{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026page=3","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026page=2","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026page=4","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia\u0026page=4"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":4,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":34,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vil_vil00034","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Oral History Interview of John T. 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Before that, he was a clerk for Court of Appeals Judge Lawrence Koontz, in private practice in Richmond, and a deputy clerk in the clerk's office of the Supreme Court of Virginia. A native of Richmond and a graduate of Henrico High School, he earned a law degree from the University of Richmond and an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia.","Oral history interview of John T. Tucker, III, Norfolk State University Dean, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond, June 25, 2018. He talks about his family, growing up in Richmond and Henrico County, attending Catholic schools in Richmond and Henrico High School and the University of Virginia and University of Richmond. 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The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00011","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00011","_root_":"vil_vil00011","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00011","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00011.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. 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He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.","In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. 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He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010, Accession number  00029174,  Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010, Accession number  00029174,  Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n      "],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00011","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00011","_root_":"vil_vil00011","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00011","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00011.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"text":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010","00021358","4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages).","Collection is open to research.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.","In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00021358"],"unitid_tesim":["00021358"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission."],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was created by the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission and transferred to the State Law Library in 2010."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["4 mini-DVs (5 hours 2 minutes, sound, color; 2 transcript (139 pages)."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRobert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRobert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court.  Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Robert N. Baldwin was Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from January 1, 1976, until his retirement March 31, 2005. He was Assistant Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1975.  Baldwin succeeded Hubert Bennett, the first person to hold the position of Executive Secretary, who served from 1952 to 1975. During his tenure, Baldwin oversaw the implementation of statewide administration of local courts in Virginia, the implementation of uniform practice and procedures, and technology automation. Baldwin joined the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Virginia, as Executive Vice-President and General Counsel in April 2005.","Robert Baldwin was born and reared in Roanoke, Virginia. He earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Richmond and a law degree from the University of Richmond School of Law.  He served two years in the army in northern Virginia and taught law at the University of Richmond for two years before he became Assistant Executive Secretary in 1974."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010, Accession number  00029174,  Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary (retired) of the Supreme Court of Virginia, May 14 and 21, 2010, Accession number  00029174,  Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary.    \n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the May 14, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Baldwin talks about his parents, growing up in Roanoke Virginia, and attending college and law school at the University of Virginia. He discusses being in the ROTC program and working for the army in northern Virginia for two years, starting a family, and teaching on the faculty at the University of Richmond for two years, and being recruited for the position of Assistant Executive Secretary. Baldwin talks about the I'Anson Commission, which proposed a reorganization of the Virginia court system, the transition from Hubert Bennett, Executive Secretary from 1952 to 1975, to his appointment January 1, 1976. He discusses his working relationship with Chief Justice Harry L. Carrico, his management style, planning for administrative changes, the implementation of automation technology and uniform practice and procedures in courts across the state.  In the second part of the first interview, Baldwin discusses working with the Committee on District Courts, the Courts of Justice Committee, and Speaker of the House of Delegates A.L. Philpott, on legislative initiatives for the judiciary;  in particular; the establishment of the Court of Appeals in 1985; working with the National Center for State Courts, the origins of the Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, and a study by the Commission on the Future of the Court System, 1987-1989.","In the May 21, 2010, interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Baldwin begins by talking about changes in the court system during his tenure, particularly increasing diversity and training to raise  awareness among staff and judges of racial and gender biases. He talks about the creation of a gender bias taskforce, working on sentencing guidelines, and elaborates more on the Commission on the Future of the Courts System, chaired by University of Virginia president Robert O'Neill, and unsuccessful efforts to create a family court in Virginia. He discusses the growth of the field of mediation, development of Alternative Dispute Resolution services, Judicial Planning and research and planning for the court system, the Conference of State Court Administrators and the Conference of Chief Justices.  In the second part of this interview, Baldwin talks more about his working relationships with Justice Carrico and Justice Leroy Hassell, who became Chief Justice in 2003. He reflects on Hassell's more hands-on administrative style and his approach to working with the legislature.  Baldwin also talks about outreach and education initiatives during Chief Justice Hassell's tenure, including the Journey to Justice K-12 education program.  Toward the end of the interview, Baldwin reflects on his decision to retire, and going to work at the National Center for State Courts, and his thoughts about his accomplishments and disappointments as Executive Secretary."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n      "],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interview of Robert N. Baldwin, Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1976 to 2005. The interview was conducted by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History, Norfolk State University, for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission. The interview was conducted May 14, 2010, at the National Center for State Courts in Williamsburg, Va., and on May 21, 2010, at the Supreme Court of Virginia in Richmond. Transcript available."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00011"}},{"id":"vil_vil00035","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00035#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Supreme Court of Virginia Archives","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00035#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIn this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00035#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00035","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00035","_root_":"vil_vil00035","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00035","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00035.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"text":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018","00044867","Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia.","1 digital video recording (2 hours, 5 minutes, 42 seconds); 1 transcript (39 pages)","Collection is open to research.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices, Court of Appeals of Virginia judges, other individuals associated with the Virginia courts, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Ruby H. Walden, formerly Ruby Lucille Holland, was born and raised in Nansemond County, now Suffolk, Virginia. She was a homemaker and mother of four, the secretary and bookkeeper for her husband’s brick masonry business, and an active community and civil rights advocate. At the time of this interview, Mrs. Walden lived in Suffolk, Virginia.","The Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools.","Mrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00044867"],"unitid_tesim":["00044867"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Archives"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Archives"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"creators_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was recorded for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives in October 2018 and accessioned in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 digital video recording (2 hours, 5 minutes, 42 seconds); 1 transcript (39 pages)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices, Court of Appeals of Virginia judges, other individuals associated with the Virginia courts, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRuby H. Walden, formerly Ruby Lucille Holland, was born and raised in Nansemond County, now Suffolk, Virginia. She was a homemaker and mother of four, the secretary and bookkeeper for her husband’s brick masonry business, and an active community and civil rights advocate. At the time of this interview, Mrs. Walden lived in Suffolk, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices, Court of Appeals of Virginia judges, other individuals associated with the Virginia courts, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Ruby H. Walden, formerly Ruby Lucille Holland, was born and raised in Nansemond County, now Suffolk, Virginia. She was a homemaker and mother of four, the secretary and bookkeeper for her husband’s brick masonry business, and an active community and civil rights advocate. At the time of this interview, Mrs. Walden lived in Suffolk, Virginia."