{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University\u0026page=594","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University\u0026page=593","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University\u0026page=595","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University\u0026page=598"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":594,"next_page":595,"prev_page":593,"total_pages":598,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":5930,"total_count":5980,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1940/1979","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02","parent_ssim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919/1987"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wright, Frank Lloyd","title_ssm":["Wright, Frank Lloyd"],"title_tesim":["Wright, Frank Lloyd"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1940/1979"],"text":["Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1940/1979","Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919/1987","(see also Box 8)","box 2","folder 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919/1987"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919/1987"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1940/1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1940-1979, n.d."],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":34,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988"],"physdesc_tesim":["(see also Box 8)"],"containers_ssim":["box 2","folder 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#10","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:44:57.607Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1404.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Elarth, Herschel Gustave Anderson, Papers","title_ssm":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers"],"title_tesim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1885-1988"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885-1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1885/1988"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988"],"text":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988","Ms.1984.182","Architects","Faculty and staff","University History","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged in five series:","Series I. Personal Papers, 1885-1987. In this series are such items as biographical and genealogical materials, legal and financial documents, personal correspondence, and family photos. The series also includes materials (documents, insignia, photographs, and scrapbooks) relating to Elarth's service in the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion during World War II. A collection of Elarth's artwork, consisting largely of studies of scenes in Omaha, the surrounding area, the greater Midwest, and Europe, rendered in watercolor, chalk, and crayon, completes the series.","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919-1987. A collection of files maintained by Elarth on various artists and architects--most of whom were Elarth's personal acquaintances--may be found in this series. The files contain such materials as correspondence, original artwork, personalized greeting cards created by artists, and printed materials. (Note: The file on Frank Lloyd Wright contains only printed materials.)","Series III. Professorial Career, 1938-1987. Elarth's teaching career at the University of Oklahoma, University of Manitoba, and Virginia Tech is chronicled in this series. Included are lecture background materials, class assignment handouts and records, student projects, and student correspondence. The series also contains materials relating to Elarth's non-teaching duties, particularly his participation in committees and campus / local planning studies.","Series IV. Private Practice, 1927-1987. This series contains materials relating to various projects designed by Elarth, both individually and in partnership with Charles S. Worley Jr. The series begins with files devoted to a mural designed by Elarth, several competitions for which he submitted entries, and two projects on which he worked during the Great Depression. Covered in greater detail are three projects: the University of Manitoba bus terminal / bookstore; the Elarth residences in Fort Garry, Manitoba, and Blacksburg, Virginia; and the Montgomery County Public Health Center. The series also contains materials relating to other projects on which Elarth provided consultation and concludes with Elarth's awards, honors, and drafting kit. Note: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech.","Series V. Architectural Organizations, 1961-1988. The materials in this series relate to Elarth's participation in several architectural organizations. The bulk of the material is devoted to the American Institute of Architects--both at the national and state levels--and reflects Elarth's interest in environmental policy. The series includes such materials as correspondence, memoranda, reports, and printed material, much of it devoted to such topics as surface mining, water quality, acid rain, and deforestation. The series also contains materials relating to other AIA committees on which Elarth served. Files relating to Elarth's participation in the Society of Architectural Historians--particularly regarding various society-sponsored tours--may also be found in this series.","Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, son of Gustave and Amanda Anderson Elarth, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on October 15, 1907.  Elarth attended the University of Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1929. That same year, he submitted an entry for the Prix de Rome in architecture and was awarded first alternate. While attending college, Elarth also apprenticed with Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball. Continuing his studies at the University of Illinois, Elarth earned a master of science in architecture in 1930, and in 1931, he took second place in the Society of Beaux Arts Architects' Paris Prize.","From 1931 to 1936, Elarth worked as an architectural designer in the Omaha firm of John and Alan MacDonald, playing a significant role in the final design of the Joslyn Art Museum. Moving to Los Angeles in 1937, Elarth worked for a year as a draftsman in the office of architect Richard J. Neutra. In January, 1938, Elarth took a position as professor of architecture at the University of Oklahoma. He married Wilhelmina van Ingen (1905-1969) in Norman, Oklahoma on April 2, 1942.","Elarth joined the U. S. Army in November, 1942. A first lieutenant, he served with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, supervising the construction and maintenance of airfields. Following his honorable discharge in March, 1946, he took special studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","During the summer of 1947, Elarth worked for two months as an architect for the Los Angeles City Planning Commission before being hired as an associate professor of architecture at the University of Manitoba. While there, he served as a consultant to the Winnipeg Town Planning Commission and designed the university's bus terminal and bookstore. He also designed the Fort Garry home in which the Elarths would live while in Manitoba.","In 1954, Elarth was hired as a professor of architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In addition to teaching and advising students, Elarth served as a member of the University Council, the VPI Self-Study and University Library Committee, the Judicial Committee, and the Wine Awards Committee. He also provided design consultation on what would eventually become Cowgill Hall. Early in his career at Virginia Tech, Elarth entered into a partnership with fellow architectural professor Charles S. Worley Jr., and among the projects they designed were the Montgomery County Public Health Center in Christiansburg and the Elarth residence in Blacksburg.  Throughout the 1970s, Elarth was active in several architectural organizations, and was particularly involved in the environmental efforts of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). His contributions to architecture were recognized when he was elected a Fellow in the AIA in 1978.","Elarth married Eva Robert Frook (1917-1984) in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1971, and he retired from the university in 1977. He continued, however, to be active as professor emeritus and in several architectural organizations. In 1984, Elarth sold his Blacksburg home and moved to Warm Hearth Village retirement community, where he also served on the board of directors. Herschel Elarth died in 1988.","The guide to the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers commenced in November 2014 and was completed in January 2016. Additional bidder instructions and contracts were added to Box 3, Folder 25 in July 2019.","The following related collections are also held at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives:","Wilhelmina van Ingen Elarth Papers (Ms1969-004)","Charles S. Worley, Jr., Collection, 1950-1982, undated (Ms1996-017)","Herschel Elarth-Charles Worley Architectural Firm Drawings (Ms2019-036)","This collection contains the papers of architect Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, a professor at University of Oklahoma (1938-1942), University of Manitoba (1947-1954), and Virginia Tech (1954-1977). The collection includes such materials as correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, artwork, printed materials, course materials, architectural drawings, and ephemera relating to Elarth's personal life, experiences in World War II with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, teaching career, private practice, organizational activities, and awards and honors.","Note: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech.","The following items were removed from the collection, to be added to the Rare Book Collection:","\"The Blue Ridge Parkway studies: policy, development, environmental, visual.\" Blacksburg, VA: Omnibus Studio, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, [1984]. (Call number  LD5655.A542 L3 1984c Spec VT)","The Roanoke Fine Arts Center history, 1952-1977. Roanoke, VA: Roanoke Fine Arts Center, [1978]. (Call number  N717 .A54 1977 Spec Large)","Land, issues and problems. (nos. 45-46, 50, 55-56). Blacksburg, VA: Cooperative Extension Service, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1979-1981.","Mt. San Angelo's artists: a touring exhibition of works from the collection of the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts: September, 1985 - August, 1986. [Sweet Briar, VA: Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, 1985]. (Call number N6512 .V57 1985 copy 2 Spec Small)","Shippee, Elizabeth Wright. \"On receipt of a Stephan Lochner Madonna.\" [S.l.: s.n., 1936?]. (Call number  ND588.L8 S55 1936 Spec Folio)","Taliesin: the Taliesin Fellowship publication (vol. 1, no. 2). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Fellowship, 1941. (Call number  NA1 .T14, v. 1, no. 2, Spec Large)","Taliesin square-paper (no. 6). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].","Taliesin square-paper (no. 8). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1945].","Taliesin square-paper (unnumbered). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].","World's Columbian Exposition, 1893: official catalogue. Part X. Department K. Fine Arts. Chicago: W. B. Gonkey, 1893. (Call number  N4500 .A5 1893 Spec Large)","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The papers of Herschel G. A. Elarth, Virginia Tech professor of architecture, includes correspondence, subject files, class materials, photographs, printed materials, artwork, scrapbooks, and ephemera chronicling Elarth's personal life, teaching and military careers, private practice, and participation in various architectural organizations.","Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988","The materials in the collection are English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988"],"collection_ssim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, 1885/1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1984.182"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1984.182"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988"],"creator_ssim":["Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"creators_ssim":["Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers were donated to Special Collections in 1988. Additional materials were transferred to Special Collections from the Art + Architecture Library in 2007."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architects","Faculty and staff","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architects","Faculty and staff","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13 Cubic Feet 8 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["13 Cubic Feet 8 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in five series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Personal Papers, 1885-1987. In this series are such items as biographical and genealogical materials, legal and financial documents, personal correspondence, and family photos. The series also includes materials (documents, insignia, photographs, and scrapbooks) relating to Elarth's service in the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion during World War II. A collection of Elarth's artwork, consisting largely of studies of scenes in Omaha, the surrounding area, the greater Midwest, and Europe, rendered in watercolor, chalk, and crayon, completes the series. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919-1987. A collection of files maintained by Elarth on various artists and architects--most of whom were Elarth's personal acquaintances--may be found in this series. The files contain such materials as correspondence, original artwork, personalized greeting cards created by artists, and printed materials. (Note: The file on Frank Lloyd Wright contains only printed materials.) \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Professorial Career, 1938-1987. Elarth's teaching career at the University of Oklahoma, University of Manitoba, and Virginia Tech is chronicled in this series. Included are lecture background materials, class assignment handouts and records, student projects, and student correspondence. The series also contains materials relating to Elarth's non-teaching duties, particularly his participation in committees and campus / local planning studies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Private Practice, 1927-1987. This series contains materials relating to various projects designed by Elarth, both individually and in partnership with Charles S. Worley Jr. The series begins with files devoted to a mural designed by Elarth, several competitions for which he submitted entries, and two projects on which he worked during the Great Depression. Covered in greater detail are three projects: the University of Manitoba bus terminal / bookstore; the Elarth residences in Fort Garry, Manitoba, and Blacksburg, Virginia; and the Montgomery County Public Health Center. The series also contains materials relating to other projects on which Elarth provided consultation and concludes with Elarth's awards, honors, and drafting kit. Note: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Architectural Organizations, 1961-1988. The materials in this series relate to Elarth's participation in several architectural organizations. The bulk of the material is devoted to the American Institute of Architects--both at the national and state levels--and reflects Elarth's interest in environmental policy. The series includes such materials as correspondence, memoranda, reports, and printed material, much of it devoted to such topics as surface mining, water quality, acid rain, and deforestation. The series also contains materials relating to other AIA committees on which Elarth served. Files relating to Elarth's participation in the Society of Architectural Historians--particularly regarding various society-sponsored tours--may also be found in this series. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in five series:","Series I. Personal Papers, 1885-1987. In this series are such items as biographical and genealogical materials, legal and financial documents, personal correspondence, and family photos. The series also includes materials (documents, insignia, photographs, and scrapbooks) relating to Elarth's service in the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion during World War II. A collection of Elarth's artwork, consisting largely of studies of scenes in Omaha, the surrounding area, the greater Midwest, and Europe, rendered in watercolor, chalk, and crayon, completes the series.","Series II. Correspondence / Subject Files, 1919-1987. A collection of files maintained by Elarth on various artists and architects--most of whom were Elarth's personal acquaintances--may be found in this series. The files contain such materials as correspondence, original artwork, personalized greeting cards created by artists, and printed materials. (Note: The file on Frank Lloyd Wright contains only printed materials.)","Series III. Professorial Career, 1938-1987. Elarth's teaching career at the University of Oklahoma, University of Manitoba, and Virginia Tech is chronicled in this series. Included are lecture background materials, class assignment handouts and records, student projects, and student correspondence. The series also contains materials relating to Elarth's non-teaching duties, particularly his participation in committees and campus / local planning studies.","Series IV. Private Practice, 1927-1987. This series contains materials relating to various projects designed by Elarth, both individually and in partnership with Charles S. Worley Jr. The series begins with files devoted to a mural designed by Elarth, several competitions for which he submitted entries, and two projects on which he worked during the Great Depression. Covered in greater detail are three projects: the University of Manitoba bus terminal / bookstore; the Elarth residences in Fort Garry, Manitoba, and Blacksburg, Virginia; and the Montgomery County Public Health Center. The series also contains materials relating to other projects on which Elarth provided consultation and concludes with Elarth's awards, honors, and drafting kit. Note: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech.","Series V. Architectural Organizations, 1961-1988. The materials in this series relate to Elarth's participation in several architectural organizations. The bulk of the material is devoted to the American Institute of Architects--both at the national and state levels--and reflects Elarth's interest in environmental policy. The series includes such materials as correspondence, memoranda, reports, and printed material, much of it devoted to such topics as surface mining, water quality, acid rain, and deforestation. The series also contains materials relating to other AIA committees on which Elarth served. Files relating to Elarth's participation in the Society of Architectural Historians--particularly regarding various society-sponsored tours--may also be found in this series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHerschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, son of Gustave and Amanda Anderson Elarth, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on October 15, 1907.  Elarth attended the University of Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1929. That same year, he submitted an entry for the Prix de Rome in architecture and was awarded first alternate. While attending college, Elarth also apprenticed with Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball. Continuing his studies at the University of Illinois, Elarth earned a master of science in architecture in 1930, and in 1931, he took second place in the Society of Beaux Arts Architects' Paris Prize.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom 1931 to 1936, Elarth worked as an architectural designer in the Omaha firm of John and Alan MacDonald, playing a significant role in the final design of the Joslyn Art Museum. Moving to Los Angeles in 1937, Elarth worked for a year as a draftsman in the office of architect Richard J. Neutra. In January, 1938, Elarth took a position as professor of architecture at the University of Oklahoma. He married Wilhelmina van Ingen (1905-1969) in Norman, Oklahoma on April 2, 1942. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElarth joined the U. S. Army in November, 1942. A first lieutenant, he served with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, supervising the construction and maintenance of airfields. Following his honorable discharge in March, 1946, he took special studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the summer of 1947, Elarth worked for two months as an architect for the Los Angeles City Planning Commission before being hired as an associate professor of architecture at the University of Manitoba. While there, he served as a consultant to the Winnipeg Town Planning Commission and designed the university's bus terminal and bookstore. He also designed the Fort Garry home in which the Elarths would live while in Manitoba.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1954, Elarth was hired as a professor of architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In addition to teaching and advising students, Elarth served as a member of the University Council, the VPI Self-Study and University Library Committee, the Judicial Committee, and the Wine Awards Committee. He also provided design consultation on what would eventually become Cowgill Hall. Early in his career at Virginia Tech, Elarth entered into a partnership with fellow architectural professor Charles S. Worley Jr., and among the projects they designed were the Montgomery County Public Health Center in Christiansburg and the Elarth residence in Blacksburg.  Throughout the 1970s, Elarth was active in several architectural organizations, and was particularly involved in the environmental efforts of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). His contributions to architecture were recognized when he was elected a Fellow in the AIA in 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElarth married Eva Robert Frook (1917-1984) in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1971, and he retired from the university in 1977. He continued, however, to be active as professor emeritus and in several architectural organizations. In 1984, Elarth sold his Blacksburg home and moved to Warm Hearth Village retirement community, where he also served on the board of directors. Herschel Elarth died in 1988. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, son of Gustave and Amanda Anderson Elarth, was born in Omaha, Nebraska on October 15, 1907.  Elarth attended the University of Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree in architecture in 1929. That same year, he submitted an entry for the Prix de Rome in architecture and was awarded first alternate. While attending college, Elarth also apprenticed with Omaha architect Thomas R. Kimball. Continuing his studies at the University of Illinois, Elarth earned a master of science in architecture in 1930, and in 1931, he took second place in the Society of Beaux Arts Architects' Paris Prize.","From 1931 to 1936, Elarth worked as an architectural designer in the Omaha firm of John and Alan MacDonald, playing a significant role in the final design of the Joslyn Art Museum. Moving to Los Angeles in 1937, Elarth worked for a year as a draftsman in the office of architect Richard J. Neutra. In January, 1938, Elarth took a position as professor of architecture at the University of Oklahoma. He married Wilhelmina van Ingen (1905-1969) in Norman, Oklahoma on April 2, 1942.","Elarth joined the U. S. Army in November, 1942. A first lieutenant, he served with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, supervising the construction and maintenance of airfields. Following his honorable discharge in March, 1946, he took special studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","During the summer of 1947, Elarth worked for two months as an architect for the Los Angeles City Planning Commission before being hired as an associate professor of architecture at the University of Manitoba. While there, he served as a consultant to the Winnipeg Town Planning Commission and designed the university's bus terminal and bookstore. He also designed the Fort Garry home in which the Elarths would live while in Manitoba.","In 1954, Elarth was hired as a professor of architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In addition to teaching and advising students, Elarth served as a member of the University Council, the VPI Self-Study and University Library Committee, the Judicial Committee, and the Wine Awards Committee. He also provided design consultation on what would eventually become Cowgill Hall. Early in his career at Virginia Tech, Elarth entered into a partnership with fellow architectural professor Charles S. Worley Jr., and among the projects they designed were the Montgomery County Public Health Center in Christiansburg and the Elarth residence in Blacksburg.  Throughout the 1970s, Elarth was active in several architectural organizations, and was particularly involved in the environmental efforts of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). His contributions to architecture were recognized when he was elected a Fellow in the AIA in 1978.","Elarth married Eva Robert Frook (1917-1984) in Blacksburg, Virginia, in 1971, and he retired from the university in 1977. He continued, however, to be active as professor emeritus and in several architectural organizations. In 1984, Elarth sold his Blacksburg home and moved to Warm Hearth Village retirement community, where he also served on the board of directors. Herschel Elarth died in 1988."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, Ms1984-182, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers, Ms1984-182, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers commenced in November 2014 and was completed in January 2016. Additional bidder instructions and contracts were added to Box 3, Folder 25 in July 2019.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth Papers commenced in November 2014 and was completed in January 2016. Additional bidder instructions and contracts were added to Box 3, Folder 25 in July 2019."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following related collections are also held at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1253.xml\" title=\"Wilhelmina van Ingen Elarth Papers (Ms1969-004)\"\u003eWilhelmina van Ingen Elarth Papers (Ms1969-004)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2028.xml\" title=\"Charles S. Worley, Jr., Collection, 1950-1982, undated (Ms1996-017)\"\u003eCharles S. Worley, Jr., Collection, 1950-1982, undated (Ms1996-017)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3423.xml\" title=\"\u0026gt;Herschel Elarth-Charles Worley Architectural Firm Drawings (Ms2019-036)\"\u003eHerschel Elarth-Charles Worley Architectural Firm Drawings (Ms2019-036)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The following related collections are also held at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives:","Wilhelmina van Ingen Elarth Papers (Ms1969-004)","Charles S. Worley, Jr., Collection, 1950-1982, undated (Ms1996-017)","Herschel Elarth-Charles Worley Architectural Firm Drawings (Ms2019-036)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of architect Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, a professor at University of Oklahoma (1938-1942), University of Manitoba (1947-1954), and Virginia Tech (1954-1977). The collection includes such materials as correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, artwork, printed materials, course materials, architectural drawings, and ephemera relating to Elarth's personal life, experiences in World War II with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, teaching career, private practice, organizational activities, and awards and honors.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eNote: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of architect Herschel Gustave Anderson Elarth, a professor at University of Oklahoma (1938-1942), University of Manitoba (1947-1954), and Virginia Tech (1954-1977). The collection includes such materials as correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, artwork, printed materials, course materials, architectural drawings, and ephemera relating to Elarth's personal life, experiences in World War II with the 826th Engineer Aviation Battalion, teaching career, private practice, organizational activities, and awards and honors.","Note: Except where otherwise identified, all files in this series relate to Virginia Tech."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following items were removed from the collection, to be added to the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Blue Ridge Parkway studies: policy, development, environmental, visual.\" Blacksburg, VA: Omnibus Studio, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, [1984]. (Call number  LD5655.A542 L3 1984c Spec VT)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Roanoke Fine Arts Center history, 1952-1977\u003c/title\u003e. Roanoke, VA: Roanoke Fine Arts Center, [1978]. (Call number  N717 .A54 1977 Spec Large)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eLand, issues and problems\u003c/title\u003e. (nos. 45-46, 50, 55-56). Blacksburg, VA: Cooperative Extension Service, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1979-1981.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMt. San Angelo's artists: a touring exhibition of works from the collection of the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts: September, 1985 - August, 1986\u003c/title\u003e. [Sweet Briar, VA: Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, 1985]. (Call number N6512 .V57 1985 copy 2 Spec Small)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShippee, Elizabeth Wright. \"On receipt of a Stephan Lochner Madonna.\" [S.l.: s.n., 1936?]. (Call number  ND588.L8 S55 1936 Spec Folio)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eTaliesin: the Taliesin Fellowship publication\u003c/title\u003e (vol. 1, no. 2). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Fellowship, 1941. (Call number  NA1 .T14, v. 1, no. 2, Spec Large)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eTaliesin square-paper\u003c/title\u003e (no. 6). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eTaliesin square-paper\u003c/title\u003e (no. 8). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1945].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eTaliesin square-paper\u003c/title\u003e (unnumbered). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWorld's Columbian Exposition, 1893: official catalogue. Part X. Department K. Fine Arts.\u003c/title\u003e Chicago: W. B. Gonkey, 1893. (Call number  N4500 .A5 1893 Spec Large)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following items were removed from the collection, to be added to the Rare Book Collection:","\"The Blue Ridge Parkway studies: policy, development, environmental, visual.\" Blacksburg, VA: Omnibus Studio, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, [1984]. (Call number  LD5655.A542 L3 1984c Spec VT)","The Roanoke Fine Arts Center history, 1952-1977. Roanoke, VA: Roanoke Fine Arts Center, [1978]. (Call number  N717 .A54 1977 Spec Large)","Land, issues and problems. (nos. 45-46, 50, 55-56). Blacksburg, VA: Cooperative Extension Service, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1979-1981.","Mt. San Angelo's artists: a touring exhibition of works from the collection of the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts: September, 1985 - August, 1986. [Sweet Briar, VA: Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, 1985]. (Call number N6512 .V57 1985 copy 2 Spec Small)","Shippee, Elizabeth Wright. \"On receipt of a Stephan Lochner Madonna.\" [S.l.: s.n., 1936?]. (Call number  ND588.L8 S55 1936 Spec Folio)","Taliesin: the Taliesin Fellowship publication (vol. 1, no. 2). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Fellowship, 1941. (Call number  NA1 .T14, v. 1, no. 2, Spec Large)","Taliesin square-paper (no. 6). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].","Taliesin square-paper (no. 8). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1945].","Taliesin square-paper (unnumbered). Spring Green, WI: Taliesin Press, [1941].","World's Columbian Exposition, 1893: official catalogue. Part X. Department K. Fine Arts. Chicago: W. B. Gonkey, 1893. (Call number  N4500 .A5 1893 Spec Large)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_83bd7580711d55c2e15bc84f7da58f79\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe papers of Herschel G. A. Elarth, Virginia Tech professor of architecture, includes correspondence, subject files, class materials, photographs, printed materials, artwork, scrapbooks, and ephemera chronicling Elarth's personal life, teaching and military careers, private practice, and participation in various architectural organizations.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The papers of Herschel G. A. Elarth, Virginia Tech professor of architecture, includes correspondence, subject files, class materials, photographs, printed materials, artwork, scrapbooks, and ephemera chronicling Elarth's personal life, teaching and military careers, private practice, and participation in various architectural organizations."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c5b621d22c288133433e76673995976e\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Elarth, Herschel Anderson, 1907-1988"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":182,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:44:57.607Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1404_c02_c11"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor, 1972/1995","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02","parent_ssim":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922/2006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor","title_ssm":["Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor"],"title_tesim":["Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor, 1972/1995"],"text":["Wright, Frank S. and Eleanor, 1972/1995","W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922/2006","box 4","folder 16"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922/2006"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922/2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1972/1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1972-1995, n.d."],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":102,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006"],"containers_ssim":["box 4","folder 16"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research, with the exception of Box 4, Folder 20, which contains a sealed, revised draft of Parker's autobiography, not to be opened until 2030."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#71","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:40.112Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1718.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Parker, W. Dale, Papers","title_ssm":["W. Dale Parker Papers"],"title_tesim":["W. Dale Parker Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1914-2006"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1914-2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1914/2006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006"],"text":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006","Ms.1989.093","Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aerospace engineers","Businesspeople","United States -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Officials and employees","The collection is open for research, with the exception of Box 4, Folder 20, which contains a sealed, revised draft of Parker's autobiography, not to be opened until 2030.","The contents of this folder are to remain sealed until 2030.","The W. Dale Parker Papers are arranged in the following series:","Series I. Biographical and Personal Papers, 1940-2006. This series contains materials documenting Parker's personal life. The series includes biographical source items, such as newspaper clippings, Who's Who listings, and an oral history. The series also includes such items as personal correspondence, personnel records, appointment calendars, legal and financial records, and certificates and awards. Arranged by material type.","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922-2006. Included in this series are files devoted to the various subjects in which Parker was interested, including many civic efforts in which he was personally involved, businesses for which he worked, and organizations in which he maintained a membership. Also included are name files for people he knew or with whom he exchanged correspondence. These files include  correspondence, printed materials, and ephemera. The series includes files devoted to Parker's immediate family, with the exception of Jackie Parker, whose papers may be found in a separate series. Also not included here are politicians or persons affiliated with the space program, files for whom may be found in other series. Also among the files are collections of postcards addressed to the families of George W. Dutcher of Wilmington, Delaware; and Holiday Hoopes, of Landenberg, Pennsylvania. Parker's relationship--if any--to these families is unknown. This series is arranged alphabetically by name or topic.","Series III. Writings and Speeches, 1952-2005. This series holds the writings of Dale Parker, including several self-published books, newspaper columns and letters to the editor, newsletters, and unpublished essays on a variety of topics. Also included are drafts of speeches as well as recordings of speeches and radio appearances. Arranged by type, then alphabetically.","Series IV. Jacquelyn S. Parker Papers, 1967-2006. This series contains materials relating to Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Contained in this series are biographical materials, personal correspondence, printed materials, and scrapbooks, including materials relating to the controversy surrounding her eventual retirement from military service. Arranged by material type.","Series V. Space Program, 1962-2006. This small series includes a handful of Project Gemini records generated during Parker's time at NASA. Also included is an oral history in which Parker discusses his time at NASA. The majority of the series consists of space program printed material, memorabilia, and ephemera. (Of particular interest among these, perhaps, is an autographed photo of astronaut Alan Bean.) The personal correspondence includes letters from Carl Sagan; astronaut Deke Slayton; and Martha Chaffee, widow of astronaut Roger Chaffee. The remainder of the series consists of materials relating to the Dale Parker Space Collection, now housed at the Boeing Museum of Flight. Arranged loosely by subject matter.","Series VI. Politics and Politicians, 1956-2006. This series contains both subject and name files relating to Parker's interest in politics. The majority of the series consists of files devoted to local, state, and federal elected officials. Many of these consist of nothing more than memorabilia, printed material, and form-printed letters, but a number of files--such as the Joe Biden folder--contain pieces of personal correspondence or other materials that establish a personal relationship between Parker and the subject. Some folders include correspondence from politicians' family members, advisors, and office staff; in other cases, these materials have been moved into separate folders under the individual names. (Personal correspondence of Rose Mary Woods, personal secretary of President Nixon, for example, is found within her own folder, not that of Nixon.) The collection also contains folders relating to Parker's Florida gubernatorial campaign and the Democratic and Republican parties. Completing the series is a small collection of political memorabilia. Names in this series are arranged alphabetically, followed by general political materials.","Series VII. Business Enterprises, 1945-2005. Parker's many attempts at entrepreneurship are chronicled in this series. Included are business plans, correspondence, and prototypes. Noteworthy within the series are the Amy Carter Peanut Doll, Pictorial Gravesite Creations, and the Space Exploration and Technology Trivia Game.","Series VIII. Pen Pals, 1993-2005. In 1993, Parker began correponding with a number of people living in former Soviet states. This series contains the letters written to Parker by his many pen pals. While some correspondents are represented by only a single letter, a few of the folders contain dozens of letters spanning several years. Many of the letters describe political, economic, and social conditions in the former Soviet states just after the Soviet Union's collapse. Predominant within the correspondence are letters from Belarus, though the series also contains letters from other countries. While most of the letters are written in English, some are written in Cyrrilic. Arranged alphabetically by correspondent name.","Series IX. Artifacts and Mementos, 1943-2005. Included within this eclectic assortment are fragments from a mastodon tusk, the floor of the Acropolis, and the Berlin Wall. The series also includes such disparate items as a racetrack slide rule handicapper; gag calling cards; a book of devotionals distributed to military personnel during World War II; autographed photos of Kaye Grable, Edie Adams, and Bill O'Reilly; and a William \u0026 Mary letter sweater.","Series X. Photographs, 1910-1998. This series contains Parker's personal photos of himself and friends, both in snapshots and studio portraits. Included among the photos are a number that were taken the night before the inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and include Amy Carter and Carter family staff and friends. The series is not arranged in any particular order. Loose photos have not been arranged in any particular order; photo albums have been disassembled but retain their original order and the albums arranged in chronological order.","Series XI. Scrapbooks, 1918-2004. An ardent scrapbooker, Parker documented his entire life in this medium, and in many ways the scrapbook series forms the crux of the collection. The scrapbooks chronicle all aspects of Parker's life through photographs, newspaper clippings and other printed material, correspondence, memorabilia, and ephemera. (A number of items in other series within the collection had obviously once been in scrapbooks that Parker seems to have later disassembled.) The series is arranged chronologically.","William Dale Parker, son of Otis and Eva Dempsey Parker, was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, on April 13, 1925. After graduating from Portsmouth's Churchland High School, Parker joined the U. S. Coast Guard, serving for 16 months before apparently receiving a  medical discharge in July, 1944. He entered the College of William \u0026 Mary the following spring; transcripts indicate that he failed out of the college. Parker later took a handful of courses at Goldey Beacom College, University of Delaware, and California Western University; following ten years of coursework, he graduated from the industrial engineering program of International Correspondence Schools in 1956. (His 1968 doctorate was an honorary degree, awarded by James Balmes University, Saltillo, Mexico.)","Parker married Frances Ross Jennings on February 2, 1946; the couple would have five daughters. The Parkers took up residence at the Naval Proving Grounds (Dahlgren, Virginia) where Dale Parker worked as a draftsman and later claimed to have designed the first rocket launcher used in the United States. During this time, Parker also taught courses in draftsmanship, started a base newspaper, and performed private drafting work.","From about 1950 to 1961, Parker worked at the Wilmington, Delaware, plant of General Motors, serving as a plant engineer and later as an assistant director of salaried personnel, in charge of public relations and counseling. During this time, he incorporated Multiple Services, a small business that, according to Parker, \"contracted to do anything legal.