{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1978\u0026page=19\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1978\u0026page=18\u0026view=compact","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1978\u0026page=20\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1978\u0026page=5426\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":19,"next_page":20,"prev_page":18,"total_pages":5426,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":180,"total_count":54253,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes","19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech","box 48","folder 13"],"title_filing_ssi":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech","title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech"],"title_tesim":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Banquet Speech"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1980,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. 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Marshak Papers","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted.  Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection .","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. ","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. ","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. The remainder of the collection (Series II-IX) was acquired by SCUA in 1989 and 1994."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConfidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. 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Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c02"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes","19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers","box 48","folder 15"],"title_filing_ssi":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers","title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers"],"title_tesim":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Contributed Papers"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1982,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1978],"containers_ssim":["box 48","folder 15"],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#2/components#3","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Marshak, Robert E., Papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1988.060"],"text":["Ms.1988.060","Robert E. Marshak Papers","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted.  Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection .","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. ","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. ","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. 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Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c04"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes","19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants","box 48","folder 12"],"title_filing_ssi":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants","title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants"],"title_tesim":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- List of Participants"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1979,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1978],"containers_ssim":["box 48","folder 12"],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#2/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Marshak, Robert E., Papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1988.060"],"text":["Ms.1988.060","Robert E. Marshak Papers","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted.  Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection .","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. ","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. ","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. 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Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers","Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings","Notes","19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program","box 48","folder 14"],"title_filing_ssi":"19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program","title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program"],"title_tesim":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["19th International Conference on High Energy Physics- Scientific Program"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1981,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1978],"containers_ssim":["box 48","folder 14"],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#2/components#2","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Marshak, Robert E., Papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1988.060"],"text":["Ms.1988.060","Robert E. Marshak Papers","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted.  Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection .","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. ","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. ","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. 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Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is  availible online .","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the  Marshak Collection ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files Series II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order Series V. Personal Files Series VI. Organizations and Research Series VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings Series VIII. Audio Materials Series IX. Oversized Materials ","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. ","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. ","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. ","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled  Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics  (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)  are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the  Marshak Collection , a digital collection of photographs. "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). ","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction .","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Please note:  This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:22:51.011Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c07_c03_c03"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c162","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c162#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c162","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c162"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c162","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)"],"text":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)","(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]","Box 93","Item 162"],"title_filing_ssi":"(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]","title_ssm":["(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]"],"title_tesim":["(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965, 1992"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1965/1992"],"normalized_title_ssm":["(1) City of Fairmont, West Virginia, Industrial Survey Map [May-June 1992]; (2) Glengarry, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, Contour Map [1965]"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":467,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992],"containers_ssim":["Box 93","Item 162"],"_nest_path_":"/components#304/components#161","timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:27:00.714Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3045.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/210455","title_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"title_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1875-1930s, circa 1980-2005","circa 1980-2005"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["circa 1980-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1875-1930s, circa 1980-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045"],"text":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology","All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc.","The creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. ","Sources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 ","Please see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA.","A large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.","The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute.","IHTIA Project Descriptions","The following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)","Bridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).","Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.","Thurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.","Allegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).","Magnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).","Shenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).","Vance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.","Skyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.","Nuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.","1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026 HAER WV-83).","La Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).","Warwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).","Waverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).","Blair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.","Advisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.","Society for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.","--","IHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List","The following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.","Anthracite/Bituminous Coal Study \nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan \nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination \nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry \nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123) \nCovered Bridge Video \nCut Nail Context \nFairbank Oil Field \nFairmont Industrial Survey \nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland) \nField School 2001 (Canada) \nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation \nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination \nIHTIA Monographs \nIHTIA Technical Reports \nIndustrial Site Evaluation \nIron and Steel Context \nIronmaking in the Virginias \nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002 \nJoanna Furnace Recordation \nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003 \nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey \nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization \nLock and Dam No. 7 Video \nMidland Trail Scenic Byways \nMississippi Basin Model \nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253) \nNational Road Documentation \nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update \nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide \nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context \nOxford Furnace \nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan \nSt. Nicholas Breaker \nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike \nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report","\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated:  Allegheny National Forest (ANF)   American Canal Society (ACS)   Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)   Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026O Railroad)   Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026O Canal)   Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)   United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)   Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA)   Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)   Historic American Building Survey (HABS)   National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)   National Forest (NF)  National Park Service (NPS)   Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)   Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA)   West Virginia University (WVU)   United States Geological Survey (USGS)","See processing file for list of canals in box.","See processing file for list of canals in this box.","Missing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material.","The originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Historical Society.","During a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.","Removed empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"","Removed empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.","Combined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5","Moved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142","These maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.","Some photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.","The boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.","This box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56.","Records of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. ","This box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"","Includes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"","(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior \n(2) Diagram of Oregon \n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont)  \n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks \n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military)  \n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military)  \n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America \n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey \n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean \n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military)  \n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system \n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. (military) \n(13) Eastern Port of Jamaica Bay, New York, from main channel to Long Beach Inlet for Canal by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)  \n(14) Routes travelled by detachments of the Overland Command in the Springs of 1855 from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco Bay, California \n(15) Sketch of United States Coast Survey, progress of part of Section 2 - Middle Section (military)  \n(16) New Madrid/Francis River Swamp in the States of Missouri and Arkansas showing probable limits, and townships displayed \n(17) Presque Bay on Erie, Pennsylvania Harbor by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(18) Harbor of St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(19) Oregon Territory West of the Cascade Mountains by the U. S. Surveyor General's Office","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.)","Society for Industrial Archeology","West Virginia University. Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Kemp, Emory L.","Sypolt, Larry N.","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"collection_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creator_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creators_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Transfer from Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology, 2013/06/04"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["74.04 Linear Feet 46 document cases, 5 in. each; 6 document cases, 4 in. each; 15 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 16 record cartons, 15 in. each; 8 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each (7 large, 1 small); 9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 6 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 2 small flat storage boxes, 2.5 in. each; 2 rolled storage boxes, 4 in. each; 23 rolled storage boxes, 5 in. each; 21 rolled storage boxes, 6 in. each; 1 index card box, 12 in.; oversize folders in map cabinets, 31 in.","3.74 Gigabytes 427 files, file types include .wpd, .wps, .jpg, .doc, .jpg, .txt, .docx, .tif, .xls, .wav"],"extent_tesim":["74.04 Linear Feet 46 document cases, 5 in. each; 6 document cases, 4 in. each; 15 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 16 record cartons, 15 in. each; 8 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each (7 large, 1 small); 9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 6 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 2 small flat storage boxes, 2.5 in. each; 2 rolled storage boxes, 4 in. each; 23 rolled storage boxes, 5 in. each; 21 rolled storage boxes, 6 in. each; 1 index card box, 12 in.; oversize folders in map cabinets, 31 in.","3.74 Gigabytes 427 files, file types include .wpd, .wps, .jpg, .doc, .jpg, .txt, .docx, .tif, .xls, .wav"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. ","Sources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 ","Please see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["A large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.","The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIHTIA Project Descriptions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026amp;M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTrump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAllegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMagnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSkyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026amp; HAER WV-83).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLa Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWarwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWaverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdvisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSociety for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026amp;M 3936.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnthracite/Bituminous Coal Study\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCovered Bridge Video\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCut Nail Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairbank Oil Field\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairmont Industrial Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nField School 2001 (Canada)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIHTIA Monographs\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIHTIA Technical Reports\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIndustrial Site Evaluation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIron and Steel Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIronmaking in the Virginias\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJoanna Furnace Recordation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nLock and Dam No. 7 Video\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMidland Trail Scenic Byways\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMississippi Basin Model\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNational Road Documentation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nOxford Furnace\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSt. Nicholas Breaker\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated: \u003clist\u003e \u003citem\u003eAllegheny National Forest (ANF) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e American Canal Society (ACS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026amp;O Railroad) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026amp;O Canal) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Historic American Building Survey (HABS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Forest (NF)\u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Park Service (NPS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e West Virginia University (WVU) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e United States Geological Survey (USGS)\u003c/item\u003e \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee processing file for list of canals in box.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee processing file for list of canals in this box.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMissing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Project Descriptions","General","General","UNPUBLISHED"],"odd_tesim":["IHTIA Project Descriptions","The following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)","Bridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).","Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.","Thurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.","Allegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).","Magnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).","Shenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).","Vance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.","Skyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.","Nuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.","1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026 HAER WV-83).","La Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).","Warwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).","Waverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).","Blair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.","Advisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.","Society for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.","--","IHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List","The following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.","Anthracite/Bituminous Coal Study \nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan \nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination \nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry \nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123) \nCovered Bridge Video \nCut Nail Context \nFairbank Oil Field \nFairmont Industrial Survey \nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland) \nField School 2001 (Canada) \nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation \nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination \nIHTIA Monographs \nIHTIA Technical Reports \nIndustrial Site Evaluation \nIron and Steel Context \nIronmaking in the Virginias \nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002 \nJoanna Furnace Recordation \nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003 \nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey \nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization \nLock and Dam No. 7 Video \nMidland Trail Scenic Byways \nMississippi Basin Model \nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253) \nNational Road Documentation \nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update \nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide \nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context \nOxford Furnace \nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan \nSt. Nicholas Breaker \nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike \nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report","\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated:  Allegheny National Forest (ANF)   American Canal Society (ACS)   Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)   Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026O Railroad)   Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026O Canal)   Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)   United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)   Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA)   Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)   Historic American Building Survey (HABS)   National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)   National Forest (NF)  National Park Service (NPS)   Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)   Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA)   West Virginia University (WVU)   United States Geological Survey (USGS)","See processing file for list of canals in box.","See processing file for list of canals in this box.","Missing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Historical Society.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Historical Society."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records, A\u0026amp;M 3936, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records, A\u0026M 3936, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRemoved empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRemoved empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCombined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["During a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.","Removed empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"","Removed empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.","Combined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5","Moved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142","These maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.","Some photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.","The boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.","This box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(2) Diagram of Oregon\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(13) Eastern Port of Jamaica Bay, New York, from main channel to Long Beach Inlet for Canal by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(14) Routes travelled by detachments of the Overland Command in the Springs of 1855 from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco Bay, California\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(15) Sketch of United States Coast Survey, progress of part of Section 2 - Middle Section (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(16) New Madrid/Francis River Swamp in the States of Missouri and Arkansas showing probable limits, and townships displayed\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(17) Presque Bay on Erie, Pennsylvania Harbor by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(18) Harbor of St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(19) Oregon Territory West of the Cascade Mountains by the U. S. Surveyor General's Office\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. ","This box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"","Includes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"","(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior \n(2) Diagram of Oregon \n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont)  \n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks \n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military)  \n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military)  \n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America \n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey \n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean \n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military)  \n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system \n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. (military) \n(13) Eastern Port of Jamaica Bay, New York, from main channel to Long Beach Inlet for Canal by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)  \n(14) Routes travelled by detachments of the Overland Command in the Springs of 1855 from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco Bay, California \n(15) Sketch of United States Coast Survey, progress of part of Section 2 - Middle Section (military)  \n(16) New Madrid/Francis River Swamp in the States of Missouri and Arkansas showing probable limits, and townships displayed \n(17) Presque Bay on Erie, Pennsylvania Harbor by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(18) Harbor of St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(19) Oregon Territory West of the Cascade Mountains by the U. S. Surveyor General's Office","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5926602110145fb60faef048193395aa\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.)","Society for Industrial Archeology","West Virginia University. Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Kemp, Emory L.","Sypolt, Larry N."],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.)","Society for Industrial Archeology","West Virginia University. Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Kemp, Emory L.","Sypolt, Larry N."],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.)","Society for Industrial Archeology","West Virginia University. Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"persname_ssim":["Kemp, Emory L.","Sypolt, Larry N."],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Robins Litigation Documents","Sub-series 2: Miscellaneous Trial Material"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers","Series II: A.H. Robins Litigation Documents","Sub-series 2: Miscellaneous Trial Material"],"text":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers","Series II: A.H. Robins Litigation Documents","Sub-series 2: Miscellaneous Trial Material","1MDL Pre-Trial Order","3 folders","box II:2:1","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series"],"title_filing_ssi":"1MDL Pre-Trial Order","title_ssm":["1MDL Pre-Trial Order"],"title_tesim":["1MDL Pre-Trial Order"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1977, 1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1MDL Pre-Trial Order"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"physdesc_tesim":["3 folders"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":101,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust Collection was transferred to the University of Virginia Law Library by order of the US Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in September 2000. Under that order, Series I through V are open for research with no restrictions. The Court imposed the following access restrictions for the materials in Series VI (the Trust's Central Records Library and Outside Counsel Files):","\"5.01 Preservation of Claimants' Privacy. No Identifying Information, or any document or record within the Trust Materials containing Identifying information, relating to any Personal Injury Claimant --- or Other Claimant --- may be disclosed at any time, without written consent of the relevant Personal Injury Claimant or Other Claimant, or an Order by the Court allowing such disclosure.\"","The Court defined \"Identifying Information\" as the following:","\"Identifying Information\" means a person or entity's name, address, telephone number, facsimile number, email address, and any unique identifier including but not limited to a social security number, tax identification number, passport number, and military identification number.\"","Requests for material in Series VI should be made in advance to allow Special Collections staff time to determine whether it contains identifying information, and to allow for the redaction of such information before permitting access. Copying documents in Series VI may be restricted, and advance consideration of such requests is required."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Multiple individuals and corporate bodies created the materials in the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust collection and copyright status varies across the collection.","Any rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust (DSCT) were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2000 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. Permission to publish or reproduce materials created by the DSCT must be secured from the University of Virginia.","Other materials may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. The University of Virginia is not authorized to grant permission to publish or reproduce these items. "],"date_range_isim":[1977,1978,1979],"containers_ssim":["box II:2:1"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eS is Series \nSS is Sub-series\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["S is Series \nSS is Sub-series"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:34:46.863Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_87","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_87","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_87","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_87","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_87.