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018, Accession number  00044867, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018, Accession number  00044867, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e  \n      \n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools.","Mrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"persname_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"names_coll_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"names_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00035","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00035","_root_":"vil_vil00035","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00035","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00035.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"text":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018","00044867","Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia.","1 digital video recording (2 hours, 5 minutes, 42 seconds); 1 transcript (39 pages)","Collection is open to research.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices, Court of Appeals of Virginia judges, other individuals associated with the Virginia courts, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Ruby H. Walden, formerly Ruby Lucille Holland, was born and raised in Nansemond County, now Suffolk, Virginia. She was a homemaker and mother of four, the secretary and bookkeeper for her husband’s brick masonry business, and an active community and civil rights advocate. At the time of this interview, Mrs. Walden lived in Suffolk, Virginia.","The Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.","In this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools.","Mrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00044867"],"unitid_tesim":["00044867"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Archives"],"creator_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Archives"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"creators_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview was recorded for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives in October 2018 and accessioned in 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 digital video recording (2 hours, 5 minutes, 42 seconds); 1 transcript (39 pages)"],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genres) -- Virginia."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. 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Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices, Court of Appeals of Virginia judges, other individuals associated with the Virginia courts, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project is ongoing.","Ruby H. Walden, formerly Ruby Lucille Holland, was born and raised in Nansemond County, now Suffolk, Virginia. She was a homemaker and mother of four, the secretary and bookkeeper for her husband’s brick masonry business, and an active community and civil rights advocate. At the time of this interview, Mrs. Walden lived in Suffolk, Virginia."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cnote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/note\u003e"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The Ruby Walden oral history video and transcript may be found at https://scvahistory.org/oral-histories-judges-and-court-staff/oral-histories-civil-rights-attorneys/."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018, Accession number  00044867, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History Interview of Ruby Walden, community and civil rights activist, October 1, 2018, Accession number  00044867, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e  \n      \n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In this interview, Mrs. Walden discusses her family and her childhood in rural Nansemond County, with a particular focus on her education in a two-room primary school and the Nansemond County Training School, where she graduated in 1938. She also describes the education of her children, who faced educational experiences similar to her own. Mrs. Walden was part of the Parent-Teacher Association, who, with the support of the NAACP, filed a lawsuit for the equalization of schools.","Mrs. Walden was active in various committees. She worked with the Suffolk-Nansemond branch of the NAACP and helped create a community center and ballpark (Nansemond Community Ballpark). She helped organize the Holland-Holy-Neck Civic League, which worked to increase voter participation, helped to establish a Legal Aid Society in Suffolk, and worked with a Literacy Council. She tells about an opportunity she had to speak personally with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in Suffolk, as well as her experience as a delegate at the Democratic Convention in 1984."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"persname_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"names_coll_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"names_ssim":["Walden, Ruby, 1921-2020.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00035"}},{"id":"vil_vil00027","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00027#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. 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Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00027#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00027","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00027","_root_":"vil_vil00027","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00027","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00027.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"title_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"text":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27","00031900","1 .mov (digital video, 1 hour, 39 minutes, 52 seconds); 1 transcript (45 p.)","Collection is open to research.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","The Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.","Judge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.","Cassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University.","Oral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.","The participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031900"],"unitid_tesim":["00031900"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview is a project of the Virginia State Law Library for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 .mov (digital video, 1 hour, 39 minutes, 52 seconds); 1 transcript (45 p.)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJudge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","The Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.","Judge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.","Cassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27, Accession number 00031900, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27, Accession number 00031900, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Oral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.","The participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00027","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00027","_root_":"vil_vil00027","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00027","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00027.xml","title_ssm":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"title_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"text":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27","00031900","1 .mov (digital video, 1 hour, 39 minutes, 52 seconds); 1 transcript (45 p.)","Collection is open to research.","The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","The Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.","Judge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.","Cassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University.","Oral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.","The participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"collection_ssim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031900"],"unitid_tesim":["00031900"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interview is a project of the Virginia State Law Library for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1 .mov (digital video, 1 hour, 39 minutes, 52 seconds); 1 transcript (45 p.)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJudge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Court of Appeals of Virginia was established January 1, 1985. It provides appellate review of final decisions of the circuit courts in domestic relations matters, appeals from decisions of an administrative agency, traffic infractions and\ncriminal cases, except where a sentence of death has been imposed. It also hears appeals of final decisions\nof the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission. Except in those cases where the decision of\nthe Court of Appeals is final, any party aggrieved by a decision of the Court of Appeals may petition the Supreme Court for an appeal.\nThe Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges. The court sits in panels of at least three judges, and the membership of the panels is rotated. The court sits at such locations as the chief judge designates, so as to provide convenient access to the various geographic areas of the Commonwealth.","The Court of Appeals began operations in January 1985 with ten judges: Chief Judge E. Ballard Baker, who died suddenly in March 1985; Bernard G. Barrow, James W. Benton, Charles H. Duff, William H. Hodges, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (Chief Judge, 1985-1992), Norman K. Moon (Chief Judge, 1992-1997), and Marvin F. Cole.","Judge Benton served on the court until he retired in 2007; Judge Coleman from 1985-2001, when he took senior status; Judge Keenan from 1985 to 1991, when she became a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia; Justice Koontz from 1985 to 1995, when he joined Keenan on the Supreme Court of Virginia; and Norman K. Moon from 1985 to 1997, when he became a U.S. District Judge for the Western District of Virginia.","Cassandra Newby-Alexander is Professor of history at Norfolk State University."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27, Accession number 00031900, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Oral History of the Organization of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 2013 Mar. 27, Accession number 00031900, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Oral history interview with five of the ten judges who sat on the Court of Appeals of Virginia when it was founded in 1985: James W. Benton, Jr., Sam W. Coleman, III, Barbara M. Keenan, Lawrence W. Koontz, and Norman K. Moon. Moderated by Cassandra Newby-Alexander, Professor of History at Norfolk State University. Recorded at the Community Idea Staions in Richmond. Transcript available.","The participants discuss the historical context in which the court was created, support and opposition for the court when it was created, the process of establishing procedures for the new court, and the experience of being on the new court, and the successes of the court. Toward the end of the discussion, Newby-Alexander asks each participant what led him or her to pursue a legal career."