\" From 1961 to 1964, he was a management specialist for General Dynamics - Astronautics in San Diego. He also traveled as a lecturer, specializing in human relations.","In 1964, Parker was hired by NASA, an agency in which his brother Otis already worked as an aerospace engineer. Dale Parker worked as a management specialist for Project Gemini in Houston from 1964 to 1967, and at Cape Kennedy from 1967 to 1969, taking credit for bringing Project Gemini from nine months behind schedule to nine months ahead of schedule within nine months. He seems to have retired in 1969. The previous September, Parker had married Beulah Lee \"Boots\" Farthing, following the death of his first wife.","Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Parker engaged in a number of other activities: working as a pro bono marriage counselor, as an official with various beauty pageants, as vice-president of Multiple Services, and in various capacities with several other small, short-lived business enterprises. Parker also devoted a great deal of time to volunteering with various civic organizations and charities and maintaining memberships in a number of fraternal and masonic organizations.","Parker self-published several books, including The Philosophy of Genius (1971), Gutless America (1973), and Your Own Personal Angel (1997). He also shared his many opinions through newspaper columns, frequent letters to the editor, and speeches.","Remaining politically active throughout his life, Parker contributed to both political parties and frequently wrote to politicians, offering advice, asking favors, or sharing his opinions. Though he seems not to have wielded the influence that he frequently claimed--referring to himself as a \"presidential advisor\" and \"White House veteran\"--he was in fact acquainted with a number of prominent politicians and had a knack for gaining their attention. In 1977, Parker mounted  a short-lived independent gubernatorial campaign in Florida, and gained some media attention with his unconventional method of seeking a running mate through  newspaper advertisements.  In 1994, Parker self-published A Political Candidate's Guide, claiming that it was the first book to offer advice on how to run a political campaign in the United States. He also shared his many political opinions through various venues, including a short-lived political newsletter that he faxed to multiple media outlets and politicians.","An entrepreneur of sorts, Parker made several ill-fated attempts in the manufacturing and marketing of various products, none seeming to have advanced farther than the developmental stage. Among these were the Amy Carter peanut doll, the space exploration and technology trivia board game, sports medallions, and gravesite-mounted photographic memorials.","By 1982, the Parkers had moved to Boone, North Carolina, though Dale Parker retained his status as a Florida resident for the remainder of his life. He died in Boone on July 8, 2007; Boots Parker, on December 22, 2008. Both were buried in Portlock Cemetery, Portsmouth, Virginia.","The guide to the W. Dale Parker Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the W. Dale Parker Papers commenced in June 2016 and was completed in May 2017.","See the Otis Jerome Parker Papers, Ms1987-065, also at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives. Otis was a NASA aerospace engineer and brother of W. Dale Parker.","This collection contains the papers of William Dale Parker (1925-2007),  management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini from 1964 to 1969; engineer with General Motors and General Dynamics; writer; businessman; and self-described political advisor, expert on human relations, and genius. The collection includes such materials as correspondence, memorabilia, printed materials, photographs, and scrapbooks.","Contained within the collection is very little about Parker's work on Gemini, the focus instead being largely on documenting Parker's personal life and his other interests: writing and lecturing, volunteer/humanitarian activities, politics, and business. Parker was meticulous about collecting the minutiae relating to all his personal life and chronicling all of his activities in photographs, memoirs, and scrapbooks.","The collection also includes a series of materials relating to the life and career of his youngest daugher, Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, holder of a number of firsts for women in aviation, including the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Also included is a series of correspondence from Parker's pen pals residing in former Soviet states soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union.","The following items were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection:\n\nBergaust, Erik. Wernher von Braun. Washington: National Space Institute, 1976. (autographed)\n\"The Beautiful Caverns of Luray.\" Luray, VA: Lauck, [1942?]\nBobby: The Robert F. Kennedy story--the man and his dream. New York: Macfadden-Bartell, 1968.\nCann, William N. Coast to coast with the air mail: impressions of the first aeroplane trip of William N. Cann. Wilmington, DE: Cann Brothers \u0026 Kindig, 1930. (autographed)\nCarter, Jimmy. Sharing Good Times.New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. (autographed)\nConrad, Nancy and Howard A. Klausner. Rocket man: astronaut Pete Conrad's incredible ride to the moon and beyond (autographed by Nancy Conrad and astronaut Alan Dean)\nDowns, Hugh. \"The Resources of space.\" Arlington, VA: National Space Institute, [1976?]\n\"'The Founders': a drama of Jamestown. Williamsburg, VA: The Jamestown Corporation, [1957].\nHansen, James R. First man: the life of Neil A. Armstrong. New York: Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2005.\nMiller, Marvin, comp. The Breaking of a president: some facts and findings surrounding the Watergate blunders of Richard M. Nixon, et al. vol. 1. [S.l.]: Therapy Productions, 1974.\nNASA pocket statistics. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [1992].\nOnyx, Narda. Water, world and Weissmuller: Johnny Weissmuller's biography. Los Angeles: VION, 1964. (autographed by Weissmuller)\nSzathmary, Louis. American gastronomy: an illustrated portfolio of recipes and culinary history. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1974.\nWorden, Alfred M. Hello Earth: greetings from Endeavour. Los Angeles: Nash, 1974. (autographed)","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection consists of the papers of William Dale Parker, management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini, General Motors plant engineer; General Dynamics management specialist; writer; businessman;  self-described political consultant, expert on human relations, and genius. It contains correspondence, memorabilia, photos, scrapbooks, and ephemera relating to Parker's life, career and interests, as well as the life and career of his youngest daughter, Jacquelyn Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration","Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006"],"collection_ssim":["W. Dale Parker Papers, 1914/2006"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1989.093"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1989.093"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007"],"creator_ssim":["Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"creators_ssim":["Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The W. Dale Parker Papers were donated to Special Collections in numerous accessions, dated 1989 to 2006."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aerospace engineers","Businesspeople","United States -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Officials and employees"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aerospace engineers","Businesspeople","United States -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Officials and employees"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["21.8 Cubic Feet 15 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["21.8 Cubic Feet 15 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research, with the exception of Box 4, Folder 20, which contains a sealed, revised draft of Parker's autobiography, not to be opened until 2030.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe contents of this folder are to remain sealed until 2030.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research, with the exception of Box 4, Folder 20, which contains a sealed, revised draft of Parker's autobiography, not to be opened until 2030.","The contents of this folder are to remain sealed until 2030."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe W. Dale Parker Papers are arranged in the following series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Biographical and Personal Papers, 1940-2006. This series contains materials documenting Parker's personal life. The series includes biographical source items, such as newspaper clippings, \u003ctitle\u003eWho's Who\u003c/title\u003e listings, and an oral history. The series also includes such items as personal correspondence, personnel records, appointment calendars, legal and financial records, and certificates and awards. Arranged by material type.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Name and Subject Files, 1922-2006. Included in this series are files devoted to the various subjects in which Parker was interested, including many civic efforts in which he was personally involved, businesses for which he worked, and organizations in which he maintained a membership. Also included are name files for people he knew or with whom he exchanged correspondence. These files include  correspondence, printed materials, and ephemera. The series includes files devoted to Parker's immediate family, with the exception of Jackie Parker, whose papers may be found in a separate series. Also not included here are politicians or persons affiliated with the space program, files for whom may be found in other series. Also among the files are collections of postcards addressed to the families of George W. Dutcher of Wilmington, Delaware; and Holiday Hoopes, of Landenberg, Pennsylvania. Parker's relationship--if any--to these families is unknown. This series is arranged alphabetically by name or topic.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Writings and Speeches, 1952-2005. This series holds the writings of Dale Parker, including several self-published books, newspaper columns and letters to the editor, newsletters, and unpublished essays on a variety of topics. Also included are drafts of speeches as well as recordings of speeches and radio appearances. Arranged by type, then alphabetically. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Jacquelyn S. Parker Papers, 1967-2006. This series contains materials relating to Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Contained in this series are biographical materials, personal correspondence, printed materials, and scrapbooks, including materials relating to the controversy surrounding her eventual retirement from military service. Arranged by material type.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Space Program, 1962-2006. This small series includes a handful of Project Gemini records generated during Parker's time at NASA. Also included is an oral history in which Parker discusses his time at NASA. The majority of the series consists of space program printed material, memorabilia, and ephemera. (Of particular interest among these, perhaps, is an autographed photo of astronaut Alan Bean.) The personal correspondence includes letters from Carl Sagan; astronaut Deke Slayton; and Martha Chaffee, widow of astronaut Roger Chaffee. The remainder of the series consists of materials relating to the Dale Parker Space Collection, now housed at the Boeing Museum of Flight. Arranged loosely by subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. Politics and Politicians, 1956-2006. This series contains both subject and name files relating to Parker's interest in politics. The majority of the series consists of files devoted to local, state, and federal elected officials. Many of these consist of nothing more than memorabilia, printed material, and form-printed letters, but a number of files--such as the Joe Biden folder--contain pieces of personal correspondence or other materials that establish a personal relationship between Parker and the subject. Some folders include correspondence from politicians' family members, advisors, and office staff; in other cases, these materials have been moved into separate folders under the individual names. (Personal correspondence of Rose Mary Woods, personal secretary of President Nixon, for example, is found within her own folder, not that of Nixon.) The collection also contains folders relating to Parker's Florida gubernatorial campaign and the Democratic and Republican parties. Completing the series is a small collection of political memorabilia. Names in this series are arranged alphabetically, followed by general political materials.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Business Enterprises, 1945-2005. Parker's many attempts at entrepreneurship are chronicled in this series. Included are business plans, correspondence, and prototypes. Noteworthy within the series are the Amy Carter Peanut Doll, Pictorial Gravesite Creations, and the Space Exploration and Technology Trivia Game. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Pen Pals, 1993-2005. In 1993, Parker began correponding with a number of people living in former Soviet states. This series contains the letters written to Parker by his many pen pals. While some correspondents are represented by only a single letter, a few of the folders contain dozens of letters spanning several years. Many of the letters describe political, economic, and social conditions in the former Soviet states just after the Soviet Union's collapse. Predominant within the correspondence are letters from Belarus, though the series also contains letters from other countries. While most of the letters are written in English, some are written in Cyrrilic. Arranged alphabetically by correspondent name. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. Artifacts and Mementos, 1943-2005. Included within this eclectic assortment are fragments from a mastodon tusk, the floor of the Acropolis, and the Berlin Wall. The series also includes such disparate items as a racetrack slide rule handicapper; gag calling cards; a book of devotionals distributed to military personnel during World War II; autographed photos of Kaye Grable, Edie Adams, and Bill O'Reilly; and a William \u0026amp; Mary letter sweater.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries X. Photographs, 1910-1998. This series contains Parker's personal photos of himself and friends, both in snapshots and studio portraits. Included among the photos are a number that were taken the night before the inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and include Amy Carter and Carter family staff and friends. The series is not arranged in any particular order. Loose photos have not been arranged in any particular order; photo albums have been disassembled but retain their original order and the albums arranged in chronological order. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries XI. Scrapbooks, 1918-2004. An ardent scrapbooker, Parker documented his entire life in this medium, and in many ways the scrapbook series forms the crux of the collection. The scrapbooks chronicle all aspects of Parker's life through photographs, newspaper clippings and other printed material, correspondence, memorabilia, and ephemera. (A number of items in other series within the collection had obviously once been in scrapbooks that Parker seems to have later disassembled.) The series is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The W. Dale Parker Papers are arranged in the following series:","Series I. Biographical and Personal Papers, 1940-2006. This series contains materials documenting Parker's personal life. The series includes biographical source items, such as newspaper clippings, Who's Who listings, and an oral history. The series also includes such items as personal correspondence, personnel records, appointment calendars, legal and financial records, and certificates and awards. Arranged by material type.","Series II. Name and Subject Files, 1922-2006. Included in this series are files devoted to the various subjects in which Parker was interested, including many civic efforts in which he was personally involved, businesses for which he worked, and organizations in which he maintained a membership. Also included are name files for people he knew or with whom he exchanged correspondence. These files include  correspondence, printed materials, and ephemera. The series includes files devoted to Parker's immediate family, with the exception of Jackie Parker, whose papers may be found in a separate series. Also not included here are politicians or persons affiliated with the space program, files for whom may be found in other series. Also among the files are collections of postcards addressed to the families of George W. Dutcher of Wilmington, Delaware; and Holiday Hoopes, of Landenberg, Pennsylvania. Parker's relationship--if any--to these families is unknown. This series is arranged alphabetically by name or topic.","Series III. Writings and Speeches, 1952-2005. This series holds the writings of Dale Parker, including several self-published books, newspaper columns and letters to the editor, newsletters, and unpublished essays on a variety of topics. Also included are drafts of speeches as well as recordings of speeches and radio appearances. Arranged by type, then alphabetically.","Series IV. Jacquelyn S. Parker Papers, 1967-2006. This series contains materials relating to Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Contained in this series are biographical materials, personal correspondence, printed materials, and scrapbooks, including materials relating to the controversy surrounding her eventual retirement from military service. Arranged by material type.","Series V. Space Program, 1962-2006. This small series includes a handful of Project Gemini records generated during Parker's time at NASA. Also included is an oral history in which Parker discusses his time at NASA. The majority of the series consists of space program printed material, memorabilia, and ephemera. (Of particular interest among these, perhaps, is an autographed photo of astronaut Alan Bean.) The personal correspondence includes letters from Carl Sagan; astronaut Deke Slayton; and Martha Chaffee, widow of astronaut Roger Chaffee. The remainder of the series consists of materials relating to the Dale Parker Space Collection, now housed at the Boeing Museum of Flight. Arranged loosely by subject matter.","Series VI. Politics and Politicians, 1956-2006. This series contains both subject and name files relating to Parker's interest in politics. The majority of the series consists of files devoted to local, state, and federal elected officials. Many of these consist of nothing more than memorabilia, printed material, and form-printed letters, but a number of files--such as the Joe Biden folder--contain pieces of personal correspondence or other materials that establish a personal relationship between Parker and the subject. Some folders include correspondence from politicians' family members, advisors, and office staff; in other cases, these materials have been moved into separate folders under the individual names. (Personal correspondence of Rose Mary Woods, personal secretary of President Nixon, for example, is found within her own folder, not that of Nixon.) The collection also contains folders relating to Parker's Florida gubernatorial campaign and the Democratic and Republican parties. Completing the series is a small collection of political memorabilia. Names in this series are arranged alphabetically, followed by general political materials.","Series VII. Business Enterprises, 1945-2005. Parker's many attempts at entrepreneurship are chronicled in this series. Included are business plans, correspondence, and prototypes. Noteworthy within the series are the Amy Carter Peanut Doll, Pictorial Gravesite Creations, and the Space Exploration and Technology Trivia Game.","Series VIII. Pen Pals, 1993-2005. In 1993, Parker began correponding with a number of people living in former Soviet states. This series contains the letters written to Parker by his many pen pals. While some correspondents are represented by only a single letter, a few of the folders contain dozens of letters spanning several years. Many of the letters describe political, economic, and social conditions in the former Soviet states just after the Soviet Union's collapse. Predominant within the correspondence are letters from Belarus, though the series also contains letters from other countries. While most of the letters are written in English, some are written in Cyrrilic. Arranged alphabetically by correspondent name.","Series IX. Artifacts and Mementos, 1943-2005. Included within this eclectic assortment are fragments from a mastodon tusk, the floor of the Acropolis, and the Berlin Wall. The series also includes such disparate items as a racetrack slide rule handicapper; gag calling cards; a book of devotionals distributed to military personnel during World War II; autographed photos of Kaye Grable, Edie Adams, and Bill O'Reilly; and a William \u0026 Mary letter sweater.","Series X. Photographs, 1910-1998. This series contains Parker's personal photos of himself and friends, both in snapshots and studio portraits. Included among the photos are a number that were taken the night before the inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and include Amy Carter and Carter family staff and friends. The series is not arranged in any particular order. Loose photos have not been arranged in any particular order; photo albums have been disassembled but retain their original order and the albums arranged in chronological order.","Series XI. Scrapbooks, 1918-2004. An ardent scrapbooker, Parker documented his entire life in this medium, and in many ways the scrapbook series forms the crux of the collection. The scrapbooks chronicle all aspects of Parker's life through photographs, newspaper clippings and other printed material, correspondence, memorabilia, and ephemera. (A number of items in other series within the collection had obviously once been in scrapbooks that Parker seems to have later disassembled.) The series is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Dale Parker, son of Otis and Eva Dempsey Parker, was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, on April 13, 1925. After graduating from Portsmouth's Churchland High School, Parker joined the U. S. Coast Guard, serving for 16 months before apparently receiving a  medical discharge in July, 1944. He entered the College of William \u0026amp; Mary the following spring; transcripts indicate that he failed out of the college. Parker later took a handful of courses at Goldey Beacom College, University of Delaware, and California Western University; following ten years of coursework, he graduated from the industrial engineering program of International Correspondence Schools in 1956. (His 1968 doctorate was an honorary degree, awarded by James Balmes University, Saltillo, Mexico.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eParker married Frances Ross Jennings on February 2, 1946; the couple would have five daughters. The Parkers took up residence at the Naval Proving Grounds (Dahlgren, Virginia) where Dale Parker worked as a draftsman and later claimed to have designed the first rocket launcher used in the United States. During this time, Parker also taught courses in draftsmanship, started a base newspaper, and performed private drafting work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom about 1950 to 1961, Parker worked at the Wilmington, Delaware, plant of General Motors, serving as a plant engineer and later as an assistant director of salaried personnel, in charge of public relations and counseling. During this time, he incorporated Multiple Services, a small business that, according to Parker, \"contracted to do anything legal.\" From 1961 to 1964, he was a management specialist for General Dynamics - Astronautics in San Diego. He also traveled as a lecturer, specializing in human relations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1964, Parker was hired by NASA, an agency in which his brother Otis already worked as an aerospace engineer. Dale Parker worked as a management specialist for Project Gemini in Houston from 1964 to 1967, and at Cape Kennedy from 1967 to 1969, taking credit for bringing Project Gemini from nine months behind schedule to nine months ahead of schedule within nine months. He seems to have retired in 1969. The previous September, Parker had married Beulah Lee \"Boots\" Farthing, following the death of his first wife.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1960s and 1970s, Parker engaged in a number of other activities: working as a pro bono marriage counselor, as an official with various beauty pageants, as vice-president of Multiple Services, and in various capacities with several other small, short-lived business enterprises. Parker also devoted a great deal of time to volunteering with various civic organizations and charities and maintaining memberships in a number of fraternal and masonic organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eParker self-published several books, including \u003ctitle\u003eThe Philosophy of Genius\u003c/title\u003e (1971), \u003ctitle\u003eGutless America\u003c/title\u003e (1973), and \u003ctitle\u003eYour Own Personal Angel\u003c/title\u003e (1997). He also shared his many opinions through newspaper columns, frequent letters to the editor, and speeches.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRemaining politically active throughout his life, Parker contributed to both political parties and frequently wrote to politicians, offering advice, asking favors, or sharing his opinions. Though he seems not to have wielded the influence that he frequently claimed--referring to himself as a \"presidential advisor\" and \"White House veteran\"--he was in fact acquainted with a number of prominent politicians and had a knack for gaining their attention. In 1977, Parker mounted  a short-lived independent gubernatorial campaign in Florida, and gained some media attention with his unconventional method of seeking a running mate through  newspaper advertisements.  In 1994, Parker self-published \u003ctitle\u003eA Political Candidate's Guide\u003c/title\u003e, claiming that it was the first book to offer advice on how to run a political campaign in the United States. He also shared his many political opinions through various venues, including a short-lived political newsletter that he faxed to multiple media outlets and politicians.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn entrepreneur of sorts, Parker made several ill-fated attempts in the manufacturing and marketing of various products, none seeming to have advanced farther than the developmental stage. Among these were the Amy Carter peanut doll, the space exploration and technology trivia board game, sports medallions, and gravesite-mounted photographic memorials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy 1982, the Parkers had moved to Boone, North Carolina, though Dale Parker retained his status as a Florida resident for the remainder of his life. He died in Boone on July 8, 2007; Boots Parker, on December 22, 2008. Both were buried in Portlock Cemetery, Portsmouth, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Dale Parker, son of Otis and Eva Dempsey Parker, was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, on April 13, 1925. After graduating from Portsmouth's Churchland High School, Parker joined the U. S. Coast Guard, serving for 16 months before apparently receiving a  medical discharge in July, 1944. He entered the College of William \u0026 Mary the following spring; transcripts indicate that he failed out of the college. Parker later took a handful of courses at Goldey Beacom College, University of Delaware, and California Western University; following ten years of coursework, he graduated from the industrial engineering program of International Correspondence Schools in 1956. (His 1968 doctorate was an honorary degree, awarded by James Balmes University, Saltillo, Mexico.)","Parker married Frances Ross Jennings on February 2, 1946; the couple would have five daughters. The Parkers took up residence at the Naval Proving Grounds (Dahlgren, Virginia) where Dale Parker worked as a draftsman and later claimed to have designed the first rocket launcher used in the United States. During this time, Parker also taught courses in draftsmanship, started a base newspaper, and performed private drafting work.","From about 1950 to 1961, Parker worked at the Wilmington, Delaware, plant of General Motors, serving as a plant engineer and later as an assistant director of salaried personnel, in charge of public relations and counseling. During this time, he incorporated Multiple Services, a small business that, according to Parker, \"contracted to do anything legal.\" From 1961 to 1964, he was a management specialist for General Dynamics - Astronautics in San Diego. He also traveled as a lecturer, specializing in human relations.","In 1964, Parker was hired by NASA, an agency in which his brother Otis already worked as an aerospace engineer. Dale Parker worked as a management specialist for Project Gemini in Houston from 1964 to 1967, and at Cape Kennedy from 1967 to 1969, taking credit for bringing Project Gemini from nine months behind schedule to nine months ahead of schedule within nine months. He seems to have retired in 1969. The previous September, Parker had married Beulah Lee \"Boots\" Farthing, following the death of his first wife.","Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Parker engaged in a number of other activities: working as a pro bono marriage counselor, as an official with various beauty pageants, as vice-president of Multiple Services, and in various capacities with several other small, short-lived business enterprises. Parker also devoted a great deal of time to volunteering with various civic organizations and charities and maintaining memberships in a number of fraternal and masonic organizations.","Parker self-published several books, including The Philosophy of Genius (1971), Gutless America (1973), and Your Own Personal Angel (1997). He also shared his many opinions through newspaper columns, frequent letters to the editor, and speeches.","Remaining politically active throughout his life, Parker contributed to both political parties and frequently wrote to politicians, offering advice, asking favors, or sharing his opinions. Though he seems not to have wielded the influence that he frequently claimed--referring to himself as a \"presidential advisor\" and \"White House veteran\"--he was in fact acquainted with a number of prominent politicians and had a knack for gaining their attention. In 1977, Parker mounted  a short-lived independent gubernatorial campaign in Florida, and gained some media attention with his unconventional method of seeking a running mate through  newspaper advertisements.  In 1994, Parker self-published A Political Candidate's Guide, claiming that it was the first book to offer advice on how to run a political campaign in the United States. He also shared his many political opinions through various venues, including a short-lived political newsletter that he faxed to multiple media outlets and politicians.","An entrepreneur of sorts, Parker made several ill-fated attempts in the manufacturing and marketing of various products, none seeming to have advanced farther than the developmental stage. Among these were the Amy Carter peanut doll, the space exploration and technology trivia board game, sports medallions, and gravesite-mounted photographic memorials.","By 1982, the Parkers had moved to Boone, North Carolina, though Dale Parker retained his status as a Florida resident for the remainder of his life. He died in Boone on July 8, 2007; Boots Parker, on December 22, 2008. Both were buried in Portlock Cemetery, Portsmouth, Virginia."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the W. Dale Parker Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the W. Dale Parker Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], W. Dale Parker Papers, Ms1989-093, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], W. Dale Parker Papers, Ms1989-093, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the W. Dale Parker Papers commenced in June 2016 and was completed in May 2017.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the W. Dale Parker Papers commenced in June 2016 and was completed in May 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/lib.vt.edu/repositories/2/resources/1507.oai_ead.xml\"\u003eOtis Jerome Parker Papers, Ms1987-065,\u003c/a\u003e also at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives. Otis was a NASA aerospace engineer and brother of W. Dale Parker.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See the Otis Jerome Parker Papers, Ms1987-065, also at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives. Otis was a NASA aerospace engineer and brother of W. Dale Parker."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of William Dale Parker (1925-2007),  management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini from 1964 to 1969; engineer with General Motors and General Dynamics; writer; businessman; and self-described political advisor, expert on human relations, and genius. The collection includes such materials as correspondence, memorabilia, printed materials, photographs, and scrapbooks. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContained within the collection is very little about Parker's work on Gemini, the focus instead being largely on documenting Parker's personal life and his other interests: writing and lecturing, volunteer/humanitarian activities, politics, and business. Parker was meticulous about collecting the minutiae relating to all his personal life and chronicling all of his activities in photographs, memoirs, and scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes a series of materials relating to the life and career of his youngest daugher, Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, holder of a number of firsts for women in aviation, including the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Also included is a series of correspondence from Parker's pen pals residing in former Soviet states soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of William Dale Parker (1925-2007),  management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini from 1964 to 1969; engineer with General Motors and General Dynamics; writer; businessman; and self-described political advisor, expert on human relations, and genius. The collection includes such materials as correspondence, memorabilia, printed materials, photographs, and scrapbooks.","Contained within the collection is very little about Parker's work on Gemini, the focus instead being largely on documenting Parker's personal life and his other interests: writing and lecturing, volunteer/humanitarian activities, politics, and business. Parker was meticulous about collecting the minutiae relating to all his personal life and chronicling all of his activities in photographs, memoirs, and scrapbooks.","The collection also includes a series of materials relating to the life and career of his youngest daugher, Jacquelyn S. \"Jackie\" Parker, holder of a number of firsts for women in aviation, including the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School. Also included is a series of correspondence from Parker's pen pals residing in former Soviet states soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following items were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection:\n\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eBergaust, Erik. \u003ctitle\u003eWernher von Braun\u003c/title\u003e. Washington: National Space Institute, 1976. (autographed)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\"The Beautiful Caverns of Luray.\" Luray, VA: Lauck, [1942?]\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eBobby: The Robert F. Kennedy story--the man and his dream\u003c/title\u003e. New York: Macfadden-Bartell, 1968.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eCann, William N. \u003ctitle\u003eCoast to coast with the air mail: impressions of the first aeroplane trip of William N. Cann\u003c/title\u003e. Wilmington, DE: Cann Brothers \u0026amp; Kindig, 1930. (autographed)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eCarter, Jimmy. \u003ctitle\u003eSharing Good Times\u003c/title\u003e.New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. (autographed)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eConrad, Nancy and Howard A. Klausner. \u003ctitle\u003eRocket man: astronaut Pete Conrad's incredible ride to the moon and beyond\u003c/title\u003e (autographed by Nancy Conrad and astronaut Alan Dean)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eDowns, Hugh. \"The Resources of space.