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Va.)","Jefferson County."],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Farms and farming.","Women -- Societies and clubs","World War, 1939-1945"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Farms and farming.","Women -- Societies and clubs","World War, 1939-1945"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.25 Linear Feet Summary: 3 in. (1 small flat storage box)"],"extent_tesim":["0.25 Linear Feet Summary: 3 in. (1 small flat storage box)"],"date_range_isim":[1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], H.K. Ambler Account Books, A\u0026amp;M 2075, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], H.K. Ambler Account Books, A\u0026M 2075, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_644858fbaf33afdcf066aee392957178\"\u003eAmbler's accounts with the heirs of S.W. Ambler and S.M. Keys of Jefferson County, West Virginia. Other heirs are Letty C., Lucy J. and C.E. Ambler. There are also entries concerning the estates of H. Keys, S.W. Washington, and Jacob Zinn. There is information on management of farms and residences, business firms in the area of Charles Town, tenant and owner shares, U.S. Treasury crop allotments, and labor shortages during World War II.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Ambler's accounts with the heirs of S.W. Ambler and S.M. Keys of Jefferson County, West Virginia. Other heirs are Letty C., Lucy J. and C.E. Ambler. There are also entries concerning the estates of H. Keys, S.W. Washington, and Jacob Zinn. There is information on management of farms and residences, business firms in the area of Charles Town, tenant and owner shares, U.S. Treasury crop allotments, and labor shortages during World War II."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_aadd3eaba6118ab5a22b84c55b5b234b\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Ambler, H. K.","Ambler, Charles Henry,  1876-1957","Ambler, Letty C.","Ambler, Lucy J.","Ambler, S.W.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Keys, H.","Keys, S.M.","Washington, S.W.","Zinn, Jacob."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ambler, Charles Henry,  1876-1957","Ambler, H. K.","Ambler, Letty C.","Ambler, Lucy J.","Ambler, S.W.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Keys, H.","Keys, S.M.","Washington, S.W.","Zinn, Jacob."],"persname_ssim":["Ambler, H. K.","Ambler, Charles Henry,  1876-1957","Ambler, Letty C.","Ambler, Lucy J.","Ambler, S.W.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Keys, H.","Keys, S.M.","Washington, S.W.","Zinn, Jacob."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:44:13.219Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5958"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eManuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02_c02","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries"],"text":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries","Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","English .","box 1","folder COSEY 1","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr."],"title_filing_ssi":"Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7","title_ssm":["Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7"],"title_tesim":["Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1930s?"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Joseph Cosey forgery of check to J. W. Pierce, 1783 August 7"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"extent_ssm":["1 Leaves"],"extent_tesim":["1 Leaves"],"dimensions_tesim":["9 x 18 cm"],"creator_ssim":["Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":9,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"names_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"persname_ssim":["Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder COSEY 1"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eManuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:50:40.181Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_48.xml","title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1863-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"text":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48","Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. 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While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with a forged George Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted form with forged Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970"],"persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c04","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c04"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c04","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"text":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Correspondence","English .","box 1","folder 4","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"title_filing_ssi":"Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard","title_ssm":["Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard"],"title_tesim":["Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1826 September 16"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1826"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"extent_ssm":["1 pages"],"extent_tesim":["1 pages"],"dimensions_tesim":["20 x 22 cm"],"creator_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":4,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Letter, Aaron Burr to T[homas] H[ill] Hubbard, 1826 September 16\",\"href\":\"http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll46/id/11/rec/1\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1826],"names_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"persname_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 4"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":41,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c04"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"text":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","France","New York (N.Y.)","Correspondence","English .","box 1","folder 3","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"title_filing_ssi":"Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson","title_ssm":["Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson"],"title_tesim":["Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1798 August 21"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1798"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"extent_ssm":["1 pages"],"extent_tesim":["1 pages"],"dimensions_tesim":["20 x 25 cm"],"creator_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":3,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"digital_objects_ssm":["{\"label\":\"Letter, Aaron Burr to Thomas Jefferson, 1798 August 21\",\"href\":\"http://catalog.mountvernon.org/digital/collection/p16829coll46/id/14/rec/1\"}"],"date_range_isim":[1798],"names_ssim":["Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"persname_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826"],"geogname_ssim":["France","New York (N.Y.)"],"geogname_ssm":["France","New York (N.Y.)"],"places_ssim":["France","New York (N.Y.)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 3"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"_nest_path_":"/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_77.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"unitdate_ssm":["1770-1831"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1770-1831"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"text":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77","Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","Correspondence","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Arranged alphabetically by author.","Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.","See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032","The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["2021.SC.004","/repositories/3/resources/77"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"collection_ssim":["Wayne Rickert collection of founders' autographs"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"geogname_ssm":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"creators_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"places_ssim":["United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"extent_tesim":["41 Sheets (2 boxes)"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged alphabetically by author.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged alphabetically by author."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wayne and Grace Rickert donated the collection of founders' autographs to the Washington Library in 2021."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Rickert collection of founders' autographs, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-038\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee 2021-SC-004-032\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials","Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See 2021-SC-004-038","See 2021-SC-004-032"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAutograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAbraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePetition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026amp; Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrue copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePatrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrancis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026amp; Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTimothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCaesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJohn Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains 41 manuscripts dating 1770-1831. Many of the manuscripts date from the era of the American Revolution, and several are directly relevant to the course of the war. Among the documents are single letters by John Adams, Aaron Burr, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette, James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Paul Revere, and George Washington, as well as letters and other documents that include the signatures of signers of the Declaration of Independence.","John Adams writes William Plumer, New Hampshire Senator and Governor, discussing the Fries Rebellion of 1799 in Pennsylvania. He pardoned armed tax resisters, including John Fries, convicted of treason. Letter, signed. 1 page.","Letter from Josiah Bartlett to William Whipple regarding the movement of American and British forces in New York and New Jersey. He outlines the many challenges that the revolutionary cause faced in New York, New England, and generally, including supply and money problems, the health of the troops, and the persistence of divided loyalties in the aftermath of the Americans declaring independence. Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and served as governor of New Hampshire during Washington's presidency.","Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Aaron Burr writes to the President of the Senate, Thomas Jefferson, when the United States was almost at war with France in 1798, offering to provide information about New York City's defense plan to the state legislature. He writes, \"As one of the Committee appointed by the inhabitants of the City of New York to direct the temporary defence of the said city I have been instructed to give to either House of the Legislature such information as may be in my power relative to that object. Pursuant to such instructions I shall chearfully [sic] attend the Senate or any Committee thereof for that purpose whenever required\".  Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Aaron Burr writes to Thomas Hill Hubbard regarding a legal case. He writes \"In the case of Jackson... vs Varick and Bacon, I pray you to transmit to me, so soon as may be convenient to you, a copy of the Rule which was entered at the last term on my motion to amend the case and Bill of Exceptions - also certified copies of the affidavits which were produced on each side, those offered by the Depts to be certified separately... so that one my be used without the other. Also certified copies of the Rules entered on the Trials... in the several cases of W.D. Craft vs Baldwin Ex of Elias Baldwin and A. Burr is the same - note the changes, which will be remitted\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Chase writes to William Smallwood, President of the Maryland State Senate, regarding his recent appointment as Chief Judge of the General Court of Maryland and his subsequent resignation from his previous role. Autograph letter signed, 1 page.","Abraham Clark, a New Jersey delegate, writes to Col. Elias Dayton, an experienced veteran, to inform him he has not won the promotion he sought. Clark writes, \"Congress is impressed with the necessity of observing economy in the public expenses and having been formerly too profuse in the promotion of officers determined to stop their hand. They say N.Jersey hath our Major Gen. and by the reduction proposed we shall have but two Regiments. What prospect have I then of obtaining another Genl. officer... We have had no recommendation for this measure either from the Genl. [Washington] - The Legislature- or even the brigade. You mention the promotion of Genls. [Nathanael] Greene and [Daniel] Morgan, but their appointments were... requests from Maryland [actually Rhode Island] and Virginia, this cannot be offered in your favour. I see the embarrassment the subject is under.\" Clark adds that \"Genl. Sullivan hath wrote to the Genl. desiring his opinion... and desired me to postpone any proposals respecting you, till he rcd. an answer.\" He concludes, \"There stands the matter. I wish the arrangement of our Brigade could be postponed...that some favourable occurrence might offer in your favour.\" Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Letter from Commercial Committee of Congress, Francis Lewis, James Searle, and John Fell, to Thomas Mumford. Francis Lewis is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Letter is requesting gunpowder for American Independence, \"...This committee have lodged monies in the hands of the agents at St.Eustatia to procure powder... If therefore you will enclose us your order on Messrs. Milner and Haynes for the remainder for the fifty tons of powder they had contracted to deliver, our agents will immediately pay them the balance that may be due to them. As we shall send a vessel to St. Eustatia in a short time we must beg your answer by return of post...\" St. Eustatia, an island in the Caribbean, was a center for contraband trade during the Revolutionary War. Letter signed. 1 page.","Petition from Ebenezer Dayton to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Dayton confesses how he did \"flee from there [New York] as a refugee, leaving his lands in the power of the enemy\", and petitions to acquire a \"whaleboat\".  William Floyd, Dayton's neighbor, certifies Dayton's claims. Floyd is a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph , signed, 2 pages.","William Ellery writes a 'Private \u0026 Confidential' letter to an unknown recipient regarding Daniel E. Updike's health circumstances and ability to work due to alcohol. Autograph letter signed, 2 pages.","Benjamin Franklin writes to General Charles Lee in order to introduce Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","True copy of a General Horatio Gate's letter to John Hancock, in Hancock's hand. Gates writes to Hancock regarding a court martial of Col. Donald Campbell. Letter signed. 1 page.","Elbridge Gerry writes to John Adams, President of the United States. He writes \"If an answer, to the letter which your excellency proposed to write to Mr. Pickering on my concerns, is received, I will do myself the honor of waiting on you at any time which may best serve your convenience. Mrs. Gerry unites with me in best respects to yourself and Lady. Be assured, I remain Dear Sir with every sentiment of attachment.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Mrs. Street (possibly his sister) regarding health and life post Revolutionary war. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Alexander Hamilton writes to Colonel John Fitzgerald, while he waits for the Treaty of Paris to arrive. He writes \"The enclosed letter is for Mr. Bowman who married Mrs. Cattle. I am told he is at Alexandria which makes me trouble you with the letter. Should he have left that place for South Carolina, I will thank you to forward it to him. No definitive treaty yet arrived nor any thing else of importance new. I write in Congress...\" A cessation of hostilities had been proclaimed by the British in February and by Congress in April. The provisional peace treaty, negotiated in Paris, was ratified by Congress on April 15, but a long delay ensued before the signing of the final treaty in Paris, 1783 September 3. Both Hamilton and Fitzgerald served as aides-de-camp to Washington during the Revolution. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes a letter to an unknown sir. He writes regarding a Capt. Cherry. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Patrick Henry writes to the unidentified 'County Lieutenant of Berkely [Berkeley].' He writes \"You are hereby directed to furnish General Hand with the numbers of men he may call from your militia to defend the frontier or challenge the Indians.\" Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","William Hooper, away from the Continental Congress to visit his mother, writes to Joseph Hewes and John Penn regarding General Clinton. Hooper  was a member in all five North Carolina Provincial Congresses, a member of the Continental Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Stephen Hopkins, Governor of Rhode Island and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Christopher Harris during the French and Indian War, ordering a Colonel to take forces to Albany and join Major General William Johnson for a campaign against the French at Crown Point. Autograph document, signed. 2 pages.","Francis Hopkinson, Esq., Judge for the Courts of Admiralty for the State of Pennsylvania, directs Clement Biddle Esq., Marshall for the court, to \"sell at public venue the sloop or vessel called the Polly her guns, tackle, apparel, furniture and all and singular the goods, wares and merchandise laden and found on board her at the time of her capture and that after deducting the costs and charges of the trial condemnation and sale out of the monies arising from the said sale you divide the residue of the said monies into two equal parts one of which you are to pay overunto the agent or agents of the owners of the Brigantine or Vessel called the Fair American to and for their use and the other you are to pay over unto the Agent or Agents of the Officers and Crew belonging to the said Brigantine Fair American to and for their use and if it shall happen that any of the said owners officers or crew shall neglect to appear either in person or by agent to receive their respective shares of said monies then you are forthwith to bring such shares into this court to the intent the same may remain ready to be paid to them whenever they are their agents duly authorised may appear and demand the same according to the Resolves of Congress the usages of nations and the Act of Assembly of this state in such case made and provided and how you shall have executed this writ make return to me at a court of Admiralty to be held at my chambers in Philadelphia on the tenth day of November together with this writ given under my hand and the seal of the court twentieth day of October in the year of our lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one.\" On verso, Biddle responds confirming sale of the Sloop Polly and cargo. Autograph document signed, 2 pages. Hopkinson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.","Samuel Huntington, President of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of the Independence, writes to Jabez Huntington, regarding preparations being made to prepare for the invasion of the British Navy. Letter mentions William Williams, another signer of the Declaration of Independence and Esek Hopkins, Commander of the Continental Navy. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","John Jay, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir, regarding court and Mr. Antell's affidavit. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","Thomas Jefferson writes, while he was the U.S. Minister to France, to William Gordon about the actions he has taken to assist Gordon's efforts to write a history of the American Revolution, and conveys his thoughts on what market may exist for the publication in France. Gordon conducted part of his research for his history at Mount Vernon. Gordon published The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America: Including an Account of the late War, and of the Thirteen Colonies from their origin, to that period, 4 vols. (London: William Gordon, 1788). Letter also mentions Marquis de la Fayette. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Lafayette writes to George Augustine Washington. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Francis Lightfoot Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to agents De Berdt, Lee \u0026 Sayre regarding the sale and purchase of 80 hogsheads and tobacco. Autograph letter, signed. 4 pages.","Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon congratulating Langdon as a judge and describing his ill health. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","James Madison, Secretary of State, writes to Mitchill regarding court testimony, possibly in reference to Smith and Ogden trial. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Mercer Patton of Virginia regarding a court case and Judge Johnson. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","James Monroe, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown sir, regarding the sale of enslaved people. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Robert Morris, member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to John Langdon regarding business relations with John Holker. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Thomas Nelson, signer of the Declaration of Independence and brigadier general in the Continental army, writes to General George Weedon, of Richmond, updating him on the mobilization of Virginia's defenses against a British incursion in the Hampton Roads area.\nAutograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Attorney General for the State of Massachusetts, Robert Treat Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, files a complaint against the respondent Margaret Draper, as she \"levied war, and conspired to levy War against the Government and people of this Province, Colony, and State; and then and there adhered to the King of Great Britain, his fleets and armies, enemies of the said Province, Colony, and State; and then and there did give them aid and comfort\". Partially printed document, signed by the author, with notes in his hand. 1 page.","Timothy Pickering, Secretary of War and signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Burgess Ball to inform him that the president has not selected his Potomac land for the location of a federal arsenal. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Paul Revere writes a discharge certificate for Caleb Legg. Autograph document, signed. 1 page.","Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown recipient, ordering \"that the Guard be strengthened with a Captain and twenty four men to be furnished from all the Troops now in town proportion to their numbers\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Benjamin Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Armand John DeRosset Sr., regarding Rush's \"second volume of medical inquiries\" about his \"principles on dropsy and pulmonary consumption\". Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to an unknown Sir regarding the legal proceedings in a land dispute. Date is unclear, could be February or July. Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","George Walton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to Major General Benjamin Lincoln seeking his help regarding sums for the military being misapplied by citizens [Georgia] and hung up in the Department of the Army resulting in shortages for the troops in the Georgia militias. Autograph letter, signed. 2 pages.","George Washington writes to Burgess Ball, regarding Ball's interest in the federal government purchasing some of his land for the construction of an arsenal. Washington indicates that he will leave the matter to the Secretary of War, Timothy Pickering, and not discuss it further, lest their family connection lend an appearance of impropriety. Ball was married to Frances Washington, the daughter of George's brother Charles.  Autograph letter, signed. 3 pages.","William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to President Meshech Weare [New Hampshire] regarding the recent arrival of Mr. William Trail from Bermuda. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","John Witherspoon, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey, regarding the safe passage of a British deserter, Humphrey Belcher, through American lines. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page.","Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence, writes to his wife, Laura Wolcott. Autograph letter, signed. 1 page."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne"],"persname_ssim":["Rickert, Wayne","Adams, John, 1735-1826","Bartlett, Josiah, 1729-1795","Whipple, William, 1730-1785","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","Chase, Samuel, 1741-1811","Smallwood, William, 1732-1792","Clark, Abraham, 1726-1794","Dayton, Elias, 1737-1807","Lewis, Francis, 1713-1803","Searle, James, 1730-1797","Fell, John, 1721-1798","Mumford, Thomas, 1728-1799","Floyd, William, 1734-1821","Dayton, Ebenezer, 1744-1802","Ellery, William, 1727-1820","Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790","Lee, Charles, 1731-1782","Gates, Horatio, 1728-1806","Hancock, John, 1737-1793","Gerry, Elbridge, 1744-1814","Hall, Lyman, 1724-1790","Hamilton, Alexander, 1757-1804","Fitzgerald, John, -1799","Harrison, Benjamin, approximately 1726-1791","Henry, Patrick, 1736-1799","Hooper, William, 1742-1790","Hewes, Joseph, 1730-1779","Penn, John, 1740 or 1741-1788","Hopkins, Stephen, 1707-1785","Hopkinson, Francis, 1737-1791","Biddle, Clement, 1740-1814","Huntington, Samuel, 1731-1796","Huntington, Jabez, 1719-1786","Jay, John, 1745-1829","Gordon, William, 1728-1807","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Washington, George Augustine, approximately 1759-1793","Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 1734-1797","Lee, William, 1739-1795","Sayre, Stephen, 1736-1818","De Berdt, Dennis, Jr.","Lee, Richard Henry, 1732-1794","Langdon, John, 1741-1819","Madison, James, 1751-1836","Mitchill, Samuel L. (Samuel Latham), 1764-1831","Marshall, John, 1755-1835","Patton, John M. (John Mercer), 1797-1858","Monroe, James, 1758-1831","Morris, Robert, 1734-1806","Holker, John, 1745-1822","Nelson, Thomas, 1738-1789","Paine, Robert Treat, 1731-1814","Pickering, Timothy, 1745-1829","Ball, Burgess, 1749-1800","Revere, Paul, 1735-1818","Rodney, Caesar, 1728-1784","Rush, Benjamin, 1746-1813","Rutledge, Edward, 1749-1800","Walton, George, 1749 or 1750-1804","Lincoln, Benjamin, 1733-1810","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weare, Meshech, 1713-1786","Witherspoon, John, 1723-1794","Livingston, William, 1723-1790","Wolcott, Oliver, 1726-1797"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":41,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_77_c03"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Leven Powell papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_996#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_996#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_996#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_996.xml","title_filing_ssi":" Leven Powell papers","title_ssm":["Leven Powell papers"],"title_tesim":["Leven Powell papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1774-1806"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1774-1806"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996"],"text":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996","Leven Powell papers","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Leven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa.","When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68","Fully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014.","This collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.","The letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.","A major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.","Resolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.","Gives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.","Scope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.","Scope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"","Scope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"","Scope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.","Scope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.","Scope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"","Not much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.","Scope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.","Scope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..","Troops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...","Oversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.","Scope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...","Discussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.","Scope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...","Scope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.","Scope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"","War news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.","Will be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.","Has hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.","Scope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..","Description of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"","Scope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"","Asks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.","Financial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...","Since last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...","Giving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.","Scope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"","Scope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.","Scope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.","Gives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.","Scope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...","Gives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.","Scope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.","Scope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.","Gives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...","Mr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...","Discussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...","Concern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.","Discussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...","Tells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.","Dogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...","Personal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...","Compares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.","Farm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...","Tells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.","Has gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...","Is sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...","Lengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.","Is curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...","Family news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.","Details of a financial case of his with the French government.","Has sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.","Family financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.","A letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.","Gives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.","Is pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.","Defends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.","Business matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.","Discusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.","Are under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.","Describes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.","Just returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.","Discusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.","Brig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.","See Box I, Folder 1 for the original.","Copies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.","Copy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only.","Special Collections Research Center","Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Leven Powell papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Leven Powell papers"],"collection_ssim":["Leven Powell papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creator_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creators_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.85 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.85 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records"],"date_range_isim":[1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Leven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics or Technical Requirements:"],"phystech_tesim":["When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeven Powell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Leven Powell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Fully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTroops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWar news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinancial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGiving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConcern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCompares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of a financial case of his with the French government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDefends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAre under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJust returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Box I, Folder 1 for the original.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.","The letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.","A major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.","Resolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.","Gives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.","Scope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.","Scope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"","Scope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"","Scope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.","Scope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.","Scope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"","Not much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.","Scope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.","Scope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..","Troops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...","Oversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.","Scope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...","Discussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.","Scope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...","Scope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.","Scope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"","War news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.","Will be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.","Has hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.","Scope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..","Description of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"","Scope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"","Asks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.","Financial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...","Since last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...","Giving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.","Scope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"","Scope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.","Scope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.","Gives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.","Scope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...","Gives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.","Scope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.","Scope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.","Gives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...","Mr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...","Discussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...","Concern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.","Discussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...","Tells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.","Dogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...","Personal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...","Compares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.","Farm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...","Tells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.","Has gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...","Is sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...","Lengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.","Is curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...","Family news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.","Details of a financial case of his with the French government.","Has sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.","Family financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.","A letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.","Gives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.","Is pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.","Defends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.","Business matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.","Discusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.","Are under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.","Describes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.","Just returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.","Discusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.","Brig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.","See Box I, Folder 1 for the original.","Copies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.","Copy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":89,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:04:27.311Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_996","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_996.xml","title_filing_ssi":" Leven Powell papers","title_ssm":["Leven Powell papers"],"title_tesim":["Leven Powell papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1774-1806"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1774-1806"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996"],"text":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996","Leven Powell papers","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Leven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa.","When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68","Fully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014.","This collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.","The letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.","A major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.","Resolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.","Gives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.","Scope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.","Scope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"","Scope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"","Scope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.","Scope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.","Scope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"","Not much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.","Scope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.","Scope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..","Troops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...","Oversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.","Scope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...","Discussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.","Scope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...","Scope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.","Scope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"","War news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.","Will be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.","Has hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.","Scope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..","Description of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"","Scope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"","Asks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.","Financial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...","Since last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...","Giving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.","Scope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"","Scope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.","Scope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.","Gives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.","Scope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...","Gives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.","Scope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.","Scope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.","Gives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...","Mr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...","Discussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...","Concern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.","Discussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...","Tells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.","Dogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...","Personal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...","Compares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.","Farm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...","Tells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.","Has gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...","Is sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...","Lengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.","Is curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...","Family news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.","Details of a financial case of his with the French government.","Has sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.","Family financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.","A letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.","Gives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.","Is pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.","Defends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.","Business matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.","Discusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.","Are under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.","Describes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.","Just returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.","Discusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.","Brig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.","See Box I, Folder 1 for the original.","Copies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.","Copy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only.","Special Collections Research Center","Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824","English"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 P87","/repositories/2/resources/996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Leven Powell papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Leven Powell papers"],"collection_ssim":["Leven Powell papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"creator_ssm":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creator_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"creators_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Revolution, 1775-1783"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alien and Sedition laws, 1798","France--Foreign relations--United States--18th century","Great Bridge (Va.), Battle of, 1775","Indians of North America","Loudoun County (Va.)--History--18th century","Slavery--Virginia--History--18th century","United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783","United States--History--War with France, 1798-1800","United States--Politics and government--1775-1809","United States--Revolutionary War--1775-1783","XYZ Affair, 1797-1798.","Correspondence","Financial records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.85 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.85 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Financial records"],"date_range_isim":[1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Leven Powell was born near Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. in 1737. He moved to Loudoun County in 1763 and served as major in the Revolutionary Army. Appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment in Continental Line in 1777, he served in Virginia House of Delegates and as a delegate to Virginia Convention which ratified the U. S. Constitution in 1788. He was elected as a Federalist to Congress. Powell died in 1810 in Bedford, Pa."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWhen available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics or Technical Requirements:"],"phystech_tesim":["When available, microfilm, photocopies, digital surrogates, or other reproductions must be used in place of original documents. Leven Powell Papers, 1774-1810, in Swem Library's microforms area, 2 reels, call number E263 .V8 P68"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeven Powell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Leven Powell papers, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Fully processed by Phillip Nicholas in Oct. 2014."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eA major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNot much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTroops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWar news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWill be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescription of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAsks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinancial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGiving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConcern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCompares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFarm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDetails of a financial case of his with the French government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHas sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFamily financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIs pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDefends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAre under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDescribes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJust returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee Box I, Folder 1 for the original.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is largely comprised of the correspondence of Leven Powell, who served in American Revolutionary War as well as the Virginia House of Delegates, and the U. S. House of Representatives.","The letters reflect military and civilian events in Virginia during the Revolutionary war, United States and Virginia politics, and foreign relations in the early national period. The collection also includes financial records concerning the Revolutionary War and Loudoun County, Va.","A major subject of the correspondence is the Amercan Revolution, with reference to the Battle of Great Bridge (1775), other battles and campaigns, a copy of resolutions passed by freeholders of Loudoun County opposing the oppressive British legislation and establishing a boycott of all East India products, and a letter written from College Camp [Williamsburg, Va.] (1776). Other subjects include Aaron Burr, John Connolly, Lord Dunmore, Thomas McKean and John Taylor of Caroline, Native Americans, the presidential election of 1800, the Alien and Sedition Acts, orphans, Kentucky, the XYZ Affair, and slavery.","Resolutions passed by the free-holders of Loudoun County, Virginia, opposing the oppressive legislation by Great Britain, and establishing a boycott of all East India products.","Gives details of a peace meeting in Pittsburg [sic], Pa., held between the members of the colony of Va. and Indian commanders, including four or five hundred Indians from different tribes, including the Shawnee and the Delaware; all seem to want to establish a lasting peace, even though John Connolly, along with Governor Dunmore, have tried to put a stop to it.","Scope and Contents Gives details of a battle with Gov. Dunmore's troops at Great Bridge, Va.; thanks her for her gift of venison.","Scope and Contents Describes arrivals of battalions, half to Hampton and half to guard Williamsburg, though he feels there is \"hardly anything worth our notice\" in protecting Williamsburg; mention of Gov. Dunmore's troops and of talk of his being drunk and \"mad\" since his defeat at Great Bridge; discussion of his appointment to the Convention being doubtful; describes the firing of \"cannons about Norfolk.\"","Scope and Contents Tells of a brig from Antigua coming to Hampton Roads, the cargo of which did not amount to much— however, he is sending a dozen sweet oranges that he procured; explains that cannons were being fired in Norfolk to cover the landing of the enemy \"in order to set fire to some of the houses that had before escaped flames\"; the river is so full of brigs that \"a vessel can scarcely pass.\"","Scope and Contents Discussion of family matters at home, including the loss of Nan's baby, bills of exchange left by Mr. Keys, and of the children being sick; prediction of an attack being made near Alexandria, Va. soon; describes having tea with Lord Dunmore, General Henry Clinton, Commodore Andrew Snape Hammond sic Hamond, and Richard Corbin on board the warship Roebuck during a truce, and difficulty traveling.","Scope and Contents Informs her of a business transaction between himself and Mr. Campbell, as well as the departure of General Henry Clinton and the resignation of Col. Patrick Henry.","Scope and Contents Description of \"his Lordship\" Gov. Dunmore retreating to Gwinn's Island, as well as Dunmore recruiting many for his \"Black Regiment\"; other war news, including a brief account concerning the Carolinas; other talk about the present Convention and its being represented by a \"Confounded Set of Economists.\"","Not much happening around Williamsburg; 3,000 troops arrived at Cape Fear, N.C., as well as several ships, including the Nautilus, the Collins, and the Fowey; gives news of the 8th Regt., battalions of Southern Minute Men, and General Lee, Brigadier Howe, and D.A.G. Bullet; other troop movement details, including General Howe embarking for Quebec.","Scope and Contents Transferal of prisoners cannot take place, as ordered by Congress--they must be maintained at the enemy's expense; discussion of upcoming election of a senator, including the negative opinions expressed about one candidate, William Ellzey; more political discussion about the Governor and his Council being hampered and how the Senate ought to assist them; his interest in running for a seat.","Scope and Contents Gives details of military action in North Carolina and the Va. peninsula as well as the rumor that General Henry Clinton was killed when his transports were driven ashore in a storm; has heard that Congress declared independence publicly the first of the month and that a member of the Annapolis Convention had visited the courts of Spain and France to gain assurances of an alliance being formed..","Troops are ill and reinforcements needed badly or \"we shall not have it in time to prevent the destruction of American affairs,\" since \"the Enemy\" has been strongly reinforced; more military news, including talk of General Washington and his depleted troops, and his dependence on the \"stupidity and baseness of New England politicians,\" referring to Washington having to wait for reinforcements...","Oversize Folder in Oversize Box - see SCRC for assistance.","Scope and Contents Received the 19 barrels of flour sent and quotes current prices in Alexandria, Va.; has