 1886-","Ahrendts, J.L.","Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), 1895-1972","Hart, John W.","Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), 1866-1943","Hartung, Edward F.","Suarez, Peter W.","Hall, Francis C.","Ferguson, W.R.","Titus, Warren Irving","Mayer, Edgar, 1889-","Polley, Howard Freeman, 1913-","Waring, James J., 1883-1962","Davis, Alice M.","Romero, Raquel","Seth, Frances B.","Altick, Arthur R.","Lybarger, Nancy","Martí-Ibáñez, Félix, 1915-1972","Hoyt, Avery S., 1888-1974","Espinosa y G. Caceras, Luis","Hutchison, William Easton","Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis.","Hopkins, Wayne","Dry, Thomas Jan, 1903-","Morgan, Hugh J.","Rynearson, Edward Harper, 1901-","Lucy, Anne","Schuman, Henry","Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, 1875-","McDermott, G. A.","Kennedy, Foster, 1884-","Robinson, Sara D.","Peraza, Fermin","Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), 1908-","Kenealy, J. N.","McDonald, James F.","Leake, J. P. (James Payton), 1881-1973","Trent, Josiah C. (Josiah Charles), 1914-1948","Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 1875-1966","Nogueira, Pedro","Andreu, Jose R.","Leavitt, Dave","Owen, John A., Jr.","Nixon, P.I.","Bradshaw, R.G.","Wyllie, John Cook, 1908-1968","Wranek, William H., Jr.","Wranek, Jr., William H., Jr.","Ennis, T. James","Berkeley, Francis L. (Francis Lewis), 1911-2003","Kirkland, William G.","Packard, Arthur W.","Keeling, Hal R.","Bettmann, Otto","Purdy, Theodore M.","Sweeney, Ray","Lyons, Bertha L.","Rhoads, M.A.","McCoy, Frank Ross, 1874-1954","Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), 1888-","Tydings, Millard E. (Millard Evelyn), 1890-1961","Tillisch, Jan H.","Benson, Otis O.","Fowler, Rita","Nation, C.B.","Carbonell, Felipe","Dart, Raymond O.","Roley, Richard","Minor, James F.","Franck, Lillie W.","Brill, G. Meredith","Trout, Hugh Henry, 1878-1950","Jennings, S.L.","Benitoa, Antonio Perez","Pena, Esteban Valderrama y","Hanberry, James L.","Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), 1897-1972","Standley, Frank","Christian, Henry A. (Henry Asbury), 1876-1951","Hodges, Fletcher, 1906-2006","Lowe, J. Ward","McFarland, Ross Armstrong, 1901-1976","Cromwell, Fred W.","Kealy, J.F.","Tice, Linwood F.","Crissman, LaVonne","Colete, Honorato","Cardenas, Raul de","Maynard, Edwin P.","Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), 1872-1958","Smith, M. Katherine","Bustinza, F.","Tripoli, C.J.","Carey, Frank","Wright, W.H.","Spencer, Steven M.","Borrell, Jose","Worden, John E., Jr.","Cruikshank, R.D.","Kean, Robert H.","Wallach, Sidney, 1905-1979","Soper, Fred Lowe, 1893-1977","Wood, William A.","Maguire, John","Paul, John R. (John Rodman), 1893-1971","Eckman, James Russell, 1908-1987","Griswold, Bessie M.","Graham, Wallace H.","Spies, Tom D. (Tom Douglas), 1902-1960","Bean, William Bennett","Alexander, Martha","Mayer, Willard D.","Tate, Paul L.","Narbona, Oscar M.","Whelden, John","Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), 1905-","Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), 1898-1966","McEwen, Currier","La Rosa, Margarita","Lopez, Guillermo Garcia","Hemphill, William Edwin, 1912-","Warthen, Harry J.","Watson, Roy","Ireland, Hans W.","Stunts, A. Edward","Rath, Frederick L.","Clark, G. Glenwood","Lappage, Eleanor","Loranz, C.F.","Hinton, R.J.","Fiese, Marshall Jesse, 1917-","Lazier, Wilbur A.","Castillo, Pedro A.","Spies, Betty","Bullock, Helen Duprey, 1904-1995","Kennedy, Katherine","Haines, S.F.","Rodríguez Expósito, César, 1904-","Smith, Austin, 1912-","Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), 1888-","Beaulac, Willard Leon, 1899-","Lippard, Vernon W., 1905-","Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), 1892-1976","Warren, Andrew J.","Halverson, Wilton L.","Bennett, George A.","Berry, George P.","Rake, Paul F.","Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), 1901-1963","Wylie, H. Boyd","Laurence, William Leonard, 1888-","Hench, Nadine","Cassidy, Helen","Echeverria, Jose R.","Baker, James D.","Armstrong, George Ellis, 1900-","Fransway, Arlyne C.","Streit, Paul H.","Quinn, S.J.","Johnson, Victor, 1901-","Warner, Lena A.","Bennett, George A","Gustafason, Angela T.","Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), 1913-","Crenshaw, John L.","Rosenberg, Edward F.","Cornwell, Barbara","Guell, Gonzalo","Treanor, Wally","DeCoursey, Elbert, 1902-1994","Harvey, Gwen","Treanor, Wally J.","Roldan, Miguel","Lastra, Jose Elias Olivello","O'Shaugnessy, P.S.","Wilder, Russell M. (Russell Morse), 1885-1959","Younger, Edward, 1909-","Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), 1914-1987","Truby, Bonnie","Williams, Louis J., Jr.","Concheso, Aurelio Fernandez, 1896-1955","LaGarde, Barbara L.","Duffield, Pauline","Brumby, W.M.","Woodward, Robert F.","Flynn, Raymond P.","Bitner, Robert E.","Randall, Harold M.","Sweet, Forest H.","Standlee, Mary W. (Mary Walker)","Briggs, Walter M.","Gawne, Jane L.","O’Hara, Barratt, 1882-1969","Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971","McNinch, Joseph H.","Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), 1894-1965","Carles y Casadevall, Mariano","Pichardo, D. Esteban T.","Morris, Josephine Ames","Carroll, Mrs. George","Gomez, Federico","Cornwell, Dean, 1892-1960","Romeu y Jaime, Domingo","Artigas, Francisco Argilagos","Lynch, Delia A.","Pinto, A.S.","Bushnell, George E. (George Ensign), 1853-1924","Almeyda, Jose Ramos","Morejos, A.","Thomason, H.D.","López del Valle, José Antonio, 1875-1937","Miller, [s.n.]","Gorgas, Marie D. (Marie Doughty), -1929","Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949","Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrik), 1863-1944","Edsall, David Linn, 1869-1945","Clark, Jerome","Richardson, Louisa C.","Birmingham, Henry P.","Delaney, M.A.","Strong, Richard A.","West, Olin","Cattell, James