\" Arlington, VA: National Space Institute, [1976?]\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\"'The Founders': a drama of Jamestown. Williamsburg, VA: The Jamestown Corporation, [1957].\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eHansen, James R. \u003ctitle\u003eFirst man: the life of Neil A. Armstrong\u003c/title\u003e. New York: Simon \u0026amp; Schuster, 2005.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eMiller, Marvin, comp. \u003ctitle\u003eThe Breaking of a president: some facts and findings surrounding the Watergate blunders of Richard M. Nixon, et al\u003c/title\u003e. vol. 1. [S.l.]: Therapy Productions, 1974.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle\u003eNASA pocket statistics\u003c/title\u003e. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [1992].\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eOnyx, Narda. \u003ctitle\u003eWater, world and Weissmuller: Johnny Weissmuller's biography\u003c/title\u003e. Los Angeles: VION, 1964. (autographed by Weissmuller)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSzathmary, Louis. \u003ctitle\u003eAmerican gastronomy: an illustrated portfolio of recipes and culinary history\u003c/title\u003e. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1974.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eWorden, Alfred M. \u003ctitle\u003eHello Earth: greetings from Endeavour\u003c/title\u003e. Los Angeles: Nash, 1974. (autographed)\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following items were removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection:\n\nBergaust, Erik. Wernher von Braun. Washington: National Space Institute, 1976. (autographed)\n\"The Beautiful Caverns of Luray.\" Luray, VA: Lauck, [1942?]\nBobby: The Robert F. Kennedy story--the man and his dream. New York: Macfadden-Bartell, 1968.\nCann, William N. Coast to coast with the air mail: impressions of the first aeroplane trip of William N. Cann. Wilmington, DE: Cann Brothers \u0026 Kindig, 1930. (autographed)\nCarter, Jimmy. Sharing Good Times.New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. (autographed)\nConrad, Nancy and Howard A. Klausner. Rocket man: astronaut Pete Conrad's incredible ride to the moon and beyond (autographed by Nancy Conrad and astronaut Alan Dean)\nDowns, Hugh. \"The Resources of space.\" Arlington, VA: National Space Institute, [1976?]\n\"'The Founders': a drama of Jamestown. Williamsburg, VA: The Jamestown Corporation, [1957].\nHansen, James R. First man: the life of Neil A. Armstrong. New York: Simon \u0026 Schuster, 2005.\nMiller, Marvin, comp. The Breaking of a president: some facts and findings surrounding the Watergate blunders of Richard M. Nixon, et al. vol. 1. [S.l.]: Therapy Productions, 1974.\nNASA pocket statistics. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, [1992].\nOnyx, Narda. Water, world and Weissmuller: Johnny Weissmuller's biography. Los Angeles: VION, 1964. (autographed by Weissmuller)\nSzathmary, Louis. American gastronomy: an illustrated portfolio of recipes and culinary history. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1974.\nWorden, Alfred M. Hello Earth: greetings from Endeavour. Los Angeles: Nash, 1974. (autographed)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0a9bda035c1ca50a9c29e011065dbe1c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of the papers of William Dale Parker, management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini, General Motors plant engineer; General Dynamics management specialist; writer; businessman;  self-described political consultant, expert on human relations, and genius. It contains correspondence, memorabilia, photos, scrapbooks, and ephemera relating to Parker's life, career and interests, as well as the life and career of his youngest daughter, Jacquelyn Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of the papers of William Dale Parker, management specialist on NASA's Project Gemini, General Motors plant engineer; General Dynamics management specialist; writer; businessman;  self-described political consultant, expert on human relations, and genius. It contains correspondence, memorabilia, photos, scrapbooks, and ephemera relating to Parker's life, career and interests, as well as the life and career of his youngest daughter, Jacquelyn Parker, the first female graduate of the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration"],"persname_ssim":["Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration","Parker, W. Dale (William Dale), 1925-2007"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":345,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:40.112Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1718_c02_c72"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wright, Gwendolyn, 1976","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830/2003","Subseries C: Research Files about Women in Architecture, 1830/2000","Materials about Specific Women, 1830/2000"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wright, Gwendolyn","title_ssm":["Wright, Gwendolyn"],"title_tesim":["Wright, Gwendolyn"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wright, Gwendolyn, 1976"],"text":["Wright, Gwendolyn, 1976","Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830/2003","Subseries C: Research Files about Women in Architecture, 1830/2000","Materials about Specific Women, 1830/2000","box 14","folder 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830/2003","Subseries C: Research Files about Women in Architecture, 1830/2000","Materials about Specific Women, 1830/2000"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830/2003","Subseries C: Research Files about Women in Architecture, 1830/2000","Materials about Specific Women, 1830/2000"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1976"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1976"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":290,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003"],"containers_ssim":["box 14","folder 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish material from the Susana Torre Architectural Collection must be obtained from the Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Torre retains all literary rights to her work, and permission to quote from it must come from her. Researchers may not reveal the names, addresses, or telephone numbers of Torre's clients until her death."],"date_range_isim":[1976],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#2/components#1/components#18","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:59.287Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1750.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Torre, Susana, Architectural Collection","title_ssm":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection"],"title_tesim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1830-2003","1967-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1830-2003"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1967-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003"],"text":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003","Ms.1990.016","Women -- History","Architecture -- Study and teaching","Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)","Architecture (discipline)","The collection is open for research.","Selected images of work by Susana Torre has been digitized and is available online.","The Susana Torre Collection is arranged in four series reflecting architectural projects, work with professional organizations, teaching, and office work.","Series I: Project Files, 1961-1990, consists of project files and some sets of architectural drawings. The project information is arranged chronologically. Some projects have been assigned circa dates, reflecting the fact that although they do not have specific dates, they were filed in the order that Torre worked on them.","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830, 1941-2003, contains three subseries of material: (A) Professional and Cultural Organizations, (B) Publications, and (C) Research Files. Subseries A and C are arranged chronologically, and subseries B is grouped by topic and arranged alphabetically.","Series III: Faculty Papers, 1971-1992, contains material Torre used and collected while teaching at universities. The material is arranged by the name of the school with which it is associated, and chronologically within each school grouping.","Series IV: Office Files, 1967-1994, contains five subseries: (A) Lectures, (B) Conferences and Symposia, (C) Juries and Advisory Boards, (D) Exhibitions, and (E) Awards and Fellowships. All are arranged chronologically.","Susana Torre was born in 1944 in Argentina and graduated from the University of Buenos Aires with a degree in architecture and additional course work in urban planning in 1967. In 1968 she moved to the United States to pursue post-graduate studies in urban planning at Columbia University. Her career following the completion of her studies was based in New York City. Susana Torre was a principal of the Architectural Studio in New York from 1978 to 1984. She also worked as a partner at Wank Adams Slavin Associates and Torre Beeler Associates before starting an independent practice, Susana Torre and Associates of New York, in 1989. She has been associated with the Museum of Modern Art's Department of Architecture and Design and served as the coordinator of a research study on six new towns for the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies. Torre also has held academic appointments at Columbia University, SUNY at Old Westbury, Barnard College Architecture Program, and New Jersey Institute of Technology as well as serving as a visiting critic and adjunct professor at other schools in the New York area.","Throughout her career, Torre has been concerned with the status of women in architecture, studying the history of the subject and advocating fuller participation of women in the field. Her work is strongly engaged in a dialogue of Modernist and Post-modernist forms. Susana Torre has received several awards, including recognition from the Edgar Kaufman Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. Torre has served on national juries for the American Institute of Architects (AIA) as well as other educational institutions. She is well known for her renovation and remodeling projects such as the master plan for the restoration of Ellis Island in New York Harbor (1981); renovation of Clark House, a turn-of-the-century carriage house in South Hampton, New York (1982) which received an Award of Excellence of Design from Architectural Record; the renovation of Schermerhorn Hall at Columbia University (1985); and Fire Station Five in Columbus, Indiana (1987).","Torre has published many articles in journals, newspapers, and magazines and has exhibited works at the Museum of Modern Art, The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, The Otis Art Institute, MIT's Hayden Gallery, and the Cooper Hewitt Museum. Ms. Torre was the editor, curator and designer of the exhibit \"Women in Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective,\" that toured United States in 1977 and the complementary book of essays (1977) that accompanied it.","The guide to the Susana Torre Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Susana Torre Architectural Collection was completed in January 2005. Initial processing, arrangement, and description was completed in 1990. Additions were integrated in 2007, 2012, and 2013.","The Susana Torre Architectural Collection consist of twenty-four cubic feet of material including professional correspondence, project files, research notes, published articles, office files about and by Torre, and teaching notes amassed by Torre, as well as twenty folders of architectural drawings and sketches, and photographs of projects taken before, during and after construction, mostly during the period from 1968 to 1991. The collection also includes three framed drawings and a model of the Garvey residence at Amagansett, Long Island. The information focuses on Torre's professional career, with the bulk of the material covering architectural projects and publishing and teaching efforts.","The project files include contracts, bids and proposals, project notes, feasibility studies, correspondence with clients and builders, specifications, product information, and clippings of articles about the projects. There are also seventeen sets of project drawings. The most important and best-documented projects of this collection are the renovation of a law office for Harry Torcyzner, New York; the Clark's residence at South Hampton, New York; the Chamber's Street Restaurant, New York; the Embassy of the Ivory Coast; the Robert Panero Associates office renovation project; a feasibility study for \"Suitables\" (a chain of women's clothing stores); the renovation of Schemerhorn Hall at Columbia University, New York; the Fire Station Five at Columbus, Indiana; the Montauk Public Library, New York; a fire station in Jersey City, New Jersey; a feasibility study for the Ruppert Green Project (a multi-family residential complex in New Jersey); the Garvey residence; the Feinberg residence in Chillmark, Massachusetts; Columbia University's Law Library renovation; and the Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College, MA.","Professional papers include information about associations and organizations in which Torre participated; organizational correspondence regarding meetings, objectives and proceedings, invitations, brochures and articles about speakers and organization events; publications by and about Torre and architecture; and Torre's notes about women in architecture that she used to prepare the 1977 exhibition and its companion book, Women in American Architecture. Organizations to which Torre belonged include the Architectural League of New York, the Heresies (a feminist publication on art and politics), Networks: Women in Architecture, the Journal of Architectural Education (JAE), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ASCA): Task Force on the Status of Women in Architecture Schools, and Architects Designers Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR). The publications span the dates 1967-1992 and include early Spanish-language and later English material written by Torre, as well as magazine and newspaper clippings, invitations to conferences and technical paper presentations, outlines of articles and comments on other author's publications, correspondence with publishers and organizations, and Torre's hand-written notes from meetings and conferences.","There are also accumulated research notes about women architects in America that Torre compiled to write the introduction and several segments of the book Women in American Architecture: a Historic and Contemporary Perspective that received support from the Architectural League of New York and was published by Whitney Library of Design. The exhibition opened at the Brooklyn Museum in 1977 and then toured around the United States. The research files include information about specific architects, general notes and photographs, and articles and papers published by American women architects.","Faculty papers include lecture notes, student projects, newspaper clippings and theses from lecture and teaching positions that Torre held at schools such as State University of New York (SUNY) at Old Westbury, the Pratt Institute, Syracuse University, Miami University in Ohio, Columbia University and its Graduate School of Architecture Planning and preservation program, University of Pennsylvania, Escula Technica Superior De Architectura in Spain, Barnard Architecture College, University of Sydney, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and New Jersey School of Architecture.","Office Files include correspondence documents, notes, brochures and invitations for lectures, conference and symposia attended and participated in by Torre spanning from 1967 to 1994. The collection also includes information about the various exhibitions, juries, and advisory boards in which Torre participated, helped organize, and presided over during her professional career. The Awards and Fellowships files include documentation and information regarding the various awards, honors, and fellowships that Torre received from 1979 to 1990.","1. \"Women in American Architecture,\" exhibition curated by Susana Torre\n2. Timeline of Women in American Architecture, compiled and designed by Naomi Leff for the exhibition \"Women in American Architecture\n3. Eileen Gray Exhibition\n4. Women in Design Conference\n5. Opening of the Women's Building in Los Angeles","Pictured: Gwendolyn Wright, Sheila de Bretteville, Susana Torre, Dolores Hayden","Permission to publish material from the Susana Torre Architectural Collection must be obtained from the Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Torre retains all literary rights to her work, and permission to quote from it must come from her. Researchers may not reveal the names, addresses, or telephone numbers of Torre's clients until her death.","After earning her degree in architecture in Buenos Aires, Argentinean Susana Torre arrived in New York in 1968 to study and practice architecture. Women's place in architecture and renovation of buildings are topics of particular interest to her. The Susana Torre collection consists of professional correspondence, project files, architectural drawings and sketches of some of her works, research notes, published articles about and by Torre, and teaching notes.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Torre, Susana, 1944-","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003"],"collection_ssim":["Susana Torre Architectural Collection, 1830/2003, bulk 1967/2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1990.016"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1990.016"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Torre, Susana, 1944-"],"creator_ssim":["Torre, Susana, 1944-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Torre, Susana, 1944-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Torre, Susana, 1944-","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from the Susana Torre Architectural Collection must be obtained from the Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Torre retains all literary rights to her work, and permission to quote from it must come from her. Researchers may not reveal the names, addresses, or telephone numbers of Torre's clients until her death."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Susana Torre Architectural Collection was donated to the International Archive of Women in Architecture in 1990. Additional material was donated in 1998, 2000, 2003, and 2008."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- History","Architecture -- Study and teaching","Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)","Architecture (discipline)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- History","Architecture -- Study and teaching","Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)","Architecture (discipline)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26.4 Cubic Feet 23 boxes, 28 oversize folders, 3 framed drawings, and 1 model"],"extent_tesim":["26.4 Cubic Feet 23 boxes, 28 oversize folders, 3 framed drawings, and 1 model"],"genreform_ssim":["Architectural drawings (visual works)","Architecture (discipline)"],"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/collections/show/354\"\u003eSelected images of work by Susana Torre has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Selected images of work by Susana Torre has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Susana Torre Collection is arranged in four series reflecting architectural projects, work with professional organizations, teaching, and office work. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Project Files, 1961-1990, consists of project files and some sets of architectural drawings. The project information is arranged chronologically. Some projects have been assigned circa dates, reflecting the fact that although they do not have specific dates, they were filed in the order that Torre worked on them. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Professional Papers, 1830, 1941-2003, contains three subseries of material: (A) Professional and Cultural Organizations, (B) Publications, and (C) Research Files. Subseries A and C are arranged chronologically, and subseries B is grouped by topic and arranged alphabetically. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III: Faculty Papers, 1971-1992, contains material Torre used and collected while teaching at universities. The material is arranged by the name of the school with which it is associated, and chronologically within each school grouping. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV: Office Files, 1967-1994, contains five subseries: (A) Lectures, (B) Conferences and Symposia, (C) Juries and Advisory Boards, (D) Exhibitions, and (E) Awards and Fellowships. All are arranged chronologically. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Susana Torre Collection is arranged in four series reflecting architectural projects, work with professional organizations, teaching, and office work.","Series I: Project Files, 1961-1990, consists of project files and some sets of architectural drawings. The project information is arranged chronologically. Some projects have been assigned circa dates, reflecting the fact that although they do not have specific dates, they were filed in the order that Torre worked on them.","Series II: Professional Papers, 1830, 1941-2003, contains three subseries of material: (A) Professional and Cultural Organizations, (B) Publications, and (C) Research Files. Subseries A and C are arranged chronologically, and subseries B is grouped by topic and arranged alphabetically.","Series III: Faculty Papers, 1971-1992, contains material Torre used and collected while teaching at universities. The material is arranged by the name of the school with which it is associated, and chronologically within each school grouping.","Series IV: Office Files, 1967-1994, contains five subseries: (A) Lectures, (B) Conferences and Symposia, (C) Juries and Advisory Boards, (D) Exhibitions, and (E) Awards and Fellowships. All are arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSusana Torre was born in 1944 in Argentina and graduated from the University of Buenos Aires with a degree in architecture and additional course work in urban planning in 1967. In 1968 she moved to the United States to pursue post-graduate studies in urban planning at Columbia University. Her career following the completion of her studies was based in New York City. Susana Torre was a principal of the Architectural Studio in New York from 1978 to 1984. She also worked as a partner at Wank Adams Slavin Associates and Torre Beeler Associates before starting an independent practice, Susana Torre and Associates of New York, in 1989. She has been associated with the Museum of Modern Art's Department of Architecture and Design and served as the coordinator of a research study on six new towns for the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies. Torre also has held academic appointments at Columbia University, SUNY at Old Westbury, Barnard College Architecture Program, and New Jersey Institute of Technology as well as serving as a visiting critic and adjunct professor at other schools in the New York area. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout her career, Torre has been concerned with the status of women in architecture, studying the history of the subject and advocating fuller participation of women in the field. Her work is strongly engaged in a dialogue of Modernist and Post-modernist forms. Susana Torre has received several awards, including recognition from the Edgar Kaufman Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. Torre has served on national juries for the American Institute of Architects (AIA) as well as other educational institutions. She is well known for her renovation and remodeling projects such as the master plan for the restoration of Ellis Island in New York Harbor (1981); renovation of Clark House, a turn-of-the-century carriage house in South Hampton, New York (1982) which received an Award of Excellence of Design from \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArchitectural Record\u003c/title\u003e; the renovation of Schermerhorn Hall at Columbia University (1985); and Fire Station Five in Columbus, Indiana (1987). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTorre has published many articles in journals, newspapers, and magazines and has exhibited works at the Museum of Modern Art, The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, The Otis Art Institute, MIT's Hayden Gallery, and the Cooper Hewitt Museum. Ms. Torre was the editor, curator and designer of the exhibit \"Women in Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective,\" that toured United States in 1977 and the complementary book of essays (1977) that accompanied it. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Susana Torre was born in 1944 in Argentina and graduated from the University of Buenos Aires with a degree in architecture and additional course work in urban planning in 1967. In 1968 she moved to the United States to pursue post-graduate studies in urban planning at Columbia University. Her career following the completion of her studies was based in New York City. Susana Torre was a principal of the Architectural Studio in New York from 1978 to 1984. She also worked as a partner at Wank Adams Slavin Associates and Torre Beeler Associates before starting an independent practice, Susana Torre and Associates of New York, in 1989. She has been associated with the Museum of Modern Art's Department of Architecture and Design and served as the coordinator of a research study on six new towns for the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies. Torre also has held academic appointments at Columbia University, SUNY at Old Westbury, Barnard College Architecture Program, and New Jersey Institute of Technology as well as serving as a visiting critic and adjunct professor at other schools in the New York area.","Throughout her career, Torre has been concerned with the status of women in architecture, studying the history of the subject and advocating fuller participation of women in the field. Her work is strongly engaged in a dialogue of Modernist and Post-modernist forms. Susana Torre has received several awards, including recognition from the Edgar Kaufman Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. Torre has served on national juries for the American Institute of Architects (AIA) as well as other educational institutions. She is well known for her renovation and remodeling projects such as the master plan for the restoration of Ellis Island in New York Harbor (1981); renovation of Clark House, a turn-of-the-century carriage house in South Hampton, New York (1982) which received an Award of Excellence of Design from Architectural Record; the renovation of Schermerhorn Hall at Columbia University (1985); and Fire Station Five in Columbus, Indiana (1987).","Torre has published many articles in journals, newspapers, and magazines and has exhibited works at the Museum of Modern Art, The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, The Otis Art Institute, MIT's Hayden Gallery, and the Cooper Hewitt Museum. Ms. Torre was the editor, curator and designer of the exhibit \"Women in Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective,\" that toured United States in 1977 and the complementary book of essays (1977) that accompanied it."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Susana Torre Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Susana Torre Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Susana Torre Architectural Collection, Ms1990-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Susana Torre Architectural Collection, Ms1990-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Susana Torre Architectural Collection was completed in January 2005. Initial processing, arrangement, and description was completed in 1990. Additions were integrated in 2007, 2012, and 2013.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Susana Torre Architectural Collection was completed in January 2005. Initial processing, arrangement, and description was completed in 1990. Additions were integrated in 2007, 2012, and 2013."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Susana Torre Architectural Collection consist of twenty-four cubic feet of material including professional correspondence, project files, research notes, published articles, office files about and by Torre, and teaching notes amassed by Torre, as well as twenty folders of architectural drawings and sketches, and photographs of projects taken before, during and after construction, mostly during the period from 1968 to 1991. The collection also includes three framed drawings and a model of the Garvey residence at Amagansett, Long Island. The information focuses on Torre's professional career, with the bulk of the material covering architectural projects and publishing and teaching efforts. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe project files include contracts, bids and proposals, project notes, feasibility studies, correspondence with clients and builders, specifications, product information, and clippings of articles about the projects. There are also seventeen sets of project drawings. The most important and best-documented projects of this collection are the renovation of a law office for Harry Torcyzner, New York; the Clark's residence at South Hampton, New York; the Chamber's Street Restaurant, New York; the Embassy of the Ivory Coast; the Robert Panero Associates office renovation project; a feasibility study for \"Suitables\" (a chain of women's clothing stores); the renovation of Schemerhorn Hall at Columbia University, New York; the Fire Station Five at Columbus, Indiana; the Montauk Public Library, New York; a fire station in Jersey City, New Jersey; a feasibility study for the Ruppert Green Project (a multi-family residential complex in New Jersey); the Garvey residence; the Feinberg residence in Chillmark, Massachusetts; Columbia University's Law Library renovation; and the Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College, MA. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProfessional papers include information about associations and organizations in which Torre participated; organizational correspondence regarding meetings, objectives and proceedings, invitations, brochures and articles about speakers and organization events; publications by and about Torre and architecture; and Torre's notes about women in architecture that she used to prepare the 1977 exhibition and its companion book, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWomen in American Architecture.\u003c/title\u003e Organizations to which Torre belonged include the Architectural League of New York, the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eHeresies\u003c/title\u003e (a feminist publication on art and politics), Networks: Women in Architecture, the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of Architectural Education\u003c/title\u003e (JAE), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ASCA): Task Force on the Status of Women in Architecture Schools, and Architects Designers Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR). The publications span the dates 1967-1992 and include early Spanish-language and later English material written by Torre, as well as magazine and newspaper clippings, invitations to conferences and technical paper presentations, outlines of articles and comments on other author's publications, correspondence with publishers and organizations, and Torre's hand-written notes from meetings and conferences. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThere are also accumulated research notes about women architects in America that Torre compiled to write the introduction and several segments of the book \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWomen in American Architecture: a Historic and Contemporary Perspective\u003c/title\u003e that received support from the Architectural League of New York and was published by Whitney Library of Design. The exhibition opened at the Brooklyn Museum in 1977 and then toured around the United States. The research files include information about specific architects, general notes and photographs, and articles and papers published by American women architects. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFaculty papers include lecture notes, student projects, newspaper clippings and theses from lecture and teaching positions that Torre held at schools such as State University of New York (SUNY) at Old Westbury, the Pratt Institute, Syracuse University, Miami University in Ohio, Columbia University and its Graduate School of Architecture Planning and preservation program, University of Pennsylvania, Escula Technica Superior De Architectura in Spain, Barnard Architecture College, University of Sydney, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and New Jersey School of Architecture. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOffice Files include correspondence documents, notes, brochures and invitations for lectures, conference and symposia attended and participated in by Torre spanning from 1967 to 1994. The collection also includes information about the various exhibitions, juries, and advisory boards in which Torre participated, helped organize, and presided over during her professional career. The Awards and Fellowships files include documentation and information regarding the various awards, honors, and fellowships that Torre received from 1979 to 1990. \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003e1. \"Women in American Architecture,\" exhibition curated by Susana Torre\n2. Timeline of Women in American Architecture, compiled and designed by Naomi Leff for the exhibition \"Women in American Architecture\n3. Eileen Gray Exhibition\n4. Women in Design Conference\n5. Opening of the Women's Building in Los Angeles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePictured: Gwendolyn Wright, Sheila de Bretteville, Susana Torre, Dolores Hayden\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Susana Torre Architectural Collection consist of twenty-four cubic feet of material including professional correspondence, project files, research notes, published articles, office files about and by Torre, and teaching notes amassed by Torre, as well as twenty folders of architectural drawings and sketches, and photographs of projects taken before, during and after construction, mostly during the period from 1968 to 1991. The collection also includes three framed drawings and a model of the Garvey residence at Amagansett, Long Island. The information focuses on Torre's professional career, with the bulk of the material covering architectural projects and publishing and teaching efforts.","The project files include contracts, bids and proposals, project notes, feasibility studies, correspondence with clients and builders, specifications, product information, and clippings of articles about the projects. There are also seventeen sets of project drawings. The most important and best-documented projects of this collection are the renovation of a law office for Harry Torcyzner, New York; the Clark's residence at South Hampton, New York; the Chamber's Street Restaurant, New York; the Embassy of the Ivory Coast; the Robert Panero Associates office renovation project; a feasibility study for \"Suitables\" (a chain of women's clothing stores); the renovation of Schemerhorn Hall at Columbia University, New York; the Fire Station Five at Columbus, Indiana; the Montauk Public Library, New York; a fire station in Jersey City, New Jersey; a feasibility study for the Ruppert Green Project (a multi-family residential complex in New Jersey); the Garvey residence; the Feinberg residence in Chillmark, Massachusetts; Columbia University's Law Library renovation; and the Jewett Arts Center at Wellesley College, MA.","Professional papers include information about associations and organizations in which Torre participated; organizational correspondence regarding meetings, objectives and proceedings, invitations, brochures and articles about speakers and organization events; publications by and about Torre and architecture; and Torre's notes about women in architecture that she used to prepare the 1977 exhibition and its companion book, Women in American Architecture. Organizations to which Torre belonged include the Architectural League of New York, the Heresies (a feminist publication on art and politics), Networks: Women in Architecture, the Journal of Architectural Education (JAE), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ASCA): Task Force on the Status of Women in Architecture Schools, and Architects Designers Planners for Social Responsibility (ADPSR). The publications span the dates 1967-1992 and include early Spanish-language and later English material written by Torre, as well as magazine and newspaper clippings, invitations to conferences and technical paper presentations, outlines of articles and comments on other author's publications, correspondence with publishers and organizations, and Torre's hand-written notes from meetings and conferences.","There are also accumulated research notes about women architects in America that Torre compiled to write the introduction and several segments of the book Women in American Architecture: a Historic and Contemporary Perspective that received support from the Architectural League of New York and was published by Whitney Library of Design. The exhibition opened at the Brooklyn Museum in 1977 and then toured around the United States. The research files include information about specific architects, general notes and photographs, and articles and papers published by American women architects.","Faculty papers include lecture notes, student projects, newspaper clippings and theses from lecture and teaching positions that Torre held at schools such as State University of New York (SUNY) at Old Westbury, the Pratt Institute, Syracuse University, Miami University in Ohio, Columbia University and its Graduate School of Architecture Planning and preservation program, University of Pennsylvania, Escula Technica Superior De Architectura in Spain, Barnard Architecture College, University of Sydney, New Jersey Institute of Technology, and New Jersey School of Architecture.","Office Files include correspondence documents, notes, brochures and invitations for lectures, conference and symposia attended and participated in by Torre spanning from 1967 to 1994. The collection also includes information about the various exhibitions, juries, and advisory boards in which Torre participated, helped organize, and presided over during her professional career. The Awards and Fellowships files include documentation and information regarding the various awards, honors, and fellowships that Torre received from 1979 to 1990.","1. \"Women in American Architecture,\" exhibition curated by Susana Torre\n2. Timeline of Women in American Architecture, compiled and designed by Naomi Leff for the exhibition \"Women in American Architecture\n3. Eileen Gray Exhibition\n4. Women in Design Conference\n5. Opening of the Women's Building in Los Angeles","Pictured: Gwendolyn Wright, Sheila de Bretteville, Susana Torre, Dolores Hayden"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the Susana Torre Architectural Collection must be obtained from the Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Torre retains all literary rights to her work, and permission to quote from it must come from her. Researchers may not reveal the names, addresses, or telephone numbers of Torre's clients until her death.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the Susana Torre Architectural Collection must be obtained from the Special Collections, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Torre retains all literary rights to her work, and permission to quote from it must come from her. Researchers may not reveal the names, addresses, or telephone numbers of Torre's clients until her death."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ffe2379cf92e88916e01253a1d5e4ec4\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAfter earning her degree in architecture in Buenos Aires, Argentinean Susana Torre arrived in New York in 1968 to study and practice architecture. Women's place in architecture and renovation of buildings are topics of particular interest to her. The Susana Torre collection consists of professional correspondence, project files, architectural drawings and sketches of some of her works, research notes, published articles about and by Torre, and teaching notes.