had the carpenters working on the vessel continuously, but the freezing weather is slowing progress; describes Washington's battle with the Hessians at Trenton, N.J., the day after Christmas and thus the defeat of General Howe, as well as Washington's great power among the 13 colonies; requests...","Discussion of orphaned children, who will care for them first, and the building of a school for them.","Scope and Contents Transportation of cloth and tailors, as well as 17 lbs. of flour; military action detailed, including that of Cornwallis' Army, and a traitor, Col. Buckner, with General Washington's troops, who was tried and condemned to be shot; 300 to 400 slaves were taken from Gloucester, Lancaster, and Northumberland counties, Va. by ships in the Bay, which indicates that the British plan...","Scope and Contents American army now equal to British, and they are holding their own; General Putnam's division surrounded a British outpost and took 69 prisoners; 2 British and 4 Hessian deserters joined them.","Scope and Contents Is sending the bearer of the letter to Dumfries for a uniform in order to keep him away from the other troops because he has had smallpox; hopes that men in uniform will help the recruiting process, which is not going very well; one new recruit lost two fingers from his left hand and wants to be discharged; doesn't want to travel too far to recruit in case he brings smallpox home, since his wife is \"under inoculation\"","War news of Delaware and New York, including talk of Gen. Scott's and Gen. Washington's troops.","Will be glad to take Capt. Butler's men, provided he resigns; certain officers have ruined the recruiting service by offering $30 a man.","Has hired two prisoners to become weavers for neighbors.","Scope and Contents Gives a detailed account of the British attack upon the American fort at the Cheveux de Friese, at Fort Mifflin, Pa., at which the enemy was repulsed at three different times, the end result being their retreating from Philadelphia; talk of General Gates' army being at a disadvantage, though the Americans could do with 10,000 more men; General Clinton..","Description of the campsite near the North River, with mountains surrounding; rumors of the enemy moving to Boston or some of the West India Islands; encloses a dollar for his sister, \"Miss Linton.\"","Scope and Contents Hopes his LP quarantine at the \"Mohongahaly\" has been lifted; rumor that Charlestown has surrendered to the British after \"spirited resistance\"; an Irish ship had just arrived, confirming the account of Irish association for free trade or independence, with about 50,000 men enlisted to support their cause, under the command of the Duke of Leinster and Lord Shannon; several officers were taken at a \"cock fight\"","Asks to borrow a few volumes of his Universal Histories in order to fill the gaps of Rollin's R. History, which relate to Greece and Carthage, and are lost.","Financial settlement with the state? discussion; the acts of the Va. House of Delegates session did not answer the expectations of their constituents, nor has a definitive treaty arrived; the first act passed was to open American ports to British vessels; other acts included suspending taxes until the 10th of November and disqualifying members of Congress from holding seats in either house...","Since last correspondence, more Indian tribes have arrived in peace, and they have brought prisoners with them; three murders have occurred by the Indians, one of the victims being Capt. James Shelby; horses have been stolen from Astill's station, supposedly by the Chickamaugas; surveying is continuing slowly, and in Jefferson Co.?, 400 acres have been apportioned for settlers; ...","Giving military divisions of Lincoln Co., as well as geographical divisions of Lincoln and Jefferson counties; area gossip, including the news of Ned Quirk running away with his sister-in-law; no deaths or marriages recently, as well as no trouble with Indians in Fayette Co.","Scope and Contents Is sending 11 copies of the \"acts of October 1782\"; agrees with the idea of laws being passed with respect to the size of the county; discussion of the Va. Citizen Bill, and some delegates' fight to allow all Tories and refugees of Nova. Scotia admittance—however, they were defeated, and the bill which passed will not allow anyone who has ever \"borne arms against us... inhabitants of America, in 1775 or at any time..\"","Scope and Contents Encloses the only published version of the Revenue Law; the bill allowing hemp and flour to be receivable for taxes passed; election of sheriffs; more laws will be printed and delivered further.","Scope and Contents Capt. Rust has left for Fauquier Co., Va.; has built a house, except for the chimney, because the river has been over the quarry; \"Savages\" have murdered dozens, including Walker Daniel, an Attorney General and the only other lawyer in the county besides himself. Includes typescript.","Gives a detailed account of his month-long journey westward with his family and others, especially traveling on the Monongahela River to Fort Pitt and further; Indians were unfavorable; the families fared well, and the wives \"prove the greatest of Heroines\"; hope to arrive in Ky. soon; is sending a Valuable horse in order for a \"Negro woman\" he left behind to be sent out as soon as possible.","Scope and Contents Compares John Taylor of Caroline to a mad dog foaming at the mouth, referring to his (John Taylor's) advocacy of states' and individual rights and the decentralization of the Federal government; goes on to state his strong belief in the Federal government and cites the Constitution to support his argument; asks for the date when Thomas Jefferson was elected Governor of Va. in 1779 and 1780, and...","Gives details of a session of Congress, including a joint session, a visit and speech by the President John Adams, the election of Mr. Theodore Sedgwick as Speaker of the House, and the continuance of the old Clerk Jonathan Condy for the session.","Scope and Contents Mention of the President's speech and the dislike by some of \"that part of it which spoke of the Mission to France\"; his own opinion is that of agreement that it was right to send the envoys to France, since the French had made the first advance to settle the differences between them; tells of news about \"British depredations on our Commerce\"; a committee has been appointed to draft a bill on bankruptcy. Includes a copy.","Scope and Contents Comments on Congress and its character at the present session; mention of the Dutch Germans? being in opposition to the centrality of the federal government?, and Virginia hoping to set other states against the \"general government\"; has not found out yet about militia laws in all of the states with regard to Quakers, but does know that in Rhode Island, they pay $2.00/yr. for exemption... Also including ANS from Leven Powell, Philadelphia, Pa., to Burr Powell, Middleburg, Va., 17 December 1799, reporting the death of \"the great and good\" George Washington, and the rumor from France that the Duke of York and his Army are prisoners of war.","Gives news about the ceremonies surrounding the death of George Washington, including an oration to be given on the 26th by General Henry Lee; tells of wheat and flour shortages in England, which should help their crop prices; description of split amongst Virginia representatives about the proposal of a general election for electors, and that the state could end up with no law regarding...","Mr. John Nicholas proposed a resolution to disband the last 12 regiments of troops raised, due to the expense; hopes that Congress will not adopt the measure, or else it might have an adverse effect on negotiations with France; he does not trust France, based on her past conduct, and feels America should not let her defenses down; further discussion of France and the XYZ affair...","Discussion of an upcoming local election, including his opinion of an opponent from the \"anti-party,\" Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and what influence the people in surrounding areas such as Centreville will have; the Congress has been debating over a proposed amendment to a bill proposed by Mr. John Nicholas which prohibits \"commercial intercourse\" with France—discusses effects thereof...","Concern over time he spent in the Continental Army and a claim being made over a pension?; wishes Col. Leven Powell be shown the letter also.","Discussion of debates regarding Jonathan Robbins really Thomas Nash; Congress is considering an amendment of the Judiciary System Bill, which greatly alarms the opposition; Virginia continues to oppose the \"General Government,\" and has forbid any person holding a state office to hold a federal government position also—the same may soon apply to her courts; details of William Duane...","Tells of his travel experience on a survey expedition, including his horse becoming lame.","Dogmatic letter concerning the upcoming \"choosing of electors\"; adamant opinion about the federal government losing its power to \"post-boys and lacquies,\" thus, not needing the \"Washington's and Adams... and their virtues or talents\" any longer; finds the mode of election \"disgusting\" and hopes the people of Va. turn out to show the other states that \"there are some yet who love and revere Washington...","Personal business matters; discussion of the beef he raised and the good reputation derived from it; the French treaty is before the Senate, and he believes that \"they do not know what to do with it\"; feels that the stipulation of returning armed ships to their respective countries is degrading to the United States...","Compares characteristic qualities of the two men running for President, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; as far as moral principles, both men are equal, but in considering talents \"with a mind fearless of the bold, . . -. Burr has greatly the superiority\"; however, he may cast no vote at all, as \"I feel a repugnancy in voting for a man…unfit for the office\"; personal business.","Farm discussion, including beef prices, the threshing and distribution of clover seed, and amounts of corn coming in from tenants; tells of several days of debates in Congress over whether or not to continue the Sedition Law; doubts that it will pass, even though he voted wholeheartedly for it because he was \"sure that my constituents were not afraid of a law which went to punish...","Tells of his correspondence with his opponent Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., and concedes that he, Lewis, was correct \"in his official duties, as well as Attentive\"; he will run for office again; no certain word yet on the presidential situation; a letter written to someone in Berkley by Thomas Jefferson has been printed