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00027"}},{"id":"vil_vil00016","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00016#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00016#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCommission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00016#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00016","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00016","_root_":"vil_vil00016","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00016","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00016.xml","title_ssm":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"title_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"text":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)","00030217","Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia.","0.35 cu. ft. (1 box)","There are no access restrictions.","By authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)","The Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions.","Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.","Includes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902).","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00030217"],"unitid_tesim":["00030217"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902)."],"creators_ssim":["Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert.","New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902)."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred to the State Law Library from the Office of the Clerk, Supreme Court of Virginia, in 2007.  Robert Prentis, President of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, was chairman of the commission."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.35 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["By authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)","The Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927), Accession #00030217, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927), Accession #00030217, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCommission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.      \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission. \u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.","Includes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"corpname_ssim":["New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902)."],"persname_ssim":["Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert."],"names_ssim":["New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902).","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00016","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00016","_root_":"vil_vil00016","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00016","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00016.xml","title_ssm":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"title_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"text":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)","00030217","Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia.","0.35 cu. ft. (1 box)","There are no access restrictions.","By authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)","The Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions.","Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.","Includes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902).","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"collection_ssim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00030217"],"unitid_tesim":["00030217"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. 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Robert Prentis, President of the Court of Appeals of Virginia, was chairman of the commission."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Finance, Public -- Virginia.","Clippings (information artifacts) -- Virginia -- Richmond.","Correspondence -- Virginia.","Minutes -- Virginia.","Pamphlets -- Virginia.","Press releases -- Virginia.","Reports -- Virginia.","Speeches -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.35 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["By authority of an act approved March 25, 1926, Governor Harry Byrd appointed a commission of seven members (Robert R. Prentis, President, Supreme Court of Appeals), R. Gray Williams, of Winchester; William Minor Lile, Dean of the University of Virginia Law School, Robert M. Hughes, of Norfolk; Joseph H. Chitwood, of Roanoke, former Governor Henry C. Stuart, and William Meade Fletcher, of Sperryville, to a commission to suggest changes in the Virginia Constitution. The commission was \"charged with the duty of studying the constitution of Virginia and proposing in detail such revisions of the same as in the opinion of the commission will be for the best interests of the commonwealth.\" The suggested amendments, approved by the General Assembly, reduced the number of statewide elected officials from eight to three (what became known as the short ballot), and \"revised the state tax system by implementing a system of tax segregation that gave localities the power to tax real estate and personal property while leaving the income tax available to the state.\" (Encyclopedia Virginia article on Harry F. Byrd, viewed July 30, 2012.)","The Bureau of Municipal Research was a citizens committee headed by William T. Reed, friend and mentor of Harry F. Byrd. The General Assembly authorized the bureau to survey Virginia government and recommend reductions."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927), Accession #00030217, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Records of the Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution, 1922-1936 (bulk 1926-1927), Accession #00030217, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCommission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.      \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission. \u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution records documenting the work of the commission from 1926-1927. Contains meeting minutes, correspondence, reports, press release, suggested amendments, drafts, notes, a transcript of public hearing about proposed amendments, a pamphlet summarizing a survey, initiated by the Office of the Governor, of county and city government in other states; newspaper clippings, and two speeches. Contains correspondence between Chief Justice Robert Prentis, Chair of the Commission, and Governor Harry F. Byrd, and with Congressmen R. Walton Moore (8th District), commission member Robert M. Hughes, as well as letters from lawyers, state officials and delegates, commenting on proposed amendments. Also contains correspondence pertaining to press relations and public hearings, printed reports of the commission and drafting committee, a statement from Robert Tunstall, 1926; and a report, \"Organization and Management of the State Government of Virginia: Report on a Survey made for the Governor and his Committee on Consolidation and Simplification,\" issued by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, January 1927.","Includes correspondence between University of Virginia president Edwin A. Alderman and Judge Prentis in which Alderman describes his concerns about Section 184 of the Constitution, which prohibited public borrowing for improvements; a memo from Governor Byrd to the members of the commission enclosing recommendations of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research for changes to the constitution, 1927 Jan. 18; and a letter recommending contemporary scientific research on race to the commission."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"corpname_ssim":["New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902)."],"persname_ssim":["Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert."],"names_ssim":["New York Bureau of Municipal Research.","Virginia. Commission to Suggest Changes in the Virginia Constitution.","Virginia. Constitution (1902).","Alderman, Edwin Anderson, 1861-1931.","Byrd, Harry Flood, 1887-1966.","Hughes, Robert M. (Robert Morton), b. 1855.","Lile, William Minor, 1893-1932.","Moore, R. Walton (Robert Walton), 1859-1941.","Prentis, Robert Riddick, 1855-1931.","Tunstall, Robert."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00016"}},{"id":"vil_vil00024","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00024#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00024#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011. Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00024#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00024","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00024","_root_":"vil_vil00024","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00024","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00024.xml","title_ssm":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"title_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"text":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011","00031707","11 MP4s (37 minutes, 53 seconds); 1 transcript (18 p.)","Collection is open to research.","Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court.","The collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.","F. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator.","Rufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Stephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys.","D. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Roxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Birdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.","Cleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.","Angela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Thomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.","Phillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"collection_ssim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031707"],"unitid_tesim":["00031707"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Transferred to the Virginia State Law Library, August 2011."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["11 MP4s (37 minutes, 53 seconds); 1 transcript (18 p.)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRemembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., Accession #00031707, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., Accession #00031707, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eF. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eD. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRoxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBirdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eH. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAngela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.    \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePhillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.","F. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator.","Rufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Stephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys.","D. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Roxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Birdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.","Cleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.","Angela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Thomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.","Phillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00024","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00024","_root_":"vil_vil00024","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00024","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00024.xml","title_ssm":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"title_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"text":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011","00031707","11 MP4s (37 minutes, 53 seconds); 1 transcript (18 p.)","Collection is open to research.","Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court.","The collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.","F. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator.","Rufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Stephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys.","D. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Roxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Birdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.","Cleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.","Angela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Thomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.","Phillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"collection_ssim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., May-August, 2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031707"],"unitid_tesim":["00031707"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Transferred to the Virginia State Law Library, August 2011."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["11 MP4s (37 minutes, 53 seconds); 1 transcript (18 p.)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLeroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. (1955-2011) was appointed to the  Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  He was elected to a four-year term as Chief Justice in 2003 and reelected in 2007 and served until his death in February 2011.  He was born in Norfolk and earned an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia and a JD from Harvard University. Hassell was the first African American to serve as chief justice on the court."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRemembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., Accession #00031707, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Remembrances of Chief Justice Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr., Accession #00031707, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eF. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eD. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eRoxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBirdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eH. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAngela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.    \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePhillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains video recordings of judges' personal remembrances of Chief Justice Hassell, recorded at the Virginia Judicial Conference of Virginia in Roanoke, Virginia, in May 2011 and the Virginia Judicial Conference for District Court Judges in Virginia Beach, Virginia, in August 2011.  Two additional interviews were recorded at the Supreme Court Building in Richmond in June 2011. Transcript available.","F. Bruce Bach, retired circuit court judge, Fairfax County (5 minutes, 19 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Bach worked with Hassell in 2005, when he served as interim executive secretary, or court administrator.","Rufus Banks, Jr., chief judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Chesapeake (1 minute, 10 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Stephen D. Benjamin, Richmond defense lawyer (9 minutes, 34 seconds), recorded in Richmond.  Benjamin talks about working with Hassell on an initiative to improve training and support for court-appointed defense attorneys.","D. Eugene Cheek, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 51 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Roxie O. Holder, judge, general district court, Portsmouth (53 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Birdie H. Jamison, judge, general district court, Richmond (1 minute, 7 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","H. Thomas Padrick, Jr., judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (8 minutes, 7 seconds), recorded in Roanoke. Padrick and Hassell served together on the Committee on District Courts.","Cleo E. Powell, judge, Court of Appeals of Virginia (5 minutes), recorded in Richmond. Powell met Hassell when they were both students at the University of Virginia in the 1970s.","Angela Roberts, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Richmond (4 minutes, 11 seconds), recorded in Virginia Beach.","Thomas S. Shadrick, retired judge, circuit court, Virginia Beach (4 minutes), recorded in Roanoke. Shadrick talks about Hassell's work mentoring children in the Virginia Beach school system.","Phillip Trompeter, judge, juvenile and domestic relations court, Roanoke. Trompeter served with Hassell on the Committee on District Courts, recorded in Virginia Beach."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00024"}},{"id":"vil_vil00018","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00018#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00018#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court. For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00018#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00018","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00018","_root_":"vil_vil00018","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00018","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00018.xml","title_ssm":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"title_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"text":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)","00031578","1.8 cu. ft. (4 boxes)","Collection is open to research.","In 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).","An act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.","Source: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6.","The collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.","The letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.","The collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.","Separated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"collection_ssim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031578"],"unitid_tesim":["00031578"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred to the State Law Library from the Office of the Clerk to the State Law Library in 2006."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1.8 cu. ft. (4 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAn act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSource: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).","An act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.","Source: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRequests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909), Accession 00031578, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909), Accession 00031578, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSeparated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.","The letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.","The collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.","Separated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":314,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00018","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00018","_root_":"vil_vil00018","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00018","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00018.xml","title_ssm":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"title_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"text":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)","00031578","1.8 cu. ft. (4 boxes)","Collection is open to research.","In 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).","An act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.","Source: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6.","The collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.","The letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.","The collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.","Separated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"collection_ssim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909)"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031578"],"unitid_tesim":["00031578"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred to the State Law Library from the Office of the Clerk to the State Law Library in 2006."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["1.8 cu. ft. (4 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAn act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSource: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In 1895, the General Assembly enacted legislation transferring responsibility for examining prospective lawyers from the circuit court to the highest court in the state. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia established rules that provided for a written examination to be held in Richmond, Staunton, and Wytheville at different times of year while the court was in session. The examinations were open to any applicant, provided he was at least 21 years old, a resident of Virginia for six months, and \"able to produce a certificate of honest demeanor from his local circuit court.\" The new rules took effect July 1, 1896. Women were implicitly denied an opportunity to apply for membership in the bar.  In 1894, a U.S. Supreme Court opinion upheld the Supreme Court of Virginia's ruling that the word \"person\" meant \"man\" in an 1887 statute regarding admission of foreign attorneys (LOCKWOOD, EX PARTE, 154 U.S. 116).","An act approved by the General Assembly March 14, 1910, established the Virginia Board of Bar Examiners and authorized it to license lawyers and determine the qualifications of applicants who wished to take the bar examination.  The Board served under the auspices of the Supreme Court of Appeals.","Source: J. Gordon Hylton, \"The Written Bar Examination and the Development of the Modern Legal Profession in Virginia,\" Richmond Law, Summer 1991 Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 6."