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["After earning her degree in architecture in Buenos Aires, Argentinean Susana Torre arrived in New York in 1968 to study and practice architecture. Women's place in architecture and renovation of buildings are topics of particular interest to her. The Susana Torre collection consists of professional correspondence, project files, architectural drawings and sketches of some of her works, research notes, published articles about and by Torre, and teaching notes."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Torre, Susana, 1944-"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Torre, Susana, 1944-"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":386,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:59.287Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1750_c02_c03_c02_c19"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Writings (1), 1970/1979","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings (1)","title_ssm":["Writings (1)"],"title_tesim":["Writings (1)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings (1), 1970/1979"],"text":["Writings (1), 1970/1979","Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993","box 24","folder 23"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1970/1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-1979"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":1072,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"containers_ssim":["box 24","folder 23"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#108","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:58.913Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Marshak, Robert E., Papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1995"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1933/1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is availible online.","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the Marshak Collection.","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\nSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries V. Personal Files\nSeries VI. Organizations and Research\nSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\nSeries VIII. Audio Materials\nSeries IX. Oversized Materials","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists.","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend.","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation.","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics.","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY) are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the Marshak Collection, a digital collection of photographs.","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970).","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. The remainder of the collection (Series II-IX) was acquired by SCUA in 1989 and 1994."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConfidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is availible online.","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the Marshak Collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\nSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries V. Personal Files\nSeries VI. Organizations and Research\nSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\nSeries VIII. Audio Materials\nSeries IX. Oversized Materials","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend.","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation.","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics.","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY) are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the Marshak Collection, a digital collection of photographs."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970).","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\" label=\"Physical Access\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:58.913Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c109"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03","type":"Sub-Series","attributes":{"title":"Writings, 1971/2004","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07","parent_ssim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010","Series VII. Additional Donations: Bliznakov's research, writings, and select personal files, 1966/2006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings","title_ssm":["Writings"],"title_tesim":["Writings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings, 1971/2004"],"text":["Writings, 1971/2004","Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010","Series VII. Additional Donations: Bliznakov's research, writings, and select personal files, 1966/2006"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010","Series VII. Additional Donations: Bliznakov's research, writings, and select personal files, 1966/2006"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010","Series VII. Additional Donations: Bliznakov's research, writings, and select personal files, 1966/2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1971/2004"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1971-2004, undated"],"level_ssm":["Sub-Series"],"level_ssim":["Sub-series"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":498,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004],"_nest_path_":"/components#6/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:59.287Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1835.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Bliznakov, Milka T. Papers and Architectural Drawings,","title_ssm":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings"],"title_tesim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings"],"unitdate_ssm":["1946-2010"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1946-2010"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1946/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010"],"text":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010","Ms.1991.025","Blacksburg (Va.)","Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","University History","Women architects -- Bulgaria","Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Faculty and staff","Collection is open for research.","This collection is arranged into five broad series: Personal Papers, Professional Papers, Faculty Papers, Major Projects, and Art \u0026 Artifacts. Within each of series, materials are arranged according to original order and chronology. Where original order was not clear, processing staff used the Standard Series for Architecture and Landscape Design Records as guidance.","Milka Bliznakov was born in Varna, Bulgaria in 1927. She attended the State Polytechnic Institute of Sofia and graduated with a master's degree in architecture in 1951. Bliznakov began practicing architecture in Bulgaria in 1952. In 1959, Bliznakov moved her practice to France. Two years later, Bliznakov emigrated to the United States.","During her first years in the United States, Bliznakov worked as an architect and studied Soviet architecture. She earned her Ph.D in architectural history from Columbia University in 1971. She taught at the University of Texas from 1972-1974, where she co-founded the Institute of Modern Russian Culture.","In 1974, Milka Bliznakov became a professor at Virginia Polytechnic Insitute and State University's College of Architecture and Urban Planning, where she taught in the urban design program. Bliznakov became an authority on the Russian avante-garde and constructivism movements. In 1985, Bliznakov worked with the Virginia Tech University Libraries and the College of Architecture and Urban Studies to establish the International Archive of Women in Architecture. She served as the chair of the IAWA Board of Advisors from 1985-1993.","Milka Bliznakov retired in 1998 in conjunction with the establishment of the Milka Bliznakov Prize. The Milka Bliznakov Prize is awarded annually to those whose research furthers the knowledge of women's contributions to architecture and design.","Bliznakov continued to acquire and donate works to the IAWA until her death on November 4, 2010.","The guide to the  Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings was completed in February 2016.","This collection documents the activities of Milka Bliznakov (1927-2010), the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA) and former chair of its board of advisors (1985-1993). It contains personal materials, including biographical information and personal correspondence. This collection also contains materials documenting Milka's prolific career as an architect and a professor emerita at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Some significant topics represented in these files are avante-garde architecture; Russian constructivism; futurist architecture in the Soviet Union; the history of Bulgaria and Bulgarian architecture; and women in art and architecture. In addition, this collection contains unique documents about the destruction of architectural structures in Croatia during the Bosnian war; Federal Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) reports on Soviet concentration camps; and detailed drawings and and project plans for Soviet infastructure. This collection also documentsd the proceedings of organizations and conferences attended by Milka Bliznakov such as L'Union Internationale des Femmes Architectes (UIFA), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), and the Association for Slavic, Eastern European, and Eurasian Studies (AAASS). Materials are largely textual, comprising of correspondence, memoranda, minutes and agendas, legal materials, clippings, publications, reference files, blueprints, and maps. Among other formats scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and artifacts such as plaques. This collection also includes detailed drawings and specifications from Milka Bliznakov's architecture practice.","This series includes Milka Bliznakov's biographical information, personal correspondence, travel, photographs, and other personal documents. Noteworthy objects include a video cassette on Milka Bliznakov, a stock certificate, and correspondence regarding the destruction of Croatian architecture during the Yugoslav Wars.","This series consists of correspondence, writings, presentations, associations and committees, awards, research notes, reference files, and other professional works by Milka Bliznakov. These materials reflect Milka's work as a professor and architectural historian at Virginia Tech, as well as her broader network of women in architecture through the IAWA. Other noteworthy items include Milka's portfolio of work and exhibition posters collected from events.","This series consists of faculy papers such as administrative materials, course materials, research notes, and reference files. While most of the series consists of materials from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, there are some materials from the University of Colombia. The content in this series expands from 1974-1996.","This series consists of Milka Bliznakov's architectural records for various residential projects. Content in this series extends from 1946-1983.","This series consists of art and artifacts donated to the Milka Bliznakov collection. Within this series, there is a metal file cabinet containing contact information. The cabinet contains contact information of Milka's friends, family, acquaintances, and colleagues. In addition, there are two large, framed awards and a t-shaped wooden utensil for drawing purposes. One of the awards is dated in 2007, but the other awards are not dated.","Book by Dobrina Zheleva-Martins. Book paired with printed email exchange (in Bulgarian) between Bliznakov and Zheleva-Martins and Zheleva-Martins' curriculum vitae (in English), indicating that Bliznakov may have wanted to submit this to the archive as documentation of Zheleva-Martins' work.","Two volumes were returned to the Library of Columbia University. The following books were separated from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:","Watkins, R.N. The Ideal Communist City. New York: Braziller, 1968.\nLloyd, P. \u0026 Collie, K. San Francisco: a guide to recent architecture. London: Ellipsis, 1997. \nMarkelin, U.Profiles: Pioneering Women Architects from Finland. Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1983.  \nUse of Tradition in Russian \u0026 Soviet Architecture, guest edited by Cooke, C. \u0026 Kudriavtsev, A. Architectural Design journal, v. 57, no. 7/8. London: Architectural Design, 1987. \nBrumfield, W.C.Reshaping Russian Architecture: Western Technology, Utopian Dreams. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990.  \nSomaya, B., Mehta, U., \u0026 Hecar FoundationAn Emancipated Place: the proceedings of the conference and exhibitino held in mumbai, February 2000. Mumbai : Hecar Foundation, 2000. \nKuperus, M., \u0026 Meinsma, H.C.Architectes. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thoth, 1990. \nBoutelle, S.H. \u0026 Morgan, J.Julia Morgan, Architect.  New York : Abbeville Press, 1988.  \nPoem about Trees.  (ISBN: 9785090245890),  \nThe American Glossary of Architectural Terms .  \nIllustrated Garnsey.  \nLa Realidad Sovietica.  \nConstruction and Reconstruction of Towns.  \nWorking Architectural Studios I-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet.  \nWorking Architectural Studios II-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet.  \nRussian Formalism.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","Milka Bliznakov was a Bulgarian architect, architectural historian, and professor who practiced in Bulgaria, France, and the United States. The collection consists of her publications, research, correspondence, professional documentation of her practice, conference participation materials, teaching materials, and documents related to her involvement as the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010","The majority of materials in this collection are written in English and Bulgarian. Additional materials are in German, French, Russian, Spanish, and Japanese."],"collection_title_tesim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010"],"collection_ssim":["Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, 1946/2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1991.025"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1991.025"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010"],"creator_ssim":["Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"creators_ssim":["Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings Collection was donated to the IAWA at Special Collections in 2002 by Dr. Milka Bliznakov. Additions were made to the collection by Milka Bliznakov and Donna Dunay in 2006, 2007, 2011, and 2015."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","University History","Women architects -- Bulgaria","Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Faculty and staff"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","University History","Women architects -- Bulgaria","Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Faculty and staff"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["32.82 Cubic Feet 37 boxes; 8 oversize; 4 artifacts"],"extent_tesim":["32.82 Cubic Feet 37 boxes; 8 oversize; 4 artifacts"],"date_range_isim":[1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into five broad series: Personal Papers, Professional Papers, Faculty Papers, Major Projects, and Art \u0026amp; Artifacts. Within each of series, materials are arranged according to original order and chronology. Where original order was not clear, processing staff used the Standard Series for Architecture and Landscape Design Records as guidance.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into five broad series: Personal Papers, Professional Papers, Faculty Papers, Major Projects, and Art \u0026 Artifacts. Within each of series, materials are arranged according to original order and chronology. Where original order was not clear, processing staff used the Standard Series for Architecture and Landscape Design Records as guidance."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMilka Bliznakov was born in Varna, Bulgaria in 1927. She attended the State Polytechnic Institute of Sofia and graduated with a master's degree in architecture in 1951. Bliznakov began practicing architecture in Bulgaria in 1952. In 1959, Bliznakov moved her practice to France. Two years later, Bliznakov emigrated to the United States.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring her first years in the United States, Bliznakov worked as an architect and studied Soviet architecture. She earned her Ph.D in architectural history from Columbia University in 1971. She taught at the University of Texas from 1972-1974, where she co-founded the Institute of Modern Russian Culture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1974, Milka Bliznakov became a professor at Virginia Polytechnic Insitute and State University's College of Architecture and Urban Planning, where she taught in the urban design program. Bliznakov became an authority on the Russian avante-garde and constructivism movements. In 1985, Bliznakov worked with the Virginia Tech University Libraries and the College of Architecture and Urban Studies to establish the International Archive of Women in Architecture. She served as the chair of the IAWA Board of Advisors from 1985-1993.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilka Bliznakov retired in 1998 in conjunction with the establishment of the Milka Bliznakov Prize. The Milka Bliznakov Prize is awarded annually to those whose research furthers the knowledge of women's contributions to architecture and design.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBliznakov continued to acquire and donate works to the IAWA until her death on November 4, 2010.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Milka Bliznakov was born in Varna, Bulgaria in 1927. She attended the State Polytechnic Institute of Sofia and graduated with a master's degree in architecture in 1951. Bliznakov began practicing architecture in Bulgaria in 1952. In 1959, Bliznakov moved her practice to France. Two years later, Bliznakov emigrated to the United States.","During her first years in the United States, Bliznakov worked as an architect and studied Soviet architecture. She earned her Ph.D in architectural history from Columbia University in 1971. She taught at the University of Texas from 1972-1974, where she co-founded the Institute of Modern Russian Culture.","In 1974, Milka Bliznakov became a professor at Virginia Polytechnic Insitute and State University's College of Architecture and Urban Planning, where she taught in the urban design program. Bliznakov became an authority on the Russian avante-garde and constructivism movements. In 1985, Bliznakov worked with the Virginia Tech University Libraries and the College of Architecture and Urban Studies to establish the International Archive of Women in Architecture. She served as the chair of the IAWA Board of Advisors from 1985-1993.","Milka Bliznakov retired in 1998 in conjunction with the establishment of the Milka Bliznakov Prize. The Milka Bliznakov Prize is awarded annually to those whose research furthers the knowledge of women's contributions to architecture and design.","Bliznakov continued to acquire and donate works to the IAWA until her death on November 4, 2010."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the  Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the  Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder],  Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, Ms1991-025, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder],  Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings, Ms1991-025, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings was completed in February 2016.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Milka T. Bliznakov Papers and Architectural Drawings was completed in February 2016."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the activities of Milka Bliznakov (1927-2010), the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA) and former chair of its board of advisors (1985-1993). It contains personal materials, including biographical information and personal correspondence. This collection also contains materials documenting Milka's prolific career as an architect and a professor emerita at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Some significant topics represented in these files are avante-garde architecture; Russian constructivism; futurist architecture in the Soviet Union; the history of Bulgaria and Bulgarian architecture; and women in art and architecture. In addition, this collection contains unique documents about the destruction of architectural structures in Croatia during the Bosnian war; Federal Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) reports on Soviet concentration camps; and detailed drawings and and project plans for Soviet infastructure. This collection also documentsd the proceedings of organizations and conferences attended by Milka Bliznakov such as L'Union Internationale des Femmes Architectes (UIFA), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), and the Association for Slavic, Eastern European, and Eurasian Studies (AAASS). Materials are largely textual, comprising of correspondence, memoranda, minutes and agendas, legal materials, clippings, publications, reference files, blueprints, and maps. Among other formats scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and artifacts such as plaques. This collection also includes detailed drawings and specifications from Milka Bliznakov's architecture practice.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes Milka Bliznakov's biographical information, personal correspondence, travel, photographs, and other personal documents. Noteworthy objects include a video cassette on Milka Bliznakov, a stock certificate, and correspondence regarding the destruction of Croatian architecture during the Yugoslav Wars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of correspondence, writings, presentations, associations and committees, awards, research notes, reference files, and other professional works by Milka Bliznakov. These materials reflect Milka's work as a professor and architectural historian at Virginia Tech, as well as her broader network of women in architecture through the IAWA. Other noteworthy items include Milka's portfolio of work and exhibition posters collected from events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of faculy papers such as administrative materials, course materials, research notes, and reference files. While most of the series consists of materials from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, there are some materials from the University of Colombia. The content in this series expands from 1974-1996.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of Milka Bliznakov's architectural records for various residential projects. Content in this series extends from 1946-1983.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of art and artifacts donated to the Milka Bliznakov collection. Within this series, there is a metal file cabinet containing contact information. The cabinet contains contact information of Milka's friends, family, acquaintances, and colleagues. In addition, there are two large, framed awards and a t-shaped wooden utensil for drawing purposes. One of the awards is dated in 2007, but the other awards are not dated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBook by Dobrina Zheleva-Martins. Book paired with printed email exchange (in Bulgarian) between Bliznakov and Zheleva-Martins and Zheleva-Martins' curriculum vitae (in English), indicating that Bliznakov may have wanted to submit this to the archive as documentation of Zheleva-Martins' work.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the activities of Milka Bliznakov (1927-2010), the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA) and former chair of its board of advisors (1985-1993). It contains personal materials, including biographical information and personal correspondence. This collection also contains materials documenting Milka's prolific career as an architect and a professor emerita at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Some significant topics represented in these files are avante-garde architecture; Russian constructivism; futurist architecture in the Soviet Union; the history of Bulgaria and Bulgarian architecture; and women in art and architecture. In addition, this collection contains unique documents about the destruction of architectural structures in Croatia during the Bosnian war; Federal Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) reports on Soviet concentration camps; and detailed drawings and and project plans for Soviet infastructure. This collection also documentsd the proceedings of organizations and conferences attended by Milka Bliznakov such as L'Union Internationale des Femmes Architectes (UIFA), the International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA), and the Association for Slavic, Eastern European, and Eurasian Studies (AAASS). Materials are largely textual, comprising of correspondence, memoranda, minutes and agendas, legal materials, clippings, publications, reference files, blueprints, and maps. Among other formats scattered throughout the collection are photographs, negatives, and artifacts such as plaques. This collection also includes detailed drawings and specifications from Milka Bliznakov's architecture practice.","This series includes Milka Bliznakov's biographical information, personal correspondence, travel, photographs, and other personal documents. Noteworthy objects include a video cassette on Milka Bliznakov, a stock certificate, and correspondence regarding the destruction of Croatian architecture during the Yugoslav Wars.","This series consists of correspondence, writings, presentations, associations and committees, awards, research notes, reference files, and other professional works by Milka Bliznakov. These materials reflect Milka's work as a professor and architectural historian at Virginia Tech, as well as her broader network of women in architecture through the IAWA. Other noteworthy items include Milka's portfolio of work and exhibition posters collected from events.","This series consists of faculy papers such as administrative materials, course materials, research notes, and reference files. While most of the series consists of materials from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, there are some materials from the University of Colombia. The content in this series expands from 1974-1996.","This series consists of Milka Bliznakov's architectural records for various residential projects. Content in this series extends from 1946-1983.","This series consists of art and artifacts donated to the Milka Bliznakov collection. Within this series, there is a metal file cabinet containing contact information. The cabinet contains contact information of Milka's friends, family, acquaintances, and colleagues. In addition, there are two large, framed awards and a t-shaped wooden utensil for drawing purposes. One of the awards is dated in 2007, but the other awards are not dated.","Book by Dobrina Zheleva-Martins. Book paired with printed email exchange (in Bulgarian) between Bliznakov and Zheleva-Martins and Zheleva-Martins' curriculum vitae (in English), indicating that Bliznakov may have wanted to submit this to the archive as documentation of Zheleva-Martins' work."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTwo volumes were returned to the Library of Columbia University. The following books were separated from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003eWatkins, R.N. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Ideal Communist City\u003c/title\u003e. New York: Braziller, 1968.\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eLloyd, P. \u0026amp; Collie, K. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSan Francisco: a guide to recent architecture\u003c/title\u003e. London: Ellipsis, 1997.\u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003eMarkelin, U.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProfiles: Pioneering Women Architects from Finland\u003c/title\u003e. Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1983. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eUse of Tradition in Russian \u0026amp; Soviet Architecture\u003c/title\u003e, guest edited by Cooke, C. \u0026amp; Kudriavtsev, A. Architectural Design journal, v. 57, no. 7/8. London: Architectural Design, 1987.\u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003eBrumfield, W.C.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eReshaping Russian Architecture: Western Technology, Utopian Dreams\u003c/title\u003e. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003eSomaya, B., Mehta, U., \u0026amp; Hecar Foundation\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAn Emancipated Place: the proceedings of the conference and exhibitino held in mumbai, February 2000\u003c/title\u003e. Mumbai : Hecar Foundation, 2000.\u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003eKuperus, M., \u0026amp; Meinsma, H.C.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArchitectes\u003c/title\u003e. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thoth, 1990.\u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003eBoutelle, S.H. \u0026amp; Morgan, J.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJulia Morgan, Architect\u003c/title\u003e.  New York : Abbeville Press, 1988. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003ePoem about Trees\u003c/title\u003e.  (ISBN: 9785090245890), \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe American Glossary of Architectural Terms \u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eIllustrated Garnsey\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eLa Realidad Sovietica\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConstruction and Reconstruction of Towns\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWorking Architectural Studios I-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWorking Architectural Studios II-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \n\u003citem\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eRussian Formalism\u003c/title\u003e. \u003c/item\u003e \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Two volumes were returned to the Library of Columbia University. The following books were separated from the collection to be cataloged for the Rare Book Collection:","Watkins, R.N. The Ideal Communist City. New York: Braziller, 1968.\nLloyd, P. \u0026 Collie, K. San Francisco: a guide to recent architecture. London: Ellipsis, 1997. \nMarkelin, U.Profiles: Pioneering Women Architects from Finland. Museum of Finnish Architecture, 1983.  \nUse of Tradition in Russian \u0026 Soviet Architecture, guest edited by Cooke, C. \u0026 Kudriavtsev, A. Architectural Design journal, v. 57, no. 7/8. London: Architectural Design, 1987. \nBrumfield, W.C.Reshaping Russian Architecture: Western Technology, Utopian Dreams. New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990.  \nSomaya, B., Mehta, U., \u0026 Hecar FoundationAn Emancipated Place: the proceedings of the conference and exhibitino held in mumbai, February 2000. Mumbai : Hecar Foundation, 2000. \nKuperus, M., \u0026 Meinsma, H.C.Architectes. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thoth, 1990. \nBoutelle, S.H. \u0026 Morgan, J.Julia Morgan, Architect.  New York : Abbeville Press, 1988.  \nPoem about Trees.  (ISBN: 9785090245890),  \nThe American Glossary of Architectural Terms .  \nIllustrated Garnsey.  \nLa Realidad Sovietica.  \nConstruction and Reconstruction of Towns.  \nWorking Architectural Studios I-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet.  \nWorking Architectural Studios II-Design Department of the Moscow Soviet.  \nRussian Formalism."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_4904b4be35f9a287ba5ef74319f9f5c4\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMilka Bliznakov was a Bulgarian architect, architectural historian, and professor who practiced in Bulgaria, France, and the United States. The collection consists of her publications, research, correspondence, professional documentation of her practice, conference participation materials, teaching materials, and documents related to her involvement as the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Milka Bliznakov was a Bulgarian architect, architectural historian, and professor who practiced in Bulgaria, France, and the United States. The collection consists of her publications, research, correspondence, professional documentation of her practice, conference participation materials, teaching materials, and documents related to her involvement as the founder of the International Archive of Women in Architecture."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"persname_ssim":["Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Bliznakov, Milka T., 1927-2010"],"language_ssim":["The majority of materials in this collection are written in English and Bulgarian. Additional materials are in German, French, Russian, Spanish, and Japanese."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":542,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:59.287Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1835_c07_c03"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02","type":"Sub-Series","attributes":{"title":"Writings, 1974/1994","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01","parent_ssim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999","Professional Papers, 1974/1998"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings","title_ssm":["Writings"],"title_tesim":["Writings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings, 1974/1994"],"text":["Writings, 1974/1994","Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999","Professional Papers, 1974/1998"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999","Professional Papers, 1974/1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999","Professional Papers, 1974/1998"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1974/1994"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1974-1994"],"level_ssm":["Sub-Series"],"level_ssim":["Sub-series"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":8,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":5,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:46:21.925Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1898.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Willis, Beverly Architectural Collection","title_ssm":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection"],"title_tesim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1954-1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1954-1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1954/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999"],"text":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999","Ms.1992.019","San Francisco (Calif.)","Architects and community","Housing -- United States","City planning","Architecture -- Computer-aided design","Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)","Collection is open to research.","Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online.","The collection has been arranged into a Project Index. which is a way to organize the various formats of architectural records from the same project. The index is arranged by project number and contains information, where available, about the location, date, project type, architect, collaborators, and formats for each project in the collection.","A Summary of the Project Index.  is listed below.  Consult the Project Index.  for location information.","A Summary of the Project Index.  is listed below.  Consult the Project Index.  for location information.","Beverly Willis, FAIA Architect, artist, and writer, was one of perhaps three women architects in the United States to own her own sizeable architecture firm between 1958 and 1990 and the only woman in San Francisco, California, to have her own practice there for 17 years. Her book, Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, published by the National Building Museum, describes her design philosophy.","She was the first woman appointed to the Building Research Advisory Board of the National Academy of Science, the first appointed to the Federal Construction Council, and its first woman chair. She was the first woman elected president of the American Institute of Architects, California Council; and the Golden Gate Chapter of Lambda Alpha Society.","Willis played a major role in the revitalization of San Francisco neighborhoods after World War II. She renovated commercial spaces in the Jackson Square area and Union Street, redesigned Glide Church, designed the San Francisco Ballet Building, and won an international competition to design the Yerba Buena Gardens development downtown.","Beverly Willis was born February 17, 1928, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to Ralph William Willis, founder of the National Tool Company, and Margaret Elizabeth Porter, a nurse. She had one sibling, Ralph Gerald Willis. Both Willis and her brother were placed in an orphanage when their parents divorced in 1934.","Taking advantage of the increased opportunities available to women with the advent of World War II, Willis learned welding, riveting, electrical wiring, carpentry, and how to fly an airplane--skills that reflected the fiercely independent qualities that emerged in her personality when she was in the institutional environment of the orphanage. After the war, she enrolled in an aeronautical engineering program at Oregon State University, but withdrew after two years to work at a lithographer's studio. She then studied at the San Francisco Art Institute until relocating to Hawaii. In 1954 she received a B.A. in Fine Art from the University of Hawaii.","After graduation, Willis received a series of design commissions that led to her interest in architecture. Fueled by the friendship and ideas of entrepreneur Henry Kaiser, Willis returned to San Francisco in 1960 to open a firm that designed furniture and interiors for offices, created mixed-media art for clients that included United Airlines, and re-worked supermarket displays. Despite her rural sensibility, Willis began to immerse herself in urban designs. She found that her interests ran parallel to those of San Francisco architects like William Wurster and Joseph Esherick.","Willis' first major architectural project was the conversion of three Victorian buildings into a retail complex on Union Street in San Francisco. Her design, which proved a financial success almost immediately, influenced the renovation of the rest of the street between present-day Gough and Pierce streets.","Meeting the experience and education requirements of the California State Architectural Licensing Board in 1966, Willis became a licensed architect and the only woman in San Francisco with her own firm, Beverly Willis and Associates. This firm assumed a partnership with would-be principal architect David Coldoff that year, a partnership that lasted until 1980. Despite the heavy demands of her practice, Willis also found time to serve on the U.S. Government delegation to the United Nations conference on Habitat, become a trustee and founder of the National Building Museum in 1976, and serve as the President of the California Chapter of the National Institute of Architects in 1979.","Willis' interest in the issues that affect planning, population density, and land-use economics with respect to large-scale development manifested itself in the creation of the computer program CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970's. The software was developed by Willis with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen. With CARLA's completion and implementation, Willis and Associates became one of the first architectural firms to incorporate computers into the routine practices of design and land development.","Projects such as the prototype for the regional computer centers of the IRS and master-planning for a new town situated in Aliamanu Valley, Hawaii (1975), are good examples of her unique philosophy of design.","Throughout the 1970s, Willis' firm concentrated on large- scale housing and new-community planning and design. By espousing architecture of rural pragmatism and rooting it in ancient images and myths, Willis offered something new to the intellectual landscape of architectural design.","In 1997, the National Building Museum published Willis' book, Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, in which she describes her buildings and design philosophy. In 1980, she was elected to the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows. In 1984, Willis received an honorary doctorate in Fine Arts from Mount Holyoke College.","By the early 1980s, Willis' design focus shifted to urban structures like the Yerba Buena Gardens redevelopment project (1980) and the San Francisco Ballet Association Building (1984). Smaller, but no less important, projects include Nob Hill Court (1971), Pacific Point Condominiums (1972), the Greenwich Apartment (1978), the Margaret Hayward Playground Building (1978), the (unbuilt) Shown Winery (1986), and the Mr. and Mrs. Richard Goeglin Pool House and Sculpture (1988).","Willis relocated her office and residence to New York City in 1991. Willis founded in 1994 the Architectural Research Institute, Inc. (through which the Manhattan Village Academy was designed). In 2002, she founded the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, and she presently (2008) serves as the foundation's president. Her work and community leadership have been widely published (see bibliography). She is a founding trustee of the National Building Museum (1975-present). The Beverly Willis Library is located at the National Building Museum.","Much of the information in the biography was culled from the biography written for Beverly Willis by Nicolai Ouroussoff and included in Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, published in 1997 by the National Building Museum, Washington, DC.","Some of the information in the scope and content note was taken from an independent appraisal of the collection.","The bulk of the drawings in the Willis Papers were arranged and described before they were donated, and information about the arrangement of the collection was compiled in a searchable database that is available at the repository. Project records stored in record cartons have been inventoried and are included in the database and finding aid.","The first accession, which was arranged and described by Laura Katz Smith in 1995, was combined with subsequent accessions in 2003. A finding aid describing the complete collection was created by Catherine G. OBrion in 2003, using descriptions of materials in the archives database that was donated with the bulk of the collection in 2000.