McKeen, 1860-1944","Walker, J. Carter (John Carter), 1874-","Amador, R.A.","LeRoy y Cassá, Jorge, 1867-1934","de Niedman, W.F.","Beveridge, Wilfred William Ogilvy","Hagedorn, Hermann, 1882-1964","Agramonte, Frances F.","Ashford, Mahlon","Kean, Cornelia Knox","Gilhus, A. T.","Kelly, John J.","Smith, Theobald,1859-1934","Anoreu, George","Eberhart","Grimes, G.W.","Thies, Carl","Ed. Bouton","Blincoe, Lemuel Soule","Kean, Louise Young, 1877-1915"],"language_ssim":["Collection is predominantly inEnglish; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"total_component_count_is":10452,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:47:14.155Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eLouis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ewas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eDespite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003etheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eicteroides\u003c/emph\u003eproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ein tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eWhat causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eOn open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThese two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eCamp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e(later called\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e, and later still\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/emph\u003e) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eHow could a building become infected?\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eWhen does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003eOver what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex pungens\u003c/emph\u003efailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eA last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003e, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eAltogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThat initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eFor the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e, published immediately in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e. [16]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThough his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eBacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical News\u003c/title\u003e(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association\u003c/title\u003eIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[8] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[9] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[10] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[11]\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas reclassified shortly after the experiments as\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia\u003c/emph\u003eand later became\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti.\u003c/emph\u003e\n            \u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[13] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[14] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[15] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[16] Please see note [7].\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eExperimental Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note)\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWalter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eAt that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eBeyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eReed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArmy Register\u003c/title\u003e, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eLazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThese orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAnopheles\u003c/emph\u003emosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\u003c/title\u003e\n               \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/title\u003e\n            \u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHenry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eLike Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eCarter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eBefore he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eCarter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003e[5]\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eHenry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Medical Journal\u003c/title\u003e32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[5] Carter, Henry Rose.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003eBaltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003e\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eLike Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eKean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Military Surgeon\u003c/title\u003e, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eThe same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eFor the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eIn short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e\n         ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\u003c/item\u003e\n            \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.\u003c/item\u003e\n         \u003c/list\u003e\n      "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viuh_viuh00010_c03_c1030_c11"}},{"id":"vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Zone VII, Directories, 1999-2000.","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37","ref_ssm":["vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37"],"id":"vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01292","_root_":"vi_vi01292","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01292_c05_c02","parent_ssi":"vi_vi01292_c05_c02","parent_ssim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006","Series V: GCV-GCA, 1956-2004.","Subseries 2: Garden Club of America, 1956-2004."],"parent_ids_ssim":["vi_vi01292","vi_vi01292_c05","vi_vi01292_c05_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Zone VII, Directories, \n\t\t1999-2000.","title_ssm":["Zone VII, Directories, 1999-2000."],"title_tesim":["Zone VII, Directories, 1999-2000."