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRequests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909), Accession 00031578, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Requests for Certification to take the Written Bar Exam, 1897-1929 (bulk 1897-1909), Accession 00031578, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSeparated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains letters to the Supreme Court of Appeals from individuals seeking certification to take the written bar exam, 1897-1909. Most letters include character references from members of the bar in the applicant's local court.  For some applicants, the only record is a letter requesting the transfer of the file to Staunton or Wytheville.","The letters are arranged chronologically and alphabetically within each year.","The collection also contains two folders of correspondence, 1902-1929, from attorneys requesting admission to the Virginia bar from other states and the District of Columbia.","Separated material: Law license applications, 1898-1899, and failed bar examinations, 1903-1906, part of the collection, Records of the Supreme Court of Appeals, 1871-1914, accession number 31211."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":314,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00018"}},{"id":"vil_vil00026","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00026#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00026#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eState Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00026#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00026","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00026","_root_":"vil_vil00026","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00026","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00026.xml","title_ssm":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"title_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"text":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979","00031873","0.90 cu. ft. (2 boxes)","Collection is open to research.","The position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.","The first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982).","State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.","The collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"collection_ssim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031873"],"unitid_tesim":["00031873"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred from the State Law Library to the archives April 17, 2013 (accession 00031873)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.90 cu. ft. (2 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982).\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.","The first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eState Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, Accession 00031873, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, Accession 00031873, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eState Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.","The collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00026","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00026","_root_":"vil_vil00026","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00026","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00026.xml","title_ssm":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"title_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"text":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979","00031873","0.90 cu. ft. (2 boxes)","Collection is open to research.","The position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.","The first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982).","State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.","The collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"collection_ssim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00031873"],"unitid_tesim":["00031873"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred from the State Law Library to the archives April 17, 2013 (accession 00031873)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.90 cu. ft. (2 boxes)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982).\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The position of state law librarian is addressed in the Code of Virginia, section 42.1-60, originally enacted in 1902. The section enacted in 1902 provides for the \"establishment of a State law library at Richmond, with branches thereof at Wytheville and Staunton, maintained as at present, which shall be managed by the supreme court of appeals. The said court shall appoint the librarian and other employees, to hold office during the pleasure of the court.\" Previously, the state law library in Richmond was managed by the general librarian of Virginia.  The branches in Staunton and Wytheville and were managed by the Supreme Court of Appeals clerks in those locations.","The first state law librarian was William W. Scott, who served from 1904 to 1929. (From 1894 to 1904, Scott was responsible for the state law library in Richmond as part of his duties as the general librarian of Virginia.) Scott was followed by Lloyd M. Richards, who held the position from 1929 to 1961; H. Elmer Kiser (1961-1966), Walter S. Griggs, Jr. (1966-1967), and Marjorie Kirtley (1967-1982)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eState Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, Accession 00031873, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, Accession 00031873, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eState Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["State Law Librarian Correspondence, 1932-1979, contains correspondence with Supreme Court of Appeals justices, 1932-1979, as follows: George L. Browning, 1932-1947; Archibald C. Buchanan, 1953-1964; Preston W. Campbell, 1935-1946; Herbert B. Gregory, 1933-1950; Henry Holt, 1935-1947; Edward W. Hudgins, 1931-1958, Willis D. Miller, 1952-1960, Lemuel F. Smith, 1952-1957; C. Vernon Spratley, 1936-1974, and Kennon C. Whittle, 1951-1965. Most of the correspondence pertains to justices' requests for reference materials from the library. A portion of the correspondence from the period 1932-1961, during Lloyd Richards' tenure as state law librarian, is more personal and contains additional information about the court and the justices.","The collection is comprised of the correspondence of state law librarians Lloyd M. Richards, 1932-1961; H. Elmer Kiser, 1961-1966; Walter Griggs, 1966-67, and Marjorie Kirtley, 1968-1979. It also contains a folder of Kirtley's correspondence regarding library rules, 1970-1979; a report on the financial needs of the library, 1974; a list of portraits and their location in the state law library, 1970; a copy of a list of books and other publications ordered for the library between 1952 and 1970, and a folder of correspondence regarding the retirement of assistant librarian and tipstaff Edward deRaisne, 1958-1959."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00026"}},{"id":"vil_vil00003","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00003#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00003#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00003#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00003","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00003","_root_":"vil_vil00003","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00003.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"text":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007","00028932","Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia.","0.45 cu. ft. (1 box)","Collection is open to research.","Alphabetical.","The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.","Section 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records.","The collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00028932"],"unitid_tesim":["00028932"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creators_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred from the Clerk's office to the State Law Library in 2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.45 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Alphabetical."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSection 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.","Section 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSupreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007, Accession #00028932, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007, Accession #00028932, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"names_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00003","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00003","_root_":"vil_vil00003","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00003.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"text":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007","00028932","Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia.","0.45 cu. ft. (1 box)","Collection is open to research.","Alphabetical.","The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.","Section 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records.","The collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00028932"],"unitid_tesim":["00028932"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"creators_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These records were transferred from the Clerk's office to the State Law Library in 2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Judges--Virginia.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- History -- 20th century.","Clerks of court -- Virginia -- 20th century.","Oaths -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["0.45 cu. ft. (1 box)"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlphabetical.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Alphabetical."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSection 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia was created by an act of the new General Assembly in 1779. Although the Supreme Court of Virginia possesses both original and appellate jurisdiction, its primary function is to review decisions of lower courts, including the Court of Appeals, from which appeals have been allowed.","Section 49-1 of the Code of Virginia requires justices to take an oath as on officer of the Commonwealth.  Pursuant to Section 49-3 of the Code of Virginia, justices may be sworn in by a judge, clerk, or deputy clerk of a court of record; a judge of a district court; the Secretary of the Commonwealth, or a State Corporation Commissioner.  Justices are elected by the legislature to 12-year terms.  Chief justices are elected by a majority vote of the other Supreme court justices and serve a four-year term.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Clerk's Office receives, processes, and maintains permanent records of all appeals and other official documents filed with the Court.  The Clerk also maintains records of qualified attorneys and other administrative records."