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/135443","title_ssm":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"title_tesim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1938-2000","1970-1998"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1970-1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1938-2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.2000.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/87"],"text":["MSS.2000.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/87","Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers","Dalkon Shield (Intrauterine contraceptive)","Product liablitlity -- Intrauterine contraceptives","Tort liability of corporations","videotapes","Microfilms","The Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust Collection was transferred to the University of Virginia Law Library by order of the US Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in September 2000. Under that order, Series I through V are open for research with no restrictions. The Court imposed the following access restrictions for the materials in Series VI (the Trust's Central Records Library and Outside Counsel Files):","\"5.01 Preservation of Claimants' Privacy. No Identifying Information, or any document or record within the Trust Materials containing Identifying information, relating to any Personal Injury Claimant --- or Other Claimant --- may be disclosed at any time, without written consent of the relevant Personal Injury Claimant or Other Claimant, or an Order by the Court allowing such disclosure.\"","The Court defined \"Identifying Information\" as the following:","\"Identifying Information\" means a person or entity's name, address, telephone number, facsimile number, email address, and any unique identifier including but not limited to a social security number, tax identification number, passport number, and military identification number.\"","Requests for material in Series VI should be made in advance to allow Special Collections staff time to determine whether it contains identifying information, and to allow for the redaction of such information before permitting access. Copying documents in Series VI may be restricted, and advance consideration of such requests is required.","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","The collection is arranged in six series:","Series I. A.H. Robins (AHR) Company Documents","Series II. A.H. Robins Litigation Documents","Series III. US Food and Drug Administration investigation of the Dalkon Shield. ","Series IV. News Materials Concerning Dalkon Shield","Series V. Bankruptcy Documents - In re A.H. Robins; Case No. 85-01307-R","Series VI. 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Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","S is Series \nSS is Sub-series","I. Introduction","The history of the Dalkon Shield spans more than thirty years and is charged with controversy at every turn. Many legal scholars and journalists have written on the subject. What follows is a very brief overview of the Shield from its creation and marketing, through tort litigation and bankruptcy, to the trust settlement of more than 200,000 claims in just over ten years.","II. Production and Sale of the Dalkon Shield, 1968-1974  \n  \nThe Dalkon Shield, a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), was invented in the late 1960s at a time when women and their physicians were looking for a safe and simple alternative to the birth control pill. This particular model of IUD was the creation of Dr. Hugh Davis, a professor of gynecology at Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and Irwin S. Lerner, an engineer and inventor. Davis, who for several years had been testing other IUDs on patients at a family planning clinic, began to test his own device there in 1968. Davis, Lerner, and a lawyer, Robert E. Cohn, partners in a pharmaceutical laboratory, named the new IUD the Dalkon Shield. The word \"Dalkon\" apparently came from letters of the partners' last names, and \"Shield,\" from the shape of the device. By 1970, in hopes of wider marketing, they looked for a purchaser of the Shield and found the A.H. Robins Company in Richmond, Virginia.","  A.H. Robins (AHR), a family-run pharmaceutical company more than a hundred years old, was, by the late 1960s, the well-respected manufacturer of popular, over-the-counter products such as Robitussin cough medicines, Chapstick lip balm, Sergeants Flea \u0026 Tick Collars, and Dimetapp cold remedies. AHR purchased the Dalkon Shield in June of 1970 and began production in early 1971. Thanks to a vigorous sales campaign, the Shield sold well in the U.S. and abroad. Within four years, 3.6 million Dalkon Shields had been used by women worldwide.","III. Dalkon Shield Litigation, 1974-1985","By 1972, physicians began reporting problems with the Dalkon Shield. Besides the fact that the device had a higher failure rate as a contraceptive than Dr. Davis and AHR had touted, some users of the Shield were suffering other health complications, the most serious being spontaneous septic abortion. In the spring of 1973 two women who had become pregnant while using the Shield died of severe infection.","  As early as 1971 an AHR employee had discovered that the multifilament material used for the tail string of the Shield was capable of serving as a wick and, thus, of introducing bacteria from outside the body into the sterile environment of the uterus. In the summer of 1974, when the Food and Drug Administration held hearings on IUDs and septic abortion, AHR argued that the Dalkon Shield posed no more risk that other devices, but a physician reported that his research indicated the Shield's tail string was capable of wicking bacteria. That summer, AHR suspended domestic sales of the Dalkon Shield. By the time foreign sales were suspended some months later, fifteen Shield users had died of septic abortions; 245 other women had suffered septic abortions and survived. Other problems Shield users reported included severe cramping and bleeding, ectopic pregnancies, birth defects in children carried to term, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Some complications led to sterility.","  In late 1974, the first lawsuit against AHR began in a Kansas court. The plaintiff, Connie Deemer, had suffered a perforated uterus after becoming pregnant while using the Shield. The jury awarded a relatively small amount, $10,000, in compensatory damages, but awarded $75,000 in punitive damages. Over the next six years AHR often settled cases out of court and prevailed about half the time at trial, but by 1980, when hundreds of new claims were being filed, the company was faced with punitive damages and settlements of high six- or seven-figures. Both plaintiff groups and AHR had made attempts to consolidate this litigation, but the only success in this regard was for pre-trial hearings for federal cases before the Judicial Panel on Multi-district Litigation.","  In 1980, AHR sent a letter to about 200,000 physicians suggesting they remove the Shield from any women who had been using it for more than three years. In the fall of 1984, with about 3,500 claims yet to settle, the company sent another letter to doctors offering to pay for removal of the Shield from any women still using it. More claims poured in. The following spring, another Kansas jury awarded $1.75 million in compensatory damages and $7.5 million in punitive damages to Loretta Tetuan, a childless young woman whose Dalkon Shield injuries had led to a hysterectomy. Faced with more than 5,000 unresolved claims, AHR filed on August 21, 1985, for federal bankruptcy protection.","IV. Bankruptcy Proceedings, 1985-1989  \n  \nPresiding over the AHR bankruptcy case were U.S. District Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and Bankruptcy Judge Blackwell N. Shelley. In late fall 1985, Merhige ordered a worldwide notification via newspaper and television for all persons claiming injury from the Shield to file claims with the court by April 1986. By that date the court had received over 300,000 claims from the U.S. and abroad. The court then mailed a questionnaire to claimants, to be returned by summer of 1987. After that deadline the claims numbered 197,000.","  AHR, assuming that just a few thousand outstanding claims remained, had entered bankruptcy hoping that after reorganization the company could settle its obligations with claimants and resume operations as before. However, the number of claims filed in 1986 led to an effort to locate a company which could pay off these claims in exchange for ownership of the business. Simultaneously, work began to determine a fair value of the outstanding claims. The judges appointed an examiner, Ralph Mabey, to oversee the management of AHR and to assist in handling the difficult negotiations in this complex bankruptcy and mass tort settlement. The largest group of creditors consisted of claimants represented by a number of plaintiffs' attorneys. Other creditors included banks and businesses, as well as AHR shareholders. Once bidding for the company began, potential purchasers also became involved in the settlement negotiations.","  The court appointed Francis E. McGovern, a law professor who specialized in mass torts, to examine and report on a sample of resolved cases, as well as a sample of outstanding claims, so that other experts could determine the extent of AHR's liability. The experts' estimates ranged from $1.2 to $7 billion. After hearing their reports in late 1987, Merhige estimated AHR's liability to be $2.475 billion. In early 1988, American Home Products (AHP), a large manufacturer of health care products, agreed to put up about $2.3 billion to fund the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust and in the process acquire the A.H. Robins Company. The remainder of the fund came from other sources, including Aetna, which insured AHR, and the Robins family. In addition, AHP paid $700 million to AHR shareholders, of which over $300 million went to the Robins family.","  As soon as this deal was struck, five trustees were appointed to commence the work of the Trust. By spring 1988, AHR's Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement for its reorganization was mailed to claimants and other parties for approval. After approval by the requisite majority of claimants and other creditors, and after a hearing on July 28, 1988, Judge Merhige confirmed the plan. Some claimants opposed the plan, however, and a long appeal process began. The U.S. Supreme Court denied petitions for review in November 1989, and the following month the reorganization plan was consummated.","V. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, 1989-2001 Administration \n  \nThe Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, located in Richmond, Virginia, began work under the direction of five trustees appointed in mid-January 1988, and an executive director hired that August. Even before consummation, the plan provided for a start-up fund of $100 million. Consequently, in the fall of 1988 the Trust was able to offer claimants the first and simplest of several options. Under Option 1, a woman merely had to sign an affidavit affirming injury from the Dalkon Shield, and she would be paid $725. If her husband or injured child chose, he (or she) could also file under this option and receive $300. During the pre-consummation period the Trust could also pay liquidated claims. By the time the Disclosure Statement was consummated in December, the Trust had settled 85,000 Option 1 claims for about $60 million.","  The Disclosure Statement laid out the basic principles under which the Trust was to operate. The purpose of the Claims Resolution Facility (CRF) was to \"provide all persons full payment of valid claims at the earliest possible time consistent with the efficient design and implementation of the claims resolution facility. This purpose [was] to be achieved by (1) providing an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation, thereby reducing transaction costs, (2) providing claimants with an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved, (3) providing fair and equitable compensation based upon historic values . . . to persons injured by the Dalkon Shield.\"","  The Trust's responsibility was to the claimants as a collective whole, and all claimants were to be treated equally and fairly. Also the Trust was non-reversionary, which is to say that any funds remaining at the end would not revert to AHP, but instead would be distributed among the claimants. Nor would the Trust award punitive damages to certain claimants, as in tort litigation, but instead would pay out whatever funds remained at the end on a pro rata basis to all claimants with documented injuries. One of the most important purposes of the plan was to establish \"global peace.\" That is, the plan stipulated that any and all claims involving the Dalkon Shield would be resolved once and for all by the Trust, and therefore AHR, its purchaser AHP, Aetna, doctors, clinics, and hospitals would no longer be liable for Dalkon Shield injuries.","  The plan also provided general guidelines for evaluating claims. For example, both represented and unrepresented claimants were to be treated equally and without regard to where they might sue on their claims. In addition, the plan outlined the injuries for which claimants would be compensated. Subsequently, the Trust devised an elaborate review process for the most serious injuries, insuring as nearly as possible the fair and consistent treatment of every claim. Furthermore, the Trust's offers would be \"best and final,\" and not subject to negotiation before litigation. If claimants were dissatisfied with their offers, they were encouraged to choose from several methods of settlement in order to avoid a costly trial.","  The CRF laid out four claims options. Option 1, described above, was ultimately chosen by 133,000 users and their relatives. Option 2 was for claimants who had proof of Shield use as well as proof of injury, but no documentation of a connection between the two. Relatively few claimants (18,000) chose this option, which paid between $850 and $5,500 in fixed allotments based upon type of injury. Option 3 was the category where the most money was paid and the most thorough documentation of injury was required. Here the claimant had to produce medical records showing that her use of the Shield was the direct cause of her documented injuries. Payments in this category went as high as $4 million, although the average was $31,000. Each case was carefully evaluated, and the award was assigned based upon the nature of the individual's circumstances. About 47,000 claimants chose Option 3. Finally, Option 4 allowed claimants to defer their choice if they were not yet certain of the extent of their injuries. Spouses as well as injured children could file their own claims in any of the three categories based upon the nature of the user's injury and medical records.","  During the bankruptcy proceedings, efforts were made to notify all claimants worldwide and get them to submit their claims during 1986. However, late claims came in, and the court and the Trust ultimately honored legitimate claims filed between the April 1986 deadline and September 1989. A class action suit filed against Aetna for its alleged compliance in AHR's liability was settled by establishing a fund to pay late claims. Named the Breland Insurance Trust (BIT) (Glenda Breland was the first-named claimant in the class action), this fund was created from the proceeds of two $50 million insurance policies and was intended first to supplement the Trust if necessary. But if that were not necessary, the BIT would be used to pay late claimants and persons whose claims had been reinstated after initially being disallowed. The BIT began making payments in 1994 when it became clear that the Trust had ample funds. The Breland claims were handled exactly like Trust claims, but dissatisfied Breland claimants were not allowed to take their settlements to litigation.","  A second smaller trust, called the Other Claimants Trust, was established with $5 million from the Robins family and $45 million from the sale of AHR. The purpose of the OTR was to cover the financial losses of doctors, hospitals, and clinics as a result of their involvement with the Dalkon Shield.","  As soon as the Trust was fully funded at the end of 1989, work began to determine values for Option 3 claims. Trustees and Trust staff, statisticians, and a few plaintiffs' lawyers worked for months examining settlements and awards AHR had paid, as well as the data about the nature of outstanding claims that had been captured in the McGovern survey. Keeping an eye always on the total amount of the Trust's assets, this working group eventually set values on every foreseeable type of injury. Their work was then evaluated by a group of plaintiffs' attorneys who had handled large numbers of Dalkon Shield suits before bankruptcy. The process of establishing evaluation guidelines for Option 3 claims took more than a year.","  Meanwhile claimants were sent packets informing them of the details of Options 2 and 3. Great care was taken to explain the process clearly so that it would not be necessary for claimants to hire an attorney unless they chose to do so. The Trust hired staff to assist claimants in filing claims and to secure medical records for them if their own efforts were fruitless. Another team of staff members checked the claims to be sure they were complete before sending them to reviewers. The Trust hired novices in the claims review process and gave them sixteen weeks of intensive training in evaluating gynecological injuries before they began work. After a value was placed on a claim, a supervisor reviewed the file again before the offer was mailed to the claimant.","  For the most part claims were evaluated in the order in which documentation reached completion. Higher priority, however, was afforded the claimants whose suits had been frozen when AHR declared bankruptcy, and those who had participated in the McGovern survey. In addition, claimants with critical health issues were given priority. Couples who were rendered childless because of the Shield could apply right away for funds for in vitro fertilization.","  Once a claimant received her settlement offer, which was \"best and final,\" she had to decide whether to accept or reject it. If she was not pleased with the amount and wanted to go to arbitration or litigation, the Trust required her to attend a settlement conference first. There she could discuss her claim with a Trust representative, who would explain how the Trust had reached the figure offered. At this time the claimant was allowed to present new medical evidence that had not been available when she filed her claim. If new documentation was offered, the Trust would re-evaluate her claim. Otherwise, the Trust stood by the original amount offered. If the claimant remained dissatisfied, she could choose to proceed to arbitration or litigation. Another choice was Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), a relatively simple and speedy form of arbitration.","  The ADR process opened in April of 1993 with an award cap of $10,000. When the cap was raised to $20,000 five months later, ADR became popular with claimants dissatisfied with the Trust's offer. In the end, 6,600 chose ADR. A smaller number chose to go to formal arbitration, and fewer still chose litigation. Because the Trust was committed to keeping costs as low as possible, every effort was made to avoid expensive trials. Of the 47,000 claims that were settled under Option 3, 41,000 were accepted; about 6,000 of them were resolved in ADR; 70 in arbitration; and only 90 went to trial.","  Although it was necessary for the CRF to allow settlement by these more traditional tort means, by far the majority of claimants worked directly with the Trust, without aid of an attorney, and accepted the Trust's offer. Those who had legal assistance received slightly larger awards on average, but they then had to pay their attorney's fees out of the award.","  By 1995 it became clear that more than enough funds were left to cover the remaining claims. Furthermore, the Trust's investments had earned $800 million and at that point administrative costs were running $200 million lower than had been anticipated. So in that year the Trust made the first of a half-dozen pro rata payments. Claimants who had been paid more than $725 under Option 2 or 3 were eligible for pro rata payments. By the time the Trust closed in the summer of 2001, pro rata payments had totaled about $1.5 billion, and eligible claimants had been paid just over 100% above their initial settlement amounts. By December 1996, 97% of the claims had been settled. The Trust began reducing its staff, and those who remained took care of the small portion of claims that were being appealed.","Legal Department. When the Trust was opened in 1989, staff was hired to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team of in-house lawyers as well as attorneys in other parts of the country where claims were contested. At the outset the Trust also hired, as outside counsel, Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown with the Richmond law firm of Christian, Barton, Epps, Brent \u0026 Chappell. Eventually Brown carried on alone in that position, and in the spring of 1993 he established his office in the building where the Trust was located. His principal duties were to interpret the Reorganization Plan and handle injunction enforcement issues on the Trust's behalf. Some of the major interpretation issues included whether claimants could sue for punitive damages and attorney's fees, whether pre- or post-judgment interest would be allowed, whether the Plan forced the Trust to concede product liability, and whether the list of injuries in the CRF could be taken as an admission that such injuries were caused by the Dalkon Shield.","  The Reorganization Plan discharged A.H. Robins, and all persons connected with it, as well as American Home Products, of any liability for tort or other claims relating to the Dalkon Shield. The Plan also enjoined claimants from bringing suit against these corporations and persons, or against hospitals, clinics, or physicians. When claimants did attempt such suits, the Trust moved to enforce the injunction.","  In 1991 the Trust filed a motion with the district court for an order to establish guidelines for arbitration and litigation. Amended Administrative Order Number One set parameters for discovery, and it directed that a document depository be established and made accessible to claimants. The order provided a system to insure that claimants who chose arbitration and litigation followed a prescribed procedure, and it reiterated the CRF's disallowance of trebled, exemplary or punitive damages, or attorney's fees.","  The purpose of the Trust, as stated in the CRF, was to provide \"an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation\" and to provide \"an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved.\" Once a settlement offer was made, the Trust was willing to discuss the evaluation in a settlement conference but it refused to negotiate. Many claimants dissatisfied with their offers went to ADR. Others choose the more costly options of arbitration or trial in hopes of receiving a much higher award. At this point the playing field changed, and Trust no longer waived various defenses. For example, if the statute of limitations had run out before she filed her claim, the Trust employed that defense. In other words, the Trust did all it could to discourage claimants from choosing expensive methods of resolving disputes, adhering to the principle that if all claims were settled equally and efficiently, there would be a greater amount to be shared among all.","  Two decisions of the Trustees aided the settlement process. Raising the cap on ADR awards from $10,000 to $20,000 in 1993 made this process very popular with claimants. Two years later when the pro rata payments commenced for those with offers higher than $725, many claimants who were initially dissatisfied realized their awards would ultimately be more generous than they had thought.","  Many legal issues required judicial intervention during the course of the Trust's existence. One controversial issue concerned the Trust's holdback policy. In a case where a claimant was awarded a higher amount in litigation, the Trust reserved the right, upheld by the court, to defer paying the difference between the trial award and the original offer until there was assurance that all claims could be paid. Often when claimants brought their cases in state court, the Trust attempted to have them removed to federal court. There were many questions surrounding how ADR and arbitration would be handled. One case regarding burden of proof in ADR, Reichel v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust , was decided in the Trust's favor by the district court but partially overturned by the Fourth Circuit, which said that the claimant only had to provide a \"presumption of causation.\" Plaintiffs were unsuccessful in getting this ruling to apply to arbitration and litigation.","  In 1995 when the Trust began making pro rata payments, Judge Merhige on his own initiative issued an order limiting claimants' attorneys from recovering more that ten percent from those payments. One impetus for this ruling was complaints he had heard through the years from claimants whose attorneys had received a large percentage of their initial awards as contingent fees. The judge also knew that since pro rata payments would be made in cases that had been settled, little or no additional work was required of the attorneys. However, this order provoked protest from the plaintiffs' bar, and a group of twenty-nine lawyers appealed the order. The Fourth Circuit, calling \"this litigation and appeal . . . wonderful examples of chutzpah,\" affirmed Judge Merhige's order.","  Although Brown spent about ten years representing the Trust, and some of the cases stretched over many of those years, the legal costs were ultimately lower than anticipated. While a couple hundred cases were filed, in the end only about ninety went to trial. Nonetheless, the legal issues and claims that were litigated required the attention of the legal department for about five years after the vast majority of the claims were settled. Pro rata distributions from the remainder of the Trust were issued over time as the number of unresolved cases diminished.","VI. Conclusion  \n  \nThe Disclosure Statement had given the Trust twenty years to settle 197,000 claims. With the allowance of late claims, the Trust ultimately paid a little over 218,000 claims and settled the vast majority of them in only seven years. Although the Trust operated particularly cautiously at the outset in order to be sure all claimants could be paid fairly, this extreme care worked to the benefit of the claimants in the end. Thanks in large part to the Trust's diligence, caution, and wise investments, the most seriously injured claimants saw their awards doubled. In terms of fairness and efficiency, the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust achieved, in the opinion of many, the most successful resolution of a mass tort case in the twentieth century.","In 1975 a Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up to consolidate over one hundred Dalkon Shield personal injury tort cases pending in federal district courts in over a third of the states. The pretrial proceedings were held before U. S. District Judge Frank Theis in Wichita, Kansas. Bradley Post, a Wichita lawyer who had represented Connie Deemer, the first woman to win a verdict against Robins for her Dalkon Shield injuries, was chosen lead lawyer in the consolidated cases. Post led the court-ordered discovery proceedings that ran from 1976 through the late 1970s and resumed in 1981 and 1982.","  AHR was ordered to produce copies of tens of thousands of documents and to store them at the Richmond offices of McGuire, Woods \u0026 Battle, the law firm handling its defense. The collection of documents became known as the Source Files. Documents in the following subject categories were requested, copied and numbered at various times from 1976 through 1982: Research \u0026 Development, Adverse Reaction, Manufacturing, Administration, Commercial, Government, International, FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and Bibliography.","  In 1991, by administrative order, the Trust was directed to \"maintain a document depository in Richmond, Virginia, containing substantially all documents which the Trust, using its best efforts, has identified as having been produced without qualification by Robins in pre-petition Dalkon Shield personal injury tort litigation.