\nThe 2004 and 2009 additions were arranged and described by Sherrie Bowser in 2012. The project index arrangement was also included at this time.","The guide to the Beverly Willis Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The Beverly Willis Architectural Collection span the years 1954 to 1999 and are comprised primarily of records documenting Willis' work as an architect in San Francisco between 1960 and 1990. The collection documents the application of computers to architectural design and land analysis, the development of CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970s, the history of twentieth-century urban planning, particularly in San Francisco; and the contribution of women to twentieth-century American architecture. Willis, a noted artist, photographer, teacher, and writer, employed the full range of visual arts and design skills to influence and guide architectural projects of major significance.","The bulk of the collection is comprised of Willis and Associates project files from the period 1960 to 1990. Projects range from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis; and records documenting the development of CARLA.","Project files are comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and- ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.","Also included is a series documenting the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, in the 1970s. Beverly Willis was interested in issues that affected planning, population density, and land-use economics in relation to large-scale development. Along with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen, she developed a program that enabled architects, with the use of computers, to develop site plans and design techniques in a fraction of the time required by the old methodology. Records documenting the development of CARLA include computer tapes, correspondence, flow charts, memos, and Jochen Eigen's notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program in 1974.","The collection also contains a series of Publications, Brochures, and Clippings, which includes biographical information on Willis, Miscellaneous Project Records, and a video of the Yerba Buena Gardents development.","The Professional Papers series consists of material relating to Willis' participation in professional life including a curriculum vitae and articles/books written by Willis.","The Office Records series consists of materials relating to the day-to-day operations of Willis and Associates including financial and administrative records, clippings, presentation materials, media creation, and publicity photographs.","These files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.","These files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.","This series is comprised of financial records, memos, job notes, letters of transmittal, correspondence, and other financial records. An inventory of file folders for these boxes is available here.\nNot arranged by project number or format.","Project Files span the period 1958 to 1998 and document projects ranging from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis, and sketches of unbuilt structures designed for writer Alex Haley.","The series is comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and-ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.","Drawing of entry into office suites in a concrete tilt-up building.","Master plan for grounds around entry, guard enclosure and fencing.","Design for an addition in rear of a commercial retail building in San Francisco.","Design of apartment building. Unbuilt.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 560 Pacific Street office building in San Francisco. Converted from Barbary Coast whore house lodging.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation and restoration of an 1855 one-room school house into a 3-bedroom residence in Volcano, California.","Extended Description: A \"ghost town\" three hours from San Francisco, Volcano, California, was once home to 10,000 miners that worked the original mother-lode of the gold rush. When Willis first saw the deteriorating buildings in the early sixties, the town's one hundred residents survived on weekend tourist trade.","Built in 1855, a one-room schoolhouse with boarded up bell tower and crumbling foundations was redesigned by Willis as her personal weekend retreat. Gutting the interior, Willis created a two-story living area in one half of the space, and stacked a master bedroom suite over a small kitchen and two bedrooms in the other half. The boys and girls restrooms were converted to half baths, and the original wood flooring was sanded and stained.","The exterior was fully restored, including bell tower and stone foundations. A deck and swimming pool were added to the outdoor \"playground,\" a modern contrast to the original merry-go-round and chin-up bars.","The project included the design and creation of construction drawings and providing supervision for office building facade and lobby renovation.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for office building lobby renovation.","Conceptual design for renovation.","Conceptual design for beautification of Union Street, including parking and street lighting and signage.","Interior design.","Design for new building that was not built because funds could not be raised.","Initial site plan analysis of Jackson Square building types within the proposed historical district.","Consulting for Cooperage new site investigation.","Interior Design for Julius Castle Restaurant.","Created customized floor plans and made design modifications suitable for classrooms.","Conceptual design and model. Unbuilt. (land sale corrupt)","Contracts and Proposals.","Project required the architect to customize floor plans, make design modifications to standard mobile modular house and site multiple residences for Speedspace.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for Diamond Heights Townhouses. Project filled a full block-area with common open space and children's play yards in the middle of the block.","Site study.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for a 48 unit apartment building.","Extended Description: Sited in downtown San Francisco, a major issue in the design of this 48 unit apartment complex was the need to create a quiet retreat sheltered from the noisy interference and potential dangers of urban life. An image of medieval cities with their protective walls was evoked in Willis' mind. At Nob Hill Court, the medieval wall becomes inhabitable space with a fortress-like facade. The building turns away from the threatening presence of the street to focus on a peaceful open air courtyard interior to the site. A two-story entry lobby with sweeping circular stair is carved from the parking garage that forms the base of the building and the private court.","Willis transforms the issue of security into a sense of permanency by maximizing the plan and volume of the primary living space of each unit. Large windows flood the interior spaces with light; door and ceiling moldings provide rich details that offer a textural contrast with the plaster walls. Fireplaces, a traditional symbol of home, contribute to the ambiance of warmth and serenity.","The facade of the building, reminiscent of a stone outcropping, is softened by the use of wood shingles. The mullioned patterns of the wood windows further reduce the scale, offering a degree of detail found in single-family homes.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for minor renovation to Halsted's Funeral Home.","Master planning for multi-family housing.","Master planning for a multi-family housing development.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for multi-family residences.","Specifications and Details.","Master planning and conceptual design for condominiums; unbuilt.","Master planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt. CARLA project.","Master planning for a multi-family housing development.","Project papers: special processing, EIR.","Project papers; includes project information, reports, conceptual design, and loose drawings.","Contract file and expenses.","Master planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt.","Provided design, construction drawings and supervision for retail store front.","Design and construction drawings for the Internal Revenue Service. Expandable prototypical computer center building to be adapted and built on nine campuses. Unbuilt.","Extended Description: Designed by Willis in 1976 for the General Services Administration and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the project entailed the development of a prototypical computing center planned for construction on 9 regional complexes scattered throughout the United States. A totally flexible building, the hexagonal shape adapted easily to differing sites, the angular sides meshing with building configurations like a pinion and a wheel.","Capable of accommodating 1 to 4 levels, Willis' design incorporated energy conservation techniques, task and user-friendly lighting and work stations, and flexible distribution systems researched and developed as a portion of the design scope. The open-air courtyard at the center of the building increased the amount of natural light and air available to the occupants and provided a natural compliment to the technologically-driven building.","Planning of computer applications within office of construction.","Master planning for farm house.","Master planning.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for office building renovation to include architectural offices on 4th floor of 5 story building.","General Correspondence.","Master planning of multi-family housing and retail locations.","Master planning for multi-family housing development.","Design.","General Correspondence.","Master planning.","Master planning for a subdivision.","Renovation of a government office building.","Project Papers. Includes interior design requirements, product information, planning criteria for medical facilities, reports, job notes, and contracts.","Implementation Plan for VA OAC Computer Application.","Environmental impact report for multi-family housing development.","Project Papers.","Incoming correspondence, outgoing correspondence, memos, letters of transmittal, and job notes","Master planning for multi-family housing development.","Unidentified project papers for a code analysis and feasibility study","Design; includes project papers for the Lippert/Haight St. Bar.","Unidentified project papers","Design for the interior of wine tasting and retail rooms, and displays.","Bound volume, \"Energy Conservation Design Criteria,\" and project papers, which include incoming and outgoing correspondence, general correspondence, meeting minutes, process planning, Q-1, step sheets, letter of transmittal, weekly action list, and contract information","General correspondence and project papers","Consulting.","Project scope included design, construction drawings and supervision for a free standing building for small children. Building part of a large park with many different facilities.","Extended Description: The Children's recreational Center at the Margaret Hayward Playground Park was designed and executed in 1982. Located in a modest-income neighborhood in San Francisco, California, the layer facade -- reminiscent of the segmented shell of an armadillo -- unfolds from the corner of the constrained site toward the outdoor play equipment.","Willis designed the layers to act as theatrical backdrops, in an effort to encourage the children's imaginary performances and to allow for scalar shifts that accommodate both child and adult. A series of wide steps linking the playground and building entry create an impromptu thrust stage and child-sized seating area.","Approximately 1,200 square feet of internal area accommodates the main recreational playroom, administrative offices and various support services.","Two folders of general correspondence, a folder of project information, and a folder of unidentified materials","General Correspondence","Design.","General Correspondence.","Master planning.","Project papers, including general correspondence, reference materials, a working drawing, details, a comparative feasibility study, and a conceptual estimate","Consulting.","Project papers for an interior renovation.","Project Papers.","Provided design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 48 condominiums.","Project Papers.","Consulting for a mixed-use development.","Energy report and analysis and miscellaneous project papers that include pamphlets, books, and computer printouts","Master plan for a new town of 100,000 people.","Extended Description: By 1986, Green Valley -- an 8,400 acre planned community in the Nevada desert that would eventually house 100,000 residents -- had undergone sufficient development to support a small town- like commercial center. A 75 acre site adjacent to the Green Valley parkway was proposed for the Center. Willis executed a conceptual master plan for the site to accommodate phased development as future growth occurred. To provide a sense of community, Willis' plan proposed a full complement of retail, commercial, multi-family residential, entertainment, and recreational facilities.","Given the physical discomfort entailed by the hot, arid climate, Willis incorporated environmental design strategies to minimize the unpleasant effects. Pedestrian arcades, towers with wind-catchers, moisturizing sprays, and landscaped \"greenwalls\" all served to reduce the effective daily temperature. As a focal point, Willis created a village green that fronted a four-plex cinema, an ice skating rink, and a variety of cafes and restaurants, providing a casual spill-over space for leisure activities.","EIR, Project Papers.","Study plan to determine feasibility to locate the Developer's Project Office in the existing Jesse Street Sub-station space, which was a former utility building.","Created a master plan and conducted conceptual design for 24 acres in downtown San Francisco. Project part of a redevelopment project called Yerba Buena - joint venture of Beverly Willis Architects and Zeidler- Roberts Partnership, Toronto, Canada.","Extended Description: Covering 24 acres--four city blocks--in downtown San Francisco, the Yerba Buena site was seen as a bridge that could extend the economic success of the financial and Union Street districts into the surrounding urban neighborhood ravaged by poorly conceived urban renewal projects. In 1980, the master plan put forth by the team of Beverly Willis Architects, Olympia \u0026 York, Ltd., the Marriott Corporation, and Zeidler-Roberts Partnership, Ltd. won an international competition for the site's development.","Consisting of 1,250,000 square feet of office space, a 1,500-room hotel, 250,000 square feet of retail, 350 apartments, and an exhibition and performance art complex, the master plan created transitions in scale, use, texture, access that seamlessly rewove the urban fabric into an integrated whole. Ground level components were reduced in size creating a comfortable pedestrian street-scape that negated the presence of the 'super block' towers. A series of open spaces, sited for maximum sunlight and minimal wind, further reduced the scale and offered a variety of outdoor environments.","Project entailed building design, construction drawings and construction supervision for a new 4 story, 96 foot-high building in San Francisco's Civic Center.","Extended Description: In the design of the building for the San Francisco Ballet Association, Willis was preoccupied with how the design could reflect the total fabric of a dancer's life. Located in the city's Civic Center, the site for the modest project of some 65,000 feet was surrounded by such monumentally-scaled buildings as the Opera House, Symphony Hall, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and City Hall.","To be compatible with the Civic Center's Neoclassical context, Willis used a tripartite horizontal ordering system derived from Renaissance principles on the facade. Breaking with classical tradition of symmetry, the entry was located on the corner, the curvilinear wall suggesting physical movement and offering a unique identity for the growing ballet company.","As the dancers were required to spend six hours per day in the facility, the desire for natural light and outdoor air is reflected in the interior. In the large airy spaces visually accessible to the outdoors, Willis developed a mirror system to provide unbroken images of lifts and jumps, as well as a fluorescent lighting system free of the stroboscopic wavering that causes dizziness during practice. The building includes rehearsal, instructional, and administrative spaces along with food service, locker rooms, and lounges.","Project papers; include photographs, reference and planning materials, correspondence, transmittals, and project study","Three books","Provided design and construction drawings","Feasibility study","Consulting.","Miscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.","Master planning for equestrian center, including center design. Unbuilt (couldn't raise funds).","Project to convert existing warehouse into an office building. Design and construction.","Design and construction drawing for converting a 1930s warehouse with neo-classical facade and building on top of it an additional seven floors of parking and office space. Unbuilt.","Renovation, design, and construction drawings for the Abbey Rents' building conversion into retail shops.","Consulting.","Conceptual design of residential condominiums around an equestrian center. Unbuilt.","Miscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.","Two books","Provided design and construction drawings for renovation and addition in order to create a mid-rise office building.","Project entailed executing feasibility study for addition to existing building.","Project entailed conducting massing studies to reconfigure an existing design for a new office tower. Unbuilt.","Project papers, including contacts, consultants, and invoices","Feasibility study for retail uses.","Conceptual massing project. Unbuilt.","Renovation design and construction drawings for converting an existing building into an arts center.","Lobby, corridors and elevator renovation design and construction drawings.","Project included pen and ink mapping drawings of hotel site.","Design, construction drawing, and other project papers for a new, free standing, winery and storage caves utilizing passive energy.","Extended Description: Behind the form of the winery, the aging sheds and the terrace lie images of the traditions common to wine-making throughout the centuries. Willis transforms these historical images into crisp contemporary form through the use of geometry and the incorporation of natural materials that respond to the agrarian","In the main building of the winery, the facade of vertical grain redwoods are fitted together like the staves of an oak cask, held rigidly in place by two large steel bands encircling the building under a tern metal roof. The golden mean proportion that governs the scale and relationships of the design encompasses a cylindrical cupola at the winery roof. The warm air of the California day is drawn upward, escaping through the cupola's perimeter vents.","To maintain the constant temperature required in the aging process, Willis designed the areas as \"caves\", determining through computer analysis the appropriate thermal mass for passive cooling. Supported by a timed intake fan rather than air conditioning, strict temperature criteria are met with reduced energy consumption.","Design, construction drawings and supervision of entertainment center and pool house project.","Extended Description: In designing a pool house to be located on an old campsite of the Wappa Indians, Willis responded to the owners' desire to preserve a rumored burial mound by reinventing a bit of history. Nomadic gatherers and hunters, the Wappa tribe had left little evidence of their cultural traditions or imagery. Through the use of universal mythical images -- such as the sun, eagle and sky boat -- Willis recreated the spiritual journey of the ancient tribe in stucco bias relief on the pool-house facade and through the design of a memorial sun marker.","Located beside an existing swimming pool, the pool house was designed to accommodate casual pool-side entertaining as well as the functional necessities of showering and dressing, Willis used the golden section to generate all parts of the building form, modulating the two squares of the floor plan with a trace of the roof to derive three distinct spaces. In the vaulted center section, sliding doors are pocketed into the walls, dissolving the boundaries between pool and house.","Design and construction drawings for renovation of a two-story house.","Conceptual design for free standing building to be used as a fitness center. Unbuilt.","Project papers, including correspondence, research and notes, programs, contract, and invoices","Designed, developed construction drawings and supervised construction for interior design of apartment.","Project papers, including fee negotiations and expenses, feasibility studies, contract, and invoices","Consulting on interior refurbishing.","Item labeled \"Book 2\"","Design Architect created innovative small school plan and introduced the Locus clustering concept.","Extended Description: The focus of the River Run property consisted of two small knolls nestled side-by-side overlooking the flat valley land and the Napa River. Entered by way of a nineteenth century stone bridge, a working vineyard of Chardonnay grapes surrounds the knolls, the first of which houses the remodeled estate gate house. In the field between the knolls were two barns, one of which Willis remodeled as a stable with full tack room and grooming area.","The farmhouse, imbued with the image of a Palladian villa, monumentally commands the second knoll along with a renovated guest house and pool. The grand semicircular staircase and the symmetrical facade contrast with the asymmetrical elements of the natural landscaping. The form of the portico recalls the colonnades of early Tuscany, their redwood material exuding a warmth not found in the stone and masonry of their historic counterparts.","The interior of the house is comprised of four \"living centers\" -- the public reception and entertainment area, the food preparation and relaxation area, the more private library and study area, and the fully private sleeping and bath areas. Sharing fireplace with the master bedroom, the master bath has a view of the pool that links the guest and main houses.","Renovation and restoration of a 5-story 1856 brownstone with cellar [townhouse], of approximately 3,500 square feet for a living-working space for Beverly Willis. (The house was remodeled ca. 1955 and the original detailing and many walls were removed at this time.) Budget, $350,000.","Project to renovate and convert warehouse into school.","Design and construction of wall table.","Miscellaneous brochures.","This series spans the period 1972-1978 and documents the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, by Beverly Willis, Eric Tiescholz, and Jochen Eigen. The system enabled architects to use computers to develop site plan design techniques more efficiently.\nIt contains computer paper drive tapes of software program versions, a computer-punched paper drive of CARLA original film, flowcharts, videotapes, rough material for CARLA videotape, articles about computer-assisted analysis and mapping systems, computer manuals, and memos. Also included are Jochen Eigen's 1974 notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","Please note: Boxes 1-51 are located in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willis and Associates","Willis, Beverly, 1928-","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999"],"collection_ssim":["Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, 1954/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1992.019"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1992.019"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["San Francisco (Calif.)"],"geogname_ssim":["San Francisco (Calif.)"],"places_ssim":["San Francisco (Calif.)"],"creator_ssm":["Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"creator_ssim":["Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willis and Associates"],"creators_ssim":["Willis, Beverly, 1928-","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willis and Associates"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Beverly Willis donated samples of her designs to Virginia Tech in 1992. This gift was followed, in 2000, with a donation of the bulk of the records and designs from her architectural career.  Additional small accessions arrived in 2004 and 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architects and community","Housing -- United States","City planning","Architecture -- Computer-aided design","Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architects and community","Housing -- United States","City planning","Architecture -- Computer-aided design","Women -- History","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Architectural drawings (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["100 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["100 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Architectural drawings (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/collections/show/225\"\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized and is available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized and is available online."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection has been arranged into a \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/assets/documents/iawa/Ms1992-019pi.xls\" show=\"new\" title=\"Project Index\"\u003eProject Index.\u003c/extref\u003e which is a way to organize the various formats of architectural records from the same project. The index is arranged by project number and contains information, where available, about the location, date, project type, architect, collaborators, and formats for each project in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Summary of the \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/assets/documents/iawa/Ms1992-019pi.xls\" show=\"new\" title=\"Project Index\"\u003eProject Index.\u003c/extref\u003e  is listed below.  Consult the \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/assets/documents/iawa/Ms1992-019pi.xls\" show=\"new\" title=\"Project Index\"\u003eProject Index.\u003c/extref\u003e  for location information.  \u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eA Summary of the \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/assets/documents/iawa/Ms1992-019pi.xls\" show=\"new\" title=\"Project Index\"\u003eProject Index.\u003c/extref\u003e  is listed below.  Consult the \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/assets/documents/iawa/Ms1992-019pi.xls\" show=\"new\" title=\"Project Index\"\u003eProject Index.\u003c/extref\u003e  for location information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection has been arranged into a Project Index. which is a way to organize the various formats of architectural records from the same project. The index is arranged by project number and contains information, where available, about the location, date, project type, architect, collaborators, and formats for each project in the collection.","A Summary of the Project Index.  is listed below.  Consult the Project Index.  for location information.","A Summary of the Project Index.  is listed below.  Consult the Project Index.  for location information."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBeverly Willis, FAIA Architect, artist, and writer, was one of perhaps three women architects in the United States to own her own sizeable architecture firm between 1958 and 1990 and the only woman in San Francisco, California, to have her own practice there for 17 years. Her book, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eInvisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture,\u003c/title\u003e published by the National Building Museum, describes her design philosophy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eShe was the first woman appointed to the Building Research Advisory Board of the National Academy of Science, the first appointed to the Federal Construction Council, and its first woman chair. She was the first woman elected president of the American Institute of Architects, California Council; and the Golden Gate Chapter of Lambda Alpha Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis played a major role in the revitalization of San Francisco neighborhoods after World War II. She renovated commercial spaces in the Jackson Square area and Union Street, redesigned Glide Church, designed the San Francisco Ballet Building, and won an international competition to design the Yerba Buena Gardens development downtown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBeverly Willis was born February 17, 1928, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to Ralph William Willis, founder of the National Tool Company, and Margaret Elizabeth Porter, a nurse. She had one sibling, Ralph Gerald Willis. Both Willis and her brother were placed in an orphanage when their parents divorced in 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTaking advantage of the increased opportunities available to women with the advent of World War II, Willis learned welding, riveting, electrical wiring, carpentry, and how to fly an airplane--skills that reflected the fiercely independent qualities that emerged in her personality when she was in the institutional environment of the orphanage. After the war, she enrolled in an aeronautical engineering program at Oregon State University, but withdrew after two years to work at a lithographer's studio. She then studied at the San Francisco Art Institute until relocating to Hawaii. In 1954 she received a B.A. in Fine Art from the University of Hawaii.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter graduation, Willis received a series of design commissions that led to her interest in architecture. Fueled by the friendship and ideas of entrepreneur Henry Kaiser, Willis returned to San Francisco in 1960 to open a firm that designed furniture and interiors for offices, created mixed-media art for clients that included United Airlines, and re-worked supermarket displays. Despite her rural sensibility, Willis began to immerse herself in urban designs. She found that her interests ran parallel to those of San Francisco architects like William Wurster and Joseph Esherick.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis' first major architectural project was the conversion of three Victorian buildings into a retail complex on Union Street in San Francisco. Her design, which proved a financial success almost immediately, influenced the renovation of the rest of the street between present-day Gough and Pierce streets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting the experience and education requirements of the California State Architectural Licensing Board in 1966, Willis became a licensed architect and the only woman in San Francisco with her own firm, Beverly Willis and Associates. This firm assumed a partnership with would-be principal architect David Coldoff that year, a partnership that lasted until 1980. Despite the heavy demands of her practice, Willis also found time to serve on the U.S. Government delegation to the United Nations conference on Habitat, become a trustee and founder of the National Building Museum in 1976, and serve as the President of the California Chapter of the National Institute of Architects in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis' interest in the issues that affect planning, population density, and land-use economics with respect to large-scale development manifested itself in the creation of the computer program CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970's. The software was developed by Willis with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen. With CARLA's completion and implementation, Willis and Associates became one of the first architectural firms to incorporate computers into the routine practices of design and land development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProjects such as the prototype for the regional computer centers of the IRS and master-planning for a new town situated in Aliamanu Valley, Hawaii (1975), are good examples of her unique philosophy of design.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout the 1970s, Willis' firm concentrated on large- scale housing and new-community planning and design. By espousing architecture of rural pragmatism and rooting it in ancient images and myths, Willis offered something new to the intellectual landscape of architectural design.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1997, the National Building Museum published Willis' book, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eInvisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture,\u003c/title\u003e in which she describes her buildings and design philosophy. In 1980, she was elected to the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows. In 1984, Willis received an honorary doctorate in Fine Arts from Mount Holyoke College.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy the early 1980s, Willis' design focus shifted to urban structures like the Yerba Buena Gardens redevelopment project (1980) and the San Francisco Ballet Association Building (1984). Smaller, but no less important, projects include Nob Hill Court (1971), Pacific Point Condominiums (1972), the Greenwich Apartment (1978), the Margaret Hayward Playground Building (1978), the (unbuilt) Shown Winery (1986), and the Mr. and Mrs. Richard Goeglin Pool House and Sculpture (1988).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis relocated her office and residence to New York City in 1991. Willis founded in 1994 the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.architect.org\" title=\"Architectural Research Institute, Inc.\"\u003eArchitectural Research Institute, Inc.\u003c/extref\u003e (through which the Manhattan Village Academy was designed). In 2002, she founded the \u003cextref href=\"http://www.bwaf.org/\" title=\"Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation\"\u003eBeverly Willis Architecture Foundation\u003c/extref\u003e, and she presently (2008) serves as the foundation's president. Her work and community leadership have been widely published (see bibliography). She is a founding trustee of the National Building Museum (1975-present). The Beverly Willis Library is located at the National Building Museum.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eMuch of the information in the biography was culled from the biography written for Beverly Willis by Nicolai Ouroussoff and included in \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eInvisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture\u003c/title\u003e, published in 1997 by the National Building Museum, Washington, DC.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note","Source"],"bioghist_tesim":["Beverly Willis, FAIA Architect, artist, and writer, was one of perhaps three women architects in the United States to own her own sizeable architecture firm between 1958 and 1990 and the only woman in San Francisco, California, to have her own practice there for 17 years. Her book, Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, published by the National Building Museum, describes her design philosophy.","She was the first woman appointed to the Building Research Advisory Board of the National Academy of Science, the first appointed to the Federal Construction Council, and its first woman chair. She was the first woman elected president of the American Institute of Architects, California Council; and the Golden Gate Chapter of Lambda Alpha Society.","Willis played a major role in the revitalization of San Francisco neighborhoods after World War II. She renovated commercial spaces in the Jackson Square area and Union Street, redesigned Glide Church, designed the San Francisco Ballet Building, and won an international competition to design the Yerba Buena Gardens development downtown.","Beverly Willis was born February 17, 1928, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to Ralph William Willis, founder of the National Tool Company, and Margaret Elizabeth Porter, a nurse. She had one sibling, Ralph Gerald Willis. Both Willis and her brother were placed in an orphanage when their parents divorced in 1934.","Taking advantage of the increased opportunities available to women with the advent of World War II, Willis learned welding, riveting, electrical wiring, carpentry, and how to fly an airplane--skills that reflected the fiercely independent qualities that emerged in her personality when she was in the institutional environment of the orphanage. After the war, she enrolled in an aeronautical engineering program at Oregon State University, but withdrew after two years to work at a lithographer's studio. She then studied at the San Francisco Art Institute until relocating to Hawaii. In 1954 she received a B.A. in Fine Art from the University of Hawaii.","After graduation, Willis received a series of design commissions that led to her interest in architecture. Fueled by the friendship and ideas of entrepreneur Henry Kaiser, Willis returned to San Francisco in 1960 to open a firm that designed furniture and interiors for offices, created mixed-media art for clients that included United Airlines, and re-worked supermarket displays. Despite her rural sensibility, Willis began to immerse herself in urban designs. She found that her interests ran parallel to those of San Francisco architects like William Wurster and Joseph Esherick.","Willis' first major architectural project was the conversion of three Victorian buildings into a retail complex on Union Street in San Francisco. Her design, which proved a financial success almost immediately, influenced the renovation of the rest of the street between present-day Gough and Pierce streets.","Meeting the experience and education requirements of the California State Architectural Licensing Board in 1966, Willis became a licensed architect and the only woman in San Francisco with her own firm, Beverly Willis and Associates. This firm assumed a partnership with would-be principal architect David Coldoff that year, a partnership that lasted until 1980. Despite the heavy demands of her practice, Willis also found time to serve on the U.S. Government delegation to the United Nations conference on Habitat, become a trustee and founder of the National Building Museum in 1976, and serve as the President of the California Chapter of the National Institute of Architects in 1979.","Willis' interest in the issues that affect planning, population density, and land-use economics with respect to large-scale development manifested itself in the creation of the computer program CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970's. The software was developed by Willis with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen. With CARLA's completion and implementation, Willis and Associates became one of the first architectural firms to incorporate computers into the routine practices of design and land development.","Projects such as the prototype for the regional computer centers of the IRS and master-planning for a new town situated in Aliamanu Valley, Hawaii (1975), are good examples of her unique philosophy of design.","Throughout the 1970s, Willis' firm concentrated on large- scale housing and new-community planning and design. By espousing architecture of rural pragmatism and rooting it in ancient images and myths, Willis offered something new to the intellectual landscape of architectural design.","In 1997, the National Building Museum published Willis' book, Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, in which she describes her buildings and design philosophy. In 1980, she was elected to the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows. In 1984, Willis received an honorary doctorate in Fine Arts from Mount Holyoke College.","By the early 1980s, Willis' design focus shifted to urban structures like the Yerba Buena Gardens redevelopment project (1980) and the San Francisco Ballet Association Building (1984). Smaller, but no less important, projects include Nob Hill Court (1971), Pacific Point Condominiums (1972), the Greenwich Apartment (1978), the Margaret Hayward Playground Building (1978), the (unbuilt) Shown Winery (1986), and the Mr. and Mrs. Richard Goeglin Pool House and Sculpture (1988).","Willis relocated her office and residence to New York City in 1991. Willis founded in 1994 the Architectural Research Institute, Inc. (through which the Manhattan Village Academy was designed). In 2002, she founded the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, and she presently (2008) serves as the foundation's president. Her work and community leadership have been widely published (see bibliography). She is a founding trustee of the National Building Museum (1975-present). The Beverly Willis Library is located at the National Building Museum.","Much of the information in the biography was culled from the biography written for Beverly Willis by Nicolai Ouroussoff and included in Invisible Images: The Silent Language of Architecture, published in 1997 by the National Building Museum, Washington, DC."