and may end up doing him, TJ, more harm than good; he is still quite distressed... Includes a copy.","Has gotten the public opinion of Loudoun Co. concerning the upcoming presidential election, as was requested; all prefer Jefferson over Burr except a few, who fear that Jefferson will do away with the U.S. Navy, as well as be dictated to by violent men, since his character is \"deficient in firmness\"; however, the alternative is also \"dreadful,\" because of Burr's suspicious character, which should not be linked...","Is sorry to report that very few of all the people he polled knew anything about either of the two presidential candidates, or had no opinion at all, and wish for him to vote as he thinks best; gives his opinion, which is to vote for Jefferson, although his beliefs are contrary to theirs—Jefferson is more experienced, and more pure in moral character; the U.S. Navy will suffer...","Lengthy discussion of the Congressional voting for President, with his prediction that Jefferson will be elected tomorrow; does feel, however, that Jefferson's supporters had to make several concessions in order to win more votes, particularly with respect to the U.S. neutrality situation and the navy; discussion of farm business and clover seed.","Is curious as to the selection of the President and gives his support to Aaron Burr; feels that Jefferson has become committed to \"dangerous doctrine\" and would govern only by narrow views, not general principles; on the local scene, constituents are opposed to his (LP) voting in favor of the continuation of the Sedition Laws, and the rumor of his LP being in favor of monarchy...","Family news; farm and weather reports; his last report about hostilities between France and England was premature, because the newspapers are only mentioning action now; warns of possible attacks by Indians while traveling if carrying large sums of money.","Details of a financial case of his with the French government.","Has sent Cuthbert Powell two barrels of red clover seed and will send him the bill of lading; compares the United States to a ship, which will need a more experienced \"pilot\" if the political horizon becomes clouded.","Family financial matter discussion involving Mr. Joseph Lewis, Jr., Mr. Turner, and Burr Powell; miscellaneous Fairfax Court case decisions; farm business regarding cattle.","A letter from Major David Holmes states that he is in agreement with him concerning a new form of revenue for the county Treasury involving muster fines for local roads around the county and surrounding areas.","Gives his opinion of Doctor Peake's proposition concerning the construction of certain state roads, including financial and legal aspects; personal financial affairs involving the purchasing of land; comment on a congressional decision involving the division of the District of Columbia? and banking policies dealing with agricultural and mercantile capital.","Is pleased that Major David Holmes was appointed as a judge, but is afraid he will be greatly missed in the house of Representatives, particularly with respect to his support of their road; road construction discussion; comment on militia laws.","Defends his vote against Jefferson for President, stating that Jefferson's administration has brought great injuries to the U.S. and they are \"the very reason why we are in our present situation\"; muster fines collections discussion.","Business matter involving Thomas Middleton and Thomas Wilson, and papers which need to be prepared by Leven or Burr Powell in order to accompany them to England.","Discusses problems of the camp including lack of arms and inexperienced officers; removal of type and a journeyman from the Norfolk printer by Dunmore; Capt. Dandridge is meeting with the Committee of Safety on protecting communication up the rivers from Norfolk; arrival of Col. Patrick Henry.","Are under arms because of firing at the James River and Lord Dunmore's \"resolution ... of being at the Palace today\"; would face Dunmore's 250 effective men with 400 who are \"undisciplined, ill-armed but resolute\"; feared the actions of the local inhabitants might have hindered them in case of attack; expects 150 barrels of powder brought by ship to Surry; shortage of good guns.","Describes that day's battle at Great Bridge; discusses casualties and weapons captured.","Just returned form duty in Norfolk; Dunmore is rumored to be planning to go to North Carolina; describes a recent skirmish in Norfolk; rumors of smallpox on Dunmore's ships; will march to Williamsburg shortly; explains his refusal to accept a continental commission.","Discusses accepting a continental commission; his men are dissatisfied and want to \"visit their friends\"; troops going to Gwynn's Island with the hope of capturing Dunmore and refitting the Roebuck and the Fowey; Col. Stephen fortifying Elizabeth River; reports Various appointments; Gen. Charles Lee moving slowly to South Carolina in search of General Henry Clinton; three Indians are in town; ship from the French islands.","Brig of Highlanders taken by Capt. Barron and marching from Jamestown to Williamsburg; reports troop movements; discusses proposed form of government for Va., and election of members of Congress; Capt. Jones of Dinwiddie County just cashiered for cowardice.","See Box I, Folder 1 for the original.","Copies, in English, of Sallust's sketch and comparison of the characters of Cesarsic and Cato; Cesar's (sic) speech in the Roman Senate to give the death penalty to Cataline conspirators; and Cato's reply to the preceding speech.","Copy of a description of the death of General. Albert Sidney Johnston on April 6, 1862 at the battle of Shiloh."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Use of collection via microfilm only."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"persname_ssim":["Powell, Leven, 1737-1810","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Connolly, John, 1750?-1813","Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 1732-1809","Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826","McKean, Thomas, 1734-1817","Taylor, John, 1753-1824"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":89,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T13:04:27.311Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_996"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"text":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","English ."],"title_filing_ssi":"Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","title_ssm":["Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries"],"title_tesim":["Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":4,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":3,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"names_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818"],"persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:50:40.181Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_48.xml","title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1863-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"text":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48","Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington.","The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.","The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.","The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"collection_ssim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creator_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creators_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCosey, Joseph (1887-1950):\u003c/b\u003e Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring, Robert (1813-1876):\u003c/b\u003e Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWashington, William Lanier (1865-1933):\u003c/b\u003e William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeisberg, Charles (-1945):\u003c/b\u003e Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWoodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):\u003c/b\u003e Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with a forged George Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted form with forged Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970"],"persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Joseph Cosey Forgeries","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries"],"text":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Series 2. Manuscript Forgeries","Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","English ."],"title_filing_ssi":"Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries","title_ssm":["Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries"],"title_tesim":["Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Subseries 2.2. Joseph Cosey Forgeries"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":7,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"names_ssim":["Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836"],"persname_ssim":["Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"language_ssim":["English ."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:50:40.181Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_48.xml","title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1863-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"text":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48","Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington.","The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.","The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.","The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. 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Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCosey, Joseph (1887-1950):\u003c/b\u003e Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. 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He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eManuscript with a forged George Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted form with forged Washington signature.