\" The depository, to be made accessible to claimants and their attorneys, was comprised of documents previously in the custody of McGuire, Woods and was located at Datastor, a facility on the east end of the city.","  The A.H. Robins Company documents consist of the master group, the Source Files, produced under the direction of Judge Frank Theis in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In addition, there are a number of subsets of the Source Files gathered and arranged by plaintiffs' attorneys, and additional documents produced under orders from other judges in the mid-1980s.","According to a Trust memorandum, (see notebook labeled Background Information re Document Depository), AHR and its attorneys began collecting, reviewing, and copying these documents, later known as the Source Files, as early as 1975. In 1976 when the Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up, the range of documents was expanded to include information on Robins' international sales, and on its interactions with Hugh Davis, Robert Cohn, Thad Earl, and Irwin S. Lerner. Plaintiffs involved in the MDL proceedings were allowed access to all documents that were not privileged. The copies, held in Richmond in the custody of McGuire, Woods, were made from the original documents.","  The Law Library completed a project begun sometime ago to convert the Source Files to microform. Documents 1 through 171, 245 are available on microfiche; and 171,246 through 211, 892, on microfilm. Researchers may gain access to the Source File documents through any of its four indexes: document number, document date, name of document writer, and document type and date. The indexes are in three-ring notebooks, and on microfilm reels 1 to 6.","  Two types of materials in the Source Files, numbers 189,673 through 207,502, are not in microform (4 cartons, 5 linear feet). The first are computer printouts of names and addresses of the 200,000 doctors to whom AHR wrote in the early 1980s, requesting removal of the Shield. Box 1 contains names and addresses for physicians in Colombia, Sweden, The Netherlands, South Africa, and Australia; Box 2, for Mexico, Philippines, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, and Venezuela; and Box 3, for the United States. Second, in Box 4, is a collection of used Dalkon Shields sent back to AHR by Thad Earl, David Ostergard, and other doctors.","The MDL Chrono Files are a chronological arrangement of 1300 of some of the more important documents from the Source Files and were offered in evidence during the1976-1978 MDL discovery proceedings. The date range of the Chrono Files is 1938 to 1977, with the bulk of the documents falling between 1971 and 1975. In some cases the copy in the Chrono Files is more legible than the one in the Source Files.","  There is no list or index for the Chrono Files. Boxed with the files was a subject index to the first 183,000 SF documents; this index which pairs Source File number with subject was prepared in 1979. The Chrono Files are available on microfilm reels 19-22, as well as on paper in Boxes 1-6 (2.5 linear feet).","Bradley Post preserved a set of selected Robins Source File documents which he had submitted as evidence in a case around 1979. The Post documents are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 836 in the upper left corner; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The date range is 1938 to 1979, with bulk dates of 1971 to 1975. The Post documents are available on microfilm reels 22 and 23. A list of numbered Post documents providing extensive information about each entry is available on paper and also precedes the documents on the film.","In 1983 Robins, Zelle, Larson \u0026 Kaplan, a large firm in Minneapolis acquired about two hundred Dalkon Shield cases from another practice, and the firm appointed experienced plaintiffs' attorneys Dale Larson and Michael Ciresi to handle them. For the case of Shirley Dean v. A. H. Robins, the lawyers submitted as evidence 3,789 documents they had chosen from the Robins Source Files. Those documents comprise this subset and are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 3,789, usually near the top of the first page of the document; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The dates range from 1938 to 1984, but are concentrated in the years 1970 to 1980. The Robins, Zelle documents are available on microfilm reels 23-31. The list of numbered Robins, Zelle documents provides extensive information about each entry; it is available on paper, and it also precedes the documents on the film.","In 1983 Minnesota U.S. District Judge Miles Lord began hearing Dalkon Shield cases. By early 1984 he believed there were pertinent documents AHR had not produced during multi-district proceedings in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He, therefore, ordered a re-opening of discovery specifically for a number of categories, including correspondence with Aetna, AHR's insurance company, correspondence between certain top company officials and AHR lawyers, and documents relating to testing of Dalkon Shield safety. Furthermore, Lord appointed two attorneys to go to Richmond to supervise the production of these documents.","  The Lord Responsive documents are available on microfilm reels 31-33. These document numbers appear at the end of the Source File Document Number Index, but since a substantial number of them did not pertain to Lord's order, or were privileged, there are not corresponding documents for all the numbers. An annotated copy of the Lord pages from the Index precedes the documents on the film, and there the researcher can determine which documents will appear.","In 1984 and early 1985 lawyers for Claire Zelius were preparing their case against AHR in Florida. The federal district court allowed them to seek additional Robins documents, principally unpublished scientific or medical studies on the Dalkon Shield tail string.","  The Zelius Production documents are available on microfilm reels 34-41. The documents have been numbered, although there is no corresponding index for them in the Source Files index. Available on paper, and preceding the Zelius documents on microfilm, is an index which ties production date to a note book number, followed by another index which is a short list of doctors' names for depositions they gave in other cases.","Production commenced on the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device in 1968 under the direction of inventors Hugh Davis, gynecologist, and Irwin Lerner, electrical engineer. In early 1970 Davis and Lerner looked for a pharmaceutical company to market their product more widely, and by June of that year, AHR agreed to purchase it.","  The Dalkon Shield came in two sizes: standard, for women who had already had children (multiparous), and small, for women who had never had children (nulliparous). Shaped somewhat like a law enforcement officer's badge, hence its name, the Shield had five fingers protruding along each side, so that it also looked somewhat like a crab. Tied to its base was a three-inch length of synthetic polyfilament otherwise used for surgical sutures. In the case of the Shield, this filament, called the tail string, was principally designed for easy removal of the IUD.","  The A.H. Robins Company began production and sales in early 1971. Domestic sales were suspended in June of 1974, although foreign sales continued until August 1975. By the time sales ceased altogether, 3,600,000 Dalkon Shields had been sold worldwide.","  This sub-series of 7 boxes (2.9 linear feet) consists of packets of standard and small Dalkon Shields produced by the Dalkon Corporation and by A.H. Robins Co. In addition there are examples of boxes in which the packets were distributed; instruction sheets for physicians and patients; publicity material; rolls of the tail string material, loose shields, and various instruments. Finally, there is a videotape made by the Dalkon Corporation to demonstrate insertion and placement of the Dalkon Shield.","This two-box collection (0.8 linear feet) of miscellaneous A. H. Robins Company documents, assembled by the Trust, provides a bird's eye view of the purchase, production, and sale of the Dalkon Shield from 1970 to 1985. All of these documents can be located in the Source Files, but researchers may find these two boxes provide a convenient, simple and accessible introduction to the history of Robins and the Shield.","During the multi-district litigation proceedings from the late 1970s through the early 1980s, many employees of AHR were deposed, and their depositions made accessible to plaintiffs' lawyers all over the country. When the Trust set up the document depository for the use of claimants, the MDL depositions were included. In addition, depositions not under the aegis of the MDL panel, as well as a great deal of trial testimony of A. H. Robins employees, became part of the document depository. The Trust legal department also had a core collection of depositions, exhibits, etc. for their own attorneys' use in litigation. Materials in this series are principally on microfilm or videotape.","In 1976 when Bradley Post, on behalf of plaintiffs' attorneys, was seeking Robins documents for multi-district litigation, dozens of top officials in the A. H. Robins Co. were being deposed. The following Robins employees were deponents: Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. John I. Brewer, John Leo Burke, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Robert E. Cohn, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Dr. Roy William Dent, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad J. Earl, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Jack Freund, Edwin Hood, A.J. Kapadia, Oscar Klioze, Irwin Lerner, Frank William Mann, A. Edwin Martin, David Mefford, Kenneth Moore, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Allen Polon, Dr. Ellen Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, E.C. Robins, Melvin Rohling, W. Roy Smith, Ritchie Alan Snyder, Robert Walker Tankersley, Howard James Tatum, Dale Taylor, George E. Thomas, Roger Lewis Tuttle, Richard A. Velz, John Wesley Ward, Thomas C. Yu, and William L. Zimmer III.","  Depositions were taken from 1976 through 1983. These transcripts, available on microfilm reels 42-55, are arranged alphabetically by deponent and then chronologically. Most depositions lasted from one to four consecutive days, although a few deponents were called back for a second time. Some depositions are followed by exhibits, summaries, and/or objections. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.","At the same time of the MDL discovery process, Robins officials were being deposed for cases not included in the multi-district litigation. The following Robins employees were deponents: Jerald Eugene Adams, Frank Bedrick, Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. Anne J. W. Board, Eleanor Bradley, Bob L. Brown, Jeneal D. Brummett, John Leo Burke, John S. Campana, Edward C. Casey, Robert F. Childs, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Charles F. Christopher, Eugenia Clark, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Ben Clarkson, Robert E. Cohn, Everett L. Cook, Thomas E. Costa, Carlyne Crotty, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Arthur R. Cummings, Darwin Carl Dahl, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Charles T. Degolia, Dr. Roy William Dent, Jr., Erich De Romero, Calvin R. De Witt, Charles S. Donahue, Paul M. Duffy, Jr., Hartwell Durrance, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad Joseph Earl, John A. Emerick, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, Jeanne Featherston, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Dr. Jack Freund, Anne Friedman, John E. Gallapago, John T. Gaywood, Michael Gibb, Frank W. Gilbert, Donald Thomas Gillooly, Robert L. Gorvett, Lawrence Griffin, John Vincent Guiney, Ray Hanchey, William D. Hart, Jr., Norval Haugh, Dennis F. Heikka, Dr. E.B. Heilman, Doral Loren Hessman, Douglas Arthur Hewey, Robert A. Hogsett, Thomas B. Horne, Robert F. Hunley, David E. Jones, Herbert Joyce, Jr., Duwaine F. Kaufman, James W. Kennedy, Sidney M. Kessler, Louis Kilgore, Daniel Klimpel II, Oscar Klioze, David Mayer Koepke, John P. Kypriotis, Leonard Clayton Lacy, John P. Lage, Raymond L. Langston, Patricia Lashley, Irwin S. Lerner, Charles Hunter Leys, George Lobeck, Gene Ross Lucas, and Carl D. Lunsford.","  Also, Frank William Mann, Jr., A. Edwin Martin, Joseph Mazzeo, Thomas J. McCarthy III, William D. McGehee, Otto McGilvrey, Allen Arthur McKeel, Olivia McMichael, James Gray McWhorter, David Mefford, James Frederick Miller, Clyde Moore, Kenneth E. Moore, Emily M. Morley, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, James M. Nisely, Edward Normandia, Terry G. Oakley, Roy Francis O'Hanley, Jr., Guy Edward O'Neal, John P. Onkey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Jerry Paul Parker, William B. Plisco, Allen J. Polon, Dr. Ellen J. Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, Roscoe E. Puckett, Jr., Robert Lee Ramsay, E.C. Robins, Jr., E. Claiborne Robins, Sr., Julian Ross, Phillip Rudine, Raymond J. Russo, Carroll L. Saine, Philip J. Schmid, Walt W. Schoenberger, Stephen I. Schwartz, Thomas A. Schwartz, Leland Schweer, Stuart Shumate, Michael Silva, George Smith, Louis L. Smith, W. Roy Smith, William Smithdeal, Elmer A. Snyder, Sam Sparks, Hunter Spencer, George Stiles, Arthur M. Stranz, Stephen Richard Stubbs, Robert Walker Tankersley, August Tassan, Dr. Howard Tatum, Dale R. Taylor, John Trippe, Roger Lewis Tuttle, William S. Van Bezey, Richard A. Velz, Harris Wagenseil, John W. Ward, Robert Watts, Dale E. Weiss, James C. White, William T. Yale, Alan Young, Roland Younglin, and William L. Zimmer III.","  These depositions were taken between 1975 and 1985. The transcripts, available on microfilm reels 55-82, are arranged alphabetically by deponent, and then by case name. Exhibits are sometimes included. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.","Bradley Post helped the Trust select a number of cases for which the AHR company employees' trial testimony was particularly useful, and these documents became part of the Document Depository. The collection of trial testimony, available on microfilm reels 82-139, was divided in two groups arranged alphabetically by plaintiff's name.","  The first collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Kyle Askeland, Delma R. Barnes and Debra Jean Clark, Marguerite Bryson, Consuella Bundy, Candyce L. Cabe, Nancy S. Carley, Colorado Consolidated, or Janette A. Hawkinson, et al., Valerie Dembrosky, Susan L. Dodge, Marsha Feldman, Susan Fitzpatrick, Laureen Ford, Laurie Jo Franz, Kay Hamilton, Gay Lynn Hertzler, Linda Johnson, Terri Johnson, Patrick Junkin, Nancy Kaye, Nancy Lewis, Carole Mansfield, Jayne Miller, Gayle McCann, Joan Price, Karen Clark Raine, Carol Ann Setter, Kim Elizabeth Shewan, Joyce A. Smith, Kay E. Swenson, Robert C. and Deborah Terhune, Rosemary Warner, Francis G. Williams, and Anna Wilkins.","  The second collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Carin Linn Abramson, Miriam Breyer, Linda S. James Brown, Pamela Craig, Connie L. Deemer, Mary Ann Ducharme, Cynthia and Robert Fletzin, Mary Guenther, Martha E. Hahn, Linda and William Harre, Diane Hilliard, Regina and Keith Husbands, Cathy J. Maguire, Peggy Joan Mample, Sue and Wayne Mitchell, Rosalie Nunley, Carie M. Palmer, Janet and George Reif, Debbie Rohl, Elizabeth Rubin, Brenda Happke-Strempke, Loretta L. Tetuan, Pamela Van Duyn, and Sharon Worsham.","  The transcripts, having come from a variety of courts, vary a good bit, but for each case it is easy to determine whose testimony is where.","The Trust had a large collection of videotaped depositions (51 videotapes) and trial testimony (177 videotapes) of AHR employees. They transferred to the library all the tapes on VHS format. Many of these tapes, dating from 1979 to 1985, have corresponding transcripts in the previous three sub-series, but some do not.","This collection of trial material, 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet), was created by Trust employees for use in litigation. Included are copies of pre-trial orders, exhibits, depositions, and videotapes of depositions (33 videotapes). For Robins litigation, McGuire, Woods had prepared a set of exhibits, and so the Trust prepared their own based upon the law firm's set.","[videotapes of the edited depositions and testimonies are also available]","[videotapes of Sparks and Tuttle also available]","This series of U.S. Food and Drug Administration files is comprised of 5 boxes (2.1 linear feet). During 1974 the FDA held several hearings investigating IUDs and septic abortions, and, specifically, the safety of the Dalkon Shield. In preparation for these investigations the agency asked AHR to present documents concerning production of their IUD. The documents the company provided make up part of this series. (Most, if not all of these documents, are also found in the Source Files.) Also included here are transcripts of various hearings. In 1983 the FDA received a request under the Freedom of Information Act to produce documents relating to AHR and the Dalkon Shield. Copies of those documents are also in this series.","This series is comprised of newspaper clippings in 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet) and videotapes of television shows concerning Dalkon Shield injuries and litigation. The clippings, dated 1974-1985, are arranged alphabetically by state and are preceded by an index.","AHR filed for federal bankruptcy protection on August 21, 1985. The Trust kept on file each pleading that was entered in the case up through August of 2000. This series contains those pleadings. In addition, there is data on some of the lawsuits Robins resolved before bankruptcy. This data was studied by analyst Frances McGovern whose report is also included. Finally, there are transcripts of the estimation hearings.","The docket books for the AHR bankruptcy case contain, in order of filing, virtually all the pleadings entered between 1985 and 2000. In addition to the pleadings themselves in 416 three-ring notebooks (123 linear feet), there is a complete list of the documents providing the date each item was entered, its docket number, and the document's heading. Researchers must examine the list to determine the notebook-location of documents. Many of these documents also appear in other parts of the collection.","This series of 28 boxes (22.5 linear feet) is contains data derived from a sampling of cases A. H. Robins settled before bankruptcy proceedings began. In 1976 AHR created a Product Litigation System (PLS) to assist their lawyers in tracking Dalkon Shield claims and law suits. The master file in this database included the following information about a claim: claimant name; type of action; status of action; filing and resolution dates; insurance (Aetna) information; location of litigation; information about counsel; and resolution amounts.","  About ten years later, during the claims estimation phase of the bankruptcy proceedings, AHR was asked to provide information on settled suits to assist in determining the company's liability for outstanding claims. By that time the PLS database held information on 9,500 resolved cases, of which 1,800 were selected for analysis. According to Francis McGovern, the court-appointed master of the study, the selection included 1,600 cases chosen at random, plus \"a stratified sample\" of the one hundred lowest and one hundred highest cases.","  This new arrangement of resolved cases data presented eight categories of information: 1. Case Summary, which contained the master file data outlined above. 2. Dalkon Shield Use, providing basic information about use and type of injury. 3. Other Contraceptive Use, including dates and type. 4. Economic Damages, listing costs incurred by the claimant including work loss. 7. Statute of Limitation including date of claim, onset of injury, first consultation with attorney, state of residence. 8. Sexual History, including names of partners and dates of relationship. This information was followed by a medical history arranged by date and including information about symptoms, procedures performed, test and results.","  In addition to the resolved cases, the McGovern study also involved analysis of questionnaires sent to about 6,000 claimants with pending claims. See Series VI Sub-series 1 Boxes 15-17 for a copy of the questionnaire along with additional information about the McGovern study.","  The print-outs of the Resolved Cases Database are bound in twenty-six oversize volumes in Boxes 1-26. The names of the claimants and their partners have been obliterated, in order to protect their privacy. The volumes are open to research without restriction. Boxes 27 and 28 contain a copy of McGovern's final report titled Report of the Dalkon Shield Claims' Estimation Process, June 15, 1988.","From November 5 to 11, 1987, Judges Merhige and Shelley held hearings at which the various interested parties presented their estimates of the dollar value of the outstanding claims. Each party had hired experts to examine the data McGovern had compiled, and the work of these experts was presented at the hearing. Thomas Florence conducted the analysis and prepared the estimation for AHR. Other estimates were presented on behalf of the claimants' committee, Aetna, the official committee representing AHR shareholders, and the unsecured creditors. One month later Judge Merhige, having reviewed the estimates which ranged from $1.2 to 7.2 billion, announced that AHR's liability to claimants was $2.475 billion.","  On February 1, 1988, American Home Products agreed to acquire AHR, and on March 28, 1988 Robins filed its Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement Pursuant to Section 1125 of the Bankruptcy Code. This document begins with a summary of the case and a detailed overview of the settlement, followed by the Plan of Reorganization, the Claimants Trust and Other Claimants Trust Agreements, the Claims Resolution Facility, the Merger Agreement, and other documents. Along with letters of endorsement, relevant court orders and notices, and a ballot, the Disclosure Statement was mailed to all eligible claimants to vote on approval of the plan in late April 1988.","  This sub-series of 4 boxes and 1 carton (2.9 linear feet) contains the transcript of the hearing, Thomas Florence's estimation report, AHR memoranda on statute of limitations filed with the court at the time of estimation, and a copy of the disclosure statement with accompanying letters of endorsement, court orders and notices.","The Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust opened in early 1988 with the appointment of five trustees, Barbara Blum, Kenneth Feinberg, Gene Locks, Stephen Saltzburg, and Ann Samani. The critical issue of how the Trust would be managed proved as controversial as most other aspects of the bankruptcy settlement. Consequently, within months disputes caused the resignations of Blum, Samani, and Locks. One of the new appointees, Georgene Vairo, eventually became chair of the Trust and remained in that post until it closed.","  Meanwhile the trustees hired Michael Sheppard, clerk of the bankruptcy court in Richmond, as executive director of the Trust. Others administrators hired shortly thereafter included Teri Lovelace and Ann Peters. At its peak the Trust employed a staff of almost four hundred. The staff included attorneys to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team consisting of Lynn Greer, Susan Manardo, and Patricia Powis whose job was to oversee and coordinate representation of the Trust in cases that went to arbitration or litigation. Richmond lawyers Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown were hired as outside counsel. The legal department grew along with the caseload. Assisting the Trust staff were attorneys chosen in regions throughout the U.S., and in other countries, as required to handle local litigation. In addition, local defense attorneys were hired on a case-by-case basis when a claim went to arbitration or litigation.","  The papers of the Trust include the Central Records Library (CRL), the official staff files which document the innumerable mailings to claimants, claims processing, and other Trust administrative matters, as well as the Trustees' minutes. Although the collection does not contain the files of administrative heads of the Trust, some of their correspondence and inter-office communications can be found in the CRL. The collection does include the files of the Trust's outside counsel, Orran L. Brown.","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","File Removed by DSCT Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list in Oversize Box 144, removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list in folder no. 1 removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant information removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","7 folders","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","Multiple individuals and corporate bodies created the materials in the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust collection and copyright status varies across the collection.","Any rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust (DSCT) were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2000 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. Permission to publish or reproduce materials created by the DSCT must be secured from the University of Virginia.","Other materials may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. The University of Virginia is not authorized to grant permission to publish or reproduce these items. ","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust","A. H. Robins Company","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.2000.4","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/87"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"collection_ssim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["Multiple individuals and corporate bodies created the materials in the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust collection and copyright status varies across the collection.","Any rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust (DSCT) were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2000 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. Permission to publish or reproduce materials created by the DSCT must be secured from the University of Virginia.","Other materials may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. The University of Virginia is not authorized to grant permission to publish or reproduce these items. "],"acqinfo_ssim":["In September 2000, the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust Collection was transferred to the University of Virginia Law Library by an order of the US Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. Staff at the Trust first contacted the Law Library about the collection six months before the Trust was terminated at the end of April 2000. The collection came to the library in several installments between the late fall of that year and early 2001. It is comprised of 408 boxes and cartons of documents, 3 volumes, 416 three-ring notebooks, 271 videotapes, for a total of 327.5 linear feet; 139 reels of microfilm, and approximately 7500 pieces of microfiche, or approximately 170,000 items."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Dalkon Shield (Intrauterine contraceptive)","Product liablitlity -- Intrauterine contraceptives","Tort liability of corporations","videotapes","Microfilms"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Dalkon Shield (Intrauterine contraceptive)","Product liablitlity -- Intrauterine contraceptives","Tort liability of corporations","videotapes","Microfilms"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["327.5  Linear Feet 408 boxes and cartons, 3 volumes, 271 videotapes, 416 three ring notebooks"],"extent_tesim":["327.5  Linear Feet 408 boxes and cartons, 3 volumes, 271 videotapes, 416 three ring notebooks"],"genreform_ssim":["videotapes","Microfilms"],"date_range_isim":[1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust Collection was transferred to the University of Virginia Law Library by order of the US Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in September 2000. 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Introduction\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe history of the Dalkon Shield spans more than thirty years and is charged with controversy at every turn. Many legal scholars and journalists have written on the subject. What follows is a very brief overview of the Shield from its creation and marketing, through tort litigation and bankruptcy, to the trust settlement of more than 200,000 claims in just over ten years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph\u003eII. Production and Sale of the Dalkon Shield, 1968-1974 \u003c/emph\u003e\n  \nThe Dalkon Shield, a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), was invented in the late 1960s at a time when women and their physicians were looking for a safe and simple alternative to the birth control pill. This particular model of IUD was the creation of Dr. Hugh Davis, a professor of gynecology at Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and Irwin S. Lerner, an engineer and inventor. Davis, who for several years had been testing other IUDs on patients at a family planning clinic, began to test his own device there in 1968. Davis, Lerner, and a lawyer, Robert E. Cohn, partners in a pharmaceutical laboratory, named the new IUD the Dalkon Shield. The word \"Dalkon\" apparently came from letters of the partners' last names, and \"Shield,\" from the shape of the device. By 1970, in hopes of wider marketing, they looked for a purchaser of the Shield and found the A.H. Robins Company in Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  A.H. Robins (AHR), a family-run pharmaceutical company more than a hundred years old, was, by the late 1960s, the well-respected manufacturer of popular, over-the-counter products such as Robitussin cough medicines, Chapstick lip balm, Sergeants Flea \u0026amp; Tick Collars, and Dimetapp cold remedies. AHR purchased the Dalkon Shield in June of 1970 and began production in early 1971. Thanks to a vigorous sales campaign, the Shield sold well in the U.S. and abroad. Within four years, 3.6 million Dalkon Shields had been used by women worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph\u003eIII. Dalkon Shield Litigation, 1974-1985\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1972, physicians began reporting problems with the Dalkon Shield. Besides the fact that the device had a higher failure rate as a contraceptive than Dr. Davis and AHR had touted, some users of the Shield were suffering other health complications, the most serious being spontaneous septic abortion. In the spring of 1973 two women who had become pregnant while using the Shield died of severe infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  As early as 1971 an AHR employee had discovered that the multifilament material used for the tail string of the Shield was capable of serving as a wick and, thus, of introducing bacteria from outside the body into the sterile environment of the uterus. In the summer of 1974, when the Food and Drug Administration held hearings on IUDs and septic abortion, AHR argued that the Dalkon Shield posed no more risk that other devices, but a physician reported that his research indicated the Shield's tail string was capable of wicking bacteria. That summer, AHR suspended domestic sales of the Dalkon Shield. By the time foreign sales were suspended some months later, fifteen Shield users had died of septic abortions; 245 other women had suffered septic abortions and survived. Other problems Shield users reported included severe cramping and bleeding, ectopic pregnancies, birth defects in children carried to term, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Some complications led to sterility.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In late 1974, the first lawsuit against AHR began in a Kansas court. The plaintiff, Connie Deemer, had suffered a perforated uterus after becoming pregnant while using the Shield. The jury awarded a relatively small amount, $10,000, in compensatory damages, but awarded $75,000 in punitive damages. Over the next six years AHR often settled cases out of court and prevailed about half the time at trial, but by 1980, when hundreds of new claims were being filed, the company was faced with punitive damages and settlements of high six- or seven-figures. Both plaintiff groups and AHR had made attempts to consolidate this litigation, but the only success in this regard was for pre-trial hearings for federal cases before the Judicial Panel on Multi-district Litigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In 1980, AHR sent a letter to about 200,000 physicians suggesting they remove the Shield from any women who had been using it for more than three years. In the fall of 1984, with about 3,500 claims yet to settle, the company sent another letter to doctors offering to pay for removal of the Shield from any women still using it. More claims poured in. The following spring, another Kansas jury awarded $1.75 million in compensatory damages and $7.5 million in punitive damages to Loretta Tetuan, a childless young woman whose Dalkon Shield injuries had led to a hysterectomy. Faced with more than 5,000 unresolved claims, AHR filed on August 21, 1985, for federal bankruptcy protection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph\u003eIV. Bankruptcy Proceedings, 1985-1989\u003c/emph\u003e \n  \nPresiding over the AHR bankruptcy case were U.S. District Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and Bankruptcy Judge Blackwell N. Shelley. In late fall 1985, Merhige ordered a worldwide notification via newspaper and television for all persons claiming injury from the Shield to file claims with the court by April 1986. By that date the court had received over 300,000 claims from the U.S. and abroad. The court then mailed a questionnaire to claimants, to be returned by summer of 1987. After that deadline the claims numbered 197,000.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  AHR, assuming that just a few thousand outstanding claims remained, had entered bankruptcy hoping that after reorganization the company could settle its obligations with claimants and resume operations as before. However, the number of claims filed in 1986 led to an effort to locate a company which could pay off these claims in exchange for ownership of the business. Simultaneously, work began to determine a fair value of the outstanding claims. The judges appointed an examiner, Ralph Mabey, to oversee the management of AHR and to assist in handling the difficult negotiations in this complex bankruptcy and mass tort settlement. The largest group of creditors consisted of claimants represented by a number of plaintiffs' attorneys. Other creditors included banks and businesses, as well as AHR shareholders. Once bidding for the company began, potential purchasers also became involved in the settlement negotiations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The court appointed Francis E. McGovern, a law professor who specialized in mass torts, to examine and report on a sample of resolved cases, as well as a sample of outstanding claims, so that other experts could determine the extent of AHR's liability. The experts' estimates ranged from $1.2 to $7 billion. After hearing their reports in late 1987, Merhige estimated AHR's liability to be $2.475 billion. In early 1988, American Home Products (AHP), a large manufacturer of health care products, agreed to put up about $2.3 billion to fund the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust and in the process acquire the A.H. Robins Company. The remainder of the fund came from other sources, including Aetna, which insured AHR, and the Robins family. In addition, AHP paid $700 million to AHR shareholders, of which over $300 million went to the Robins family.