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSupreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007, Accession #00028932, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oaths of Office, 1935-1985; 2007, Accession #00028932, Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection (not comprehensive) contains oaths of office of Supreme Court justices between 1935 and 2012. The collection also contains the oaths taken by Supreme Court Clerk Maury B. Watts, 1937; Deputy Clerk Bryan L. Clarke, 1957; Clerk Allen L. Lucy, 1977; Attorney General Kenneth C. Patty, 1957; and J. Lindsay Almond, Roanoke (city) Hustings Court judge, 1941."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"names_ssim":["Virginia. Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Office of the Clerk."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00003"}},{"id":"vil_vil00009","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Virginia State Law Library.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following: Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vil_vil00009","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00009","_root_":"vil_vil00009","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00009","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00009.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"text":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007","00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts.","Collection is open to research.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia.","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026.","Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143"],"unitid_tesim":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"creators_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2007-2018. In 2016, copies of interviews conducted from 2007-2016 were donated to the Library of Virginia for longterm preservation and access."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e  \n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBarbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.\u003c/p\u003e \n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJustice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia.","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSupreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007-2018, Accession numbers  00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942,00032213,00032782, 00040432, 00041143, and 00042014. Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007-2018, Accession numbers  00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942,00032213,00032782, 00040432, 00041143, and 00042014. Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e   \n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n      "],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vil_vil00009","ead_ssi":"vil_vil00009","_root_":"vil_vil00009","_nest_parent_":"vil_vil00009","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/vsll-scv/vil00009.xml","title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"text":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007","00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143","Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century.","African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia.","15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts.","Collection is open to research.","The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia.","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026.","Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"collection_ssim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143"],"unitid_tesim":["00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942, 00032213, 00032782, 00040432, 00041143"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.) -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- History -- 20th century.","Virginia -- Politics and government -- 20th century."],"creator_ssm":["Virginia State Law Library."],"creator_ssim":["Virginia State Law Library."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"creators_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-.","Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"access_terms_ssm":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The interviews were created for the Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, 2007-2018. In 2016, copies of interviews conducted from 2007-2016 were donated to the Library of Virginia for longterm preservation and access."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American judges  -- Biographies.","African American judges -- Interviews.","Civil rights -- United States -- History -- 20th century.","Judges -- Virginia -- biographies.","Judges -- Virginia -- interviews.","Segregation in education -- Virginia.","Massive resistance.","Minorities -- Civil rights -- Virginia.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Biographies.","Women judges -- Virginia -- Interviews.","Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["15 mini video cassettes (DV camera) and 4 digital moving image files recorded with HDV camera; 15 transcripts."],"genreform_ssim":["Oral histories (document genre) -- Virginia."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJudge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e  \n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBarbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.\u003c/p\u003e \n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJustice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eJustice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Advisory Committee (formerly Commission) was established in 2006 to preserve and promote the history of the court. Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court justices, Court of Appeals judges, other individuals associated with the court, and civil rights attorneys were begun in 2007.  The project was brought under the auspices of the Virginia State Law Library in 2011 and is ongoing.","Judge G. Steven Agee (b. 1952) was elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 2003 and served until 2008, when he was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He served on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 2001 to 2003. He was in private practice in Roanoke from 1977 to 2000 and a member of the House of Delegates from 1982 to 1994. Agee was born in Roanoke.","Justice Harry Lee Carrico (b. 1916) was appointed to the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1961 and was chief justice from 1981-2003. Before joining the court, he was a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County.  He was an ensign in the he navy during World War II. Carrico was born in Washington D.C. and reared in rural Fauquier and Fairfax counties.","Justice George M. Cochran (1912-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1969-1987. A lifelong resident of Staunton, he was a member of the House of Delegates from 1948 to 1966 and the Virginia Senate from 1966 to 1968.","Barbara M. Keenan  (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1991 to 2010, when she was confirmed as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. She was a judge on the Court of Appeals of Virginia from 1985 to 1991. She was the first woman to serve as a circuit and appellate court judge in Virginia.","Cynthia D. Kinser (b. 1951) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1997 to 2014, and as chief justice from 2011 to 2014. She was the third woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia and the first woman to serve as chief justice.","Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. (b. 1940) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1995 to 2011, when he took senior status. He was one ten judges who served on the first Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and served on the court until 1995. He was the second chief judge of the court, serving from 1985 to 1993. From 1976 to 1984, Koontz was a circuit court judge in 23rd judicial circuit in Roanoke; from 1968 to 1976, he was a juvenile and domestic relations judge in the general district court in Roanoke.","Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy (b. 1945) served as justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1989 to 2007, when she took senior status. She was the first woman to serve on the court, the first woman to serve as Deputy Attorney General in Virginia, and the first woman to serve as a judge on the State Corporation Commission. Lacy was born in South Carolina and grew up in Wisconsin.  She worked in Texas as a teacher and Assistant Attorney General and Division Chief (1972-1976) before moving to Virginia. She was Virginia Deputy Attorney General, overseeing all civil litigation, from 1982-1985; and Judge, Virginia State Corporation Commission, 1985-1989.","Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr. (b. 1949) served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 2008 to 2015, when he took senior status. He served on the Court of Appeals from 2007 to 2008. Millette was a circuit court judge in Prince William County from 1993 to 2007, a district court judge from 1990 to 1993, and an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Prince William County from 1986 to 1993. As a circuit court judge he presided over two widely publicized criminal trials: John Wayne Bobbitt in 1993 and John Allen Muhammed in 2003.","Justice Charles S. Russell (b. 1926) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1982-1991. He returned to the court as a senior justice in 2004.Russell practiced law in Arlington and Fairfax from 1951 to 1967 and was appointed judge for the 17th Judicial District in 1967. From 1967 to 1982, Russell was a circuit court judge in Fairfax County.  Russell was born in Richmond.  He served in the U.S. Navy in World II and the Korean War.","Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson (1922-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia as justice from 1981 to 1997, when he took senior status. A lifelong resident of Covington, Va., Stephenson practiced law in Covington and was Alleghany County Commonwealth's Attorney and a judge on the 25th judicial circuit before his appointment to the Supreme Court.","Justice John Charles Thomas (b. 1950) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1983-1989. A native of Norfolk, Thomas graduated from the University of Virginia law school in 1975 and worked at Hunton \u0026 Williams law form in Richmond, where he became the first African American to be named partner in a large law firm in the South. When Thomas resigned from the Supreme Court in 1989, he returned to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.","Justice W. Carrington (William Carrington) Thompson (1915-2011) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1980-1983. A native of Chatham, Virginia, he established a law practice there after returning from service in the navy during World War II.  Thompson served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1959 to 1968 and the Virginia State Senate from 1968-1973.  He was a circuit judge before his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia.","Justice Henry H. Whiting (1923-) served on the Supreme Court of Virginia from 1987 to 1995, when he took senior status. Whiting was born in Fort Logan, Colorado, and spent most of his youth in Winchester, Virginia.  