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"names_coll_ssim":["Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970"],"persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":25,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:50:40.181Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48_c02_c02"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Ward Family History","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Ward family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Typescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_1421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195722","title_ssm":["Ward Family History"],"title_tesim":["Ward Family History"],"unitdate_ssm":["1994"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421"],"text":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421","Ward Family History","Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)","Dueling","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Typescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ward Family History"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ward Family History"],"collection_ssim":["Ward Family History"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"geogname_ssim":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"creator_ssm":["Ward family"],"creator_ssim":["Ward family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Ward family"],"creators_ssim":["Ward family"],"places_ssim":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Dueling"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Dueling"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 item, 11 pages"],"extent_tesim":["0 Linear Feet Summary: 1 item, 11 pages"],"date_range_isim":[1994],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ward Family History, A\u0026amp;M 3191, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Ward Family History, A\u0026M 3191, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4bf9f40e92f532b7f2fa3bbb73e958d0\"\u003eTypescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Typescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_599153824225a84f903c4ee28c3843b8\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"famname_ssim":["Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family"],"persname_ssim":["Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:10:02.890Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_1421.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195722","title_ssm":["Ward Family History"],"title_tesim":["Ward Family History"],"unitdate_ssm":["1994"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1994"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421"],"text":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421","Ward Family History","Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)","Dueling","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Typescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3191","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1421"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ward Family History"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ward Family History"],"collection_ssim":["Ward Family History"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"geogname_ssim":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"creator_ssm":["Ward family"],"creator_ssim":["Ward family"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Ward family"],"creators_ssim":["Ward family"],"places_ssim":["Wood County (W. Va.)","Ohio","Blennerhassett Island (W. Va.)","Washington County (Ohio)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4bf9f40e92f532b7f2fa3bbb73e958d0\"\u003eTypescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Typescript history of the Ward family of Ohio with a concentration on its association with Harman Blennerhassett, whose secretary was Sylvester Ward. Included is some information on the Blennerhassetts, Aaron Burr, Dudley Woodbridge, Elijah Backus and Aaron Waldo Putnam. Much mention is made of neighboring allied families to the Wards, particularly Hendersons and Putnams in the adjoining counties of Wood Co., VA and Washington Co., OH. There is a detailed transcription of an October 8, 1805 letter by William Howe Cuyler to John G. Henderson describing a disagreement and a duel between his brother, Alexander Henderson and Stephen R. Wilson. Also mentioned in this account about the duel are: Samuel Hempstead, James Henderson, Daniel Kinchelow, Robert Kinchelow, John Melrose, Hugh Phelps, Dr. Joseph Spencer, John Stephenson, Thomas Tavenner, Sylvester Ward, and James Wilson. Research on the lives and backgrounds of the participants and those connected with the duel is also included separately from the transcribed letter."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_599153824225a84f903c4ee28c3843b8\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family","Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"famname_ssim":["Ward family","Putnam family","Childress family","Henderson family"],"persname_ssim":["Phelps, Hugh.","Stepheson, John.","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Henderson, John G.","Henderson, James.","Ward, Sylvester.","Blennerhassett, Harman, 1764-1831","Backus, Elijah, 1726-1798","Wilson, James","Tavenner, Thomas, 1776-1857","Melrose, John.","Spencer, Dr. Joseph.","Hempstead, Samuel H.","Cuyler, William Howe.","Laidley, James G.","Kinchelow, Robert.","Ward, Nahum, 1785-1860","Wilson, Stephen R.","Henderson, Alexander.","Woodbridge, Dudley.","Kinchelow, Daniel.","Putnam, Aaron Waldo.","Shaul family."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:10:02.890Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1421"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_3_resources_48","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_3_resources_48.xml","title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1863-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1863-1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"text":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48","Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection","Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. He gained fame as an aviation writer, publisher, and business investor and was an avid collector of George Washington artifacts. Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington.","The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.","The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.","The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.","Special Collections at The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945","Woodhouse, Henry, 1884-1970","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Burr, Aaron, 1756-1836","Humphreys, David, 1752-1818","Washington, Bushrod, 1762-1829","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["WFC","/repositories/3/resources/48"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"collection_ssim":["Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creator_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"creators_ssim":["Spring, Robert, 1813-1876","Cosey, Joseph, 1887-1950","Washington, William Lanier, 1865-1933","Weisberg, Charles, -1945"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Washington, George, 1732-1799 -- Forgeries"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCosey, Joseph (1887-1950):\u003c/b\u003e Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpring, Robert (1813-1876):\u003c/b\u003e Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. 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Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Washington forgeries, facsimiles, and bookplates collection, [Folder], Special Collections, The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Library of Congress holds a collection of Washington forgeries in the George Washington papers, 1592-1943."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. 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Diehl, Director of the United States Mint.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection of Washington forgeries and bookplates from the 19th and 20th centuries measures 1 linear foot. Found within the collection are forged Washington documents from notorious forgers Robert Spring, Joseph Cosey, and Charles Weisberg, as well as unidentified forgeries. The collection also contains bookplates – originals, restrikes, and spurious copies – from the Washington family and correspondence related to the sale of forgeries.","Typescript signed. Stamped \"CONFIDENTIAL\" in red. 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Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","Cosey, Joseph (1887-1950):  Joseph Cosey, born Martin Coneely, was active as a forger between 1929 and into the 1940s. He forged documents of famous American historical and literary figures like George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, and Edgar Allen Poe, often using old paper and period writing instruments to make the documents look authentic.","Spring, Robert (1813-1876):  Robert Spring was born in England but moved to Philadelphia around 1858. He is most noted as a forger of George Washington signatures, letters, and receipts. Spring developed his own recipe for antiquated ink and often used sheets of paper cut from old books. After his first arrest in 1858, he moved to Canada and posed as an impoverished widow selling family documents. Spring was arrested a final time in 1869 and died in a Philadelphia charity hospital in 1876.","Washington, William Lanier (1865-1933):  William Lanier Washington, a descendant of George Washington's older half-brother Augustine, sold off Washington relics and memorabilia at auctions in the early 1900s. While most of the early sales were of authentic relics, William Lanier later sold fake relics with Washington family crests attached to them in partnership with noted Washingtoniana collector Henry Woodhouse.","Weisberg, Charles (-1945):  Charles Weisberg, nicknamed \"The Baron,\" was active as a forger from the 1930s until his death in 1945, at Pennsylvania's Lewisburg Prison. Although he is remembered as one of the greatest forgers of Abraham Lincoln documents, Weisberg also forged George Washington letters and surveys of Mount Vernon.","Woodhouse, Henry (1884–1970):  Born Mario Terenzio Enrico Casalegno in Turin, Italy, Woodhouse moved to Troy, New York, in 1904. 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Woodhouse sold Washington relics of questionable authenticity through his New York gallery in partnership with Washington descendant William Lanier Washington."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. Materials are periodically added to the collection as they are acquired.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The collection is assembled from gifts and purchases made between 1887-2018. 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Lanier Washington offers Woodhouse some Washington relics for sale.","Forgery of a survey fragment in the hand of George Washington, possibly by Robert Spring.","Forgery attributed to Joseph Cosey but possibly the work of Robert Spring.","Manuscript with forged signatures of George Washington and Aaron Burr.","Manuscript with a forged George Washington signature.","Printed form with forged Washington signature.","Reproductions of six manuscripts from the life of George Washington, with a letter from Philip N. 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