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Zone VII, Directories, 1999-2000."],"text":["Zone VII, Directories, 1999-2000.","Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006","Series V: GCV-GCA, 1956-2004.","Subseries 2: Garden Club of America, 1956-2004.","box 23","folder 12"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006","Series V: GCV-GCA, 1956-2004.","Subseries 2: Garden Club of America, 1956-2004."],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006","Series V: GCV-GCA, 1956-2004.","Subseries 2: Garden Club of America, 1956-2004."],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":245,"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"collection_ssim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"containers_ssim":["box 23","folder 12"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#1/components#36","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:10:05.867Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vi_vi01292","ead_ssi":"vi_vi01292","_root_":"vi_vi01292","_nest_parent_":"vi_vi01292","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/lva/vi01292.xml","title_ssm":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"title_tesim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"text":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006","42687, 43740","8.3 cu. ft. (24 boxes)","This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I. Minutes, 1928-2006\n        Series II. Administrative records, 1928-2002\n        Series III. Projects, 1965-2002\n        Series IV. Subject files, 1932-2000\n        Series V. Garden Club of Virginia- Garden Club of America, 1956-2004","The Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton was formed 16 May 1928 and became a member of The Garden Club of Virginia in 1933 and of The Garden Club of America in 1952. The Club is organized exclusively for charitable and educational purposes, including the education of its members and the general public by advancing interest in and promoting gardening among amateurs; by lobbying for protection of our native resources; by restoring, preserving and documenting historic gardens; and by encouraging civic planting and roadside beautification. Throughout it's history the Club has been involved in a variety of programs, from restoration of the gardens at the John Marshall House, publication of the Gardening Guide, donations to the Science Museum and Richmond Public Library for planting projects, and the sponsorship of talks and symposiums.","Records, 1928-2006, of the Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton, including annual reports, budgets, clippings, correspondence, minutes, publications, and yearbooks. Also included are associated files of the Garden Club of America and the Garden Club of Virginia.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"collection_ssim":["Tuckahoe Garden Club records, 1928-2006"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["42687, 43740"],"unitid_tesim":["42687, 43740"],"repository_ssm":["Library of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Library of Virginia"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of the Tuckahoe Garden Club, 2006 (Accession 42687).","Gift of the Tuckahoe Garden Club, 2008 (Accession 43740)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["8.3 cu. ft. (24 boxes)"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003clist type=\"simple\"\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries I. Minutes, 1928-2006\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries II. Administrative records, 1928-2002\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries III. Projects, 1965-2002\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries IV. Subject files, 1932-2000\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries V. Garden Club of Virginia- Garden Club of America, 1956-2004\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into the following series:","Series I. Minutes, 1928-2006\n        Series II. Administrative records, 1928-2002\n        Series III. Projects, 1965-2002\n        Series IV. Subject files, 1932-2000\n        Series V. Garden Club of Virginia- Garden Club of America, 1956-2004"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton was formed 16 May 1928 and became a member of The Garden Club of Virginia in 1933 and of The Garden Club of America in 1952. The Club is organized exclusively for charitable and educational purposes, including the education of its members and the general public by advancing interest in and promoting gardening among amateurs; by lobbying for protection of our native resources; by restoring, preserving and documenting historic gardens; and by encouraging civic planting and roadside beautification. Throughout it's history the Club has been involved in a variety of programs, from restoration of the gardens at the John Marshall House, publication of the Gardening Guide, donations to the Science Museum and Richmond Public Library for planting projects, and the sponsorship of talks and symposiums.