{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--++History++--+Revolution%2C+1775-1783\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=United+States+--++History++--+Revolution%2C+1775-1783\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Connecticut. Treasury Department","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\" Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation, that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom. He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line. This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line. Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land. He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1621.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/195951","title_filing_ssi":"Liberty, Cuff pay voucher","title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"unitdate_ssm":["1782-1789"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1782-1789"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1782/1789"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"text":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","African American soldiers","Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso.","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)","No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"collection_ssim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_ssim":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creators_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"access_terms_ssm":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on October 20, 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_coll_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:40:42.029Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1621","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1621.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/195951","title_filing_ssi":"Liberty, Cuff pay voucher","title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher"],"unitdate_ssm":["1782-1789"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1782-1789"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1782/1789"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"text":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789","MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","African American soldiers","Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso.","This collection is open for research.","This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)","No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"collection_ssim":["Cuff Liberty pay voucher, 1782/1789"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16821","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1621"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_ssim":["Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"creators_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"access_terms_ssm":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Between the Covers by the Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia on October 20, 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good.  The voucher is partially split along two vertical folds, mended with three small pieces of clear tape on the verso."],"extent_ssm":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"extent_tesim":[".03 Cubic Feet 1 folder (letter)"],"date_range_isim":[1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16821, Cuff Liberty pay voucher, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains one Revolutionary War pay voucher to Cuff Liberty, an African American soldier from Middletown, Connecticut, who was one of approximately 300 enslaved or freemen from Connecticut who fought for the Continental Army. The government-issued vouchers promised full payment by a certain date and paid interest until the full amount was collected. The voucher, measuring 8\" X 4\", is printed on laid paper with a black decorative border, numbered in ink \"3958\" for £13,6,7 1/2.\"   Cuff Liberty's name is written in ink, and a circular cancellation hole is beneath it. It is signed by Treasurer John Lawrence, as \"J. Lawrence.\" Written on the back, in ink, are notations of the interest payments from June 1783 through 1789. The principal was probably paid soon after 1789, evidenced by the interest payments and the circular punch-out cancellation,  that the debt was cleared and the voucher was no longer valid for payment. According to research sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution, Cuff Liberty had been enslaved by William Ward of Middletown and manumitted in 1776 after purchasing his freedom.  He enlisted in 1778 and served in the 6th, the 4th, and 2nd Regiments of the Connecticut Continental Line.  This pattern, particularly the placement in Captain Humphrey's segregated company of the 4th, was common among African Americans serving on the Continental Line.  Discharged in 1783, he later applied for and received bounty land.  He is listed by William Cooper Nell in \"Coloured Patriots of the American Revolution (1855); Thomas Moebs \"Black soldiers, Black sailors, Black ink,\" and Bryna O'Sullivan, \"Who was Private Cuff Liberty?\" (Charter Oak Genealogy, July 2, 2021)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["No Copyright - United States: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ The Library believes that all or nearly all material in this collection is likely to be in the public domain, free of copyright restrictions. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department"],"persname_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_coll_ssim":["Liberty, Cuff"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Connecticut. Treasury Department","Liberty, Cuff"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:40:42.029Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1621"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"James Shop papers, 1780","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_969#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury. Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_969#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_969.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/126737","title_filing_ssi":"Shop, James, papers","title_ssm":["James Shop papers"],"title_tesim":["James Shop papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1780"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1780"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1780"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"text":["James Shop papers, 1780","MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Freedmen","Good","This collection is open for research.","James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/","This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"collection_ssim":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Freedmen"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Freedmen"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Good"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet 1 legal sized folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet 1 legal sized folder"],"date_range_isim":[1780],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWidespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:41:34.507Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_969","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_969.