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  As soon as this deal was struck, five trustees were appointed to commence the work of the Trust. By spring 1988, AHR's Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement for its reorganization was mailed to claimants and other parties for approval. After approval by the requisite majority of claimants and other creditors, and after a hearing on July 28, 1988, Judge Merhige confirmed the plan. Some claimants opposed the plan, however, and a long appeal process began. The U.S. Supreme Court denied petitions for review in November 1989, and the following month the reorganization plan was consummated.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph\u003eV. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, 1989-2001\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eAdministration\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/emph\u003e\n  \nThe Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, located in Richmond, Virginia, began work under the direction of five trustees appointed in mid-January 1988, and an executive director hired that August. Even before consummation, the plan provided for a start-up fund of $100 million. Consequently, in the fall of 1988 the Trust was able to offer claimants the first and simplest of several options. Under Option 1, a woman merely had to sign an affidavit affirming injury from the Dalkon Shield, and she would be paid $725. If her husband or injured child chose, he (or she) could also file under this option and receive $300. During the pre-consummation period the Trust could also pay liquidated claims. By the time the Disclosure Statement was consummated in December, the Trust had settled 85,000 Option 1 claims for about $60 million.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Disclosure Statement laid out the basic principles under which the Trust was to operate. The purpose of the Claims Resolution Facility (CRF) was to \"provide all persons full payment of valid claims at the earliest possible time consistent with the efficient design and implementation of the claims resolution facility. This purpose [was] to be achieved by (1) providing an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation, thereby reducing transaction costs, (2) providing claimants with an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved, (3) providing fair and equitable compensation based upon historic values . . . to persons injured by the Dalkon Shield.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Trust's responsibility was to the claimants as a collective whole, and all claimants were to be treated equally and fairly. Also the Trust was non-reversionary, which is to say that any funds remaining at the end would not revert to AHP, but instead would be distributed among the claimants. Nor would the Trust award punitive damages to certain claimants, as in tort litigation, but instead would pay out whatever funds remained at the end on a pro rata basis to all claimants with documented injuries. One of the most important purposes of the plan was to establish \"global peace.\" That is, the plan stipulated that any and all claims involving the Dalkon Shield would be resolved once and for all by the Trust, and therefore AHR, its purchaser AHP, Aetna, doctors, clinics, and hospitals would no longer be liable for Dalkon Shield injuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The plan also provided general guidelines for evaluating claims. For example, both represented and unrepresented claimants were to be treated equally and without regard to where they might sue on their claims. In addition, the plan outlined the injuries for which claimants would be compensated. Subsequently, the Trust devised an elaborate review process for the most serious injuries, insuring as nearly as possible the fair and consistent treatment of every claim. Furthermore, the Trust's offers would be \"best and final,\" and not subject to negotiation before litigation. If claimants were dissatisfied with their offers, they were encouraged to choose from several methods of settlement in order to avoid a costly trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The CRF laid out four claims options. Option 1, described above, was ultimately chosen by 133,000 users and their relatives. Option 2 was for claimants who had proof of Shield use as well as proof of injury, but no documentation of a connection between the two. Relatively few claimants (18,000) chose this option, which paid between $850 and $5,500 in fixed allotments based upon type of injury. Option 3 was the category where the most money was paid and the most thorough documentation of injury was required. Here the claimant had to produce medical records showing that her use of the Shield was the direct cause of her documented injuries. Payments in this category went as high as $4 million, although the average was $31,000. Each case was carefully evaluated, and the award was assigned based upon the nature of the individual's circumstances. About 47,000 claimants chose Option 3. Finally, Option 4 allowed claimants to defer their choice if they were not yet certain of the extent of their injuries. Spouses as well as injured children could file their own claims in any of the three categories based upon the nature of the user's injury and medical records.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  During the bankruptcy proceedings, efforts were made to notify all claimants worldwide and get them to submit their claims during 1986. However, late claims came in, and the court and the Trust ultimately honored legitimate claims filed between the April 1986 deadline and September 1989. A class action suit filed against Aetna for its alleged compliance in AHR's liability was settled by establishing a fund to pay late claims. Named the Breland Insurance Trust (BIT) (Glenda Breland was the first-named claimant in the class action), this fund was created from the proceeds of two $50 million insurance policies and was intended first to supplement the Trust if necessary. But if that were not necessary, the BIT would be used to pay late claimants and persons whose claims had been reinstated after initially being disallowed. The BIT began making payments in 1994 when it became clear that the Trust had ample funds. The Breland claims were handled exactly like Trust claims, but dissatisfied Breland claimants were not allowed to take their settlements to litigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  A second smaller trust, called the Other Claimants Trust, was established with $5 million from the Robins family and $45 million from the sale of AHR. The purpose of the OTR was to cover the financial losses of doctors, hospitals, and clinics as a result of their involvement with the Dalkon Shield.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  As soon as the Trust was fully funded at the end of 1989, work began to determine values for Option 3 claims. Trustees and Trust staff, statisticians, and a few plaintiffs' lawyers worked for months examining settlements and awards AHR had paid, as well as the data about the nature of outstanding claims that had been captured in the McGovern survey. Keeping an eye always on the total amount of the Trust's assets, this working group eventually set values on every foreseeable type of injury. Their work was then evaluated by a group of plaintiffs' attorneys who had handled large numbers of Dalkon Shield suits before bankruptcy. The process of establishing evaluation guidelines for Option 3 claims took more than a year.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Meanwhile claimants were sent packets informing them of the details of Options 2 and 3. Great care was taken to explain the process clearly so that it would not be necessary for claimants to hire an attorney unless they chose to do so. The Trust hired staff to assist claimants in filing claims and to secure medical records for them if their own efforts were fruitless. Another team of staff members checked the claims to be sure they were complete before sending them to reviewers. The Trust hired novices in the claims review process and gave them sixteen weeks of intensive training in evaluating gynecological injuries before they began work. After a value was placed on a claim, a supervisor reviewed the file again before the offer was mailed to the claimant.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  For the most part claims were evaluated in the order in which documentation reached completion. Higher priority, however, was afforded the claimants whose suits had been frozen when AHR declared bankruptcy, and those who had participated in the McGovern survey. In addition, claimants with critical health issues were given priority. Couples who were rendered childless because of the Shield could apply right away for funds for in vitro fertilization.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Once a claimant received her settlement offer, which was \"best and final,\" she had to decide whether to accept or reject it. If she was not pleased with the amount and wanted to go to arbitration or litigation, the Trust required her to attend a settlement conference first. There she could discuss her claim with a Trust representative, who would explain how the Trust had reached the figure offered. At this time the claimant was allowed to present new medical evidence that had not been available when she filed her claim. If new documentation was offered, the Trust would re-evaluate her claim. Otherwise, the Trust stood by the original amount offered. If the claimant remained dissatisfied, she could choose to proceed to arbitration or litigation. Another choice was Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), a relatively simple and speedy form of arbitration.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The ADR process opened in April of 1993 with an award cap of $10,000. When the cap was raised to $20,000 five months later, ADR became popular with claimants dissatisfied with the Trust's offer. In the end, 6,600 chose ADR. A smaller number chose to go to formal arbitration, and fewer still chose litigation. Because the Trust was committed to keeping costs as low as possible, every effort was made to avoid expensive trials. Of the 47,000 claims that were settled under Option 3, 41,000 were accepted; about 6,000 of them were resolved in ADR; 70 in arbitration; and only 90 went to trial.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Although it was necessary for the CRF to allow settlement by these more traditional tort means, by far the majority of claimants worked directly with the Trust, without aid of an attorney, and accepted the Trust's offer. Those who had legal assistance received slightly larger awards on average, but they then had to pay their attorney's fees out of the award.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  By 1995 it became clear that more than enough funds were left to cover the remaining claims. Furthermore, the Trust's investments had earned $800 million and at that point administrative costs were running $200 million lower than had been anticipated. So in that year the Trust made the first of a half-dozen pro rata payments. Claimants who had been paid more than $725 under Option 2 or 3 were eligible for pro rata payments. By the time the Trust closed in the summer of 2001, pro rata payments had totaled about $1.5 billion, and eligible claimants had been paid just over 100% above their initial settlement amounts. By December 1996, 97% of the claims had been settled. The Trust began reducing its staff, and those who remained took care of the small portion of claims that were being appealed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLegal Department. When the Trust was opened in 1989, staff was hired to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team of in-house lawyers as well as attorneys in other parts of the country where claims were contested. At the outset the Trust also hired, as outside counsel, Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown with the Richmond law firm of Christian, Barton, Epps, Brent \u0026amp; Chappell. Eventually Brown carried on alone in that position, and in the spring of 1993 he established his office in the building where the Trust was located. His principal duties were to interpret the Reorganization Plan and handle injunction enforcement issues on the Trust's behalf. Some of the major interpretation issues included whether claimants could sue for punitive damages and attorney's fees, whether pre- or post-judgment interest would be allowed, whether the Plan forced the Trust to concede product liability, and whether the list of injuries in the CRF could be taken as an admission that such injuries were caused by the Dalkon Shield.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Reorganization Plan discharged A.H. Robins, and all persons connected with it, as well as American Home Products, of any liability for tort or other claims relating to the Dalkon Shield. The Plan also enjoined claimants from bringing suit against these corporations and persons, or against hospitals, clinics, or physicians. When claimants did attempt such suits, the Trust moved to enforce the injunction.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In 1991 the Trust filed a motion with the district court for an order to establish guidelines for arbitration and litigation. Amended Administrative Order Number One set parameters for discovery, and it directed that a document depository be established and made accessible to claimants. The order provided a system to insure that claimants who chose arbitration and litigation followed a prescribed procedure, and it reiterated the CRF's disallowance of trebled, exemplary or punitive damages, or attorney's fees.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The purpose of the Trust, as stated in the CRF, was to provide \"an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation\" and to provide \"an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved.\" Once a settlement offer was made, the Trust was willing to discuss the evaluation in a settlement conference but it refused to negotiate. Many claimants dissatisfied with their offers went to ADR. Others choose the more costly options of arbitration or trial in hopes of receiving a much higher award. At this point the playing field changed, and Trust no longer waived various defenses. For example, if the statute of limitations had run out before she filed her claim, the Trust employed that defense. In other words, the Trust did all it could to discourage claimants from choosing expensive methods of resolving disputes, adhering to the principle that if all claims were settled equally and efficiently, there would be a greater amount to be shared among all.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Two decisions of the Trustees aided the settlement process. Raising the cap on ADR awards from $10,000 to $20,000 in 1993 made this process very popular with claimants. Two years later when the pro rata payments commenced for those with offers higher than $725, many claimants who were initially dissatisfied realized their awards would ultimately be more generous than they had thought.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Many legal issues required judicial intervention during the course of the Trust's existence. One controversial issue concerned the Trust's holdback policy. In a case where a claimant was awarded a higher amount in litigation, the Trust reserved the right, upheld by the court, to defer paying the difference between the trial award and the original offer until there was assurance that all claims could be paid. Often when claimants brought their cases in state court, the Trust attempted to have them removed to federal court. There were many questions surrounding how ADR and arbitration would be handled. One case regarding burden of proof in ADR,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\" type=\"simple\"\u003eReichel v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust\u003c/title\u003e, was decided in the Trust's favor by the district court but partially overturned by the Fourth Circuit, which said that the claimant only had to provide a \"presumption of causation.\" Plaintiffs were unsuccessful in getting this ruling to apply to arbitration and litigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In 1995 when the Trust began making pro rata payments, Judge Merhige on his own initiative issued an order limiting claimants' attorneys from recovering more that ten percent from those payments. One impetus for this ruling was complaints he had heard through the years from claimants whose attorneys had received a large percentage of their initial awards as contingent fees. The judge also knew that since pro rata payments would be made in cases that had been settled, little or no additional work was required of the attorneys. However, this order provoked protest from the plaintiffs' bar, and a group of twenty-nine lawyers appealed the order. The Fourth Circuit, calling \"this litigation and appeal . . . wonderful examples of chutzpah,\" affirmed Judge Merhige's order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Although Brown spent about ten years representing the Trust, and some of the cases stretched over many of those years, the legal costs were ultimately lower than anticipated. While a couple hundred cases were filed, in the end only about ninety went to trial. Nonetheless, the legal issues and claims that were litigated required the attention of the legal department for about five years after the vast majority of the claims were settled. Pro rata distributions from the remainder of the Trust were issued over time as the number of unresolved cases diminished.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph\u003eVI. Conclusion\u003c/emph\u003e \n  \nThe Disclosure Statement had given the Trust twenty years to settle 197,000 claims. With the allowance of late claims, the Trust ultimately paid a little over 218,000 claims and settled the vast majority of them in only seven years. Although the Trust operated particularly cautiously at the outset in order to be sure all claimants could be paid fairly, this extreme care worked to the benefit of the claimants in the end. Thanks in large part to the Trust's diligence, caution, and wise investments, the most seriously injured claimants saw their awards doubled. In terms of fairness and efficiency, the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust achieved, in the opinion of many, the most successful resolution of a mass tort case in the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["I. Introduction","The history of the Dalkon Shield spans more than thirty years and is charged with controversy at every turn. Many legal scholars and journalists have written on the subject. What follows is a very brief overview of the Shield from its creation and marketing, through tort litigation and bankruptcy, to the trust settlement of more than 200,000 claims in just over ten years.","II. Production and Sale of the Dalkon Shield, 1968-1974  \n  \nThe Dalkon Shield, a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD), was invented in the late 1960s at a time when women and their physicians were looking for a safe and simple alternative to the birth control pill. This particular model of IUD was the creation of Dr. Hugh Davis, a professor of gynecology at Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and Irwin S. Lerner, an engineer and inventor. Davis, who for several years had been testing other IUDs on patients at a family planning clinic, began to test his own device there in 1968. Davis, Lerner, and a lawyer, Robert E. Cohn, partners in a pharmaceutical laboratory, named the new IUD the Dalkon Shield. The word \"Dalkon\" apparently came from letters of the partners' last names, and \"Shield,\" from the shape of the device. By 1970, in hopes of wider marketing, they looked for a purchaser of the Shield and found the A.H. Robins Company in Richmond, Virginia.","  A.H. Robins (AHR), a family-run pharmaceutical company more than a hundred years old, was, by the late 1960s, the well-respected manufacturer of popular, over-the-counter products such as Robitussin cough medicines, Chapstick lip balm, Sergeants Flea \u0026 Tick Collars, and Dimetapp cold remedies. AHR purchased the Dalkon Shield in June of 1970 and began production in early 1971. Thanks to a vigorous sales campaign, the Shield sold well in the U.S. and abroad. Within four years, 3.6 million Dalkon Shields had been used by women worldwide.","III. Dalkon Shield Litigation, 1974-1985","By 1972, physicians began reporting problems with the Dalkon Shield. Besides the fact that the device had a higher failure rate as a contraceptive than Dr. Davis and AHR had touted, some users of the Shield were suffering other health complications, the most serious being spontaneous septic abortion. In the spring of 1973 two women who had become pregnant while using the Shield died of severe infection.","  As early as 1971 an AHR employee had discovered that the multifilament material used for the tail string of the Shield was capable of serving as a wick and, thus, of introducing bacteria from outside the body into the sterile environment of the uterus. In the summer of 1974, when the Food and Drug Administration held hearings on IUDs and septic abortion, AHR argued that the Dalkon Shield posed no more risk that other devices, but a physician reported that his research indicated the Shield's tail string was capable of wicking bacteria. That summer, AHR suspended domestic sales of the Dalkon Shield. By the time foreign sales were suspended some months later, fifteen Shield users had died of septic abortions; 245 other women had suffered septic abortions and survived. Other problems Shield users reported included severe cramping and bleeding, ectopic pregnancies, birth defects in children carried to term, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Some complications led to sterility.","  In late 1974, the first lawsuit against AHR began in a Kansas court. The plaintiff, Connie Deemer, had suffered a perforated uterus after becoming pregnant while using the Shield. The jury awarded a relatively small amount, $10,000, in compensatory damages, but awarded $75,000 in punitive damages. Over the next six years AHR often settled cases out of court and prevailed about half the time at trial, but by 1980, when hundreds of new claims were being filed, the company was faced with punitive damages and settlements of high six- or seven-figures. Both plaintiff groups and AHR had made attempts to consolidate this litigation, but the only success in this regard was for pre-trial hearings for federal cases before the Judicial Panel on Multi-district Litigation.","  In 1980, AHR sent a letter to about 200,000 physicians suggesting they remove the Shield from any women who had been using it for more than three years. In the fall of 1984, with about 3,500 claims yet to settle, the company sent another letter to doctors offering to pay for removal of the Shield from any women still using it. More claims poured in. The following spring, another Kansas jury awarded $1.75 million in compensatory damages and $7.5 million in punitive damages to Loretta Tetuan, a childless young woman whose Dalkon Shield injuries had led to a hysterectomy. Faced with more than 5,000 unresolved claims, AHR filed on August 21, 1985, for federal bankruptcy protection.","IV. Bankruptcy Proceedings, 1985-1989  \n  \nPresiding over the AHR bankruptcy case were U.S. District Judge Robert R. Merhige, Jr., and Bankruptcy Judge Blackwell N. Shelley. In late fall 1985, Merhige ordered a worldwide notification via newspaper and television for all persons claiming injury from the Shield to file claims with the court by April 1986. By that date the court had received over 300,000 claims from the U.S. and abroad. The court then mailed a questionnaire to claimants, to be returned by summer of 1987. After that deadline the claims numbered 197,000.","  AHR, assuming that just a few thousand outstanding claims remained, had entered bankruptcy hoping that after reorganization the company could settle its obligations with claimants and resume operations as before. However, the number of claims filed in 1986 led to an effort to locate a company which could pay off these claims in exchange for ownership of the business. Simultaneously, work began to determine a fair value of the outstanding claims. The judges appointed an examiner, Ralph Mabey, to oversee the management of AHR and to assist in handling the difficult negotiations in this complex bankruptcy and mass tort settlement. The largest group of creditors consisted of claimants represented by a number of plaintiffs' attorneys. Other creditors included banks and businesses, as well as AHR shareholders. Once bidding for the company began, potential purchasers also became involved in the settlement negotiations.","  The court appointed Francis E. McGovern, a law professor who specialized in mass torts, to examine and report on a sample of resolved cases, as well as a sample of outstanding claims, so that other experts could determine the extent of AHR's liability. The experts' estimates ranged from $1.2 to $7 billion. After hearing their reports in late 1987, Merhige estimated AHR's liability to be $2.475 billion. In early 1988, American Home Products (AHP), a large manufacturer of health care products, agreed to put up about $2.3 billion to fund the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust and in the process acquire the A.H. Robins Company. The remainder of the fund came from other sources, including Aetna, which insured AHR, and the Robins family. In addition, AHP paid $700 million to AHR shareholders, of which over $300 million went to the Robins family.","  As soon as this deal was struck, five trustees were appointed to commence the work of the Trust. By spring 1988, AHR's Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement for its reorganization was mailed to claimants and other parties for approval. After approval by the requisite majority of claimants and other creditors, and after a hearing on July 28, 1988, Judge Merhige confirmed the plan. Some claimants opposed the plan, however, and a long appeal process began. The U.S. Supreme Court denied petitions for review in November 1989, and the following month the reorganization plan was consummated.","V. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, 1989-2001 Administration \n  \nThe Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust, located in Richmond, Virginia, began work under the direction of five trustees appointed in mid-January 1988, and an executive director hired that August. Even before consummation, the plan provided for a start-up fund of $100 million. Consequently, in the fall of 1988 the Trust was able to offer claimants the first and simplest of several options. Under Option 1, a woman merely had to sign an affidavit affirming injury from the Dalkon Shield, and she would be paid $725. If her husband or injured child chose, he (or she) could also file under this option and receive $300. During the pre-consummation period the Trust could also pay liquidated claims. By the time the Disclosure Statement was consummated in December, the Trust had settled 85,000 Option 1 claims for about $60 million.","  The Disclosure Statement laid out the basic principles under which the Trust was to operate. The purpose of the Claims Resolution Facility (CRF) was to \"provide all persons full payment of valid claims at the earliest possible time consistent with the efficient design and implementation of the claims resolution facility. This purpose [was] to be achieved by (1) providing an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation, thereby reducing transaction costs, (2) providing claimants with an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved, (3) providing fair and equitable compensation based upon historic values . . . to persons injured by the Dalkon Shield.\"","  The Trust's responsibility was to the claimants as a collective whole, and all claimants were to be treated equally and fairly. Also the Trust was non-reversionary, which is to say that any funds remaining at the end would not revert to AHP, but instead would be distributed among the claimants. Nor would the Trust award punitive damages to certain claimants, as in tort litigation, but instead would pay out whatever funds remained at the end on a pro rata basis to all claimants with documented injuries. One of the most important purposes of the plan was to establish \"global peace.