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton was formed 16 May 1928 and became a member of The Garden Club of Virginia in 1933 and of The Garden Club of America in 1952. The Club is organized exclusively for charitable and educational purposes, including the education of its members and the general public by advancing interest in and promoting gardening among amateurs; by lobbying for protection of our native resources; by restoring, preserving and documenting historic gardens; and by encouraging civic planting and roadside beautification. Throughout it's history the Club has been involved in a variety of programs, from restoration of the gardens at the John Marshall House, publication of the Gardening Guide, donations to the Science Museum and Richmond Public Library for planting projects, and the sponsorship of talks and symposiums."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords, 1928-2006, of the Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton, including annual reports, budgets, clippings, correspondence, minutes, publications, and yearbooks. Also included are associated files of the Garden Club of America and the Garden Club of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records, 1928-2006, of the Tuckahoe Garden Club of Westhampton, including annual reports, budgets, clippings, correspondence, minutes, publications, and yearbooks. Also included are associated files of the Garden Club of America and the Garden Club of Virginia."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":252,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:10:05.867Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vi_vi01292_c05_c02_c37"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society","value":"Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society","hits":210},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Albemarle+Charlottesville+Historical+Society"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":12838},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Arlington Public Library","value":"Arlington Public Library","hits":14399},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Arlington+Public+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Augusta County Historical Society","value":"Augusta County Historical Society","hits":601},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Augusta+County+Historical+Society"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bridgewater College","value":"Bridgewater College","hits":112},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Bridgewater+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Central Rappahannock Heritage Center","value":"Central Rappahannock Heritage Center","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Central+Rappahannock+Heritage+Center"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Charles City County Richard M. Bowman Center for Local History","value":"Charles City County Richard M. Bowman Center for Local History","hits":56},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Charles+City+County+Richard+M.+Bowman+Center+for+Local+History"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Christiansburg Institute Museum and Archives","value":"Christiansburg Institute Museum and Archives","hits":157},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Christiansburg+Institute+Museum+and+Archives"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":322985},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Colonial Williamsburg","value":"Colonial Williamsburg","hits":5986},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Colonial+Williamsburg"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","value":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","hits":3551},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Edgar+Cayce+Foundation"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Card to the People of Rockbridge County, \" broadside, 1879","value":"\"A Card to the People of Rockbridge County, \" broadside, 1879","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Card+to+the+People+of+Rockbridge+County%2C+%22+broadside%2C+1879"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Center for Civic Activity in the Town of Blacksburg\" Design Competition Boards, 1992, 1992","value":"\"A Center for Civic Activity in the Town of Blacksburg\" Design Competition Boards, 1992, 1992","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Center+for+Civic+Activity+in+the+Town+of+Blacksburg%22+Design+Competition+Boards%2C+1992%2C+1992"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A La Doctrina de Pasion de tu Voz, \" \n 1927","value":"\"A La Doctrina de Pasion de tu Voz, \" \n 1927","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+La+Doctrina+de+Pasion+de+tu+Voz%2C+%22+%0A+1927"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume, 1806","value":"\"A New Atlas of the British West Indies\" bound volume, 1806","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+New+Atlas+of+the+British+West+Indies%22+bound+volume%2C+1806"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Playwright's Prayer\" Manuscript \n \n n.d.","value":"\"A Playwright's Prayer\" Manuscript \n \n n.d.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Playwright%27s+Prayer%22+Manuscript+%0A+%0A+n.d."}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Plea for Shylock.\" by Major Raleigh T. Daniel","value":"\"A Plea for Shylock.\" by Major Raleigh T. Daniel","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Plea+for+Shylock.%22+by+Major+Raleigh+T.+Daniel"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs, 2023","value":"\"A Portrait of Her\" photographs, 2023","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Portrait+of+Her%22+photographs%2C+2023"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Quarter of a Century in Medicine\" by Dr. J.W.C. Cuddy handwritten manuscript, 1888","value":"\"A Quarter of a Century in Medicine\" by Dr. J.W.C. Cuddy handwritten manuscript, 1888","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Quarter+of+a+Century+in+Medicine%22+by+Dr.+J.W.C.