He attended Virginia Tech for one year before enlisting in the U.S. Army during World War II. After the war, he attended the University of Virginia and earned a law degree there in 1949.  He practiced law in Winchester, Virginia, for much of his career. In 1980, Whiting was appointed to the 28th Judicial Circuit by Governor John Dalton; in 1987, he was elected by the General Assembly to the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSupreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007-2018, Accession numbers  00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942,00032213,00032782, 00040432, 00041143, and 00042014. Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Supreme Court of Virginia Oral History Interviews, 2007-2018, Accession numbers  00013640, 00013636, 00018856, 00014536, 00014999, 00018746, 00028942,00032213,00032782, 00040432, 00041143, and 00042014. Supreme Court of Virginia Archives, Virginia State Law Library, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.\u003c/p\u003e   \n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.          \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026amp; Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.   \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.     \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In the interview of Judge G. Steven Agee by Connie Doebele (September 26, 2017, 2 hours, 22 minutes; transcript available), Judge Agee talks about his early life and family, his father's military service in World War II, practicing law in Roanoke, and serving in the House of Delegates.  He discusses changes in Virginia politics in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in Republican party; and serving as an appellate court judge in the state and federal court system. Agee also discusses his legislative career, including his advocacy of changes in the judicial selection process and the parole system; and the unique sense of history associated with the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Judge Joanne Alper (April 12, 2007, 78 minutes; transcript available), Justice Carrico discusses changes he witnessed during his long tenure on the court, his experiences as a young judge and lawyer in northern Virginia (Alexandria and Fairfax and Prince William counties) in the 1940s and 1950s, his work on the Judicial Conference of the U.S. and his relationships with U.S. Supreme Court justices Warren Burger and William Rehnquist.  Toward the end of the interview, he reflects on his relationships with the justices who were on the Supreme Court of Virginia when he was appointed in 1961, his workflow and opinion-writing processes, the creation of the Office of the Executive Secretary (court administrator), and the appointments of the first African American and women justices to the court.  He also talks about the establishment of the Court of Appeals of Virginia in 1985 and a statewide system of Juvenile and Domestic Relations courts in 1972 and 1973. The interview concludes with a discussion of the founding of the National Center for State Courts in 1971.","In the interview of Justice Harry Carrico by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 28, 2007, 1 hour, 57 minutes; transcript available), Carrico discusses his family and early life on a dairy farm in rural Fairfax County, his father's work as a billboard artist for the General Outdoor Advertising Company and his business operating a riding stable.  He recalls going to a combined grade school and high school in Bailey's Crossroads and attending Lee-Jackson High School in Fairfax County, and working and attending law school in Washington D.C. He discusses his experience working in contract terminations in the navy during World War II, his work as a lawyer and judge in Fairfax County before and after the war, and his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1961. Toward the end of the interview, Carrico talks about the process of writing opinions, and his decision in Loving v. Commonwealth of Virginia, which upheld the state statute barring interracial marriage in 1967.  He reflects on changes in the court during his tenure, including the appointment of the first African American and women justices, and his recollections of the justices who were on the court when he was appointed in 1961 (Chief Justice John Eggleston, Justice L. Warren I'Anson, Justice Claude V. Spratley, Harold F. Snead). The interview ends with a discussion of Carrico's work for the John Marshall Foundation and his thoughts about the historical importance of Marshall's contributions to the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice George M. Cochran by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (March 30, 2007, 1 hour, 56 minutes; transcript available), Justice Cochran talks about his family's roots in Staunton, his ancestor Alexander H.H. Stuart and Stuart's political career before and after the Civil War.  He reflects on his early life in Staunton, his education at Episcopal High School in Alexandria and at the University of Virginia, and his service in the navy in California and the Pacific during World War II. He discusses being a state legislator  during the 1950s and 1960s and efforts by a younger generation of legislators to repeal the poll tax and segregation laws after World War II.  Cochran also reflects on massive resistance and working to establish a community college system in Virginia. He talks about working with fellow state legislators Armistead Boothe, Mosby G. Perrow, Tayloe Murphy, Mills Godwin, and Albertis Harrison, and Governor Colgate Darden, and Governor Lindsay Almond. Toward the end of the interview, Cochran talks about his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, his friendship with Albertis Harrison when they were both on the court, his thoughts about dissenting from the majority, and making the transition from writing legal briefs to writing judicial opinions. The interview concludes with Cochran's recollections about organizing meetings of the Virginia State Bar Association in England and Scotland, the appointment of the first women and African American justices to the court, and socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond.","In the interview of Judge Barbara Milano Keenan by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 6, 2013, 2 hours, 38 minutes; transcript available), Judge Keenan talks about her family's history and the influence of their experiences as immigrants to West Virginia in the early twentieth century, attending Catholic high school in Arlington, Virginia, and Cornell University during the 1960s; and working at the U.S. Department of Justice while attending law school at George Washington University. She discusses her early career as an assistant commonwealth's attorney in Fairfax County, working as a lawyer in private practice, her first years on the bench as a district and circuit court judge in Fairfax, and her service on the Court of Appeals of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, and the Fourth Circuit, U.S. Court of Appeals. She also reflects on the experience of being among the first women judges in Virginia and the influences of mentors and colleagues throughout her career.","The interview of Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser was conducted by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander August 16, 2016, at Gentry Locke law firm in Roanoke, Virginia. The recording and transcript of the interview are closed until August 16, 2026.","In the interview of Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr. by Gail Warren, State Law Librarian (May 17, 2013, 55 minutes; transcript available), Justice Koontz talks about growing up in Salem, Virginia, attending Virginia Tech and law school at the University of Richmond, and his early years as a lawyer, commonwealth's attorney, and judge in Roanoke. He reflects on the experience of forming rules and procedures for the Court of Appeals, serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia, and changes in the legal profession and the judiciary during his career.","In the interview of Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (September 15, 2008, 1 hour, 56 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about growing up in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where her parents owned a business, in the 1950s; her education at Catholic schools in Oshkosh and at St. Mary's College at Notre Dame, and attending law school at the University of Texas in Austin.  She talks about her early legal career working for the Texas Legislative Council and the Texas Attorney General's office, where she became the first woman division chief.  She reflects on the political atmosphere in Texas when she was in law school and in the early years of her legal career, and the influence of women such as Barbara Jordan, Kay Bailey Hutchinson, Sarah Weddington, and others who were elected to public office in Texas in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy recounts moving to Virginia in the late 1970s, her work as Deputy Attorney General under Attorney General Gerald Baliles, her appointment to the State Corporation Commission in 1985 and her work there, and her appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia in 1989.  The interview ends with Lacy's reflections on her early experiences on the court and changes in the court during her tenure.","In the interview of Justice Lacy by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (October 8, 2008, 1 hour, 38 minutes, transcript available), Justice Lacy talks about the appellate court process and the experience of working as a member of a group.  She recalls cases that were particularly memorable involving redistricting, the definition of injury in a medical malpractice suit involving a tubal litigation; and a privacy case pertaining to parents' right to serve alcohol to minors in the privacy of their homes. She also talks about the early use of DNA evidence in Virginia and problems with evidence in death penalty cases.  In the second part of the interview, Justice Lacy talks about her work on the Virginia Taskforce on Gender Bias in the Courtroom, her thoughts about gender, feminism, and gender discrimination, her perception of changes in the tone of the court during the period she served, her approach to decision-making in a group, the opinion-writing process, writing techniques, and working with law clerks.  Toward the end of the interview, Justice Lacy reflects on her involvement in professional organizations like the National Association of Women Judges and the American Bar Association, and the importance of being a public advocate for the judicial system.  She talks about the regulatory role of the Supreme Court of Virginia, and her efforts to stay informed of changes in legal education and practice.  