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the information in the scope and content note was taken from an independent appraisal of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General note"],"odd_tesim":["Some of the information in the scope and content note was taken from an independent appraisal of the collection."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA file-level \u003cextref href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/iawa/inventories/Willis/Willis.html\" title=\"inventory\"\u003einventory\u003c/extref\u003e of letter- and legal-size project records is available at the repository.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aid"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["A file-level inventory of letter- and legal-size project records is available at the repository."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, Ms1992-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Beverly Willis Architectural Collection, Ms1992-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the drawings in the Willis Papers were arranged and described before they were donated, and information about the arrangement of the collection was compiled in a searchable database that is available at the repository. Project records stored in record cartons have been inventoried and are included in the database and finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first accession, which was arranged and described by Laura Katz Smith in 1995, was combined with subsequent accessions in 2003. A finding aid describing the complete collection was created by Catherine G. OBrion in 2003, using descriptions of materials in the archives database that was donated with the bulk of the collection in 2000.\nThe 2004 and 2009 additions were arranged and described by Sherrie Bowser in 2012. The project index arrangement was also included at this time.  \u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The bulk of the drawings in the Willis Papers were arranged and described before they were donated, and information about the arrangement of the collection was compiled in a searchable database that is available at the repository. Project records stored in record cartons have been inventoried and are included in the database and finding aid.","The first accession, which was arranged and described by Laura Katz Smith in 1995, was combined with subsequent accessions in 2003. A finding aid describing the complete collection was created by Catherine G. OBrion in 2003, using descriptions of materials in the archives database that was donated with the bulk of the collection in 2000.\nThe 2004 and 2009 additions were arranged and described by Sherrie Bowser in 2012. The project index arrangement was also included at this time."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Beverly Willis Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The guide to the Beverly Willis Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Beverly Willis Architectural Collection span the years 1954 to 1999 and are comprised primarily of records documenting Willis' work as an architect in San Francisco between 1960 and 1990. The collection documents the application of computers to architectural design and land analysis, the development of CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970s, the history of twentieth-century urban planning, particularly in San Francisco; and the contribution of women to twentieth-century American architecture. Willis, a noted artist, photographer, teacher, and writer, employed the full range of visual arts and design skills to influence and guide architectural projects of major significance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bulk of the collection is comprised of Willis and Associates project files from the period 1960 to 1990. Projects range from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis; and records documenting the development of CARLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject files are comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and- ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included is a series documenting the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, in the 1970s. Beverly Willis was interested in issues that affected planning, population density, and land-use economics in relation to large-scale development. Along with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen, she developed a program that enabled architects, with the use of computers, to develop site plans and design techniques in a fraction of the time required by the old methodology. Records documenting the development of CARLA include computer tapes, correspondence, flow charts, memos, and Jochen Eigen's notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program in 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also contains a series of Publications, Brochures, and Clippings, which includes biographical information on Willis, Miscellaneous Project Records, and a video of the Yerba Buena Gardents development.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe Professional Papers series consists of material relating to Willis' participation in professional life including a curriculum vitae and articles/books written by Willis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Office Records series consists of materials relating to the day-to-day operations of Willis and Associates including financial and administrative records, clippings, presentation materials, media creation, and publicity photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series is comprised of financial records, memos, job notes, letters of transmittal, correspondence, and other financial records. An inventory of file folders for these boxes is available \u003cextref actuate=\"onRequest\" href=\"http://spec.lib.vt.edu/iawa/inventories/Willis/Willis.html\" show=\"new\" title=\"Partial inventory\"\u003ehere\u003c/extref\u003e.\nNot arranged by project number or format.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject Files span the period 1958 to 1998 and document projects ranging from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis, and sketches of unbuilt structures designed for writer Alex Haley.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe series is comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and-ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDrawing of entry into office suites in a concrete tilt-up building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster plan for grounds around entry, guard enclosure and fencing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign for an addition in rear of a commercial retail building in San Francisco.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign of apartment building. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 560 Pacific Street office building in San Francisco. Converted from Barbary Coast whore house lodging.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for renovation and restoration of an 1855 one-room school house into a 3-bedroom residence in Volcano, California.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: A \"ghost town\" three hours from San Francisco, Volcano, California, was once home to 10,000 miners that worked the original mother-lode of the gold rush. When Willis first saw the deteriorating buildings in the early sixties, the town's one hundred residents survived on weekend tourist trade.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBuilt in 1855, a one-room schoolhouse with boarded up bell tower and crumbling foundations was redesigned by Willis as her personal weekend retreat. Gutting the interior, Willis created a two-story living area in one half of the space, and stacked a master bedroom suite over a small kitchen and two bedrooms in the other half. The boys and girls restrooms were converted to half baths, and the original wood flooring was sanded and stained.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe exterior was fully restored, including bell tower and stone foundations. A deck and swimming pool were added to the outdoor \"playground,\" a modern contrast to the original merry-go-round and chin-up bars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe project included the design and creation of construction drawings and providing supervision for office building facade and lobby renovation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for office building lobby renovation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual design for renovation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual design for beautification of Union Street, including parking and street lighting and signage.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterior design.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign for new building that was not built because funds could not be raised.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInitial site plan analysis of Jackson Square building types within the proposed historical district.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting for Cooperage new site investigation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterior Design for Julius Castle Restaurant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCreated customized floor plans and made design modifications suitable for classrooms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual design and model. Unbuilt. (land sale corrupt)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContracts and Proposals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject required the architect to customize floor plans, make design modifications to standard mobile modular house and site multiple residences for Speedspace.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for Diamond Heights Townhouses. Project filled a full block-area with common open space and children's play yards in the middle of the block.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSite study.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for a 48 unit apartment building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: Sited in downtown San Francisco, a major issue in the design of this 48 unit apartment complex was the need to create a quiet retreat sheltered from the noisy interference and potential dangers of urban life. An image of medieval cities with their protective walls was evoked in Willis' mind. At Nob Hill Court, the medieval wall becomes inhabitable space with a fortress-like facade. The building turns away from the threatening presence of the street to focus on a peaceful open air courtyard interior to the site. A two-story entry lobby with sweeping circular stair is carved from the parking garage that forms the base of the building and the private court.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis transforms the issue of security into a sense of permanency by maximizing the plan and volume of the primary living space of each unit. Large windows flood the interior spaces with light; door and ceiling moldings provide rich details that offer a textural contrast with the plaster walls. Fireplaces, a traditional symbol of home, contribute to the ambiance of warmth and serenity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe facade of the building, reminiscent of a stone outcropping, is softened by the use of wood shingles. The mullioned patterns of the wood windows further reduce the scale, offering a degree of detail found in single-family homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for minor renovation to Halsted's Funeral Home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for multi-family housing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for a multi-family housing development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for multi-family residences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpecifications and Details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning and conceptual design for condominiums; unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt. CARLA project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for a multi-family housing development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers: special processing, EIR.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers; includes project information, reports, conceptual design, and loose drawings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eContract file and expenses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvided design, construction drawings and supervision for retail store front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and construction drawings for the Internal Revenue Service. Expandable prototypical computer center building to be adapted and built on nine campuses. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: Designed by Willis in 1976 for the General Services Administration and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the project entailed the development of a prototypical computing center planned for construction on 9 regional complexes scattered throughout the United States. A totally flexible building, the hexagonal shape adapted easily to differing sites, the angular sides meshing with building configurations like a pinion and a wheel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCapable of accommodating 1 to 4 levels, Willis' design incorporated energy conservation techniques, task and user-friendly lighting and work stations, and flexible distribution systems researched and developed as a portion of the design scope. The open-air courtyard at the center of the building increased the amount of natural light and air available to the occupants and provided a natural compliment to the technologically-driven building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlanning of computer applications within office of construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for farm house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision for office building renovation to include architectural offices on 4th floor of 5 story building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning of multi-family housing and retail locations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for multi-family housing development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for a subdivision.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRenovation of a government office building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject Papers. Includes interior design requirements, product information, planning criteria for medical facilities, reports, job notes, and contracts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eImplementation Plan for VA OAC Computer Application.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental impact report for multi-family housing development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncoming correspondence, outgoing correspondence, memos, letters of transmittal, and job notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for multi-family housing development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnidentified project papers for a code analysis and feasibility study\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign; includes project papers for the Lippert/Haight St. Bar.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnidentified project papers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign for the interior of wine tasting and retail rooms, and displays.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBound volume, \"Energy Conservation Design Criteria,\" and project papers, which include incoming and outgoing correspondence, general correspondence, meeting minutes, process planning, Q-1, step sheets, letter of transmittal, weekly action list, and contract information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral correspondence and project papers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject scope included design, construction drawings and supervision for a free standing building for small children. Building part of a large park with many different facilities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: The Children's recreational Center at the Margaret Hayward Playground Park was designed and executed in 1982. Located in a modest-income neighborhood in San Francisco, California, the layer facade -- reminiscent of the segmented shell of an armadillo -- unfolds from the corner of the constrained site toward the outdoor play equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWillis designed the layers to act as theatrical backdrops, in an effort to encourage the children's imaginary performances and to allow for scalar shifts that accommodate both child and adult. A series of wide steps linking the playground and building entry create an impromptu thrust stage and child-sized seating area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eApproximately 1,200 square feet of internal area accommodates the main recreational playroom, administrative offices and various support services.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo folders of general correspondence, a folder of project information, and a folder of unidentified materials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers, including general correspondence, reference materials, a working drawing, details, a comparative feasibility study, and a conceptual estimate\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers for an interior renovation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvided design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 48 condominiums.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting for a mixed-use development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEnergy report and analysis and miscellaneous project papers that include pamphlets, books, and computer printouts\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster plan for a new town of 100,000 people.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: By 1986, Green Valley -- an 8,400 acre planned community in the Nevada desert that would eventually house 100,000 residents -- had undergone sufficient development to support a small town- like commercial center. A 75 acre site adjacent to the Green Valley parkway was proposed for the Center. Willis executed a conceptual master plan for the site to accommodate phased development as future growth occurred. To provide a sense of community, Willis' plan proposed a full complement of retail, commercial, multi-family residential, entertainment, and recreational facilities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGiven the physical discomfort entailed by the hot, arid climate, Willis incorporated environmental design strategies to minimize the unpleasant effects. Pedestrian arcades, towers with wind-catchers, moisturizing sprays, and landscaped \"greenwalls\" all served to reduce the effective daily temperature. As a focal point, Willis created a village green that fronted a four-plex cinema, an ice skating rink, and a variety of cafes and restaurants, providing a casual spill-over space for leisure activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEIR, Project Papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudy plan to determine feasibility to locate the Developer's Project Office in the existing Jesse Street Sub-station space, which was a former utility building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCreated a master plan and conducted conceptual design for 24 acres in downtown San Francisco. Project part of a redevelopment project called Yerba Buena - joint venture of Beverly Willis Architects and Zeidler- Roberts Partnership, Toronto, Canada.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: Covering 24 acres--four city blocks--in downtown San Francisco, the Yerba Buena site was seen as a bridge that could extend the economic success of the financial and Union Street districts into the surrounding urban neighborhood ravaged by poorly conceived urban renewal projects. In 1980, the master plan put forth by the team of Beverly Willis Architects, Olympia \u0026amp; York, Ltd., the Marriott Corporation, and Zeidler-Roberts Partnership, Ltd. won an international competition for the site's development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsisting of 1,250,000 square feet of office space, a 1,500-room hotel, 250,000 square feet of retail, 350 apartments, and an exhibition and performance art complex, the master plan created transitions in scale, use, texture, access that seamlessly rewove the urban fabric into an integrated whole. Ground level components were reduced in size creating a comfortable pedestrian street-scape that negated the presence of the 'super block' towers. A series of open spaces, sited for maximum sunlight and minimal wind, further reduced the scale and offered a variety of outdoor environments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject entailed building design, construction drawings and construction supervision for a new 4 story, 96 foot-high building in San Francisco's Civic Center.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: In the design of the building for the San Francisco Ballet Association, Willis was preoccupied with how the design could reflect the total fabric of a dancer's life. Located in the city's Civic Center, the site for the modest project of some 65,000 feet was surrounded by such monumentally-scaled buildings as the Opera House, Symphony Hall, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and City Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTo be compatible with the Civic Center's Neoclassical context, Willis used a tripartite horizontal ordering system derived from Renaissance principles on the facade. Breaking with classical tradition of symmetry, the entry was located on the corner, the curvilinear wall suggesting physical movement and offering a unique identity for the growing ballet company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the dancers were required to spend six hours per day in the facility, the desire for natural light and outdoor air is reflected in the interior. In the large airy spaces visually accessible to the outdoors, Willis developed a mirror system to provide unbroken images of lifts and jumps, as well as a fluorescent lighting system free of the stroboscopic wavering that causes dizziness during practice. The building includes rehearsal, instructional, and administrative spaces along with food service, locker rooms, and lounges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers; include photographs, reference and planning materials, correspondence, transmittals, and project study\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree books\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvided design and construction drawings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeasibility study\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaster planning for equestrian center, including center design. Unbuilt (couldn't raise funds).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject to convert existing warehouse into an office building. Design and construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and construction drawing for converting a 1930s warehouse with neo-classical facade and building on top of it an additional seven floors of parking and office space. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRenovation, design, and construction drawings for the Abbey Rents' building conversion into retail shops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual design of residential condominiums around an equestrian center. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo books\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvided design and construction drawings for renovation and addition in order to create a mid-rise office building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject entailed executing feasibility study for addition to existing building.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject entailed conducting massing studies to reconfigure an existing design for a new office tower. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers, including contacts, consultants, and invoices\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFeasibility study for retail uses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual massing project. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRenovation design and construction drawings for converting an existing building into an arts center.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLobby, corridors and elevator renovation design and construction drawings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject included pen and ink mapping drawings of hotel site.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawing, and other project papers for a new, free standing, winery and storage caves utilizing passive energy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: Behind the form of the winery, the aging sheds and the terrace lie images of the traditions common to wine-making throughout the centuries. Willis transforms these historical images into crisp contemporary form through the use of geometry and the incorporation of natural materials that respond to the agrarian\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the main building of the winery, the facade of vertical grain redwoods are fitted together like the staves of an oak cask, held rigidly in place by two large steel bands encircling the building under a tern metal roof. The golden mean proportion that governs the scale and relationships of the design encompasses a cylindrical cupola at the winery roof. The warm air of the California day is drawn upward, escaping through the cupola's perimeter vents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTo maintain the constant temperature required in the aging process, Willis designed the areas as \"caves\", determining through computer analysis the appropriate thermal mass for passive cooling. Supported by a timed intake fan rather than air conditioning, strict temperature criteria are met with reduced energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign, construction drawings and supervision of entertainment center and pool house project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: In designing a pool house to be located on an old campsite of the Wappa Indians, Willis responded to the owners' desire to preserve a rumored burial mound by reinventing a bit of history. Nomadic gatherers and hunters, the Wappa tribe had left little evidence of their cultural traditions or imagery. Through the use of universal mythical images -- such as the sun, eagle and sky boat -- Willis recreated the spiritual journey of the ancient tribe in stucco bias relief on the pool-house facade and through the design of a memorial sun marker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLocated beside an existing swimming pool, the pool house was designed to accommodate casual pool-side entertaining as well as the functional necessities of showering and dressing, Willis used the golden section to generate all parts of the building form, modulating the two squares of the floor plan with a trace of the roof to derive three distinct spaces. In the vaulted center section, sliding doors are pocketed into the walls, dissolving the boundaries between pool and house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and construction drawings for renovation of a two-story house.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConceptual design for free standing building to be used as a fitness center. Unbuilt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers, including correspondence, research and notes, programs, contract, and invoices\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesigned, developed construction drawings and supervised construction for interior design of apartment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject papers, including fee negotiations and expenses, feasibility studies, contract, and invoices\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConsulting on interior refurbishing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItem labeled \"Book 2\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign Architect created innovative small school plan and introduced the Locus clustering concept.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExtended Description: The focus of the River Run property consisted of two small knolls nestled side-by-side overlooking the flat valley land and the Napa River. Entered by way of a nineteenth century stone bridge, a working vineyard of Chardonnay grapes surrounds the knolls, the first of which houses the remodeled estate gate house. In the field between the knolls were two barns, one of which Willis remodeled as a stable with full tack room and grooming area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe farmhouse, imbued with the image of a Palladian villa, monumentally commands the second knoll along with a renovated guest house and pool. The grand semicircular staircase and the symmetrical facade contrast with the asymmetrical elements of the natural landscaping. The form of the portico recalls the colonnades of early Tuscany, their redwood material exuding a warmth not found in the stone and masonry of their historic counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe interior of the house is comprised of four \"living centers\" -- the public reception and entertainment area, the food preparation and relaxation area, the more private library and study area, and the fully private sleeping and bath areas. Sharing fireplace with the master bedroom, the master bath has a view of the pool that links the guest and main houses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRenovation and restoration of a 5-story 1856 brownstone with cellar [townhouse], of approximately 3,500 square feet for a living-working space for Beverly Willis. (The house was remodeled ca. 1955 and the original detailing and many walls were removed at this time.) Budget, $350,000.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProject to renovate and convert warehouse into school.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and construction of wall table.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous brochures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series spans the period 1972-1978 and documents the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, by Beverly Willis, Eric Tiescholz, and Jochen Eigen. The system enabled architects to use computers to develop site plan design techniques more efficiently.\nIt contains computer paper drive tapes of software program versions, a computer-punched paper drive of CARLA original film, flowcharts, videotapes, rough material for CARLA videotape, articles about computer-assisted analysis and mapping systems, computer manuals, and memos. Also included are Jochen Eigen's 1974 notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Contents note","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Beverly Willis Architectural Collection span the years 1954 to 1999 and are comprised primarily of records documenting Willis' work as an architect in San Francisco between 1960 and 1990. The collection documents the application of computers to architectural design and land analysis, the development of CARLA (Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis) in the 1970s, the history of twentieth-century urban planning, particularly in San Francisco; and the contribution of women to twentieth-century American architecture. Willis, a noted artist, photographer, teacher, and writer, employed the full range of visual arts and design skills to influence and guide architectural projects of major significance.","The bulk of the collection is comprised of Willis and Associates project files from the period 1960 to 1990. Projects range from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis; and records documenting the development of CARLA.","Project files are comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and- ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.","Also included is a series documenting the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, in the 1970s. Beverly Willis was interested in issues that affected planning, population density, and land-use economics in relation to large-scale development. Along with Eric Tiescholz and Jochen Eigen, she developed a program that enabled architects, with the use of computers, to develop site plans and design techniques in a fraction of the time required by the old methodology. Records documenting the development of CARLA include computer tapes, correspondence, flow charts, memos, and Jochen Eigen's notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program in 1974.","The collection also contains a series of Publications, Brochures, and Clippings, which includes biographical information on Willis, Miscellaneous Project Records, and a video of the Yerba Buena Gardents development.","The Professional Papers series consists of material relating to Willis' participation in professional life including a curriculum vitae and articles/books written by Willis.","The Office Records series consists of materials relating to the day-to-day operations of Willis and Associates including financial and administrative records, clippings, presentation materials, media creation, and publicity photographs.","These files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.","These files contain the contents of two large binders containing publicity materials and newspaper and magazine clippings compiled by Willis.","This series is comprised of financial records, memos, job notes, letters of transmittal, correspondence, and other financial records. An inventory of file folders for these boxes is available here.\nNot arranged by project number or format.","Project Files span the period 1958 to 1998 and document projects ranging from private residences and residential developments to institutions, such as the San Francisco Ballet Association Building; and urban development projects, most notably the Yerba Buena Gardens project in downtown San Francisco. Also included are records and design documents for Aliamanu Valley New Town, a military base in Hawaii that was the first major project designed with CARLA, computer software for architectural design created by Willis, and sketches of unbuilt structures designed for writer Alex Haley.","The series is comprised of presentation drawings, slope analysis drawings, site plans, maps, cut-and-fill analysis plans, sketches, conceptual design drawings, construction drawings, as well as correspondence, research files, contracts, environmental impact statements and studies, financial records, and feasibility studies. There are records for more than 150 projects. Drawings are large folio, pen-and-ink or watercolor on paper, linen, or mylar. Some are heightened with color.","Drawing of entry into office suites in a concrete tilt-up building.","Master plan for grounds around entry, guard enclosure and fencing.","Design for an addition in rear of a commercial retail building in San Francisco.","Design of apartment building. Unbuilt.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 560 Pacific Street office building in San Francisco. Converted from Barbary Coast whore house lodging.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation and restoration of an 1855 one-room school house into a 3-bedroom residence in Volcano, California.","Extended Description: A \"ghost town\" three hours from San Francisco, Volcano, California, was once home to 10,000 miners that worked the original mother-lode of the gold rush. When Willis first saw the deteriorating buildings in the early sixties, the town's one hundred residents survived on weekend tourist trade.","Built in 1855, a one-room schoolhouse with boarded up bell tower and crumbling foundations was redesigned by Willis as her personal weekend retreat. Gutting the interior, Willis created a two-story living area in one half of the space, and stacked a master bedroom suite over a small kitchen and two bedrooms in the other half. The boys and girls restrooms were converted to half baths, and the original wood flooring was sanded and stained.","The exterior was fully restored, including bell tower and stone foundations. A deck and swimming pool were added to the outdoor \"playground,\" a modern contrast to the original merry-go-round and chin-up bars.","The project included the design and creation of construction drawings and providing supervision for office building facade and lobby renovation.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for office building lobby renovation.","Conceptual design for renovation.","Conceptual design for beautification of Union Street, including parking and street lighting and signage.","Interior design.","Design for new building that was not built because funds could not be raised.","Initial site plan analysis of Jackson Square building types within the proposed historical district.","Consulting for Cooperage new site investigation.","Interior Design for Julius Castle Restaurant.","Created customized floor plans and made design modifications suitable for classrooms.","Conceptual design and model. Unbuilt. (land sale corrupt)","Contracts and Proposals.","Project required the architect to customize floor plans, make design modifications to standard mobile modular house and site multiple residences for Speedspace.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for Diamond Heights Townhouses. Project filled a full block-area with common open space and children's play yards in the middle of the block.","Site study.