+Cuddy+handwritten+manuscript%2C+1888"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Short History of H. W. Halleck\" booklet, 1888","value":"\"A Short History of H. W. Halleck\" booklet, 1888","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Short+History+of+H.+W.+Halleck%22+booklet%2C+1888"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Study in Ecology\" by Horace M. Dalton, 1934","value":"\"A Study in Ecology\" by Horace M. Dalton, 1934","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Study+in+Ecology%22+by+Horace+M.+Dalton%2C+1934"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Transportation Vision, Strategy, and Action Plan for the Nation's Capital\" by Department of Public Works informational map, 1997","value":"\"A Transportation Vision, Strategy, and Action Plan for the Nation's Capital\" by Department of Public Works informational map, 1997","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22A+Transportation+Vision%2C+Strategy%2C+and+Action+Plan+for+the+Nation%27s+Capital%22+by+Department+of+Public+Works+informational+map%2C+1997"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"0","value":"0","hits":27},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=0"}},{"attributes":{"label":"213","value":"213","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=213"}},{"attributes":{"label":"859","value":"859","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=859"}},{"attributes":{"label":"909","value":"909","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=909"}},{"attributes":{"label":"910","value":"910","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=910"}},{"attributes":{"label":"911","value":"911","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=911"}},{"attributes":{"label":"912","value":"912","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=912"}},{"attributes":{"label":"913","value":"913","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=913"}},{"attributes":{"label":"914","value":"914","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=914"}},{"attributes":{"label":"915","value":"915","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=915"}},{"attributes":{"label":"916","value":"916","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=916"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"130th Air Commando Group, Charleston, West Virginia.","value":"130th Air Commando Group, Charleston, West Virginia.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=130th+Air+Commando+Group%2C+Charleston%2C+West+Virginia."}},{"attributes":{"label":"16 Hands (Floyd, Va.)","value":"16 Hands (Floyd, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=16+Hands+%28Floyd%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1708 Gallery.","value":"1708 Gallery.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=1708+Gallery."}},{"attributes":{"label":"201st National Guard Regiment","value":"201st National Guard Regiment","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=201st+National+Guard+Regiment"}},{"attributes":{"label":"2300 Club, Richmond,\n         Virginia.","value":"2300 Club, Richmond,\n         Virginia.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=2300+Club%2C+Richmond%2C%0A+++++++++Virginia."}},{"attributes":{"label":"4-H","value":"4-H","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=4-H"}},{"attributes":{"label":"4-H All Stars. Virginia Chapter","value":"4-H All Stars. Virginia Chapter","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=4-H+All+Stars.+Virginia+Chapter"}},{"attributes":{"label":"4-H Club (Chesterfield County, Va.)","value":"4-H Club (Chesterfield County, Va.)","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=4-H+Club+%28Chesterfield+County%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"4-H Clubs - West Virginia.","value":"4-H Clubs - West Virginia.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=4-H+Clubs+-+West+Virginia."}},{"attributes":{"label":"6th Battery of Binghampton, N.Y. Veterans\narrangement","value":"6th Battery of Binghampton, N.Y. Veterans\narrangement","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=6th+Battery+of+Binghampton%2C+N.Y.+Veterans%0Aarrangement"}},{"attributes":{"label":"6th Battery of Binghamton . N. Y. Veterans","value":"6th Battery of Binghamton . N. Y. Veterans","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=6th+Battery+of+Binghamton+.+N.+Y.+Veterans"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"African\" Church","value":"\"African\" Church","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22African%22+Church"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Airwell\"","value":"\"Airwell\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Airwell%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Bill\n                  F.\"[aulkner]","value":"\"Bill\n                  F.\"[aulkner]","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Bill%0A++++++++++++++++++F.%22%5Baulkner%5D"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Brook Hill,\"","value":"\"Brook Hill,\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Brook+Hill%2C%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Brothers of Pity\"","value":"\"Brothers of Pity\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Brothers+of+Pity%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Browse Trist\"","value":"\"Browse Trist\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Browse+Trist%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Bunny\" Cocke","value":"\"Bunny\" Cocke","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Bunny%22+Cocke"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Burkhart\"","value":"\"Burkhart\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Burkhart%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Carter\" [Saunders?]","value":"\"Carter\" [Saunders?]","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Carter%22+%5BSaunders%3F%5D"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Castle