\" That is, the plan stipulated that any and all claims involving the Dalkon Shield would be resolved once and for all by the Trust, and therefore AHR, its purchaser AHP, Aetna, doctors, clinics, and hospitals would no longer be liable for Dalkon Shield injuries.","  The plan also provided general guidelines for evaluating claims. For example, both represented and unrepresented claimants were to be treated equally and without regard to where they might sue on their claims. In addition, the plan outlined the injuries for which claimants would be compensated. Subsequently, the Trust devised an elaborate review process for the most serious injuries, insuring as nearly as possible the fair and consistent treatment of every claim. Furthermore, the Trust's offers would be \"best and final,\" and not subject to negotiation before litigation. If claimants were dissatisfied with their offers, they were encouraged to choose from several methods of settlement in order to avoid a costly trial.","  The CRF laid out four claims options. Option 1, described above, was ultimately chosen by 133,000 users and their relatives. Option 2 was for claimants who had proof of Shield use as well as proof of injury, but no documentation of a connection between the two. Relatively few claimants (18,000) chose this option, which paid between $850 and $5,500 in fixed allotments based upon type of injury. Option 3 was the category where the most money was paid and the most thorough documentation of injury was required. Here the claimant had to produce medical records showing that her use of the Shield was the direct cause of her documented injuries. Payments in this category went as high as $4 million, although the average was $31,000. Each case was carefully evaluated, and the award was assigned based upon the nature of the individual's circumstances. About 47,000 claimants chose Option 3. Finally, Option 4 allowed claimants to defer their choice if they were not yet certain of the extent of their injuries. Spouses as well as injured children could file their own claims in any of the three categories based upon the nature of the user's injury and medical records.","  During the bankruptcy proceedings, efforts were made to notify all claimants worldwide and get them to submit their claims during 1986. However, late claims came in, and the court and the Trust ultimately honored legitimate claims filed between the April 1986 deadline and September 1989. A class action suit filed against Aetna for its alleged compliance in AHR's liability was settled by establishing a fund to pay late claims. Named the Breland Insurance Trust (BIT) (Glenda Breland was the first-named claimant in the class action), this fund was created from the proceeds of two $50 million insurance policies and was intended first to supplement the Trust if necessary. But if that were not necessary, the BIT would be used to pay late claimants and persons whose claims had been reinstated after initially being disallowed. The BIT began making payments in 1994 when it became clear that the Trust had ample funds. The Breland claims were handled exactly like Trust claims, but dissatisfied Breland claimants were not allowed to take their settlements to litigation.","  A second smaller trust, called the Other Claimants Trust, was established with $5 million from the Robins family and $45 million from the sale of AHR. The purpose of the OTR was to cover the financial losses of doctors, hospitals, and clinics as a result of their involvement with the Dalkon Shield.","  As soon as the Trust was fully funded at the end of 1989, work began to determine values for Option 3 claims. Trustees and Trust staff, statisticians, and a few plaintiffs' lawyers worked for months examining settlements and awards AHR had paid, as well as the data about the nature of outstanding claims that had been captured in the McGovern survey. Keeping an eye always on the total amount of the Trust's assets, this working group eventually set values on every foreseeable type of injury. Their work was then evaluated by a group of plaintiffs' attorneys who had handled large numbers of Dalkon Shield suits before bankruptcy. The process of establishing evaluation guidelines for Option 3 claims took more than a year.","  Meanwhile claimants were sent packets informing them of the details of Options 2 and 3. Great care was taken to explain the process clearly so that it would not be necessary for claimants to hire an attorney unless they chose to do so. The Trust hired staff to assist claimants in filing claims and to secure medical records for them if their own efforts were fruitless. Another team of staff members checked the claims to be sure they were complete before sending them to reviewers. The Trust hired novices in the claims review process and gave them sixteen weeks of intensive training in evaluating gynecological injuries before they began work. After a value was placed on a claim, a supervisor reviewed the file again before the offer was mailed to the claimant.","  For the most part claims were evaluated in the order in which documentation reached completion. Higher priority, however, was afforded the claimants whose suits had been frozen when AHR declared bankruptcy, and those who had participated in the McGovern survey. In addition, claimants with critical health issues were given priority. Couples who were rendered childless because of the Shield could apply right away for funds for in vitro fertilization.","  Once a claimant received her settlement offer, which was \"best and final,\" she had to decide whether to accept or reject it. If she was not pleased with the amount and wanted to go to arbitration or litigation, the Trust required her to attend a settlement conference first. There she could discuss her claim with a Trust representative, who would explain how the Trust had reached the figure offered. At this time the claimant was allowed to present new medical evidence that had not been available when she filed her claim. If new documentation was offered, the Trust would re-evaluate her claim. Otherwise, the Trust stood by the original amount offered. If the claimant remained dissatisfied, she could choose to proceed to arbitration or litigation. Another choice was Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), a relatively simple and speedy form of arbitration.","  The ADR process opened in April of 1993 with an award cap of $10,000. When the cap was raised to $20,000 five months later, ADR became popular with claimants dissatisfied with the Trust's offer. In the end, 6,600 chose ADR. A smaller number chose to go to formal arbitration, and fewer still chose litigation. Because the Trust was committed to keeping costs as low as possible, every effort was made to avoid expensive trials. Of the 47,000 claims that were settled under Option 3, 41,000 were accepted; about 6,000 of them were resolved in ADR; 70 in arbitration; and only 90 went to trial.","  Although it was necessary for the CRF to allow settlement by these more traditional tort means, by far the majority of claimants worked directly with the Trust, without aid of an attorney, and accepted the Trust's offer. Those who had legal assistance received slightly larger awards on average, but they then had to pay their attorney's fees out of the award.","  By 1995 it became clear that more than enough funds were left to cover the remaining claims. Furthermore, the Trust's investments had earned $800 million and at that point administrative costs were running $200 million lower than had been anticipated. So in that year the Trust made the first of a half-dozen pro rata payments. Claimants who had been paid more than $725 under Option 2 or 3 were eligible for pro rata payments. By the time the Trust closed in the summer of 2001, pro rata payments had totaled about $1.5 billion, and eligible claimants had been paid just over 100% above their initial settlement amounts. By December 1996, 97% of the claims had been settled. The Trust began reducing its staff, and those who remained took care of the small portion of claims that were being appealed.","Legal Department. When the Trust was opened in 1989, staff was hired to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team of in-house lawyers as well as attorneys in other parts of the country where claims were contested. At the outset the Trust also hired, as outside counsel, Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown with the Richmond law firm of Christian, Barton, Epps, Brent \u0026 Chappell. Eventually Brown carried on alone in that position, and in the spring of 1993 he established his office in the building where the Trust was located. His principal duties were to interpret the Reorganization Plan and handle injunction enforcement issues on the Trust's behalf. Some of the major interpretation issues included whether claimants could sue for punitive damages and attorney's fees, whether pre- or post-judgment interest would be allowed, whether the Plan forced the Trust to concede product liability, and whether the list of injuries in the CRF could be taken as an admission that such injuries were caused by the Dalkon Shield.","  The Reorganization Plan discharged A.H. Robins, and all persons connected with it, as well as American Home Products, of any liability for tort or other claims relating to the Dalkon Shield. The Plan also enjoined claimants from bringing suit against these corporations and persons, or against hospitals, clinics, or physicians. When claimants did attempt such suits, the Trust moved to enforce the injunction.","  In 1991 the Trust filed a motion with the district court for an order to establish guidelines for arbitration and litigation. Amended Administrative Order Number One set parameters for discovery, and it directed that a document depository be established and made accessible to claimants. The order provided a system to insure that claimants who chose arbitration and litigation followed a prescribed procedure, and it reiterated the CRF's disallowance of trebled, exemplary or punitive damages, or attorney's fees.","  The purpose of the Trust, as stated in the CRF, was to provide \"an efficient economical mechanism for liquidating claims which [favored] settlement over arbitration and litigation\" and to provide \"an attractive alternative to trial by jury where settlement [was] not achieved.\" Once a settlement offer was made, the Trust was willing to discuss the evaluation in a settlement conference but it refused to negotiate. Many claimants dissatisfied with their offers went to ADR. Others choose the more costly options of arbitration or trial in hopes of receiving a much higher award. At this point the playing field changed, and Trust no longer waived various defenses. For example, if the statute of limitations had run out before she filed her claim, the Trust employed that defense. In other words, the Trust did all it could to discourage claimants from choosing expensive methods of resolving disputes, adhering to the principle that if all claims were settled equally and efficiently, there would be a greater amount to be shared among all.","  Two decisions of the Trustees aided the settlement process. Raising the cap on ADR awards from $10,000 to $20,000 in 1993 made this process very popular with claimants. Two years later when the pro rata payments commenced for those with offers higher than $725, many claimants who were initially dissatisfied realized their awards would ultimately be more generous than they had thought.","  Many legal issues required judicial intervention during the course of the Trust's existence. One controversial issue concerned the Trust's holdback policy. In a case where a claimant was awarded a higher amount in litigation, the Trust reserved the right, upheld by the court, to defer paying the difference between the trial award and the original offer until there was assurance that all claims could be paid. Often when claimants brought their cases in state court, the Trust attempted to have them removed to federal court. There were many questions surrounding how ADR and arbitration would be handled. One case regarding burden of proof in ADR, Reichel v. Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust , was decided in the Trust's favor by the district court but partially overturned by the Fourth Circuit, which said that the claimant only had to provide a \"presumption of causation.\" Plaintiffs were unsuccessful in getting this ruling to apply to arbitration and litigation.","  In 1995 when the Trust began making pro rata payments, Judge Merhige on his own initiative issued an order limiting claimants' attorneys from recovering more that ten percent from those payments. One impetus for this ruling was complaints he had heard through the years from claimants whose attorneys had received a large percentage of their initial awards as contingent fees. The judge also knew that since pro rata payments would be made in cases that had been settled, little or no additional work was required of the attorneys. However, this order provoked protest from the plaintiffs' bar, and a group of twenty-nine lawyers appealed the order. The Fourth Circuit, calling \"this litigation and appeal . . . wonderful examples of chutzpah,\" affirmed Judge Merhige's order.","  Although Brown spent about ten years representing the Trust, and some of the cases stretched over many of those years, the legal costs were ultimately lower than anticipated. While a couple hundred cases were filed, in the end only about ninety went to trial. Nonetheless, the legal issues and claims that were litigated required the attention of the legal department for about five years after the vast majority of the claims were settled. Pro rata distributions from the remainder of the Trust were issued over time as the number of unresolved cases diminished.","VI. Conclusion  \n  \nThe Disclosure Statement had given the Trust twenty years to settle 197,000 claims. With the allowance of late claims, the Trust ultimately paid a little over 218,000 claims and settled the vast majority of them in only seven years. Although the Trust operated particularly cautiously at the outset in order to be sure all claimants could be paid fairly, this extreme care worked to the benefit of the claimants in the end. Thanks in large part to the Trust's diligence, caution, and wise investments, the most seriously injured claimants saw their awards doubled. In terms of fairness and efficiency, the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust achieved, in the opinion of many, the most successful resolution of a mass tort case in the twentieth century."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn 1975 a Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up to consolidate over one hundred Dalkon Shield personal injury tort cases pending in federal district courts in over a third of the states. The pretrial proceedings were held before U. S. District Judge Frank Theis in Wichita, Kansas. Bradley Post, a Wichita lawyer who had represented Connie Deemer, the first woman to win a verdict against Robins for her Dalkon Shield injuries, was chosen lead lawyer in the consolidated cases. Post led the court-ordered discovery proceedings that ran from 1976 through the late 1970s and resumed in 1981 and 1982.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  AHR was ordered to produce copies of tens of thousands of documents and to store them at the Richmond offices of McGuire, Woods \u0026amp; Battle, the law firm handling its defense. The collection of documents became known as the Source Files. Documents in the following subject categories were requested, copied and numbered at various times from 1976 through 1982: Research \u0026amp; Development, Adverse Reaction, Manufacturing, Administration, Commercial, Government, International, FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and Bibliography.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In 1991, by administrative order, the Trust was directed to \"maintain a document depository in Richmond, Virginia, containing substantially all documents which the Trust, using its best efforts, has identified as having been produced without qualification by Robins in pre-petition Dalkon Shield personal injury tort litigation.\" The depository, to be made accessible to claimants and their attorneys, was comprised of documents previously in the custody of McGuire, Woods and was located at Datastor, a facility on the east end of the city.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The A.H. Robins Company documents consist of the master group, the Source Files, produced under the direction of Judge Frank Theis in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In addition, there are a number of subsets of the Source Files gathered and arranged by plaintiffs' attorneys, and additional documents produced under orders from other judges in the mid-1980s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccording to a Trust memorandum, (see notebook labeled Background Information re Document Depository), AHR and its attorneys began collecting, reviewing, and copying these documents, later known as the Source Files, as early as 1975. In 1976 when the Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up, the range of documents was expanded to include information on Robins' international sales, and on its interactions with Hugh Davis, Robert Cohn, Thad Earl, and Irwin S. Lerner. Plaintiffs involved in the MDL proceedings were allowed access to all documents that were not privileged. The copies, held in Richmond in the custody of McGuire, Woods, were made from the original documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Law Library completed a project begun sometime ago to convert the Source Files to microform. Documents 1 through 171, 245 are available on microfiche; and 171,246 through 211, 892, on microfilm. Researchers may gain access to the Source File documents through any of its four indexes: document number, document date, name of document writer, and document type and date. The indexes are in three-ring notebooks, and on microfilm reels 1 to 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Two types of materials in the Source Files, numbers 189,673 through 207,502, are not in microform (4 cartons, 5 linear feet). The first are computer printouts of names and addresses of the 200,000 doctors to whom AHR wrote in the early 1980s, requesting removal of the Shield. Box 1 contains names and addresses for physicians in Colombia, Sweden, The Netherlands, South Africa, and Australia; Box 2, for Mexico, Philippines, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, and Venezuela; and Box 3, for the United States. Second, in Box 4, is a collection of used Dalkon Shields sent back to AHR by Thad Earl, David Ostergard, and other doctors.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe MDL Chrono Files are a chronological arrangement of 1300 of some of the more important documents from the Source Files and were offered in evidence during the1976-1978 MDL discovery proceedings. The date range of the Chrono Files is 1938 to 1977, with the bulk of the documents falling between 1971 and 1975. In some cases the copy in the Chrono Files is more legible than the one in the Source Files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  There is no list or index for the Chrono Files. Boxed with the files was a subject index to the first 183,000 SF documents; this index which pairs Source File number with subject was prepared in 1979. The Chrono Files are available on microfilm reels 19-22, as well as on paper in Boxes 1-6 (2.5 linear feet).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBradley Post preserved a set of selected Robins Source File documents which he had submitted as evidence in a case around 1979. The Post documents are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 836 in the upper left corner; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The date range is 1938 to 1979, with bulk dates of 1971 to 1975. The Post documents are available on microfilm reels 22 and 23. A list of numbered Post documents providing extensive information about each entry is available on paper and also precedes the documents on the film.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1983 Robins, Zelle, Larson \u0026amp; Kaplan, a large firm in Minneapolis acquired about two hundred Dalkon Shield cases from another practice, and the firm appointed experienced plaintiffs' attorneys Dale Larson and Michael Ciresi to handle them. For the case of Shirley Dean v. A. H. Robins, the lawyers submitted as evidence 3,789 documents they had chosen from the Robins Source Files. Those documents comprise this subset and are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 3,789, usually near the top of the first page of the document; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The dates range from 1938 to 1984, but are concentrated in the years 1970 to 1980. The Robins, Zelle documents are available on microfilm reels 23-31. The list of numbered Robins, Zelle documents provides extensive information about each entry; it is available on paper, and it also precedes the documents on the film.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1983 Minnesota U.S. District Judge Miles Lord began hearing Dalkon Shield cases. By early 1984 he believed there were pertinent documents AHR had not produced during multi-district proceedings in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He, therefore, ordered a re-opening of discovery specifically for a number of categories, including correspondence with Aetna, AHR's insurance company, correspondence between certain top company officials and AHR lawyers, and documents relating to testing of Dalkon Shield safety. Furthermore, Lord appointed two attorneys to go to Richmond to supervise the production of these documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Lord Responsive documents are available on microfilm reels 31-33. These document numbers appear at the end of the Source File Document Number Index, but since a substantial number of them did not pertain to Lord's order, or were privileged, there are not corresponding documents for all the numbers. An annotated copy of the Lord pages from the Index precedes the documents on the film, and there the researcher can determine which documents will appear.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1984 and early 1985 lawyers for Claire Zelius were preparing their case against AHR in Florida. The federal district court allowed them to seek additional Robins documents, principally unpublished scientific or medical studies on the Dalkon Shield tail string.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Zelius Production documents are available on microfilm reels 34-41. The documents have been numbered, although there is no corresponding index for them in the Source Files index. Available on paper, and preceding the Zelius documents on microfilm, is an index which ties production date to a note book number, followed by another index which is a short list of doctors' names for depositions they gave in other cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduction commenced on the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device in 1968 under the direction of inventors Hugh Davis, gynecologist, and Irwin Lerner, electrical engineer. In early 1970 Davis and Lerner looked for a pharmaceutical company to market their product more widely, and by June of that year, AHR agreed to purchase it.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Dalkon Shield came in two sizes: standard, for women who had already had children (multiparous), and small, for women who had never had children (nulliparous). Shaped somewhat like a law enforcement officer's badge, hence its name, the Shield had five fingers protruding along each side, so that it also looked somewhat like a crab. Tied to its base was a three-inch length of synthetic polyfilament otherwise used for surgical sutures. In the case of the Shield, this filament, called the tail string, was principally designed for easy removal of the IUD.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The A.H. Robins Company began production and sales in early 1971. Domestic sales were suspended in June of 1974, although foreign sales continued until August 1975. By the time sales ceased altogether, 3,600,000 Dalkon Shields had been sold worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  This sub-series of 7 boxes (2.9 linear feet) consists of packets of standard and small Dalkon Shields produced by the Dalkon Corporation and by A.H. Robins Co. In addition there are examples of boxes in which the packets were distributed; instruction sheets for physicians and patients; publicity material; rolls of the tail string material, loose shields, and various instruments. Finally, there is a videotape made by the Dalkon Corporation to demonstrate insertion and placement of the Dalkon Shield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis two-box collection (0.8 linear feet) of miscellaneous A. H. Robins Company documents, assembled by the Trust, provides a bird's eye view of the purchase, production, and sale of the Dalkon Shield from 1970 to 1985. All of these documents can be located in the Source Files, but researchers may find these two boxes provide a convenient, simple and accessible introduction to the history of Robins and the Shield.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the multi-district litigation proceedings from the late 1970s through the early 1980s, many employees of AHR were deposed, and their depositions made accessible to plaintiffs' lawyers all over the country. When the Trust set up the document depository for the use of claimants, the MDL depositions were included. In addition, depositions not under the aegis of the MDL panel, as well as a great deal of trial testimony of A. H. Robins employees, became part of the document depository. The Trust legal department also had a core collection of depositions, exhibits, etc. for their own attorneys' use in litigation. Materials in this series are principally on microfilm or videotape.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1976 when Bradley Post, on behalf of plaintiffs' attorneys, was seeking Robins documents for multi-district litigation, dozens of top officials in the A. H. Robins Co. were being deposed. The following Robins employees were deponents: Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. John I. Brewer, John Leo Burke, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Robert E. Cohn, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Dr. Roy William Dent, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad J. Earl, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Jack Freund, Edwin Hood, A.J. Kapadia, Oscar Klioze, Irwin Lerner, Frank William Mann, A. Edwin Martin, David Mefford, Kenneth Moore, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Allen Polon, Dr. Ellen Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, E.C. Robins, Melvin Rohling, W. Roy Smith, Ritchie Alan Snyder, Robert Walker Tankersley, Howard James Tatum, Dale Taylor, George E. Thomas, Roger Lewis Tuttle, Richard A. Velz, John Wesley Ward, Thomas C. Yu, and William L. Zimmer III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Depositions were taken from 1976 through 1983. These transcripts, available on microfilm reels 42-55, are arranged alphabetically by deponent and then chronologically. Most depositions lasted from one to four consecutive days, although a few deponents were called back for a second time. Some depositions are followed by exhibits, summaries, and/or objections. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the same time of the MDL discovery process, Robins officials were being deposed for cases not included in the multi-district litigation. The following Robins employees were deponents: Jerald Eugene Adams, Frank Bedrick, Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. Anne J. W. Board, Eleanor Bradley, Bob L. Brown, Jeneal D. Brummett, John Leo Burke, John S. Campana, Edward C. Casey, Robert F. Childs, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Charles F. Christopher, Eugenia Clark, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Ben Clarkson, Robert E. Cohn, Everett L. Cook, Thomas E. Costa, Carlyne Crotty, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Arthur R. Cummings, Darwin Carl Dahl, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Charles T. Degolia, Dr. Roy William Dent, Jr., Erich De Romero, Calvin R. De Witt, Charles S. Donahue, Paul M. Duffy, Jr., Hartwell Durrance, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad Joseph Earl, John A. Emerick, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, Jeanne Featherston, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Dr. Jack Freund, Anne Friedman, John E. Gallapago, John T. Gaywood, Michael Gibb, Frank W. Gilbert, Donald Thomas Gillooly, Robert L. Gorvett, Lawrence Griffin, John Vincent Guiney, Ray Hanchey, William D. Hart, Jr., Norval Haugh, Dennis F. Heikka, Dr. E.B. Heilman, Doral Loren Hessman, Douglas Arthur Hewey, Robert A. Hogsett, Thomas B. Horne, Robert F. Hunley, David E. Jones, Herbert Joyce, Jr., Duwaine F. Kaufman, James W. Kennedy, Sidney M. Kessler, Louis Kilgore, Daniel Klimpel II, Oscar Klioze, David Mayer Koepke, John P. Kypriotis, Leonard Clayton Lacy, John P. Lage, Raymond L. Langston, Patricia Lashley, Irwin S. Lerner, Charles Hunter Leys, George Lobeck, Gene Ross Lucas, and Carl D. Lunsford.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Also, Frank William Mann, Jr., A. Edwin Martin, Joseph Mazzeo, Thomas J. McCarthy III, William D. McGehee, Otto McGilvrey, Allen Arthur McKeel, Olivia McMichael, James Gray McWhorter, David Mefford, James Frederick Miller, Clyde Moore, Kenneth E. Moore, Emily M. Morley, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, James M. Nisely, Edward Normandia, Terry G. Oakley, Roy Francis O'Hanley, Jr., Guy Edward O'Neal, John P. Onkey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Jerry Paul Parker, William B. Plisco, Allen J. Polon, Dr. Ellen J. Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, Roscoe E. Puckett, Jr., Robert Lee Ramsay, E.C. Robins, Jr., E. Claiborne Robins, Sr., Julian Ross, Phillip Rudine, Raymond J. Russo, Carroll L. Saine, Philip J. Schmid, Walt W. Schoenberger, Stephen I. Schwartz, Thomas A. Schwartz, Leland Schweer, Stuart Shumate, Michael Silva, George Smith, Louis L. Smith, W. Roy Smith, William Smithdeal, Elmer A. Snyder, Sam Sparks, Hunter Spencer, George Stiles, Arthur M. Stranz, Stephen Richard Stubbs, Robert Walker Tankersley, August Tassan, Dr. Howard Tatum, Dale R. Taylor, John Trippe, Roger Lewis Tuttle, William S. Van Bezey, Richard A. Velz, Harris Wagenseil, John W. Ward, Robert Watts, Dale E. Weiss, James C. White, William T. Yale, Alan Young, Roland Younglin, and William L. Zimmer III.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  These depositions were taken between 1975 and 1985. The transcripts, available on microfilm reels 55-82, are arranged alphabetically by deponent, and then by case name. Exhibits are sometimes included. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBradley Post helped the Trust select a number of cases for which the AHR company employees' trial testimony was particularly useful, and these documents became part of the Document Depository. The collection of trial testimony, available on microfilm reels 82-139, was divided in two groups arranged alphabetically by plaintiff's name.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The first collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Kyle Askeland, Delma R. Barnes and Debra Jean Clark, Marguerite Bryson, Consuella Bundy, Candyce L. Cabe, Nancy S. Carley, Colorado Consolidated, or Janette A. Hawkinson, et al., Valerie Dembrosky, Susan L. Dodge, Marsha Feldman, Susan Fitzpatrick, Laureen Ford, Laurie Jo Franz, Kay Hamilton, Gay Lynn Hertzler, Linda Johnson, Terri Johnson, Patrick Junkin, Nancy Kaye, Nancy Lewis, Carole Mansfield, Jayne Miller, Gayle McCann, Joan Price, Karen Clark Raine, Carol Ann Setter, Kim Elizabeth Shewan, Joyce A. Smith, Kay E. Swenson, Robert C. and Deborah Terhune, Rosemary Warner, Francis G. Williams, and Anna Wilkins.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The second collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Carin Linn Abramson, Miriam Breyer, Linda S. James Brown, Pamela Craig, Connie L. Deemer, Mary Ann Ducharme, Cynthia and Robert Fletzin, Mary Guenther, Martha E. Hahn, Linda and William Harre, Diane Hilliard, Regina and Keith Husbands, Cathy J. Maguire, Peggy Joan Mample, Sue and Wayne Mitchell, Rosalie Nunley, Carie M. Palmer, Janet and George Reif, Debbie Rohl, Elizabeth Rubin, Brenda Happke-Strempke, Loretta L. Tetuan, Pamela Van Duyn, and Sharon Worsham.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The transcripts, having come from a variety of courts, vary a good bit, but for each case it is easy to determine whose testimony is where.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Trust had a large collection of videotaped depositions (51 videotapes) and trial testimony (177 videotapes) of AHR employees. They transferred to the library all the tapes on VHS format. Many of these tapes, dating from 1979 to 1985, have corresponding transcripts in the previous three sub-series, but some do not.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection of trial material, 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet), was created by Trust employees for use in litigation. Included are copies of pre-trial orders, exhibits, depositions, and videotapes of depositions (33 videotapes). For Robins litigation, McGuire, Woods had prepared a set of exhibits, and so the Trust prepared their own based upon the law firm's set.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[videotapes of the edited depositions and testimonies are also available]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[videotapes of Sparks and Tuttle also available]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series of U.S. Food and Drug Administration files is comprised of 5 boxes (2.1 linear feet). During 1974 the FDA held several hearings investigating IUDs and septic abortions, and, specifically, the safety of the Dalkon Shield. In preparation for these investigations the agency asked AHR to present documents concerning production of their IUD. The documents the company provided make up part of this series. (Most, if not all of these documents, are also found in the Source Files.) Also included here are transcripts of various hearings. In 1983 the FDA received a request under the Freedom of Information Act to produce documents relating to AHR and the Dalkon Shield. Copies of those documents are also in this series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series is comprised of newspaper clippings in 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet) and videotapes of television shows concerning Dalkon Shield injuries and litigation. The clippings, dated 1974-1985, are arranged alphabetically by state and are preceded by an index.