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for a 48 unit apartment building.","Extended Description: Sited in downtown San Francisco, a major issue in the design of this 48 unit apartment complex was the need to create a quiet retreat sheltered from the noisy interference and potential dangers of urban life. An image of medieval cities with their protective walls was evoked in Willis' mind. At Nob Hill Court, the medieval wall becomes inhabitable space with a fortress-like facade. The building turns away from the threatening presence of the street to focus on a peaceful open air courtyard interior to the site. A two-story entry lobby with sweeping circular stair is carved from the parking garage that forms the base of the building and the private court.","Willis transforms the issue of security into a sense of permanency by maximizing the plan and volume of the primary living space of each unit. Large windows flood the interior spaces with light; door and ceiling moldings provide rich details that offer a textural contrast with the plaster walls. Fireplaces, a traditional symbol of home, contribute to the ambiance of warmth and serenity.","The facade of the building, reminiscent of a stone outcropping, is softened by the use of wood shingles. The mullioned patterns of the wood windows further reduce the scale, offering a degree of detail found in single-family homes.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for minor renovation to Halsted's Funeral Home.","Master planning for multi-family housing.","Master planning for a multi-family housing development.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for multi-family residences.","Specifications and Details.","Master planning and conceptual design for condominiums; unbuilt.","Master planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt. CARLA project.","Master planning for a multi-family housing development.","Project papers: special processing, EIR.","Project papers; includes project information, reports, conceptual design, and loose drawings.","Contract file and expenses.","Master planning for multi-family housing; unbuilt.","Provided design, construction drawings and supervision for retail store front.","Design and construction drawings for the Internal Revenue Service. Expandable prototypical computer center building to be adapted and built on nine campuses. Unbuilt.","Extended Description: Designed by Willis in 1976 for the General Services Administration and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the project entailed the development of a prototypical computing center planned for construction on 9 regional complexes scattered throughout the United States. A totally flexible building, the hexagonal shape adapted easily to differing sites, the angular sides meshing with building configurations like a pinion and a wheel.","Capable of accommodating 1 to 4 levels, Willis' design incorporated energy conservation techniques, task and user-friendly lighting and work stations, and flexible distribution systems researched and developed as a portion of the design scope. The open-air courtyard at the center of the building increased the amount of natural light and air available to the occupants and provided a natural compliment to the technologically-driven building.","Planning of computer applications within office of construction.","Master planning for farm house.","Master planning.","Design, construction drawings and supervision for office building renovation to include architectural offices on 4th floor of 5 story building.","General Correspondence.","Master planning of multi-family housing and retail locations.","Master planning for multi-family housing development.","Design.","General Correspondence.","Master planning.","Master planning for a subdivision.","Renovation of a government office building.","Project Papers. Includes interior design requirements, product information, planning criteria for medical facilities, reports, job notes, and contracts.","Implementation Plan for VA OAC Computer Application.","Environmental impact report for multi-family housing development.","Project Papers.","Incoming correspondence, outgoing correspondence, memos, letters of transmittal, and job notes","Master planning for multi-family housing development.","Unidentified project papers for a code analysis and feasibility study","Design; includes project papers for the Lippert/Haight St. Bar.","Unidentified project papers","Design for the interior of wine tasting and retail rooms, and displays.","Bound volume, \"Energy Conservation Design Criteria,\" and project papers, which include incoming and outgoing correspondence, general correspondence, meeting minutes, process planning, Q-1, step sheets, letter of transmittal, weekly action list, and contract information","General correspondence and project papers","Consulting.","Project scope included design, construction drawings and supervision for a free standing building for small children. Building part of a large park with many different facilities.","Extended Description: The Children's recreational Center at the Margaret Hayward Playground Park was designed and executed in 1982. Located in a modest-income neighborhood in San Francisco, California, the layer facade -- reminiscent of the segmented shell of an armadillo -- unfolds from the corner of the constrained site toward the outdoor play equipment.","Willis designed the layers to act as theatrical backdrops, in an effort to encourage the children's imaginary performances and to allow for scalar shifts that accommodate both child and adult. A series of wide steps linking the playground and building entry create an impromptu thrust stage and child-sized seating area.","Approximately 1,200 square feet of internal area accommodates the main recreational playroom, administrative offices and various support services.","Two folders of general correspondence, a folder of project information, and a folder of unidentified materials","General Correspondence","Design.","General Correspondence.","Master planning.","Project papers, including general correspondence, reference materials, a working drawing, details, a comparative feasibility study, and a conceptual estimate","Consulting.","Project papers for an interior renovation.","Project Papers.","Provided design, construction drawings and supervision for renovation of 48 condominiums.","Project Papers.","Consulting for a mixed-use development.","Energy report and analysis and miscellaneous project papers that include pamphlets, books, and computer printouts","Master plan for a new town of 100,000 people.","Extended Description: By 1986, Green Valley -- an 8,400 acre planned community in the Nevada desert that would eventually house 100,000 residents -- had undergone sufficient development to support a small town- like commercial center. A 75 acre site adjacent to the Green Valley parkway was proposed for the Center. Willis executed a conceptual master plan for the site to accommodate phased development as future growth occurred. To provide a sense of community, Willis' plan proposed a full complement of retail, commercial, multi-family residential, entertainment, and recreational facilities.","Given the physical discomfort entailed by the hot, arid climate, Willis incorporated environmental design strategies to minimize the unpleasant effects. Pedestrian arcades, towers with wind-catchers, moisturizing sprays, and landscaped \"greenwalls\" all served to reduce the effective daily temperature. As a focal point, Willis created a village green that fronted a four-plex cinema, an ice skating rink, and a variety of cafes and restaurants, providing a casual spill-over space for leisure activities.","EIR, Project Papers.","Study plan to determine feasibility to locate the Developer's Project Office in the existing Jesse Street Sub-station space, which was a former utility building.","Created a master plan and conducted conceptual design for 24 acres in downtown San Francisco. Project part of a redevelopment project called Yerba Buena - joint venture of Beverly Willis Architects and Zeidler- Roberts Partnership, Toronto, Canada.","Extended Description: Covering 24 acres--four city blocks--in downtown San Francisco, the Yerba Buena site was seen as a bridge that could extend the economic success of the financial and Union Street districts into the surrounding urban neighborhood ravaged by poorly conceived urban renewal projects. In 1980, the master plan put forth by the team of Beverly Willis Architects, Olympia \u0026 York, Ltd., the Marriott Corporation, and Zeidler-Roberts Partnership, Ltd. won an international competition for the site's development.","Consisting of 1,250,000 square feet of office space, a 1,500-room hotel, 250,000 square feet of retail, 350 apartments, and an exhibition and performance art complex, the master plan created transitions in scale, use, texture, access that seamlessly rewove the urban fabric into an integrated whole. Ground level components were reduced in size creating a comfortable pedestrian street-scape that negated the presence of the 'super block' towers. A series of open spaces, sited for maximum sunlight and minimal wind, further reduced the scale and offered a variety of outdoor environments.","Project entailed building design, construction drawings and construction supervision for a new 4 story, 96 foot-high building in San Francisco's Civic Center.","Extended Description: In the design of the building for the San Francisco Ballet Association, Willis was preoccupied with how the design could reflect the total fabric of a dancer's life. Located in the city's Civic Center, the site for the modest project of some 65,000 feet was surrounded by such monumentally-scaled buildings as the Opera House, Symphony Hall, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and City Hall.","To be compatible with the Civic Center's Neoclassical context, Willis used a tripartite horizontal ordering system derived from Renaissance principles on the facade. Breaking with classical tradition of symmetry, the entry was located on the corner, the curvilinear wall suggesting physical movement and offering a unique identity for the growing ballet company.","As the dancers were required to spend six hours per day in the facility, the desire for natural light and outdoor air is reflected in the interior. In the large airy spaces visually accessible to the outdoors, Willis developed a mirror system to provide unbroken images of lifts and jumps, as well as a fluorescent lighting system free of the stroboscopic wavering that causes dizziness during practice. The building includes rehearsal, instructional, and administrative spaces along with food service, locker rooms, and lounges.","Project papers; include photographs, reference and planning materials, correspondence, transmittals, and project study","Three books","Provided design and construction drawings","Feasibility study","Consulting.","Miscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.","Master planning for equestrian center, including center design. Unbuilt (couldn't raise funds).","Project to convert existing warehouse into an office building. Design and construction.","Design and construction drawing for converting a 1930s warehouse with neo-classical facade and building on top of it an additional seven floors of parking and office space. Unbuilt.","Renovation, design, and construction drawings for the Abbey Rents' building conversion into retail shops.","Consulting.","Conceptual design of residential condominiums around an equestrian center. Unbuilt.","Miscellaneous project papers; include contracts, consultant records, and invoices.","Two books","Provided design and construction drawings for renovation and addition in order to create a mid-rise office building.","Project entailed executing feasibility study for addition to existing building.","Project entailed conducting massing studies to reconfigure an existing design for a new office tower. Unbuilt.","Project papers, including contacts, consultants, and invoices","Feasibility study for retail uses.","Conceptual massing project. Unbuilt.","Renovation design and construction drawings for converting an existing building into an arts center.","Lobby, corridors and elevator renovation design and construction drawings.","Project included pen and ink mapping drawings of hotel site.","Design, construction drawing, and other project papers for a new, free standing, winery and storage caves utilizing passive energy.","Extended Description: Behind the form of the winery, the aging sheds and the terrace lie images of the traditions common to wine-making throughout the centuries. Willis transforms these historical images into crisp contemporary form through the use of geometry and the incorporation of natural materials that respond to the agrarian","In the main building of the winery, the facade of vertical grain redwoods are fitted together like the staves of an oak cask, held rigidly in place by two large steel bands encircling the building under a tern metal roof. The golden mean proportion that governs the scale and relationships of the design encompasses a cylindrical cupola at the winery roof. The warm air of the California day is drawn upward, escaping through the cupola's perimeter vents.","To maintain the constant temperature required in the aging process, Willis designed the areas as \"caves\", determining through computer analysis the appropriate thermal mass for passive cooling. Supported by a timed intake fan rather than air conditioning, strict temperature criteria are met with reduced energy consumption.","Design, construction drawings and supervision of entertainment center and pool house project.","Extended Description: In designing a pool house to be located on an old campsite of the Wappa Indians, Willis responded to the owners' desire to preserve a rumored burial mound by reinventing a bit of history. Nomadic gatherers and hunters, the Wappa tribe had left little evidence of their cultural traditions or imagery. Through the use of universal mythical images -- such as the sun, eagle and sky boat -- Willis recreated the spiritual journey of the ancient tribe in stucco bias relief on the pool-house facade and through the design of a memorial sun marker.","Located beside an existing swimming pool, the pool house was designed to accommodate casual pool-side entertaining as well as the functional necessities of showering and dressing, Willis used the golden section to generate all parts of the building form, modulating the two squares of the floor plan with a trace of the roof to derive three distinct spaces. In the vaulted center section, sliding doors are pocketed into the walls, dissolving the boundaries between pool and house.","Design and construction drawings for renovation of a two-story house.","Conceptual design for free standing building to be used as a fitness center. Unbuilt.","Project papers, including correspondence, research and notes, programs, contract, and invoices","Designed, developed construction drawings and supervised construction for interior design of apartment.","Project papers, including fee negotiations and expenses, feasibility studies, contract, and invoices","Consulting on interior refurbishing.","Item labeled \"Book 2\"","Design Architect created innovative small school plan and introduced the Locus clustering concept.","Extended Description: The focus of the River Run property consisted of two small knolls nestled side-by-side overlooking the flat valley land and the Napa River. Entered by way of a nineteenth century stone bridge, a working vineyard of Chardonnay grapes surrounds the knolls, the first of which houses the remodeled estate gate house. In the field between the knolls were two barns, one of which Willis remodeled as a stable with full tack room and grooming area.","The farmhouse, imbued with the image of a Palladian villa, monumentally commands the second knoll along with a renovated guest house and pool. The grand semicircular staircase and the symmetrical facade contrast with the asymmetrical elements of the natural landscaping. The form of the portico recalls the colonnades of early Tuscany, their redwood material exuding a warmth not found in the stone and masonry of their historic counterparts.","The interior of the house is comprised of four \"living centers\" -- the public reception and entertainment area, the food preparation and relaxation area, the more private library and study area, and the fully private sleeping and bath areas. Sharing fireplace with the master bedroom, the master bath has a view of the pool that links the guest and main houses.","Renovation and restoration of a 5-story 1856 brownstone with cellar [townhouse], of approximately 3,500 square feet for a living-working space for Beverly Willis. (The house was remodeled ca. 1955 and the original detailing and many walls were removed at this time.) Budget, $350,000.","Project to renovate and convert warehouse into school.","Design and construction of wall table.","Miscellaneous brochures.","This series spans the period 1972-1978 and documents the development of CARLA, Computerized Approach to Residential Land Analysis, by Beverly Willis, Eric Tiescholz, and Jochen Eigen. The system enabled architects to use computers to develop site plan design techniques more efficiently.\nIt contains computer paper drive tapes of software program versions, a computer-punched paper drive of CARLA original film, flowcharts, videotapes, rough material for CARLA videotape, articles about computer-assisted analysis and mapping systems, computer manuals, and memos. Also included are Jochen Eigen's 1974 notes on interfacing CARLA with a computer mapping program."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_174a3dc5cc0f306ff98b4fcaecbf2059\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e Boxes 1-51 are located in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["Please note: Boxes 1-51 are located in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections for more information."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willis and Associates"],"names_coll_ssim":["Willis and Associates","Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"persname_ssim":["Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Willis and Associates","Willis, Beverly, 1928-"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":212,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:46:21.925Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1898_c01_c02"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03","type":"Sub-Series","attributes":{"title":"Writings, 1975/1985","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02","parent_ssim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002","Series II: Professional Papers, 1963/1996"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings","title_ssm":["Writings"],"title_tesim":["Writings"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings, 1975/1985"],"text":["Writings, 1975/1985","Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002","Series II: Professional Papers, 1963/1996"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002","Series II: Professional Papers, 1963/1996"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002","Series II: Professional Papers, 1963/1996"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1975/1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1975-1985"],"level_ssm":["Sub-Series"],"level_ssim":["Sub-series"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":11,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":5,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:46:21.925Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2067.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena, Architectural Collection","title_ssm":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection"],"title_tesim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1963-2002"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1963-2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1963/2002"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002"],"text":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002","Ms.1998.009","Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Women -- History","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into Series I: Personal Papers and Series II: Professional Papers, which are subdivided by type.","Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia (former Yugoslavia).  She graduated \nfrom the Faculty of Technology, University of Zegreb, Yugoslavia in 1940.  After several years of professional work she became an architecture professor at the University of Zagreb (1946).  She attained full professor status in 1975 and became the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982).  Throughout her career she authored numerous works on medieval architecture and researched women's contributions to the profession.  Sekulić-Gvozdanović compiled a list of almost 3000 active women architects from the beginning of their practice to the time of her publication (1996). Sekulić-Gvozdanović was an active leader and member of the International Union of Women Architects (UIFA).  In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement.","The guide to the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection was completed in February 2012.","The Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection contains publications, personal correspondence, images, and a death announcement. Along with periodical contributions, a manuscript of the unpublished English translation of her book \"Zena u arhitekturi\" (By Her Order and Design - A Search of Women in Architectural Theory and Practice) can be found here. Two pictures of her design concepts submitted for competition are available, as well as, personal photographs and slides of her work.","A series of articles by Sekulić-Gvozdanović that span all 7 issues of  Čovjek i Prostor. All articles begin on p.20 except for the issue numbered 7 where Sekulić-Gvozdanović's article begins on p. 19.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect in Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. She was a professor (1946-1986) and the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982) at the University of Zagreb. In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement. Sekulić-Gvozdanović's collection contains published and unpublished works, personal correspondence, photographs, slides, and lectures pertaining to her research concerning women in architecture. Materials range in date from 1963-2002.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena","The majority of material is in Croation. However, there is an unpublished English translation of her manuscript, By Her Order and Design: A Search for Women in Architecture."],"collection_title_tesim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002"],"collection_ssim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, 1963/2002"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1998.009"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1998.009"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena"],"creator_ssim":["Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated to Special Collections in 1998 and 2002."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Women -- History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architects","History of Women in Architecture","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","Women -- History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into Series I: Personal Papers and Series II: Professional Papers, which are subdivided by type.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into Series I: Personal Papers and Series II: Professional Papers, which are subdivided by type."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia (former Yugoslavia).  She graduated \nfrom the Faculty of Technology, University of Zegreb, Yugoslavia in 1940.  After several years of professional work she became an architecture professor at the University of Zagreb (1946).  She attained full professor status in 1975 and became the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982).  Throughout her career she authored numerous works on medieval architecture and researched women's contributions to the profession.  Sekulić-Gvozdanović compiled a list of almost 3000 active women architects from the beginning of their practice to the time of her publication (1996). Sekulić-Gvozdanović was an active leader and member of the International Union of Women Architects (UIFA).  In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia (former Yugoslavia).  She graduated \nfrom the Faculty of Technology, University of Zegreb, Yugoslavia in 1940.  After several years of professional work she became an architecture professor at the University of Zagreb (1946).  She attained full professor status in 1975 and became the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982).  Throughout her career she authored numerous works on medieval architecture and researched women's contributions to the profession.  Sekulić-Gvozdanović compiled a list of almost 3000 active women architects from the beginning of their practice to the time of her publication (1996). Sekulić-Gvozdanović was an active leader and member of the International Union of Women Architects (UIFA).  In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, Ms1998-009, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection, Ms1998-009, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection was completed in February 2012.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection was completed in February 2012."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection contains publications, personal correspondence, images, and a death announcement. Along with periodical contributions, a manuscript of the unpublished English translation of her book \"Zena u arhitekturi\" (By Her Order and Design - A Search of Women in Architectural Theory and Practice) can be found here. Two pictures of her design concepts submitted for competition are available, as well as, personal photographs and slides of her work.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eA series of articles by Sekulić-Gvozdanović that span all 7 issues of  \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eČovjek i Prostor.\u003c/title\u003e All articles begin on p.20 except for the issue numbered 7 where Sekulić-Gvozdanović's article begins on p. 19.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović Architectural Collection contains publications, personal correspondence, images, and a death announcement. Along with periodical contributions, a manuscript of the unpublished English translation of her book \"Zena u arhitekturi\" (By Her Order and Design - A Search of Women in Architectural Theory and Practice) can be found here. Two pictures of her design concepts submitted for competition are available, as well as, personal photographs and slides of her work.","A series of articles by Sekulić-Gvozdanović that span all 7 issues of  Čovjek i Prostor. All articles begin on p.20 except for the issue numbered 7 where Sekulić-Gvozdanović's article begins on p. 19."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_28a9db11113a46cb22178182cbfb463f\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eSena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect in Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. She was a professor (1946-1986) and the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982) at the University of Zagreb. In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement. Sekulić-Gvozdanović's collection contains published and unpublished works, personal correspondence, photographs, slides, and lectures pertaining to her research concerning women in architecture. Materials range in date from 1963-2002.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Sena Sekulić-Gvozdanović (d. 2002) architect in Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. She was a professor (1946-1986) and the first female Dean of Architecture (1979-1982) at the University of Zagreb. In 1983, she was awarded the Viktor Kovacic Award for Lifetime Achievement. Sekulić-Gvozdanović's collection contains published and unpublished works, personal correspondence, photographs, slides, and lectures pertaining to her research concerning women in architecture. Materials range in date from 1963-2002."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Sekulić-Gvozdanović, Sena"],"language_ssim":["The majority of material is in Croation. However, there is an unpublished English translation of her manuscript, By Her Order and Design: A Search for Women in Architecture."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":19,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:46:21.925Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2067_c02_c03"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Writings (2), 1970/1979","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Writings (2)","title_ssm":["Writings (2)"],"title_tesim":["Writings (2)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writings (2), 1970/1979"],"text":["Writings (2), 1970/1979","Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993","box 24","folder 24"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Series II. A-Z Files, 1934/1993","A-Z Files, 1935/1993"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1970/1979"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-1979"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":1073,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"containers_ssim":["box 24","folder 24"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#109","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:58.913Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3579.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Marshak, Robert E., Papers","title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1933-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1995"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1933/1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"text":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995","Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579","Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)","Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","Some of the collection has been digitized and is availible online.","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the Marshak Collection.","The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\nSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries V. Personal Files\nSeries VI. Organizations and Research\nSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\nSeries VIII. Audio Materials\nSeries IX. Oversized Materials","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists.","Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend.","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation.","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics.","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.","The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.","Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY) are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the Marshak Collection, a digital collection of photographs.","The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970).","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"collection_ssim":["Robert E. Marshak Papers, 1933/1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1988.060","/repositories/2/resources/3579"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"creators_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Robert E. Marshak Papers were donated to Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA) in three separate donations. Series I, also known as the Rochester Conference Papers, were donated in 1989. The remainder of the collection (Series II-IX) was acquired by SCUA in 1989 and 1994."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Faculty and staff","Physics","Science and Technology","Science -- International cooperation","Soviet Union -- Foreign relations -- United States","University History","Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["71.3 Cubic Feet 54 boxes, 1 oversize folder"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Proceedings (reports)"],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConfidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access","Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Confidential information is restricted and has been moved to Box 52. Each folder is identified in the inventory with information about how long and why materials are restricted. Please speak to an archivist if confidential information is found elsewhere in the collection.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 75 years due to personally identifiable information. Contact Special Collections for additional information.","This material is restricted for 50 years due to personally identifiable information protected by FERPA. Contact Special Collections for additional information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of the collection has been digitized and is \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Ms1988_060_MarshakRobertEPapers\"\u003eavailible online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives, which maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of the collection has been digitized and is availible online.","This folder contains photocopies of photographs related to physics conferences and other group settings. Many of the  photos are available online from the American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives, which maintains the Marshak Collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is dividied into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries V. Personal Files\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Organizations and Research\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Audio Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Oversized Materials \u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is dividied into the following series:","Series I. Rochester Conference - arranged chronologically within subject files\nSeries II. A-Z files - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries III. American Physical Society (APS) Reocrds - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries IV. University of Rochester Records - primarily arranged by subject in rough alphabetical order\nSeries V. Personal Files\nSeries VI. Organizations and Research\nSeries VII. Correspondence, Notes, Writings\nSeries VIII. Audio Materials\nSeries IX. Oversized Materials","These series have been imposed by archivists but are based on Marshak's original order and description. Materials in Series II thru Series IX were collected from multiple locations and are in their original order, except Series V, which was organized by archivists."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRobert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTeaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEvents at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTypical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics\u003c/title\u003e (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180521195133/http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm\"\u003eA fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak was born in 1916 in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. Marshak's academic ability was recognized early, and despite their poverty, his family encouraged his studies. As a result, he finished James Monroe High School at the age of 15. From high school, he enrolled in the City College of New York (CCNY), a tuition-free university that served as an exit from poverty for generations of immigrants. After one semester at CCNY, he received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University. College appears to have been a profound intellectual experience for Marshak. He initially majored in philosophy and math, and served as the dance critic for the school newspaper. In his senior year, he switched to physics, and came into contact with Nobel Laureate I.I. Rabi. Rabi was initially skeptical of his commitment to physics, but later became a friend.","Marshak graduated from Columbia in 1936, and went to graduate school at Cornell University via a fellowship. At Cornell, he studied with Hans Bethe, who at the time was working on problems pertaining to energy production in stars, which later won Bethe a Nobel Prize. Marshak wrote his dissertation on energy production in white dwarf stars. His basic conclusion was confirmed about forty years later when the white dwarf orbiting Sirius came into view. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1939 at the age of 22.","Jobs were hard to come by in the late 1930s, especially for Jewish scientists for whom positions were limited by quotas. Marshak nonetheless was able to get a one- year, non- renewable position at the University of Rochester. Here he met, among other notables, Victor Weiskopf, the future director of CERN, the nuclear accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland. During this time a tenure-track position opened in the Physics Department at Rochester which Marshak received.","Teaching at the University of Rochester was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Marshak became involved in the war effort, as did many scientists at the time. Initially, he worked on developing radar in Boston, Massachusetts, then on the British atomic bomb project in Montreal, Canada. In 1943, Marshak married Ruth Gup, a school teacher in Rochester. Later he joined the Manhattan Project which was developing the American atomic bomb in Los Alamos, New Mexico. At Los Alamos, Marshak was a deputy group leader in theoretical physics, a rank which allowed him to be privy to the overall strategy of atomic bomb creation.","After the war, Marshak returned to the University of Rochester, where he moved quickly through the ranks. He become a chair professor (the Harris chair) and the head of the physics department in the 1950s. He was very active as a researcher, and was a participant at the famous Shelter Island Conference where he proposed the two-meson theory. During his fourteen year chairmanship the Physics Department at Rochester became one of the top 10 in the country, and a recognized center for advanced research in physics.","During his years at the University of Rochester, Marshak became intensely interested in international science.  He felt that scientific cooperation was an important first step in the quest for global peace.  In 1956, he was a member of the first delegation of approximately six American scientists to visit the USSR after the death of Stalin. Marshak met the leaders of the Soviet Physics community, including Lev Landau. He made more trips to the USSR during the 1950s (U.S. State Department debriefings after these trips are in the files), and became an acknowledged expert on Soviet science.","During the 1950s, Marshak established the \"Rochester Conference\", considered by his colleagues to be one of his most significant achievements. The conference evolved over the years into \"The International Conference on High-Energy Physics.\" The Rochester Conference was instrumental in bringing together scientists from around the world, and served as a model for the establishment of international conferences in other fields. One of the most challenging aspects of the early conferences was the attempt to bring real Eastern European and Soviet physicists (as opposed to KGB agents) to the meetings. This effort required Marshak to carry out intense negotiations with the U.S. State Department and with members of Congress. His other involvement in international science included participation in the establishment of the International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden.","Events at the University of Rochester received lots of publicity, and brought Marshak to the attention of the search committee looking for a new president for CCNY. They approached him with an offer to become president, just at a time when his social conscience had been roused. He accepted the offer and became CCNY President in 1970, just at a time when the college was undergoing a vast change in demographics.","Typical of Marshak, he put his full effort into the struggle to redefine the college and bring it through these crises. In addition to improving the quality of several departments, he established important new programs such as the Biomedical Center and the Legal Center, raised the funds for a new performing arts center (the Leonard Davis Center), and pushed through the construction of a 150 million dollar academic complex.  