Hill,\"","value":"\"Castle Hill,\"","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Castle+Hill%2C%22"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Dewberry\"","value":"\"Dewberry\"","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=%22Dewberry%22"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"12-acre field","value":"12-acre field","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=12-acre+field"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1st Fridays in the Commons","value":"1st Fridays in the Commons","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=1st+Fridays+in+the+Commons"}},{"attributes":{"label":"2014 Congressional Election","value":"2014 Congressional Election","hits":142},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=2014+Congressional+Election"}},{"attributes":{"label":"4-H clubs--United States--History","value":"4-H clubs--United States--History","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=4-H+clubs--United+States--History"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abb's Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","value":"Abb's Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Abb%27s+Valley+%28Va.+and+W.+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abingdon (Va.)--History--19th century","value":"Abingdon (Va.)--History--19th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Abingdon+%28Va.%29--History--19th+century"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abingdon Plantation","value":"Abingdon Plantation","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Abingdon+Plantation"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Acadia","value":"Acadia","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Acadia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","value":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29--History"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County, V.A.","value":"Accomack County, V.A.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County%2C+V.A."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","value":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Acton+%28Eng.+%3A+Estate%29"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"#RMCLife","value":"#RMCLife","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=%23RMCLife"}},{"attributes":{"label":"...","value":"...","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=..."}},{"attributes":{"label":"12/8","value":"12/8","hits":62},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=12%2F8"}},{"attributes":{"label":"16mm (photographic film size)","value":"16mm (photographic film size)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=16mm+%28photographic+film+size%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"16th Street Baptist Church Bombing, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","value":"16th Street Baptist Church Bombing, Birmingham, Ala., 1963","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=16th+Street+Baptist+Church+Bombing%2C+Birmingham%2C+Ala.%2C+1963"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1778-\n            1927.","value":"1778-\n            1927.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=1778-%0A++++++++++++1927."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1799-1854.","value":"1799-1854.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=1799-1854."}},{"attributes":{"label":"1820s","value":"1820s","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=1820s"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1930s","value":"1930s","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=1930s"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1940s.","value":"1940s.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=1940s."}},{"attributes":{"label":"19th Century U.S. Newspapers","value":"19th Century U.S. Newspapers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=19th+Century+U.S.+Newspapers"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Artifacts","value":"Artifacts","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Artifacts"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audio tape","value":"Audio tape","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Audio+tape"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audio-cassette","value":"Audio-cassette","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Audio-cassette"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audio-cassettee","value":"Audio-cassettee","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Audio-cassettee"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audiocassette","value":"Audiocassette","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Audiocassette"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audiocassettes","value":"Audiocassettes","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Audiocassettes"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Binder","value":"Binder","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Binder"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Binder ","value":"Binder ","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Binder+"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Book","value":"Book","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Book"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Box","value":"Box","hits":9814},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Box ","value":"Box ","hits":97},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box+"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":5697},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?facet.page=4"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?facet.page=4\u0026page=228393\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}