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/126737","title_filing_ssi":"Shop, James, papers","title_ssm":["James Shop papers"],"title_tesim":["James Shop papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1780"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1780"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1780"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James Shop papers, 1780"],"text":["James Shop papers, 1780","MSS.16473","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/969","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Freedmen","Good","This collection is open for research.","James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/","This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  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The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWidespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Shop was a freedman in the Connecticut line of the Continental Army.","\"By 1777, as much as 10 to 15 percent of the Continental \t\tArmy was made up of black soldiers. The vast majority of black soldiers served in fighting units comprised primarily of white men. Not only were they in the regiments of New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, but they also fought beside white fellow soldiers in Southern states. Hardly any military action between 1775 and 1781 did not involve black soldiers. Their presence is recorded at Lexington, Concord, Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Stillwater, Saratoga, Red Banks, Monmouth, Rhode Island, Savannah, Stony Point, Fort Griswold, and Yorktown.\"1\n    \n\"Only 50 years after the defeat of the British at Yorktown, most Americans had already forgotten the extensive role black people had played on both sides during the War for Independence. At the 1876 Centennial Celebration of the Revolution in Philadelphia, not a single speaker acknowledged the contributions of African Americans in establishing the nation. Yet by 1783, thousands of black Americans had become involved in the war. Many were active participants, some won their freedom and others were victims, but throughout the struggle blacks refused to be mere bystanders and gave their loyalty to the side that seemed to offer the best prospect for freedom.\"2","\"By 1775 more than a half-million African Americans, most of them enslaved, were living in the 13 colonies. Early in the 18th century a few New England ministers and conscientious Quakers, such as George Keith and John Woolman, had questioned the morality of slavery but they were largely ignored. By the 1760s, however, as the colonists began to speak out against British tyranny, more Americans pointed out the obvious contradiction between advocating liberty and owning slaves. In 1774 Abigail Adams wrote, \"it always appeared a most iniquitious scheme to me to fight ourselves for what we are daily robbing and plundering from those who have as good a right to freedom as we have.\"2","Widespread talk of liberty gave thousands of slaves high expectations, and many were ready to fight for a democratic revolution that might offer them freedom. In 1775 at least 10 to 15 black soldiers, including some slaves, fought against the British at the battles of Lexington and Bunker Hill. Two of these men, Salem Poor and Peter Salem, earned special distinction for their bravery. By 1776, however, it had become clear that the revolutionary rhetoric of the founding fathers did not include enslaved blacks. The Declaration of Independence promised liberty for all men but failed to put an end to slavery; and although they had proved themselves in battle, the Continental Congress adopted a policy of excluding black soldiers from the army.\"2","1 \"Black Courage: African-American Soldiers in the War for Independence\". American Philatelic Society. February 18, 2020.\nhttps://stamps.org/news/c/collecting-insights/cat/stamps-in-history/post/black-courage-african-american-soldiers-in-the-war-for-independence","2.  Ayers, Edward. \"African Americans and the American Revolution\", American Revolution Museum at Yorktown. Cineva Web Agency. Accessed 1/28/22\nhttps://jyfmuseums.org/learn/learning-center/colonial-america-american-revolution-learning-resources/american-revolution-essays-timelines-images/african-americans-and-the-american-revolution/"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16473, James Shop papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of two documents related to John Shop, a freedman from Connecticut who served in the Continental Army. One item is a Connecticut pay-table committee document authorizing payment to Shop for his army service. This was signed by James Hart on December 15, 1870 in Hartford, Connecticut. The other is a one page letter certifying Shop's service in the 2nd Regiment of the Connecticut line of the Continental Army. In the letter he is identified as a freedman from the town of Woodbury.  Marked with Mr. Shop's \"X\" dated September 25, 1780."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:41:34.507Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_969"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1507#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1507#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1507.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189192","title_filing_ssi":"Gardner, Joel, collection of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia","title_ssm":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1848-1970"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-1970"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1848/1970"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"text":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970","MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia","The collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.","One folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA.","about subjects in this collection:","Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington.","After the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge","In 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.","The Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars.","HITLER \u0026 CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.","Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash.","These two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)","This collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.","The materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"collection_ssim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Joel Gardner to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 17 August 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet One half-size legal box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet One half-size legal box"],"date_range_isim":[1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eOne folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.","One folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eabout subjects in this collection:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHITLER \u0026amp; CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["about subjects in this collection:","Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington.","After the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge","In 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.","The Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars.","HITLER \u0026 CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.","Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["These two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.","The materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:40:42.029Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1507","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1507.