The interview concludes with Justice Lacy's reflections on her legacy as the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court of Virginia.","In the interview of Justice Millette by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 16, 2017, 2 hours, 1 minute; transcript available) Millette talks about his family and growing up in Alexandria and Fairfax Virginia, attending the College of William and Mary, establishing a law practice in Prince William County, working as an assistant commonwealth's attorney and becoming a judge. He discusses his experiences presiding over the trial of John Wayne Bobbitt, in 1993, and John Allen Muhammad in 2003; and working as a circuit court and appellate judge.","In the interview of Justice Charles S. Russell by Judge Joanne Alper (April 23, 2007, 68 minutes; transcript available), Russell talks about his experience as a circuit court judge in Arlington County and his tenure on the Supreme Court of Virginia.  He discusses his election to the court by one vote in 1982 and reflects on changes in the Virginia judiciary during his tenure as a justice and senior justice, particularly a greater acceptance of dissent and declining deference toward older justices.  Russell also talks about colorful personalities he remembers from his early years as a member of the Arlington County bar.  He talks about Judge Walter T. McCarthy, who inspired him when he was a child growing up in Arlington.  Russell also reflects on memorable cases and historical events during his career.  The interview closes with Russell's recollection of watching the attack on the Pentagon from his office window in Arlington on September 11, 2001, and his thoughts about the lasting impact of the event.","In the interview of Justice Roscoe B. Stephenson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (April 30, 2007, 1 hour, 27 minutes; transcript available), Justice Stephenson talks about his parents and siblings and growing up in Covington, Virginia, where his father was a lawyer.  He recalls attending Washington and Lee University as an undergraduate and working on a construction project in Hampton and a steamer out of Baltimore during the break between college and law school, after he was discharged from the military on account of a heart murmur.  Stephenson recalls that he was only one of two students attending law school at Washington and Lee University in 1945 because of the war. He talks about returning to Covington after law school, practicing law there with his father in the 1950s, and being Commonwealth's Attorney and a circuit court judge in Alleghany County.  Stephenson reflects on changes in the judiciary beginning in the 1970s, particularly the increase of women, and the appointment of Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman justice, to the court in 1989.  In the second part of the interview, Stephenson talks about his approach to writing opinions and cases that were particularly memorable. He discusses the use of DNA evidence in the Spencer v. Commonwealth of Virginia cases, other death penalty cases, and cases involving rights to mine coal and gas. The interview closes with Stephenson's recollections of his relationships with other justices and law clerks and memories of socializing with other out-of-town justices at the John Marshall Hotel in Richmond when the court was in session.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (June 11, 2007, 2 hours, 21 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thomas discusses his family's roots in the Huntersville neighborhood of Norfolk, growing up in segregated Norfolk, and the influence on him of his parents, grandparents, extended  family, community, school, and church.  He recalls his maternal grandfather, who taught him to recite poetry when he was a young boy, and the minister of the First Baptist Church. He talks about his decision to attend Maury High School, a predominantly white high school in Norfolk, in 1965, and his experiences as a student there; and attending the University of Virginia.  Thomas also reflects on clerking for the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department one summer when he was a law student, and how this experience helped him in his efforts to secure a position at a large law firm in Virginia after he graduated.  He recounts his early years working at the Richmond law firm Hunton \u0026 Williams, where he did legal work for Virginia Electric and Power Company, and becoming the first African American lawyer to make partner at a white law firm in the South. Toward the end of the interview, Thomas discusses his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia and being the first African American appointed to the court.  He reflects on differences between himself and the other justices, in style, training, and age.  The interview closes with Thomas' thoughts on memorable opinions.","In the interview of Justice John Charles Thomas by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (August 8, 2007, 1 hour, five minutes; transcript available), Thomas talks about his legal career in more detail, from his work as a young lawyer at Hunton \u0026 Williams, to his work as a justice, to his work on appellate cases after returning to private practice at Hunton \u0026 Williams.  He recalls traveling to small courthouses around Virginia and arguing cases before the supreme court as a young lawyer.  Thomas also elaborates on his nomination to the court and adjusting to being an appellate judge. He reflects on the changes he observed when Justice Elizabeth Lacy, the first woman appointed to the court, joined the men on the court, and the generation gap he felt existed between himself and Lacy and the rest of the justices, who were much older. Thomas concludes by talking about the changes he has witnessed during his lifetime and the sacrifices made by Oliver Hill and other pioneering African American lawyers as they worked to change institutions that were resistant to change.","In the interview of Justice W. Carrington Thompson by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (November 14, 2007, 1 hour, 32 minutes; transcript available), Justice Thompson talks about his parents and his early life in Chatham, Virginia, particularly the influence of his father; his experiences as a student at Hampden-Sydney College, his professors, his religious education and the importance of his religious faith throughout his life.  He talks about attending law school at the University of Virginia and being in the navy during World War II in the South Pacific.  Thompson recalls his career in Chatham as a lawyer, state legislator, and circuit court judge.  He reflects on the political circumstances of his appointments to the circuit court and Supreme Court of Virginia and his decision to retire after serving only three years.  The interview closes with Thompson's thoughts on writing opinions in two death-penalty cases while he was on the court, his views on the death penalty, and his strict contructionist views on the Constitution and the role of the judiciary.","In the interview of Justice Henry H. Whiting by Professor Cassandra Newby-Alexander (December 12, 2011, 1 hour, 35 minutes; transcript available), Justice Whiting talks about his family, growing up in Winchester, Va., serving in the army during World War II and witnessing the Battle of Remagen, and his thoughts about General George S. Patton, who knew his father and was his godfather; attending college and law school at Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia, and practicing law in Winchester.  Toward the end of interview, he discusses being a circuit judge in Winchester, his appointment to the Supreme Court of Virginia, and serving on the Supreme Court of Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.  \n\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because the library is not open to the general public, researchers should contact the library to arrange access to the collection.","The interview of Cynthia D. Kinser is closed until August 16, 2026."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract label=\"Abstract\"\u003eOral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n      "],"abstract_tesim":["Oral history interviews of retired Supreme Court of Virginia justices were conducted for the Supreme Court of Virginia Historical Commission by Arlington County Circuit Judge Joanne F. Alper (1 interview), Norfolk State Professor of History Cassandra Newby-Alexander, State Law Librarian Gail Warren (1 interview), and Connie Doebele (1 interview), beginning in 2007. Interviews have been conducted with the following:  Judge G. Steven Agee, Justice Harry L. Carrico, Justice George M. Cochran, Judge Barbara Milano Keenan, Chief Justice Cynthia D. Kinser, Justice Lawrence L. Koontz, Jr., Justice Elizabeth B. Lacy, Justice LeRoy F. Millette, Jr., Justice Charles Russell, Justice W. Carrington Thompson, and Justice Henry H. Whiting."],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"persname_ssim":["Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"names_ssim":["Virginia -- Supreme Court -- Historical Commission.","Virginia. Supreme Court.","Virginia. Supreme Court. Historical Commission.","Agee, G. Steven.","Alper, Joanne F.","Carrico, Harry Lee, 1916-2013.","Cochran, George Moffett, 1912-2011.","Doebele, Connie.","Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Kinser, Cynthia D., 1951-Hill, Oliver White, 1907-2007.","Millette, LeRoy Francis, Jr., 1949-.","Lacy, Elizabeth Bermingham, 1945-.","Newby-Alexander, Cassandra, 1956-.","Patton, George S., 1885-1945.","Russell, Charles S., 1926-.","Thompson, William Carrington, 1915-2011.","Tucker, Samuel Wilbert, 1913-1990.","Whiting, Henry Hudson, 1923-."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:33.766Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vil_vil00009"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","value":"Virginia State Law Library, Supreme Court of Virginia","hits":34},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Assistant Executive Secretary Records, 1961-1985","value":"Assistant Executive Secretary Records, 1961-1985","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Assistant+Executive+Secretary+Records%2C+1961-1985\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Audio recordings of court ceremonies\n1969-2005","value":"Audio recordings of court ceremonies\n1969-2005","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Audio+recordings+of+court+ceremonies%0A1969-2005\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Chief Justice Leroy Hassell's Annual State of the Judiciary Messages, 2007-2010","value":"Chief Justice Leroy Hassell's Annual State of the Judiciary Messages, 2007-2010","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Chief+Justice+Leroy+Hassell%27s+Annual+State+of+the+Judiciary+Messages%2C+2007-2010\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Circuit Court Judges Benchbook Committee Records, 1977; 1984-2011","value":"Circuit Court Judges Benchbook Committee Records, 1977; 1984-2011","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Circuit+Court+Judges+Benchbook+Committee+Records%2C+1977%3B+1984-2011\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Clerk's Correspondence and other Records, 1918-2006","value":"Clerk's Correspondence and other Records, 1918-2006","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Clerk%27s+Correspondence+and+other+Records%2C+1918-2006\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+State+Law+Library%2C+Supreme+Court+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Colombian College v. 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