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAHR filed for federal bankruptcy protection on August 21, 1985. The Trust kept on file each pleading that was entered in the case up through August of 2000. This series contains those pleadings. In addition, there is data on some of the lawsuits Robins resolved before bankruptcy. This data was studied by analyst Frances McGovern whose report is also included. Finally, there are transcripts of the estimation hearings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe docket books for the AHR bankruptcy case contain, in order of filing, virtually all the pleadings entered between 1985 and 2000. In addition to the pleadings themselves in 416 three-ring notebooks (123 linear feet), there is a complete list of the documents providing the date each item was entered, its docket number, and the document's heading. Researchers must examine the list to determine the notebook-location of documents. Many of these documents also appear in other parts of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series of 28 boxes (22.5 linear feet) is contains data derived from a sampling of cases A. H. Robins settled before bankruptcy proceedings began. In 1976 AHR created a Product Litigation System (PLS) to assist their lawyers in tracking Dalkon Shield claims and law suits. The master file in this database included the following information about a claim: claimant name; type of action; status of action; filing and resolution dates; insurance (Aetna) information; location of litigation; information about counsel; and resolution amounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  About ten years later, during the claims estimation phase of the bankruptcy proceedings, AHR was asked to provide information on settled suits to assist in determining the company's liability for outstanding claims. By that time the PLS database held information on 9,500 resolved cases, of which 1,800 were selected for analysis. According to Francis McGovern, the court-appointed master of the study, the selection included 1,600 cases chosen at random, plus \"a stratified sample\" of the one hundred lowest and one hundred highest cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  This new arrangement of resolved cases data presented eight categories of information: 1. Case Summary, which contained the master file data outlined above. 2. Dalkon Shield Use, providing basic information about use and type of injury. 3. Other Contraceptive Use, including dates and type. 4. Economic Damages, listing costs incurred by the claimant including work loss. 7. Statute of Limitation including date of claim, onset of injury, first consultation with attorney, state of residence. 8. Sexual History, including names of partners and dates of relationship. This information was followed by a medical history arranged by date and including information about symptoms, procedures performed, test and results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the resolved cases, the McGovern study also involved analysis of questionnaires sent to about 6,000 claimants with pending claims. See Series VI Sub-series 1 Boxes 15-17 for a copy of the questionnaire along with additional information about the McGovern study.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The print-outs of the Resolved Cases Database are bound in twenty-six oversize volumes in Boxes 1-26. The names of the claimants and their partners have been obliterated, in order to protect their privacy. The volumes are open to research without restriction. Boxes 27 and 28 contain a copy of McGovern's final report titled\u003ctitle render=\"italic\" type=\"simple\"\u003eReport of the Dalkon Shield Claims' Estimation Process, June 15, 1988.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom November 5 to 11, 1987, Judges Merhige and Shelley held hearings at which the various interested parties presented their estimates of the dollar value of the outstanding claims. Each party had hired experts to examine the data McGovern had compiled, and the work of these experts was presented at the hearing. Thomas Florence conducted the analysis and prepared the estimation for AHR. Other estimates were presented on behalf of the claimants' committee, Aetna, the official committee representing AHR shareholders, and the unsecured creditors. One month later Judge Merhige, having reviewed the estimates which ranged from $1.2 to 7.2 billion, announced that AHR's liability to claimants was $2.475 billion.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  On February 1, 1988, American Home Products agreed to acquire AHR, and on March 28, 1988 Robins filed its Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement Pursuant to Section 1125 of the Bankruptcy Code. This document begins with a summary of the case and a detailed overview of the settlement, followed by the Plan of Reorganization, the Claimants Trust and Other Claimants Trust Agreements, the Claims Resolution Facility, the Merger Agreement, and other documents. Along with letters of endorsement, relevant court orders and notices, and a ballot, the Disclosure Statement was mailed to all eligible claimants to vote on approval of the plan in late April 1988.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  This sub-series of 4 boxes and 1 carton (2.9 linear feet) contains the transcript of the hearing, Thomas Florence's estimation report, AHR memoranda on statute of limitations filed with the court at the time of estimation, and a copy of the disclosure statement with accompanying letters of endorsement, court orders and notices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust opened in early 1988 with the appointment of five trustees, Barbara Blum, Kenneth Feinberg, Gene Locks, Stephen Saltzburg, and Ann Samani. The critical issue of how the Trust would be managed proved as controversial as most other aspects of the bankruptcy settlement. Consequently, within months disputes caused the resignations of Blum, Samani, and Locks. One of the new appointees, Georgene Vairo, eventually became chair of the Trust and remained in that post until it closed.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Meanwhile the trustees hired Michael Sheppard, clerk of the bankruptcy court in Richmond, as executive director of the Trust. Others administrators hired shortly thereafter included Teri Lovelace and Ann Peters. At its peak the Trust employed a staff of almost four hundred. The staff included attorneys to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team consisting of Lynn Greer, Susan Manardo, and Patricia Powis whose job was to oversee and coordinate representation of the Trust in cases that went to arbitration or litigation. Richmond lawyers Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown were hired as outside counsel. The legal department grew along with the caseload. Assisting the Trust staff were attorneys chosen in regions throughout the U.S., and in other countries, as required to handle local litigation. In addition, local defense attorneys were hired on a case-by-case basis when a claim went to arbitration or litigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The papers of the Trust include the Central Records Library (CRL), the official staff files which document the innumerable mailings to claimants, claims processing, and other Trust administrative matters, as well as the Trustees' minutes. Although the collection does not contain the files of administrative heads of the Trust, some of their correspondence and inter-office communications can be found in the CRL. The collection does include the files of the Trust's outside counsel, Orran L. Brown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile removed by DSCT, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile removed by DSCT, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile Removed by DSCT Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list in Oversize Box 144, removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list in folder no. 1 removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments with claimant information removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDocuments with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile removed by DSCT, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFile removed by DSCT, 2/2004\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In 1975 a Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up to consolidate over one hundred Dalkon Shield personal injury tort cases pending in federal district courts in over a third of the states. The pretrial proceedings were held before U. S. District Judge Frank Theis in Wichita, Kansas. Bradley Post, a Wichita lawyer who had represented Connie Deemer, the first woman to win a verdict against Robins for her Dalkon Shield injuries, was chosen lead lawyer in the consolidated cases. Post led the court-ordered discovery proceedings that ran from 1976 through the late 1970s and resumed in 1981 and 1982.","  AHR was ordered to produce copies of tens of thousands of documents and to store them at the Richmond offices of McGuire, Woods \u0026 Battle, the law firm handling its defense. The collection of documents became known as the Source Files. Documents in the following subject categories were requested, copied and numbered at various times from 1976 through 1982: Research \u0026 Development, Adverse Reaction, Manufacturing, Administration, Commercial, Government, International, FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and Bibliography.","  In 1991, by administrative order, the Trust was directed to \"maintain a document depository in Richmond, Virginia, containing substantially all documents which the Trust, using its best efforts, has identified as having been produced without qualification by Robins in pre-petition Dalkon Shield personal injury tort litigation.\" The depository, to be made accessible to claimants and their attorneys, was comprised of documents previously in the custody of McGuire, Woods and was located at Datastor, a facility on the east end of the city.","  The A.H. Robins Company documents consist of the master group, the Source Files, produced under the direction of Judge Frank Theis in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In addition, there are a number of subsets of the Source Files gathered and arranged by plaintiffs' attorneys, and additional documents produced under orders from other judges in the mid-1980s.","According to a Trust memorandum, (see notebook labeled Background Information re Document Depository), AHR and its attorneys began collecting, reviewing, and copying these documents, later known as the Source Files, as early as 1975. In 1976 when the Multi-District Litigation Panel was set up, the range of documents was expanded to include information on Robins' international sales, and on its interactions with Hugh Davis, Robert Cohn, Thad Earl, and Irwin S. Lerner. Plaintiffs involved in the MDL proceedings were allowed access to all documents that were not privileged. The copies, held in Richmond in the custody of McGuire, Woods, were made from the original documents.","  The Law Library completed a project begun sometime ago to convert the Source Files to microform. Documents 1 through 171, 245 are available on microfiche; and 171,246 through 211, 892, on microfilm. Researchers may gain access to the Source File documents through any of its four indexes: document number, document date, name of document writer, and document type and date. The indexes are in three-ring notebooks, and on microfilm reels 1 to 6.","  Two types of materials in the Source Files, numbers 189,673 through 207,502, are not in microform (4 cartons, 5 linear feet). The first are computer printouts of names and addresses of the 200,000 doctors to whom AHR wrote in the early 1980s, requesting removal of the Shield. Box 1 contains names and addresses for physicians in Colombia, Sweden, The Netherlands, South Africa, and Australia; Box 2, for Mexico, Philippines, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, and Venezuela; and Box 3, for the United States. Second, in Box 4, is a collection of used Dalkon Shields sent back to AHR by Thad Earl, David Ostergard, and other doctors.","The MDL Chrono Files are a chronological arrangement of 1300 of some of the more important documents from the Source Files and were offered in evidence during the1976-1978 MDL discovery proceedings. The date range of the Chrono Files is 1938 to 1977, with the bulk of the documents falling between 1971 and 1975. In some cases the copy in the Chrono Files is more legible than the one in the Source Files.","  There is no list or index for the Chrono Files. Boxed with the files was a subject index to the first 183,000 SF documents; this index which pairs Source File number with subject was prepared in 1979. The Chrono Files are available on microfilm reels 19-22, as well as on paper in Boxes 1-6 (2.5 linear feet).","Bradley Post preserved a set of selected Robins Source File documents which he had submitted as evidence in a case around 1979. The Post documents are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 836 in the upper left corner; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The date range is 1938 to 1979, with bulk dates of 1971 to 1975. The Post documents are available on microfilm reels 22 and 23. A list of numbered Post documents providing extensive information about each entry is available on paper and also precedes the documents on the film.","In 1983 Robins, Zelle, Larson \u0026 Kaplan, a large firm in Minneapolis acquired about two hundred Dalkon Shield cases from another practice, and the firm appointed experienced plaintiffs' attorneys Dale Larson and Michael Ciresi to handle them. For the case of Shirley Dean v. A. H. Robins, the lawyers submitted as evidence 3,789 documents they had chosen from the Robins Source Files. Those documents comprise this subset and are arranged chronologically and numbered 1 to 3,789, usually near the top of the first page of the document; the Source File number is visible in the lower left corner. The dates range from 1938 to 1984, but are concentrated in the years 1970 to 1980. The Robins, Zelle documents are available on microfilm reels 23-31. The list of numbered Robins, Zelle documents provides extensive information about each entry; it is available on paper, and it also precedes the documents on the film.","In 1983 Minnesota U.S. District Judge Miles Lord began hearing Dalkon Shield cases. By early 1984 he believed there were pertinent documents AHR had not produced during multi-district proceedings in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He, therefore, ordered a re-opening of discovery specifically for a number of categories, including correspondence with Aetna, AHR's insurance company, correspondence between certain top company officials and AHR lawyers, and documents relating to testing of Dalkon Shield safety. Furthermore, Lord appointed two attorneys to go to Richmond to supervise the production of these documents.","  The Lord Responsive documents are available on microfilm reels 31-33. These document numbers appear at the end of the Source File Document Number Index, but since a substantial number of them did not pertain to Lord's order, or were privileged, there are not corresponding documents for all the numbers. An annotated copy of the Lord pages from the Index precedes the documents on the film, and there the researcher can determine which documents will appear.","In 1984 and early 1985 lawyers for Claire Zelius were preparing their case against AHR in Florida. The federal district court allowed them to seek additional Robins documents, principally unpublished scientific or medical studies on the Dalkon Shield tail string.","  The Zelius Production documents are available on microfilm reels 34-41. The documents have been numbered, although there is no corresponding index for them in the Source Files index. Available on paper, and preceding the Zelius documents on microfilm, is an index which ties production date to a note book number, followed by another index which is a short list of doctors' names for depositions they gave in other cases.","Production commenced on the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device in 1968 under the direction of inventors Hugh Davis, gynecologist, and Irwin Lerner, electrical engineer. In early 1970 Davis and Lerner looked for a pharmaceutical company to market their product more widely, and by June of that year, AHR agreed to purchase it.","  The Dalkon Shield came in two sizes: standard, for women who had already had children (multiparous), and small, for women who had never had children (nulliparous). Shaped somewhat like a law enforcement officer's badge, hence its name, the Shield had five fingers protruding along each side, so that it also looked somewhat like a crab. Tied to its base was a three-inch length of synthetic polyfilament otherwise used for surgical sutures. In the case of the Shield, this filament, called the tail string, was principally designed for easy removal of the IUD.","  The A.H. Robins Company began production and sales in early 1971. Domestic sales were suspended in June of 1974, although foreign sales continued until August 1975. By the time sales ceased altogether, 3,600,000 Dalkon Shields had been sold worldwide.","  This sub-series of 7 boxes (2.9 linear feet) consists of packets of standard and small Dalkon Shields produced by the Dalkon Corporation and by A.H. Robins Co. In addition there are examples of boxes in which the packets were distributed; instruction sheets for physicians and patients; publicity material; rolls of the tail string material, loose shields, and various instruments. Finally, there is a videotape made by the Dalkon Corporation to demonstrate insertion and placement of the Dalkon Shield.","This two-box collection (0.8 linear feet) of miscellaneous A. H. Robins Company documents, assembled by the Trust, provides a bird's eye view of the purchase, production, and sale of the Dalkon Shield from 1970 to 1985. All of these documents can be located in the Source Files, but researchers may find these two boxes provide a convenient, simple and accessible introduction to the history of Robins and the Shield.","During the multi-district litigation proceedings from the late 1970s through the early 1980s, many employees of AHR were deposed, and their depositions made accessible to plaintiffs' lawyers all over the country. When the Trust set up the document depository for the use of claimants, the MDL depositions were included. In addition, depositions not under the aegis of the MDL panel, as well as a great deal of trial testimony of A. H. Robins employees, became part of the document depository. The Trust legal department also had a core collection of depositions, exhibits, etc. for their own attorneys' use in litigation. Materials in this series are principally on microfilm or videotape.","In 1976 when Bradley Post, on behalf of plaintiffs' attorneys, was seeking Robins documents for multi-district litigation, dozens of top officials in the A. H. Robins Co. were being deposed. The following Robins employees were deponents: Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. John I. Brewer, John Leo Burke, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Robert E. Cohn, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Dr. Roy William Dent, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad J. Earl, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Jack Freund, Edwin Hood, A.J. Kapadia, Oscar Klioze, Irwin Lerner, Frank William Mann, A. Edwin Martin, David Mefford, Kenneth Moore, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Allen Polon, Dr. Ellen Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, E.C. Robins, Melvin Rohling, W. Roy Smith, Ritchie Alan Snyder, Robert Walker Tankersley, Howard James Tatum, Dale Taylor, George E. Thomas, Roger Lewis Tuttle, Richard A. Velz, John Wesley Ward, Thomas C. Yu, and William L. Zimmer III.","  Depositions were taken from 1976 through 1983. These transcripts, available on microfilm reels 42-55, are arranged alphabetically by deponent and then chronologically. Most depositions lasted from one to four consecutive days, although a few deponents were called back for a second time. Some depositions are followed by exhibits, summaries, and/or objections. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.","At the same time of the MDL discovery process, Robins officials were being deposed for cases not included in the multi-district litigation. The following Robins employees were deponents: Jerald Eugene Adams, Frank Bedrick, Ernest L. Bender, Jr., Dr. Anne J. W. Board, Eleanor Bradley, Bob L. Brown, Jeneal D. Brummett, John Leo Burke, John S. Campana, Edward C. Casey, Robert F. Childs, Dr. A.N. Chremos, Charles F. Christopher, Eugenia Clark, Dr. Fred A. Clark, Jr., Ben Clarkson, Robert E. Cohn, Everett L. Cook, Thomas E. Costa, Carlyne Crotty, Elderin Wayne Crowder, Arthur R. Cummings, Darwin Carl Dahl, Dr. Hugh J. Davis, Charles T. Degolia, Dr. Roy William Dent, Jr., Erich De Romero, Calvin R. De Witt, Charles S. Donahue, Paul M. Duffy, Jr., Hartwell Durrance, Thomas D. Downs, Dr. Thad Joseph Earl, John A. Emerick, Dorothy Kimball Ervin, Jeanne Featherston, William A. Forrest, Jr., Daniel Eugene French, Dr. Jack Freund, Anne Friedman, John E. Gallapago, John T. Gaywood, Michael Gibb, Frank W. Gilbert, Donald Thomas Gillooly, Robert L. Gorvett, Lawrence Griffin, John Vincent Guiney, Ray Hanchey, William D. Hart, Jr., Norval Haugh, Dennis F. Heikka, Dr. E.B. Heilman, Doral Loren Hessman, Douglas Arthur Hewey, Robert A. Hogsett, Thomas B. Horne, Robert F. Hunley, David E. Jones, Herbert Joyce, Jr., Duwaine F. Kaufman, James W. Kennedy, Sidney M. Kessler, Louis Kilgore, Daniel Klimpel II, Oscar Klioze, David Mayer Koepke, John P. Kypriotis, Leonard Clayton Lacy, John P. Lage, Raymond L. Langston, Patricia Lashley, Irwin S. Lerner, Charles Hunter Leys, George Lobeck, Gene Ross Lucas, and Carl D. Lunsford.","  Also, Frank William Mann, Jr., A. Edwin Martin, Joseph Mazzeo, Thomas J. McCarthy III, William D. McGehee, Otto McGilvrey, Allen Arthur McKeel, Olivia McMichael, James Gray McWhorter, David Mefford, James Frederick Miller, Clyde Moore, Kenneth E. Moore, Emily M. Morley, C.E. Morton, Dr. Robert S. Murphey, James M. Nisely, Edward Normandia, Terry G. Oakley, Roy Francis O'Hanley, Jr., Guy Edward O'Neal, John P. Onkey, Dr. Fletcher B. Owen, Jr., Jerry Paul Parker, William B. Plisco, Allen J. Polon, Dr. Ellen J. Preston, Dr. Lester W. Preston, Roscoe E. Puckett, Jr., Robert Lee Ramsay, E.C. Robins, Jr., E. Claiborne Robins, Sr., Julian Ross, Phillip Rudine, Raymond J. Russo, Carroll L. Saine, Philip J. Schmid, Walt W. Schoenberger, Stephen I. Schwartz, Thomas A. Schwartz, Leland Schweer, Stuart Shumate, Michael Silva, George Smith, Louis L. Smith, W. Roy Smith, William Smithdeal, Elmer A. Snyder, Sam Sparks, Hunter Spencer, George Stiles, Arthur M. Stranz, Stephen Richard Stubbs, Robert Walker Tankersley, August Tassan, Dr. Howard Tatum, Dale R. Taylor, John Trippe, Roger Lewis Tuttle, William S. Van Bezey, Richard A. Velz, Harris Wagenseil, John W. Ward, Robert Watts, Dale E. Weiss, James C. White, William T. Yale, Alan Young, Roland Younglin, and William L. Zimmer III.","  These depositions were taken between 1975 and 1985. The transcripts, available on microfilm reels 55-82, are arranged alphabetically by deponent, and then by case name. Exhibits are sometimes included. An index precedes the documents on the microfilm.","Bradley Post helped the Trust select a number of cases for which the AHR company employees' trial testimony was particularly useful, and these documents became part of the Document Depository. The collection of trial testimony, available on microfilm reels 82-139, was divided in two groups arranged alphabetically by plaintiff's name.","  The first collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Kyle Askeland, Delma R. Barnes and Debra Jean Clark, Marguerite Bryson, Consuella Bundy, Candyce L. Cabe, Nancy S. Carley, Colorado Consolidated, or Janette A. Hawkinson, et al., Valerie Dembrosky, Susan L. Dodge, Marsha Feldman, Susan Fitzpatrick, Laureen Ford, Laurie Jo Franz, Kay Hamilton, Gay Lynn Hertzler, Linda Johnson, Terri Johnson, Patrick Junkin, Nancy Kaye, Nancy Lewis, Carole Mansfield, Jayne Miller, Gayle McCann, Joan Price, Karen Clark Raine, Carol Ann Setter, Kim Elizabeth Shewan, Joyce A. Smith, Kay E. Swenson, Robert C. and Deborah Terhune, Rosemary Warner, Francis G. Williams, and Anna Wilkins.","  The second collection of testimony is for the following plaintiffs' trials: Carin Linn Abramson, Miriam Breyer, Linda S. James Brown, Pamela Craig, Connie L. Deemer, Mary Ann Ducharme, Cynthia and Robert Fletzin, Mary Guenther, Martha E. Hahn, Linda and William Harre, Diane Hilliard, Regina and Keith Husbands, Cathy J. Maguire, Peggy Joan Mample, Sue and Wayne Mitchell, Rosalie Nunley, Carie M. Palmer, Janet and George Reif, Debbie Rohl, Elizabeth Rubin, Brenda Happke-Strempke, Loretta L. Tetuan, Pamela Van Duyn, and Sharon Worsham.","  The transcripts, having come from a variety of courts, vary a good bit, but for each case it is easy to determine whose testimony is where.","The Trust had a large collection of videotaped depositions (51 videotapes) and trial testimony (177 videotapes) of AHR employees. They transferred to the library all the tapes on VHS format. Many of these tapes, dating from 1979 to 1985, have corresponding transcripts in the previous three sub-series, but some do not.","This collection of trial material, 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet), was created by Trust employees for use in litigation. Included are copies of pre-trial orders, exhibits, depositions, and videotapes of depositions (33 videotapes). For Robins litigation, McGuire, Woods had prepared a set of exhibits, and so the Trust prepared their own based upon the law firm's set.","[videotapes of the edited depositions and testimonies are also available]","[videotapes of Sparks and Tuttle also available]","This series of U.S. Food and Drug Administration files is comprised of 5 boxes (2.1 linear feet). During 1974 the FDA held several hearings investigating IUDs and septic abortions, and, specifically, the safety of the Dalkon Shield. In preparation for these investigations the agency asked AHR to present documents concerning production of their IUD. The documents the company provided make up part of this series. (Most, if not all of these documents, are also found in the Source Files.) Also included here are transcripts of various hearings. In 1983 the FDA received a request under the Freedom of Information Act to produce documents relating to AHR and the Dalkon Shield. Copies of those documents are also in this series.","This series is comprised of newspaper clippings in 9 boxes (3.75 linear feet) and videotapes of television shows concerning Dalkon Shield injuries and litigation. The clippings, dated 1974-1985, are arranged alphabetically by state and are preceded by an index.","AHR filed for federal bankruptcy protection on August 21, 1985. The Trust kept on file each pleading that was entered in the case up through August of 2000. This series contains those pleadings. In addition, there is data on some of the lawsuits Robins resolved before bankruptcy. This data was studied by analyst Frances McGovern whose report is also included. Finally, there are transcripts of the estimation hearings.","The docket books for the AHR bankruptcy case contain, in order of filing, virtually all the pleadings entered between 1985 and 2000. In addition to the pleadings themselves in 416 three-ring notebooks (123 linear feet), there is a complete list of the documents providing the date each item was entered, its docket number, and the document's heading. Researchers must examine the list to determine the notebook-location of documents. Many of these documents also appear in other parts of the collection.","This series of 28 boxes (22.5 linear feet) is contains data derived from a sampling of cases A. H. Robins settled before bankruptcy proceedings began. In 1976 AHR created a Product Litigation System (PLS) to assist their lawyers in tracking Dalkon Shield claims and law suits. The master file in this database included the following information about a claim: claimant name; type of action; status of action; filing and resolution dates; insurance (Aetna) information; location of litigation; information about counsel; and resolution amounts.","  About ten years later, during the claims estimation phase of the bankruptcy proceedings, AHR was asked to provide information on settled suits to assist in determining the company's liability for outstanding claims. By that time the PLS database held information on 9,500 resolved cases, of which 1,800 were selected for analysis. According to Francis McGovern, the court-appointed master of the study, the selection included 1,600 cases chosen at random, plus \"a stratified sample\" of the one hundred lowest and one hundred highest cases.","  This new arrangement of resolved cases data presented eight categories of information: 1. Case Summary, which contained the master file data outlined above. 2. Dalkon Shield Use, providing basic information about use and type of injury. 3. Other Contraceptive Use, including dates and type. 4. Economic Damages, listing costs incurred by the claimant including work loss. 7. Statute of Limitation including date of claim, onset of injury, first consultation with attorney, state of residence. 