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189192","title_filing_ssi":"Gardner, Joel, collection of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia","title_ssm":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia"],"title_tesim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia"],"unitdate_ssm":["1848-1970"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1848-1970"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1848/1970"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"text":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970","MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507","United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia","The collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.","One folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA.","about subjects in this collection:","Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington.","After the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge","In 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.","The Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars.","HITLER \u0026 CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.","Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash.","These two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)","This collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.","The materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"collection_ssim":["Joel Gardner collections of war memorabilia and materials related to the University of Virginia, 1848/1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16773","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1507"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"geogname_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"places_ssim":["United States --  History  -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States --  History  -- Civil War, 1861-1865"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Joel Gardner to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 17 August 2020."],"access_subjects_ssim":["University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["University of Virginia","Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- University of Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 Cubic Feet One half-size legal box"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 Cubic Feet One half-size legal box"],"date_range_isim":[1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eOne folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use except for one folder in the series on University of Virginia materials which is restricted due to FERPA.","One folder is restricted in the series University of Virginia materials due to FERPA."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eabout subjects in this collection:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHITLER \u0026amp; CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["about subjects in this collection:","Jonathan Meigs (1740-1823), a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the federal government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in southeastern Tennessee. He also served under Colonel Benedict Arnold and kept a journal of their expedition. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. \nAs an acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the written thanks of General George Washington.","After the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates. In April 1788, at age 47, he was one of a party of pioneers to the Northwest Territory from New England. They reached the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, where he participated in the founding of Marietta, Ohio. Subsequently, he entered political life, being appointed as a territorial judge","In 1801, Meigs went to Tennessee to fill the combined position of US Indian agent to the Cherokee Nation and military agent for the United States War Department. Charles R. Hicks, a European and bilingual Cherokee, worked as his interpreter for some time. Hicks later became a chief of the Cherokee.Meigs promoted the well-being of the Cherokee, defended their rights in treaty negotiations, and encouraged Cherokee efforts to establish a republican form of government.","The Partisan Ranger Act was passed on April 21, 1862 by the Confederate Congress. It was intended as a stimulus for recruitment of irregulars for service into the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The Confederate leadership, like the Union leadership, later opposed the use of unconventional warfare out of fear the lack of discipline among rival guerrilla groups could spiral out of control. On February 17, 1864, the law was repealed after pressure from General Robert E. Lee and other Confederate regulars.","HITLER \u0026 CHAMBERLAIN, 1938. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (left) photographed with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler at Godesberg, Germany, 22-23 September 1938, where they discussed possibilities for a peaceful resolution to the crisis over the Sudetenland involving Germany and Czechoslovakia.","Francis Gary Powers (1929-1977) was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. He later worked as a helicopter pilot for KNBC in Los Angeles and died in a 1977 helicopter crash."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["These two donations from Joel Gardner on war memorabilia and University of Virginia materials were combined. (ViU-2019-0095 and ViU-2020-0062)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains war materials and materials related to the University of Virginia both donated by Joel Gardner. The war memorabila is from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century including a certification that Sergeant James Goldsmith served in the Continental Army in 1781; a letter dated July 8, 1862 requesting permission to form a \"Company of 'Partisan Rangers\" from the Confederate States Army; a photograph of Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler following a September 24, 1938 meeting; and a swatch of fabric from a life raft used by Francis Gary Powers after being shot down while on a surveillance mission to the Soviet Union in 1960.","The materials related to the University of Virginia include hand-written garden notes for Shadwell; facsimiles of Thomas Jefferson materials; a letter from Thomas Jefferson to Dr. William Thornton about designing the pavillions at UVA; The Washington Star (June 12, 1969); student records (restricted); Official Report of the Student Curriculum Evaluation Committee (1968-1969); Alpha Epsilon Pi, Mu Chapter (1969-1970); Los Intereses Creados por Don Jacinto Benavente, Grupo de Teatro Espanol, University of Virginia; University Party \"Vote Change\" pamphlet; University of Virginia Alumni Association newsletter (July 6, 1970); 12 copies of The Cavalier Daily (January-May 1970); \"Men's Wear\" (May 28, 1965); Official Spring Sports Schedules (1926); photos and postcard of football games; four course certificates (ca. 1903); letter of admission to student (July 4, 1848); letter from Edwin Alderman to Grover Cleveland (March 12, 1907); Tilka Society invitation (1919); Washington Society invitation (June 1, 1848); glass plate negative of the Rotunda and lawn."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content 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