8. Sexual History, including names of partners and dates of relationship. This information was followed by a medical history arranged by date and including information about symptoms, procedures performed, test and results.","  In addition to the resolved cases, the McGovern study also involved analysis of questionnaires sent to about 6,000 claimants with pending claims. See Series VI Sub-series 1 Boxes 15-17 for a copy of the questionnaire along with additional information about the McGovern study.","  The print-outs of the Resolved Cases Database are bound in twenty-six oversize volumes in Boxes 1-26. The names of the claimants and their partners have been obliterated, in order to protect their privacy. The volumes are open to research without restriction. Boxes 27 and 28 contain a copy of McGovern's final report titled Report of the Dalkon Shield Claims' Estimation Process, June 15, 1988.","From November 5 to 11, 1987, Judges Merhige and Shelley held hearings at which the various interested parties presented their estimates of the dollar value of the outstanding claims. Each party had hired experts to examine the data McGovern had compiled, and the work of these experts was presented at the hearing. Thomas Florence conducted the analysis and prepared the estimation for AHR. Other estimates were presented on behalf of the claimants' committee, Aetna, the official committee representing AHR shareholders, and the unsecured creditors. One month later Judge Merhige, having reviewed the estimates which ranged from $1.2 to 7.2 billion, announced that AHR's liability to claimants was $2.475 billion.","  On February 1, 1988, American Home Products agreed to acquire AHR, and on March 28, 1988 Robins filed its Sixth Amended and Restated Disclosure Statement Pursuant to Section 1125 of the Bankruptcy Code. This document begins with a summary of the case and a detailed overview of the settlement, followed by the Plan of Reorganization, the Claimants Trust and Other Claimants Trust Agreements, the Claims Resolution Facility, the Merger Agreement, and other documents. Along with letters of endorsement, relevant court orders and notices, and a ballot, the Disclosure Statement was mailed to all eligible claimants to vote on approval of the plan in late April 1988.","  This sub-series of 4 boxes and 1 carton (2.9 linear feet) contains the transcript of the hearing, Thomas Florence's estimation report, AHR memoranda on statute of limitations filed with the court at the time of estimation, and a copy of the disclosure statement with accompanying letters of endorsement, court orders and notices.","The Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust opened in early 1988 with the appointment of five trustees, Barbara Blum, Kenneth Feinberg, Gene Locks, Stephen Saltzburg, and Ann Samani. The critical issue of how the Trust would be managed proved as controversial as most other aspects of the bankruptcy settlement. Consequently, within months disputes caused the resignations of Blum, Samani, and Locks. One of the new appointees, Georgene Vairo, eventually became chair of the Trust and remained in that post until it closed.","  Meanwhile the trustees hired Michael Sheppard, clerk of the bankruptcy court in Richmond, as executive director of the Trust. Others administrators hired shortly thereafter included Teri Lovelace and Ann Peters. At its peak the Trust employed a staff of almost four hundred. The staff included attorneys to handle the anticipated legal issues. General Counsel, Linda Thomason, was assisted by a team consisting of Lynn Greer, Susan Manardo, and Patricia Powis whose job was to oversee and coordinate representation of the Trust in cases that went to arbitration or litigation. Richmond lawyers Michael W. Smith and Orran L. Brown were hired as outside counsel. The legal department grew along with the caseload. Assisting the Trust staff were attorneys chosen in regions throughout the U.S., and in other countries, as required to handle local litigation. In addition, local defense attorneys were hired on a case-by-case basis when a claim went to arbitration or litigation.","  The papers of the Trust include the Central Records Library (CRL), the official staff files which document the innumerable mailings to claimants, claims processing, and other Trust administrative matters, as well as the Trustees' minutes. Although the collection does not contain the files of administrative heads of the Trust, some of their correspondence and inter-office communications can be found in the CRL. The collection does include the files of the Trust's outside counsel, Orran L. Brown.","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","File Removed by DSCT Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list in Oversize Box 144, removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list in folder no. 1 removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant information removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","Documents with claimant identification removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004","7 folders","Mailing list removed by DSCT Redaction Team, 2/2004","File removed by DSCT, 2/2004"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMultiple individuals and corporate bodies created the materials in the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust collection and copyright status varies across the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAny rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust (DSCT) were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2000 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. Permission to publish or reproduce materials created by the DSCT must be secured from the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther materials may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. The University of Virginia is not authorized to grant permission to publish or reproduce these items. \u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Multiple individuals and corporate bodies created the materials in the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust collection and copyright status varies across the collection.","Any rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust (DSCT) were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2000 by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Richmond Division. Permission to publish or reproduce materials created by the DSCT must be secured from the University of Virginia.","Other materials may be protected by copyright and/or related rights. The University of Virginia is not authorized to grant permission to publish or reproduce these items. "],"names_coll_ssim":["Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust","A. H. Robins Company"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust","A. H. Robins Company"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Dalkon Shield Claimants Trust","A. H. Robins Company"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":824,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:34:46.863Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_87_c02_c02_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1st Virginia Artillery","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"text":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records","1st Virginia Artillery","box 40","folder 35"],"title_filing_ssi":"1st Virginia Artillery","title_ssm":["1st Virginia Artillery"],"title_tesim":["1st Virginia Artillery"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["n.d., 1864, 1979"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1864/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1st Virginia Artillery"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":376,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"containers_ssim":["box 40","folder 35"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#29","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1974.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, James I., Papers","title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1994.021"],"text":["Ms.1994.021","James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Virginia","Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History","Collection is open to research.","Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. ","American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. ","The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.","The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus","The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr.","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1994.021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creators_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"places_ssim":["Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robertson Papers were donated by James I. and Elizabeth Robertson in several accessions from 1992 until 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I: Writings, 1981-2004\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJackson \u0026amp; Lee\u003c/title\u003e, for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II: General Materials, 1862-1996\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSoldiers Blue and Gray\u003c/title\u003e (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1991), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eGeneral A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior\u003c/title\u003e; and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend\u003c/title\u003e (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers: \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War! America Becomes One Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1992) and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStanding Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson\u003c/title\u003e (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. 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Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Dennis Frye\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith author's final corrections; 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Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBarringer, Paul B. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNarrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEchoes of 1861-1961\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilshin, Francis. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eManassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia\u003c/title\u003e (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_591a58887f476736372340a2230c0d66\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":516,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c30"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1st Virginia Cavalry","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"text":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records","1st Virginia Cavalry","box 40","folder 61"],"title_filing_ssi":"1st Virginia Cavalry","title_ssm":["1st Virginia Cavalry"],"title_tesim":["1st Virginia Cavalry"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["n.d., 1861-1865, 1905, 1968-1969, 1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1996"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1st Virginia Cavalry"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":402,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"containers_ssim":["box 40","folder 61"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#55","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1974.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, James I., Papers","title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1994.021"],"text":["Ms.1994.021","James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Virginia","Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History","Collection is open to research.","Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. ","American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. ","The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.","The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus","The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr.","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1994.021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creators_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"places_ssim":["Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robertson Papers were donated by James I. and Elizabeth Robertson in several accessions from 1992 until 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I: Writings, 1981-2004\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJackson \u0026amp; Lee\u003c/title\u003e, for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II: General Materials, 1862-1996\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSoldiers Blue and Gray\u003c/title\u003e (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1991), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eGeneral A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior\u003c/title\u003e; and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend\u003c/title\u003e (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers: \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War! America Becomes One Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1992) and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStanding Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson\u003c/title\u003e (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Dennis Frye\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith author's final corrections; 4 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's final corrections; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Charles Roland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Gary Gallagher\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eincorporating publisher's revisions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by unidentified person\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by unidentified person\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003elimited edition signed print by Brian Kraus\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBarringer, Paul B. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNarrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEchoes of 1861-1961\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilshin, Francis. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eManassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia\u003c/title\u003e (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_591a58887f476736372340a2230c0d66\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":516,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c56"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"1st Virginia Infantry","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records"],"text":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records","1st Virginia Infantry","box 41","folder 21"],"title_filing_ssi":"1st Virginia Infantry","title_ssm":["1st Virginia Infantry"],"title_tesim":["1st Virginia Infantry"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["n.d., 1863, 1896, 1963, 1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1863/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["1st Virginia Infantry"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":432,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"containers_ssim":["box 41","folder 21"],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#85","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1974.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, James I., Papers","title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1849-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1849-2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1994.021"],"text":["Ms.1994.021","James I. Robertson Jr. Papers","Virginia","Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History","Collection is open to research.","Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. ","American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. ","The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.","The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus","The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr.","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1994.021"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"collection_ssim":["James I. Robertson Jr. Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"creators_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"places_ssim":["Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robertson Papers were donated by James I. and Elizabeth Robertson in several accessions from 1992 until 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War","Faculty and staff","United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["30.4 Cubic Feet 43 boxes and 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I: Writings, 1981-2004\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJackson \u0026amp; Lee\u003c/title\u003e, for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II: General Materials, 1862-1996\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. \u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series I: Writings, 1981-2004  This series contains research notes, manuscript and typescript drafts, edited working copies, master copies and galley proofs for 10 books and two articles published between 1982 and 2004. The series is arranged by the works' chronological order of publication. The materials for each work are arranged in chronological order, according to the dates supplied. (Where dates were unavailable, the sequence was determined by comparing the different drafts.) The drafts include revisions made by Robertson and others (identified in the individual folder descriptions, when possible). The series' holdings are not comprehensive and do not include every draft of every work. The subseries for  Jackson \u0026 Lee , for example, contains only a typescript draft of a single chapter. ","Series II: General Materials, 1862-1996  All materials not directly related to the writing and publication of Robertson's works are assembled within this series, which includes items pertaining to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park, manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson, a list of articles written by Robertson and assorted ephemera. Materials are arranged by function. ","Series III: Virginia County Records, 1852-2005  This series contains records of Virginia counties during and after the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series IV: Virginia Unit Records, 1849-2011  This series contains records of Virginia  units during the American Civil War, including xeroxed sets of letters as well as additional records of individuals and other ephemeral material.","Series V: Oversize Materials, [1982?]-2000, n.d.  This series consists of oversize galley proofs which were too large to be filed in Series I. Items in this series are arranged according to the order in which they would have been filed had they remained in Series I. "],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSoldiers Blue and Gray\u003c/title\u003e (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1991), \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eGeneral A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior\u003c/title\u003e; and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend\u003c/title\u003e (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers: \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eCivil War! America Becomes One Nation\u003c/title\u003e (1992) and \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eStanding Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson\u003c/title\u003e (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["American Civil War historian and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, James I. \"Bud\" Robertson, Jr. (1930-2019) was born in Danville, Virginia. After graduating from Randolph-Macon College (B.A., 1955), Robertson obtained his M.A. (1956) and Ph.D. (1959) at Emory University and served as a teaching fellow (instructor in history) at Emory from 1958 to 1959. From 1959 to 1961, Robertson served as editor of Civil War History, a quarterly journal published by the University of Iowa. In 1961, he was appointed executive director of the National Civil War Centennial Commission by President John F. Kennedy and served until 1965, supervising the national observance of the Civil War centenary. Robertson served as professor of history at the University of Montana from 1965 until 1967, when he joined the faculty of Virginia Tech. He served as History Department head from 1969 to 1977, and was C. P. Miles Professor of History from 1977 to 1992. He became Alumni Distinguished Professor of History in 1992. ","Robertson has authored many award-winning scholarly books on Civil War-related topics, including  Soldiers Blue and Gray  (1988) (nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in History),  Civil War Virginia: Battleground for a Nation  (1991),  General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior ; and  Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend  (1997). He has also written two books for younger readers:  Civil War! America Becomes One Nation  (1992) and  Standing Like a Stone Wall: the Life of General Thomas J. Jackson  (2001). Robertson has been a contributing author and editor for several other works; his articles, too numerous to list here, have appeared in many encyclopedias, Civil War magazines and historical society journals. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], James I. Robertson Jr. Papers, Accession, Ms1994-021, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accession I was processed in May 1996 by Helen Harrison, student assistant, and Laura Katz Smith, manuscripts curator. Processing, arrangement and description of Accession II commenced in September 2002 and was completed in November 2002. The two accessions were merged at this time. Additional accessions processed by Miles Abernethy from Janruary to May 2022 and August 2022."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIntroduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Dennis Frye\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Richard Harwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith author's final corrections; 4 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's final corrections; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Charles Roland\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Gary Gallagher\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eincorporating publisher's revisions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith publisher's comments; 2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by author\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by unidentified person\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith corrections by unidentified person\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003elimited edition signed print by Brian Kraus\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of James I. Robertson Jr., American Civil War historian, author, and Alumni Distinguished Professor of History at Virginia Tech, span the dates 1849 to 2011 and are comprised of writings, research papers, and collected original materials for the Civil War and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The writings consist of materials (research notes, manuscript drafts, typescript drafts and galley proofs) related to the writing and publication of a portion of Robertson's books and articles between 1982 and 2004, a large collection of notes and records of Virginia county and Civil War activity, and a collection of Virginia Civil War unit notes, records, and correspondence. Some general materials includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park and a few manuscript drafts for various speeches made by Robertson.","Introduction; Pre-1848; Post-Mexican War; Coming of War; Williamsburg; Promotion to Brigadier General; Mechanicsville; Gaines' Mill; Frayser's Farm; End of Seven Days' Campaign; Cedar Mountain; Second Manassas; Antietam Creek; Fredericksburg; Chancellorsville; Gettysburg; Bristoe Station; Wilderness; Petersburg; 1865","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Beth Brown, Richard Harwell and Random House","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Beth Brown","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Ed Raus","with corrections by Robert Krick and Ed Raus","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by Dennis Frye","with corrections by Richard Harwell","with corrections by author","with corrections by Elizabeth Robertson, Harry Pfanz and Beth Brown","with corrections by Beth Brown and Chris Calkins","with author's final corrections; 4 folders","with publisher's final corrections; 2 folders","with publisher's comments","with corrections by author","with corrections by Ludwell Johnson (chapters 1-5 only)","with corrections by Charles Roland","with corrections by Gary Gallagher","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","incorporating publisher's revisions","with publisher's comments; 2 folders","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by Lowell Reidenbaugh","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by author","with corrections by unidentified person","with corrections by unidentified person","limited edition signed print by Brian Kraus"],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBarringer, Paul B. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNarrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eEchoes of 1861-1961\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJohnston, J. Ambler. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table\u003c/title\u003e ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilshin, Francis. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eManassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia\u003c/title\u003e (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following publications have been separated to the Rare Books Collection of VT Special Collections and University Archives:","Barringer, Paul B.  Narrative of Pilgrimage to Cedar Mountain and Manassas Battlefields, September 4-5, 1968  ([Richmond?: s.n., 1968?]) E472.183 N377 1968 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  Echoes of 1861-1961  ([Richmond]: privately printed, 1970) F227 .J6 1970 c.3 Civil War Spec","Johnston, J. Ambler.  The Civil War 1861-1865 in Arkansas and Missouri: Notes on the April, 1967 Trip of the Chicago Civil War Round Table  ([Richmond]: Distributed by the Virginia State Penitentiary, 1967) E470.4 .J647 1967 c.2 Civil War Spec","Wilshin, Francis.  Manassas (Bull Run) National Battlefield Park, Virginia  (Washington D.C., 1957) Docs I 29.58:15/2 Civil War Spec"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_591a58887f476736372340a2230c0d66\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection includes research notes, manuscripts, typescript drafts, working copies and galley proofs for books and articles written by Virginia Tech's Alumni Distinguished Professor of History James I. Robertson Jr., 1982-2001. Large collection of notes, papers, and correspondence relateing to Virginia Civil War counties and units. Also contains a small set of general materials which includes items related to the preservation of lands adjacent to Manassas National Battlefield Park."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Robertson, James I., Jr."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Robertson, James I., Jr."],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":516,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:15:46.743Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1974_c04_c86"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c370","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c370#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c370","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c370"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305_c370","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045_c305"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)"],"text":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Oversize Material (boxes 77-140)","(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]","Box 139","Item 368"],"title_filing_ssi":"(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]","title_ssm":["(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]"],"title_tesim":["(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1954–1987"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1954/1987"],"normalized_title_ssm":["(1) United States Department of the Interiror, Geological Service for United States Department of Agriculture, Quadrangles: Scandia (PA-NY); Cornplatter Run (PA-NY); Stickney (PA-NY); Bradford (PA-NY); Youngsville (Warren County, PA); Warren (Warren County, PA); Clarendon (Warren County, PA); Westline (McKean County, PA); Tidioute (PA); Cobham (PA); Cherry Grove (PA); Ludlow (PA); Kane (McKean County, PA); Mt. Jewett (PA); Kellettville (Forest County, PA); Mayburg (Forest County, PA); Lynch (Forest County, PA); Russell City (PA); James City (PA); Wilcos (Elk County, PA); Tionesta (PA); Tylersburg (PA); Marienville (PA); Hallton (PA); Portland Hills (Elk County, PA); Ridgway (Elk County, PA), Sigel (PA); Munderf (PA); Carman (PA), Topographical Maps [1954-1970]; (2) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alleghany National Forest, Pennsylvania, Topographical Maps [1987]"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":675,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987],"containers_ssim":["Box 139","Item 368"],"_nest_path_":"/components#304/components#369","timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:27:00.714Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3045","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3045.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/210455","title_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"title_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1875-1930s, circa 1980-2005","circa 1980-2005"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["circa 1980-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1875-1930s, circa 1980-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045"],"text":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records","Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology","All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc.","The creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. ","Sources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 ","Please see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA.","A large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.","The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute.","IHTIA Project Descriptions","The following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)","Bridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).","Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.","Thurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.","Allegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).","Magnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).","Shenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).","Vance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.","Skyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.","Nuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.","1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026 HAER WV-83).","La Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).","Warwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).","Waverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).","Blair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.","Advisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.","Society for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.","--","IHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List","The following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.","Anthracite/Bituminous Coal Study \nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan \nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination \nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry \nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123) \nCovered Bridge Video \nCut Nail Context \nFairbank Oil Field \nFairmont Industrial Survey \nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland) \nField School 2001 (Canada) \nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation \nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination \nIHTIA Monographs \nIHTIA Technical Reports \nIndustrial Site Evaluation \nIron and Steel Context \nIronmaking in the Virginias \nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002 \nJoanna Furnace Recordation \nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003 \nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey \nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization \nLock and Dam No. 7 Video \nMidland Trail Scenic Byways \nMississippi Basin Model \nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253) \nNational Road Documentation \nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update \nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide \nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context \nOxford Furnace \nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan \nSt. Nicholas Breaker \nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike \nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report","\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated:  Allegheny National Forest (ANF)   American Canal Society (ACS)   Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)   Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026O Railroad)   Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026O Canal)   Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)   United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)   Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA)   Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)   Historic American Building Survey (HABS)   National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)   National Forest (NF)  National Park Service (NPS)   Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)   Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA)   West Virginia University (WVU)   United States Geological Survey (USGS)","See processing file for list of canals in box.","See processing file for list of canals in this box.","Missing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material.","The originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Historical Society.","During a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.","Removed empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"","Removed empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.","Combined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5","Moved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142","These maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.","Some photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.","The boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.","This box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56.","Records of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. ","This box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"","Includes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"","(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior \n(2) Diagram of Oregon \n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont)  \n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks \n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military)  \n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military)  \n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America \n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey \n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean \n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military)  \n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system \n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. (military) \n(13) Eastern Port of Jamaica Bay, New York, from main channel to Long Beach Inlet for Canal by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)  \n(14) Routes travelled by detachments of the Overland Command in the Springs of 1855 from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco Bay, California \n(15) Sketch of United States Coast Survey, progress of part of Section 2 - Middle Section (military)  \n(16) New Madrid/Francis River Swamp in the States of Missouri and Arkansas showing probable limits, and townships displayed \n(17) Presque Bay on Erie, Pennsylvania Harbor by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(18) Harbor of St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \n(19) Oregon Territory West of the Cascade Mountains by the U. S. Surveyor General's Office","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.)","Society for Industrial Archeology","West Virginia University. Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology","Kemp, Emory L.","Sypolt, Larry N.","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3936","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3045"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"collection_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creator_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"creators_ssim":["Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Transfer from Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology, 2013/06/04"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Historic preservation ","Industrial archaeology"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["74.04 Linear Feet 46 document cases, 5 in. each; 6 document cases, 4 in. each; 15 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 16 record cartons, 15 in. each; 8 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each (7 large, 1 small); 9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 6 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 2 small flat storage boxes, 2.5 in. each; 2 rolled storage boxes, 4 in. each; 23 rolled storage boxes, 5 in. each; 21 rolled storage boxes, 6 in. each; 1 index card box, 12 in.; oversize folders in map cabinets, 31 in.","3.74 Gigabytes 427 files, file types include .wpd, .wps, .jpg, .doc, .jpg, .txt, .docx, .tif, .xls, .wav"],"extent_tesim":["74.04 Linear Feet 46 document cases, 5 in. each; 6 document cases, 4 in. each; 15 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 16 record cartons, 15 in. each; 8 flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each (7 large, 1 small); 9 flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 6 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 2 small flat storage boxes, 2.5 in. each; 2 rolled storage boxes, 4 in. each; 23 rolled storage boxes, 5 in. each; 21 rolled storage boxes, 6 in. each; 1 index card box, 12 in.; oversize folders in map cabinets, 31 in.","3.74 Gigabytes 427 files, file types include .wpd, .wps, .jpg, .doc, .jpg, .txt, .docx, .tif, .xls, .wav"],"date_range_isim":[1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["All or part of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Researchers may access born digital materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department at https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePlease see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The creation of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) was spurred in part by the work of Dr. Emory L. Kemp, a West Virginia University civil engineering professor and an internationally renowned covered bridge expert, to restore the Philippi Covered Bridge, which was severely damaged by fire in 1989. He was selected for the restoration by then Governor Gaston Caperton, who also hoped for the restoration of West Virginia's other seventeen covered bridges.  When Caperton's original plans did not come to pass, WVU Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs and Research William E. Vehse and Dr. Kemp created the idea of an institute to oversee the restoration of the Philippi Covered Bridge and the other seventeen bridges and its funding.  \n \nConcurrent with the announced Philippi Covered Bridge restoration, a grass roots effort was begun to save the High Gate Carriage House. James E. Watson, son of pioneer coal baron James Otis Watson, built the High Gate Mansion and Carriage House in 1910-1913. In the mid-1950s, the Ross Funeral Home purchased the mansion and opened a mortuary in the house. By the late 1980s, the carriage house, formerly a nursing home, was now unused. In the spring of 1989, a national fast-food chain announced plans to purchase and demolish the High Gate Carriage House, replacing it with a drive-in restaurant. These plans were met with local opposition and led to the formation of the Friends of High Gate, a non-profit organization to save the carriage house. US Representative Alan Mollohan, who lived nearby, was interested in historic preservation, but more importantly desired to see the historic carriage house saved and preserved. The friends group received congressional aid from Mollohan's office and were able to purchase and save the property from development. \n \nAt this time, Mollohan approached Kemp about the preservation of the High Gate Carriage House property. Kemp undoubtably suggested that the High Gate Carriage House needed to be recorded to HABS Standards as one of the first steps in its preservation but would require funding. The documentation of High Gate Carriage House led to the initial federal funding of the IHTIA. \n \nThe Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology was founded by an act of the United States Congress in 1989. Under its founding act, IHTIA was authorized to document, preserve, and interpret historically significant sites relating to the nation's industrial engineering and technology history, but it was also established as advisory group to Congress. In the late 1980s, industrial sites, such as Cambria Irons Works in Johnstown, Pennsylvania became units of the National Park Service, and many other industrial sites were being proposed. The IHTIA was created partially to advise Congress on which of these proposed parks should be included in the National Parks system. The industrial site evaluation charge was never fully realized, and IHTIA focused on its larger mission of the history of technology and industrial archaeology.  The IHTIA was part of West Virginia University's Eberly College of Arts and Sciences.\n \nAt first, IHTIA's federal funding was very strong. This funding was complimented by an abundance of sponsored research projects and the future seemed bright. By the mid-1990s, however, things began to change with Vice President Al Gore's changes to government, when the IHTIA's budget became targeted as \"wasteful federal spending.\" As a result, the IHTIA budget became part of HAER's budget. This was coupled with the Historic American Engineering Record's (HAER; a partial funding source for IHTIA) declining funding, which led to a portion of IHTIA's budget being appropriated by HAER. Following the 2001 September 11 attacks, funding dried up for Cultural Resource Management projects. During the early 2000s, the declining federal budget and the dearth of sponsored work, along with inadequate leadership, plagued IHTIA until it finally closed its doors in circa 2006. ","Sources:  \nAuthors recollections. Lee R. Maddex, IHTIA historian \nOral interview with Dr. Billy Joe Peyton, former IHTIA Associate Director, 2023 December 22\nCRM Vol. 23 No. 4, 2000, p. 42 ","Please see control folder for a more in-depth history of the IHTIA."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute.\u003c/p\u003e"],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["A large portion of bridge related content was created by Emory Kemp, Director of the Institute, as part of research he conducted outside the scope of IHTIA activities.","The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) material in this collection was collected and compiled by Larry Sypolt, an employee of the Institute."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIHTIA Project Descriptions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026amp;M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTrump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAllegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMagnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eShenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eVance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSkyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026amp; HAER WV-83).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLa Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWarwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWaverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdvisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSociety for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026amp;M 3936.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnthracite/Bituminous Coal Study\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCovered Bridge Video\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nCut Nail Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairbank Oil Field\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairmont Industrial Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nField School 2001 (Canada)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIHTIA Monographs\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIHTIA Technical Reports\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIndustrial Site Evaluation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIron and Steel Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIronmaking in the Virginias\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nJoanna Furnace Recordation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nLock and Dam No. 7 Video\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMidland Trail Scenic Byways\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMississippi Basin Model\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNational Road Documentation\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nOxford Furnace\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSt. Nicholas Breaker\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated: \u003clist\u003e \u003citem\u003eAllegheny National Forest (ANF) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e American Canal Society (ACS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026amp;O Railroad) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026amp;O Canal) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Historic American Building Survey (HABS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Forest (NF)\u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e National Park Service (NPS) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) \u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e West Virginia University (WVU) \u003c/item\u003e \u003citem\u003e United States Geological Survey (USGS)\u003c/item\u003e \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee processing file for list of canals in box.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee processing file for list of canals in this box.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMissing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Project Descriptions","General","General","UNPUBLISHED"],"odd_tesim":["IHTIA Project Descriptions","The following list includes project descriptions for material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.  For example, records for the Bridge Patent Survey can be found in boxes 15-18.)","Bridge Patent Survey (see boxes 15-18): This project was begun under the 1991 IHTIA work plan. During the summer of 1991, IHTIA staff amassed copies of approximately 500 American bridge patent drawings and specification spanning the years 1790-1890. As originally conceived the patent drawings and specifications would be scanned and published in a searchable CD-ROM format. This format eventually proved obsolete. Ultimately, the West Virginia University Press published the results of this survey in a 2005 monograph entitled American Bridge Patents: The First Century (1790-1890).","Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape Report (see boxes 24, 26-28, 56, 65/folder 1, 66/folder 26, and map cabinet 8, drawer 23): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service.  The project deliverable was the Trump Lilly Farm Historic Structures and Cultural Landscape. The report, completed to NPS standards, included the following sections: administrative data, physical history and analysis, architectural and landscape data, recommendations and appendices. The report also included ink-on-mylar measured drawings of the farm structures existing conditions and photographs, both contemporary and historic. This work was undertaken in 1993-1994.","Thurmond Depot Historic Structure Report (see boxes 29-34, 51, 62/folders 9a-9c, 66/folder 25, and map cabinet 8, drawer 10): This project was sponsored research undertaken by a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. The project deliverable was the Thurmond Depot historic structures report. This report, completed to NPS Standards, included narrative history of the depot, ink-on-mylar measured drawings documenting existing conditions, recommendations for adaptive reuse, and archival photographs. The final report was printed and distributed to New River Gorge National River and government repositories. Work was undertaken in 1990-1991.","Allegheny National Forest (see box 32 and map cabinet 8, drawer 4): A two year project. In the first phase IHTIA surveyed Allegheny National Forest (ANF) powerhouses and extant oil heritage sites as part of IHTIA project development (also in this first phase, IHTIA and the Society for Industrial Archeology Three Rivers Chapter conducted a site recording workshop on ANF). This work was undertaken during the spring of 1996. The second phase was sponsored research under a tripartite cooperative agreement between IHTIA, HAER and ANF. A combined team comprised of IHTIA, HAER and ANF staff and summer employees documented central power systems on Allegheny National Forest. IHTIA produced a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1997. After completion, this package was transmitted to HAER, and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER PA-436).","Magnolia Plantation (see boxes 38 and 64/folder 21): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1996 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA photographer served as project photographer on the HAER documentation of the Magnolia Plantation Cotton Gins and Presses, Natchitoches Vicinity, Louisiana. IHTIA produced large-format photographs of the structure, gins and presses. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1996. These photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER No. LA-11).","Shenandoah Pulp Mill (see boxes 39 and 66/folder 23): This project was undertaken in cooperation with HAER under the 1994 IHTIA work plan. IHTIA delineators and photographer recorded the ruins of the Shenandoah Pulp Mill, near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. IHTIA produced, to HAER Standards, ink-on-mylar measured drawings and large-format photographs. HAER staff completed the narrative history. This work was undertaken in the summer of 1994. The photographs and drawings were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-59).","Vance Farmhouse National Register Nomination (see box 65/folder 10 and map cabinet 8, drawer 1): This nomination was prepared under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Bicentennial House (aka Vance Farmhouse) was the headquarters of IHTIA. The nomination was prepared in the fall of 1990 and the Bicentennial House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in November 1991.","Skyline Drive Historic District National Register Nomination (see boxes 54, 65/folder 8, and map cabinet 8, drawer 21): Project was undertaken under a cooperative agreement between IHTIA and the National Park Service. IHTIA prepared a National Register Nomination for the105 mile long Skyline Drive, located in Shenandoah National Park. In addition to the National Register nomination, IHTIA delineators produced the Skyline Drive Landscape Report documenting the Skyline Drive overlooks and viewsheds. This work was undertaken in summer 1992. The Skyline Drive Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 1997.","Nuttallburg Mine Complex (see boxes 64/folder 22, 66/folder 21, and map cabinet 8, drawer 16): This project was under the 1991 IHTIA work.  The Nuttallburg Mine Complex, located within the boundaries of the New River Gorge National River, was the first HAER level documentation undertaken by IHTIA. The HAER package consisted of a narrative history, large-format photographs, and ink-on-mylar drawings. The project was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-51). Work was undertaken in 1991-1992.","1992 Industrial Archaeology Field School (see boxes 62/folder 7, 62/folder 10, and 63/folder 1): The first of three field schools conducted by IHTIA and taught techniques of site recording. The 1992 Field School was funded under the 1992 IHTIA work plan. The students recorded the Boteler Cement Mill ruins, near Shepherdstown, WV and Virginius Island ruins at Harpers Ferry, WV with measured drawings and large-format photographs. Additionally, the students prepared a draft National Register Nomination for the Boteler Cement Mill. Ink-on-mylar drawings (completed by IHTIA staff) and photographs were transmitted to HAER and are included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-82 \u0026 HAER WV-83).","La Belle Iron Works (see box 66/folder 18): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The La Belle Nail Works was one of two surviving American cut nail factories (now defunct). The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-47).","Warwood Tool Company (see boxes 63/folder 2, 65/folder 10, and 66/folder 28): This HAER project was funded under the 1990 IHTIA work plan. The Warwood Tool Company manufactures high quality railroad and industrial tools. The HAER team documented the manufacturing process with a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. This package is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER WV-48).","Waverly Street Bridge (see boxes 63/folder 3, 66/folder 29, and map cabinet 8, drawer 24): The project was sponsored research undertaken under an agreement between IHTIA and the Allegany County [Maryland] Department of Public Works. The Waverly Street Bridge, recorded to HAER Standards, a narrative history, large-format photographs and ink-on-mylar measured drawings. The package was transmitted to HAER and is included in the Library of Congress HAER Collection (HAER MD-83).","Blair Mountain Reconnaissance Survey (see boxes 63/folders 9a-9b, 66/folder 5, and map cabinet 8, drawer 7): The West Virginia Humanities Council commissioned IHTIA, as an unbiased organization, to undertake a reconnaissance survey of the Blair Mountain Battlefield site. IHTIA staff spent a week in early February 1991 surveying the battlefield and interviewing local informants. IHTIA staff conducted additional research in Morgantown and produced the Blair Mountain Cultural Reconnaissance Survey Report. The final draft report was sent to the WV Humanities Council.","Advisory Committee Meetings (see box 47): The IHTIA Advisory Committee was an advisory board created to oversee how the IHTIA expended its federal funding. The committee met annually to discuss and approve the IHTIA work plan. The Committee consisted of representatives from the West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio State Historic Preservation Offices, the WVU Research Corporation, the Historic American Engineering Record and WVU History Department. Staff presented their work plan projects to the committee for discussion and approval.","Society for Industrial Archeology (see boxes 35-36 and map cabinet 8, drawer 30): Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is the professional organization for the discipline of industrial archeology. Emory Kemp was one of the founding members of SIA (founded in 1971). IHTIA was involved in SIA activities from its start. IHTIA initiated the formation of the SIA Pittsburgh Three Rivers Chapter in 1991 and hosted the 1993 Pittsburgh SIA Conference (including paper proposals, organizing tours, printing and mailing brochure, etc.). IHTIA hosted several Three Rivers Chapter symposia and staff attended and presented at numerous SIA conferences.","--","IHTIA Projects Not in the Contents List","The following list includes projects undertaken by the IHTIA for which there are no descriptions of material in this collection, A\u0026M 3936.","Anthracite/Bituminous Coal Study \nBarrackville Covered Bridge Stabilization Plan \nBollman Truss National Landmark Nomination \nChestnut Ridge Iron Industry \nCononcocheague Creek Aqueduct (HAER MD-123) \nCovered Bridge Video \nCut Nail Context \nFairbank Oil Field \nFairmont Industrial Survey \nField School 1994 (Clarysville, Maryland) \nField School 2001 (Canada) \nHarvey Lock National Register Evaluation \nHigh Level Bridge National Register Nomination \nIHTIA Monographs \nIHTIA Technical Reports \nIndustrial Site Evaluation \nIron and Steel Context \nIronmaking in the Virginias \nIronmasters Conferences 1999 and 2002 \nJoanna Furnace Recordation \nKanawha Valley Chemical Heritage Symposium May 2003 \nKanawha Valley Chemical Industry Survey \nKaymoor Mine Site Stabilization \nLock and Dam No. 7 Video \nMidland Trail Scenic Byways \nMississippi Basin Model \nMonessen Open Hearth Study (HAER PA-253) \nNational Road Documentation \nNew River Gorge Historic Context Update \nNorth Bend Rail Trails Guide \nNorthern West Virginia Coalfields Context \nOxford Furnace \nPrincipio Furnace Management Plan \nSt. Nicholas Breaker \nStaunton to Parkersburg Turnpike \nThurmond Depot Historic Furnishing Report","\nIn addition, the following terms that regularly appeared in the collection have been abbreviated:  Allegheny National Forest (ANF)   American Canal Society (ACS)   Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)   Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B\u0026O Railroad)   Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C\u0026O Canal)   Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)   United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)   Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA)   Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)   Historic American Building Survey (HABS)   National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)   National Forest (NF)  National Park Service (NPS)   Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), previously the Soil Conservation Service (SCS)   Society for Industrial Archaeology (SIA)   West Virginia University (WVU)   United States Geological Survey (USGS)","See processing file for list of canals in box.","See processing file for list of canals in this box.","Missing as of 2023/10/20 -- box was found with a bunch of newspapers in it, so either it was mislabeled from the start, or the contents got shuffled somehow. Keep it unpublished until such time as we find and replace the missing material."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026amp; Ohio Historical Society.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["The originals were on loan, and have been returned to the Chesapeake \u0026 Ohio Historical Society."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records, A\u0026amp;M 3936, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology Records, A\u0026M 3936, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDuring a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRemoved empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRemoved empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCombined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","UNPUBLISHED","Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["During a review of this collection, boxes 4 and 5 were combined. Box 5 no longer exists.","Removed empty folders from box labeled \"Michigan\", \"Missouri\" and \"New Mexico\"","Removed empty folders labeled \"Utah\" and \"South Dakota\". Also Added Oral History Interview and CCC Directory from Box 4.","Combined A and M 3936 Boxes 4 and 5 - Box 4 now contains Articles 2 and Articles 5","Moved map of Muskingum River map and profile to Box 142","These maps were removed from Box 25 and placed in multiple oversize folders in map cabinet, 86 sheets.  Also put in map cabinet information about Native American tribes. See processing folder for list of maps that were moved.","Some photographs/negatives are stuck together--they are in last folder.","The boxes of slides that were once in this box have been moved to box 58.","This box was once full of empty slide boxes. Those were deaccesseioned; its current contents was moved here from box 56."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(2) Diagram of Oregon\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(13) Eastern Port of Jamaica Bay, New York, from main channel to Long Beach Inlet for Canal by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(14) Routes travelled by detachments of the Overland Command in the Springs of 1855 from Salt Lake City, Utah, to San Francisco Bay, California\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(15) Sketch of United States Coast Survey, progress of part of Section 2 - Middle Section (military) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(16) New Madrid/Francis River Swamp in the States of Missouri and Arkansas showing probable limits, and townships displayed\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(17) Presque Bay on Erie, Pennsylvania Harbor by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(18) Harbor of St. Louis on the Mississippi River by the U.S. Corps of Engineers (military)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n(19) Oregon Territory West of the Cascade Mountains by the U. S. Surveyor General's Office\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records of the Institute for the History of Technology and Industrial Archaeology (IHTIA), an organization affiliated with West Virginia University, including reports and research papers regarding the history of industrial technology and preservation of historical sites, particularly within West Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. This collection also includes photographs, negatives, and photo mechanical transfers of historical sites in these regions. For a more complete list of IHTIA projects represented in this collection, please see the \"Project Descriptions\" note.","Addendum of 2022 (boxes 148-153) contains IHTIA materials found at the Bicentennial House following the departure of the West Virginia University Press from the building in 2022. These materials include documents and photographs from IHTIA recordation projects, including the St. Nicholas Central Breaker, Fairmont Industrial Guide, LaVale Toll House, Little Crossings Bridge, Park Gap Lane Truss Bridge, Crab Run Lane Truss Bridge, West Virginia Independence Hall, the Muskingum Navigation; and Croton Aqueduct (all boxes 148-149); Joanna Furnace (box 151); IHTIA Technical Reports for the Alexander Campbell Mansion and the Trump-Lilley Farm (box 150); and Battle of Blair Mountain Historic Structures documentation base maps (box 152). Additionally, there are IHTIA press release materials for Emory Kemp's Benedum Distinguished Scholar Award lecture \"Links in a Chain\" and for the release of the Cement Mills Along the Potomac monograph (box 148).  Also included in this addendum are Dr. Thomas Swiftwater Hahn's 1983 photographs and negatives of historic Jefferson County, West Virginia buildings, structures and remains, and his hand-written Potomac River Valley cement mills notes (box 153). Hahn was an adjunct member of the IHTIA. ","This box contains Bureau of Indian Affairs News Sheet Reports for the Indian Emergency Conservation Work program created in 1933. The IECW was later renamed the Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division in 1937. These news sheets were titled \"Indians at Work.\"","Includes typescripts and correspondence regarding the publishing of Larry Sypolt's book \"The Civilian Conservation Corps: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography,\" as well as a draft or copy. Also includes \"Tunnels Through Time: Original Tunnels of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.\"","(1) Mineral Lands adjacent to Lake Superior \n(2) Diagram of Oregon \n(3) Oregon and Upper California (Survey by John Charles Fremont)  \n(4) Entrance to port of Havre with a plan of the docks \n(5) Plans of Proposed Batteries on Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco Harbor, California (military)  \n(6) Sketch of the Golfito in Golfo Dulce (military)  \n(7) Sketch of the Isthmus of Chiriquí in the State of New Granada in South America \n(8) Chiriquí Lagoon Survey \n(9) Map showing sailing speeds between islands in the South Pacific Ocean \n(10) Map of the lines of march passed over by the United States troops by the United States War Department (military)  \n(11) District of Columbia, ordered by the United States Senate to improve map system \n(12) Plat showing proposed United States military reservation at Fort Stevens, D.C. 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