He also became involved in the debate about national educational policy and \"Science and Public Policy\", delivering many speeches on the subject. He also served on the board of directors for Harlem Hospital and for Colonial Penn Insurance Company. In the end, the success of his efforts was recognized by the naming of the 14-story science building on campus after him. The stress of his position at CCNY took a toll on his health, and he suffered a minor stroke during a confrontation with a student group. The stroke effected his balance for the remainder of his life.","After nine years at CCNY, his desire to return to physics led him to accept an offer as University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and he and Ruth moved to Blacksburg in 1979. During this period, he became President of the American Physical Society, the principle organization of physicists in the United States. Typical of his modus operandi, he took an activist approach to the job, using the weight of the society to debate the Reagan Administration on the issue of placing an anti-ballistic missile system into space, popularly known as \"Star Wars.\"","Marshak officially retired as a professor at the age of 75. During the last five years of his life, he worked intensely on a book, entitled Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics (Singapore: World Scientific, 1993). He finished the final corrections on the manuscript the day before he died. When he dropped the manuscript in the mailbox, he turn to his wife and said, in a joking voice, \"It's done. Now I can die.\" The next day, December 23, 1992, he died in an accidental drowning on a trip to Mexico.","A fuller biography of Marshak from Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives is archived and available online."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Robert E. Marshak Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Robert E. Marshak Papers was completed in November 2021.","The 1989 donation (Series I) was processed and described prior to 1994. Additional description for these materials was completed in 2005, 2010, and 2020. A print inventory was created in 1994 and incorporated into the finding aid in 2010 and 2020, with additional arrangement and description in 2020. Full processing of the collection in 2021 incorporated these existing descriptions."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt4m3nf11n/\"\u003eRobert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY)\u003c/a\u003e are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026amp; Archives maintains the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://repository.aip.org/islandora/object/nbla%3A287920\"\u003eMarshak Collection\u003c/a\u003e, a digital collection of photographs. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robert E. Marshak's papers as president of City College of New York (CCNY) are held at the Hoover Institution Archives of Standford University.","The American Institute of Physics's Niels Bohr Library \u0026 Archives maintains the Marshak Collection, a digital collection of photographs."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIndividual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consist of Marshak's professional and personal papers,  detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York.","The first series contains materials on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. After 1957 the conferences were held under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and Marshak's files from the conferences from 1958 to 1970 are included. The collection also has correspondence files on IUPAP (1953-1972) and on the Commission on High Energy Physics (1958-1963); photographs (1950-1970); US-USSR relations (1956-1966); and a photocopy of an oral history interview done by Charles Weiner (1970).","The rest of the collection, is divided into eight series. These series consist of correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, transcripts, proceedings, interviews, and other personalia. Topics cover the national and international development of high-energy physics, meetings and symposia, and scientific committees; awards and prizes, administration and education, science in the Eastern Bloc and Third World, and the scientist as social activist or citizen-scientist. The collection also includes correspondence, publications and articles, and more related to Marshak's books and other writings, teaching and academic administrative work, and research.","Individual series concern specific time periods of Marshak's career, including his work at the University of Rochester, City College of New York (CCNY), and Virginia Tech (VPI). The series also document his involvement in numerous organizations, including the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. (However, Marshak's official records as president of City College of New York are held by the Hoover Insitution Archives at Stanford University.)","Of special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.","Includes materials on a trip by an American delegation to the USSR under the McCone-Emelyanov Agreement.","Includes materials on the creation of the IUPAP Commission on High Energy Physics.","Includes correspondence with Salam, S. Husein, etc.","Includes Report from [U.S. House of Representatives] Task Force on Science Policy, \"Honor In Science\" (Sigma XI), \"Guide to Education in Science, Engineering and Public Policy\"","The photograph on poster displays the \"delegates to the fifth of the series of international congresses on physics.\" For each of the 29 scientists, there is a description of their education and accomplishments."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_635d9808d6804b3f3d25c41245f53f24\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of Marshak's professional and personal papers, detailing his career as university professor in physics at the University of Rochester and Virginia Tech, member and leader in several scientific institutions, and president of the City College of New York. Materials include Marshak's files on the Shelter Island Conferences (1947-1949) and his administrative and correspondence files on the Rochester Conferences on High-Energy Physics (1950-1957), which he founded. The papers also includes correspondence, notes, reports, files, speeches, proceedings, newsclippings, autographs, photographs, interviews, transcripts, and other personalia related to his career at the University of Rochester, City College of New York, and Virginia Tech. Some materials relate to his work in international science and physics organizations, including USSR-US relations, Soviet science, the American Physical Association, International Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, and the International Foundation for Science in Sweden. \n\nOf special note are several items and files with other well-known physicists, including Hans Bethe, George Sudarshan, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Susumu Okubo, Abdus Salam, Victor Weisskopf, Enrico Fermi, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Mildred Dresselhaus, Richard Feynman, and a letter from Albert Einstein."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_c2b6b4b53b3eb16993d115314b9ced29\" label=\"Physical Access\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)"],"names_coll_ssim":["International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"persname_ssim":["Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","International Conference on High Energy Physics","Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1970-)","Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are primarily in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2203,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:58.913Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3579_c02_c02_c110"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"WSPA News Report, 1975/1976","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05","parent_ssim":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015","SERIES II: Professional Papers","SUBSERIES E:  Women's School of Planning and Architecture"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"WSPA News Report","title_ssm":["WSPA News Report"],"title_tesim":["WSPA News Report"],"normalized_title_ssm":["WSPA News Report, 1975/1976"],"text":["WSPA News Report, 1975/1976","Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015","SERIES II: Professional Papers","SUBSERIES E:  Women's School of Planning and Architecture","box 1","folder 49"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015","SERIES II: Professional Papers","SUBSERIES E:  Women's School of Planning and Architecture"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015","SERIES II: Professional Papers","SUBSERIES E:  Women's School of Planning and Architecture"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1975/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1975-1976"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":45,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 49"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish material from Women's Development Corporation Records must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"date_range_isim":[1975,1976],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#4/components#0","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:32.624Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3160.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Women's Development Corporation Records","title_ssm":["Women's Development Corporation Records"],"title_tesim":["Women's Development Corporation Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1979-2015"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1979-2015"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1979/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015"],"text":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015","Ms.2016.012","International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","Women architects -- Rhode Island","Collection is open for research.","This collection was arranged with respect to the original order and the Shephered/Lowell Standard Series and Subseries for Architeture and Landscape Design. The collection reflects the following series and subseries:","Series I: Photographs \n       Series II: Professional Papers\n      Subseries A: Correspondence related to the profession\n      Subseries B: Awards, certificates\n      Subseries C: Research Notes and Data Collection\n      Subseries D: Files, articles, clipping, materials\n      Subseries E: Women's School of Planning and Architecture\n        Series III: OFfice Records\n      Subseries A: Administrative articles, bylaws, meetings\n      Subseries B: Housing Planning Group Meetings, 1980\n      Subseries C: Public Relations Activity\n      Subseries D: Published Materials\n      Subseries E: Exercises and analysis \n        Series IV: Project Records\n        Series V: Participatory Design Workshop, 1990 \n        Series VI: Aduiovisual and Electronic Media\n        Series VII: Exhibits and Artifacts","The Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a non-profit housing developer in Rhode Island. The WDC was founded in 1979 by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. The founders included Susan Aitcheson (Program Director, Vice President from 1979-2012, and President from 2012-2016), Katrin Adam, and Joan Forrester Sprague. Alma Felix Green was the first Executive Director in 1980 and retired as President in 2014. The WDC designs, develops, constructs, and manages sustainable housing for low and moderate income families, individuals with special needs, and elderly residents. Between 1979 and 2016, the WDC had developed over 1600 housing units.","Additional sources: \nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/about-wdc\nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/FAQ","These records document select activities of the Women's Development Corporation (WDC) of Rhode Island from 1979-2015. Materials include professional correspondence from WDC staff to peers, funding agencies, politicians, and clients; commendations received by the WDC; research notes and reports; administrative records, including meeting minutes and bylaws; public relations materials; press coverage by and about the WDC; project documentation, including design sketches, presentation drawings, photographs, and planning materials; audio-visual recordings; electronic records on DVD; and furniture models used in the participatory design planning process.","Contains photographs of Susan Aitcheson's retirement, 2015.","The Professional Papers series consists of material relating WDC's great effort to gather funding and support from several organizations and institutions to fund and subsidize housing for low income women and families. This is supported by correspondence, research notes, reference files related to both the profession and the role of women in architecture. Particular attention was given to the WSPA - Women's School of Planning and Architecture, with related correspondence, publicity, awards.","Scrapbook portfolio documenting selected housing projects and properties developed by WDC between 1980-1997. Entitled \"Planning, Designing and Building Homes for Families and Communities,\" the portfolio explores the WDC's Participatory Planning Design exercises and prototype development from 1980-1982. Originally established for the WDC's fifteenth anniversary and expanded over time to document new projects.","This series comprises conceptual sketches, fabric and paint swatches, and planning activities from the WDC's original 1980 participatory design workshop with low-income women. The series also includes prototype floorplans produced by Susan Aitcheson after the workshop.","Footage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026 Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.","Footage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026 Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.","VHS tape","DVD-R, interview conducted by Andrea Merrett, Columbia University Archives","DVD-R","DVD, Running Time 8 min 40 sec","DVD+RW","DVD+RW","Balsa wood and dyed cardboard furniture pieces used for participatory design activities.","16 foamboard panels documenting the history of the Women's Development Corporation and its partner non-profit, the Housing Opportunities Corporation. The panels include newspaper clippings of opposition to WDC housing in its early years, a project breakdown by deecade, organizaitonal charts, lists of staff, and photographs of major projects and milestone events.","Separated materials consist of books relevant to the firm's ideals preceding the work, with subjects covering aspects such as participatory design, guides to low-income housing design, housing for Low-Income single women, different types of households, and cohousing.","Titles:\n      \n        New Households, New Housing , Karen A. Franck, Sherry Ahrentzen\n        Singular Women: Housing for Low-Income Single Women Without Dependents. Ann Forsyth\n        Participatory Design. Theory and Techniques. Henry Sanoff. \n        A Practical Guide to Low-and Moderate-Income Housing. Charles Edison and Bruce Lane","Permission to publish material from Women's Development Corporation Records must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.","The Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a Rhode Island based housing developer and non-profit founded by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. These records document select activities of the WDC from 1979-2015.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015"],"collection_ssim":["Women's Development Corporation Records, 1979/2015"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2016.012"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2016.012"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"creator_ssim":["Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from Women's Development Corporation Records must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Women's Development Corporation Records were donated to Special Collections in 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","Women architects -- Rhode Island"],"access_subjects_ssm":["International Archive of Women in Architecture (IAWA)","History of Women in Architecture","Women architects -- Rhode Island"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["8.5 Cubic Feet Three records boxes, three small flat boxes, one large flat box, one roll of drawings, one large flat folder of drawings, 16 foam board presentation panels."],"extent_tesim":["8.5 Cubic Feet Three records boxes, three small flat boxes, one large flat box, one roll of drawings, one large flat folder of drawings, 16 foam board presentation panels."],"date_range_isim":[1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection was arranged with respect to the original order and the Shephered/Lowell Standard Series and Subseries for Architeture and Landscape Design. The collection reflects the following series and subseries:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries I: Photographs\u003c/item\u003e \n       \u003citem\u003eSeries II: Professional Papers\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries A: Correspondence related to the profession\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries B: Awards, certificates\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries C: Research Notes and Data Collection\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries D: Files, articles, clipping, materials\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries E: Women's School of Planning and Architecture\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries III: OFfice Records\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries A: Administrative articles, bylaws, meetings\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries B: Housing Planning Group Meetings, 1980\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries C: Public Relations Activity\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries D: Published Materials\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubseries E: Exercises and analysis\u003c/item\u003e \n        \u003citem\u003eSeries IV: Project Records\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries V: Participatory Design Workshop, 1990\u003c/item\u003e \n        \u003citem\u003eSeries VI: Aduiovisual and Electronic Media\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSeries VII: Exhibits and Artifacts\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection was arranged with respect to the original order and the Shephered/Lowell Standard Series and Subseries for Architeture and Landscape Design. The collection reflects the following series and subseries:","Series I: Photographs \n       Series II: Professional Papers\n      Subseries A: Correspondence related to the profession\n      Subseries B: Awards, certificates\n      Subseries C: Research Notes and Data Collection\n      Subseries D: Files, articles, clipping, materials\n      Subseries E: Women's School of Planning and Architecture\n        Series III: OFfice Records\n      Subseries A: Administrative articles, bylaws, meetings\n      Subseries B: Housing Planning Group Meetings, 1980\n      Subseries C: Public Relations Activity\n      Subseries D: Published Materials\n      Subseries E: Exercises and analysis \n        Series IV: Project Records\n        Series V: Participatory Design Workshop, 1990 \n        Series VI: Aduiovisual and Electronic Media\n        Series VII: Exhibits and Artifacts"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a non-profit housing developer in Rhode Island. The WDC was founded in 1979 by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. The founders included Susan Aitcheson (Program Director, Vice President from 1979-2012, and President from 2012-2016), Katrin Adam, and Joan Forrester Sprague. Alma Felix Green was the first Executive Director in 1980 and retired as President in 2014. The WDC designs, develops, constructs, and manages sustainable housing for low and moderate income families, individuals with special needs, and elderly residents. Between 1979 and 2016, the WDC had developed over 1600 housing units.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdditional sources: \nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/about-wdc\nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/FAQ\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a non-profit housing developer in Rhode Island. The WDC was founded in 1979 by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. The founders included Susan Aitcheson (Program Director, Vice President from 1979-2012, and President from 2012-2016), Katrin Adam, and Joan Forrester Sprague. Alma Felix Green was the first Executive Director in 1980 and retired as President in 2014. The WDC designs, develops, constructs, and manages sustainable housing for low and moderate income families, individuals with special needs, and elderly residents. Between 1979 and 2016, the WDC had developed over 1600 housing units.","Additional sources: \nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/about-wdc\nhttp://www.wdchoc.org/FAQ"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Women's Development Corporation Records, Ms2016-012, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Women's Development Corporation Records, Ms2016-012, Special Collections, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese records document select activities of the Women's Development Corporation (WDC) of Rhode Island from 1979-2015. Materials include professional correspondence from WDC staff to peers, funding agencies, politicians, and clients; commendations received by the WDC; research notes and reports; administrative records, including meeting minutes and bylaws; public relations materials; press coverage by and about the WDC; project documentation, including design sketches, presentation drawings, photographs, and planning materials; audio-visual recordings; electronic records on DVD; and furniture models used in the participatory design planning process.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eContains photographs of Susan Aitcheson's retirement, 2015.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Professional Papers series consists of material relating WDC's great effort to gather funding and support from several organizations and institutions to fund and subsidize housing for low income women and families. This is supported by correspondence, research notes, reference files related to both the profession and the role of women in architecture. Particular attention was given to the WSPA - Women's School of Planning and Architecture, with related correspondence, publicity, awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eScrapbook portfolio documenting selected housing projects and properties developed by WDC between 1980-1997. Entitled \"Planning, Designing and Building Homes for Families and Communities,\" the portfolio explores the WDC's Participatory Planning Design exercises and prototype development from 1980-1982. Originally established for the WDC's fifteenth anniversary and expanded over time to document new projects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series comprises conceptual sketches, fabric and paint swatches, and planning activities from the WDC's original 1980 participatory design workshop with low-income women. The series also includes prototype floorplans produced by Susan Aitcheson after the workshop.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFootage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026amp; Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFootage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026amp; Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVHS tape\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDVD-R, interview conducted by Andrea Merrett, Columbia University Archives\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDVD-R\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDVD, Running Time 8 min 40 sec\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDVD+RW\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDVD+RW\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBalsa wood and dyed cardboard furniture pieces used for participatory design activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e16 foamboard panels documenting the history of the Women's Development Corporation and its partner non-profit, the Housing Opportunities Corporation. The panels include newspaper clippings of opposition to WDC housing in its early years, a project breakdown by deecade, organizaitonal charts, lists of staff, and photographs of major projects and milestone events.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These records document select activities of the Women's Development Corporation (WDC) of Rhode Island from 1979-2015. Materials include professional correspondence from WDC staff to peers, funding agencies, politicians, and clients; commendations received by the WDC; research notes and reports; administrative records, including meeting minutes and bylaws; public relations materials; press coverage by and about the WDC; project documentation, including design sketches, presentation drawings, photographs, and planning materials; audio-visual recordings; electronic records on DVD; and furniture models used in the participatory design planning process.","Contains photographs of Susan Aitcheson's retirement, 2015.","The Professional Papers series consists of material relating WDC's great effort to gather funding and support from several organizations and institutions to fund and subsidize housing for low income women and families. This is supported by correspondence, research notes, reference files related to both the profession and the role of women in architecture. Particular attention was given to the WSPA - Women's School of Planning and Architecture, with related correspondence, publicity, awards.","Scrapbook portfolio documenting selected housing projects and properties developed by WDC between 1980-1997. Entitled \"Planning, Designing and Building Homes for Families and Communities,\" the portfolio explores the WDC's Participatory Planning Design exercises and prototype development from 1980-1982. Originally established for the WDC's fifteenth anniversary and expanded over time to document new projects.","This series comprises conceptual sketches, fabric and paint swatches, and planning activities from the WDC's original 1980 participatory design workshop with low-income women. The series also includes prototype floorplans produced by Susan Aitcheson after the workshop.","Footage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026 Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.","Footage shot for Dream Builders on Home \u0026 Garden Television. Betacam SP tape.","VHS tape","DVD-R, interview conducted by Andrea Merrett, Columbia University Archives","DVD-R","DVD, Running Time 8 min 40 sec","DVD+RW","DVD+RW","Balsa wood and dyed cardboard furniture pieces used for participatory design activities.","16 foamboard panels documenting the history of the Women's Development Corporation and its partner non-profit, the Housing Opportunities Corporation. The panels include newspaper clippings of opposition to WDC housing in its early years, a project breakdown by deecade, organizaitonal charts, lists of staff, and photographs of major projects and milestone events."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeparated materials consist of books relevant to the firm's ideals preceding the work, with subjects covering aspects such as participatory design, guides to low-income housing design, housing for Low-Income single women, different types of households, and cohousing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eTitles:\n      \u003clist\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eNew Households, New Housing , Karen A. Franck, Sherry Ahrentzen\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eSingular Women: Housing for Low-Income Single Women Without Dependents. Ann Forsyth\u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eParticipatory Design. Theory and Techniques. Henry Sanoff. \u003c/item\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eA Practical Guide to Low-and Moderate-Income Housing. Charles Edison and Bruce Lane\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Separated materials consist of books relevant to the firm's ideals preceding the work, with subjects covering aspects such as participatory design, guides to low-income housing design, housing for Low-Income single women, different types of households, and cohousing.","Titles:\n      \n        New Households, New Housing , Karen A. Franck, Sherry Ahrentzen\n        Singular Women: Housing for Low-Income Single Women Without Dependents. Ann Forsyth\n        Participatory Design. Theory and Techniques. Henry Sanoff. \n        A Practical Guide to Low-and Moderate-Income Housing. Charles Edison and Bruce Lane"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from Women's Development Corporation Records must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from Women's Development Corporation Records must be obtained from Special Collections, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_aafc0791548f8db4013de87fd32b6b25\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a Rhode Island based housing developer and non-profit founded by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. These records document select activities of the WDC from 1979-2015.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Women's Development Corporation (WDC) is a Rhode Island based housing developer and non-profit founded by a group of architects, designers, community planners, and historic preservation professionals. These records document select activities of the WDC from 1979-2015."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Women's Development Corporation (R.I.)"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":168,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:48:32.624Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3160_c02_c05_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report, 1970/1980","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05","parent_ssim":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944/2000","Subseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964/1990"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report","title_ssm":["WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report"],"title_tesim":["WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report"],"normalized_title_ssm":["WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report, 1970/1980"],"text":["WTS Engineering Team Wind Energy Report, 1970/1980","John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944/2000","Subseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964/1990","box 112","folder 53"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944/2000","Subseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964/1990"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944/2000","Subseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964/1990"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1970/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1970-1980"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":7716,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000"],"containers_ssim":["box 112","folder 53"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research, except box 190 marked \"Personal\" in Division 10, which needs to be reviewed before access. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"_nest_path_":"/components#7/components#4/components#91","timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:12.442Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1459.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Parsons, John T., Papers","title_ssm":["John T. Parsons Papers"],"title_tesim":["John T. Parsons Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-2000"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-2000"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1910/2000"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000"],"text":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000","Ms.1987.016","Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aeronautics","Machine-tools -- Numerical control","John T. Parsons Company","Businesspeople","Inventors","The collection is open for research, except box 190 marked \"Personal\" in Division 10, which needs to be reviewed before access. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.","Some of this collection has been digitized for a digital exhibit, The Products of John T. Parsons.","The collection is divided into the ten series and some with subseries. These series and subseries have been imposed by archivists but are based on Parson's original order and description. Materials have been kept in original order where possible. Arrangement is chronological, then alphabetical where applicable.","Series I. Division 1: Corporate Office, 1940-1992, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Corporate Office General, 1943-1992, n.d.\nSubseries B. ParCor Financial Records, 1945-1969, n.d.\nSubseries C. Personnel, 1942-1972, n.d.\nSubseries D. Labor, 1952-1972\nSubseries E. Board of Directors Minutes, 1956-1968\nSubseries F. Corporate History, 1916-1960, n.d.\nSubseries G. Operations Control Systems, 1954-1968\nSubseries H. Corporate Office Master Files, 1948-1967, n.d.\nSubseries I. Corporate Office New Construction, 1942-1968, n.d.\t\nSubseries J. Patents and Legal Documents, 1940-1960\t\nSubseries K. MIT, 1951-1956, 1991-1992\n\nSeries II. Division 2: Automotive Division, 1937-1971, n.d.","Series III. Division 3: Appliance Division, 1924-1962, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. General Correspondence, 1924-1951, n.d.\nSubseries B. Products, 1941-1962, n.d.\n\nSeries IV. Division 4: Ordnance Division, 1933-1967, n.d.","Series V. Division 5: Aircraft Division, 1923, 1941-1992, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Foreign Activities, 1953-1968, n.d.\nSubseries B. General, 1923, 1942-1978, n.d.\nSubseries C. Helicopter Rotor Blades, 1943-1971, n.d.\nSubseries D. Numerical Control, 1941-1992, n.d.\nSubseries E. Special Products, 1943-1982, n.d.\nSubseries F. North America Rockwell, 1955-1956, 1964-1976, n.d.\n\nSeries VI. Division 6: Subsidiaries Division, 1957-1977, n.d.","Series VII. Division 7: Minor Products Division, 1943-1966, n.d.","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944-2000, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Financial/Legal, 1944-1994, n.d.\nSubseries B. Correspondence, 1948-1998, n.d.\nSubseries C. Controllable Pitch Propeller, 1946-1980, 1993, n.d.\nSubseries D. Computer Bilt, 1949-1989, n.d.\nSubseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964-1990, n.d.\nSubseries F. ParJon Master Files, 1968-1984\nSubseries G. Consulting, 1956-2000, n.d.\nSubseries H. Punch Presses, 1959-1984, n.d.\nSubseries I. HITCO and Whittaker, 1960-1982\nSubseries J. Ariel Files, 1989-1990\nSubseries K. Marathon Files, 1974-1977, 1980-1990, n.d.\nSubseries L. Nimble Keyboard, 1962-1989, n.d.\nSubseries M. Michigan Reports, 1970-1991, n.d.\nSubseries N. Pallet Manufacturing, 1969-1991, n.d.\nSubseries O. Motor Coach, 1968-1973, n.d.\nSubseries P. Newspaper Articles, 1981-1991, n.d.\nSubseries Q. Digitron, 1948-1993, n.d.\nSubseries R. General, 1965-1996, n.d.\n\nSeries IX.  Division 9: Personal, 1910-1997, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Industrial Brochures, 1951-1994, n.d.\nSubseries B. Trade Journals and Magazines, 1958-1990, n.d.\nSubseries C. Civic Ombudsman, 1967-1978, n.d.\nSubseries D. Environment, 1966-1985\nSubseries E. Filed Clippings, 1963-1991\nSubseries F. Community Involvement, 1927-1990, n.d.\nSubseries G. Parsons Reading Files, 1961-1969, n.d.\nSubseries H. Financial Reports of Other Companies, 1950-1985\nSubseries I. Traverse City, 1943-1995, n.d.\nSubseries J. John T. Parsons Personal Records, 1931-1996, n.d.\nSubseries K. Correspondence, 1930-1997, n.d.\nSubseries L. Swedish Affairs, 1916, 1938-1983, 1996\nSubseries M. Music, 1950, 1964, 1971-1982\nSubseries N. General, 1910-1994, n.d.\nSubseries O. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1972-1996\nSubseries P. Ferris and State Jobs, 1961-1990, n.d.\n\nSeries X.  Division 10: Posters, Drawings, and Artifacts, 1947-1948, 1958-1978, 1984, 1990-1992, n.d.","John T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes.","Parsons produced bombs and land mines for U.S. government during World War II. He conceived a machine tool for automatically producing aircraft structural shapes from punch card/tape input (1946); executed a contract to produce the world's first numerical control milling machine (1949) and monitored design and completion of the machine (1950-1952). Parsons also originated an aircraft operation that became the world's largest designer, producer, and overhauler of helicopter rotor blades and built the first all-composite airplane for the Office of Naval Research. He created many other processes involving computer applications to manufacturing and received approximately fifty U.S. patents in the fields of numerical control, marine propellers, foundry systems, and data acquisition manufacturing methods.","Parsons served as president and owner of the Parsons Corporation of Traverse City, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, and Stockton, California (1954-1968). He was then president and owner of the John T. Parsons Company, Traverse City, Michigan (1968-1986).","Among his numerous awards, Parsons was the first recipient of the Numerical Control Society's Joseph Marie Jacquard Award as the Father of Numerical Control (1968), a recipient of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Engineering Citation as the person whose brilliant conceptualization of numerical control marked the beginning of the second industrial revolution (1975), recipient of the National Medal of Technology (1985), and recipient of the National Tooling and Machining Association's Distinguished Service Award (1987).","He died in Traverse City, Michigan at the age of 93.","The guide to the John T. Parsons Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","CAUTION: Materials in this folder may be dirty. Gloves are recommended for handling.","The processing, arrangement, and description of the John T. Parsons Papers was completed in September 2023, as part of the project, \"Piercing the Veil: Creating Access to the Archives of American Aerospace Exploration at Virginia Tech,\" funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC).","The John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials.","The following publications have been separated to the Rare Book Collection:","Spur, Günter. Produktionstechnisches Zentrum Berlin : Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik der TU Berlin (IWF) : Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik (IPK). Berlin:  Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik, Berlin, 1989. (Includes inscription in German to John T. Parsons.)","Transactions of the North American Manufacturing Research Institution of SME 1990. Dearborn, Mich.:  Society of Manufacturing Engineers, North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME, 1990. (Inscribed \"John T. Parsons\".)","Interlochen Center for the Arts. Alumni directory 1995. Produced for Interlochen Center for the Arts by Publishing Concepts Incorporated, The Clancy Way. (John T. Parsons's wife Elizabeth is listed as an alumni.)","Design, control and analysis of manufacturing systems : proceedings of the 27th CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, May 21-23, 1995, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. (Inscribed \"]John T. Parsons] was keynote speaker\".)","Metalworking : yesterday and tomorrow : the 100th anniversary issue of American machinist / by the editors of American machinist. New York : American machinist, [1978]. (Includes profile on John T. Parsons.) (Call number: TS205 .M469 Spec Large Copy 2)","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","John T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes. The John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials.","Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and Universtiy Archives for more information.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Parsons, John T., 1913-2007","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000"],"collection_ssim":["John T. Parsons Papers, 1910/2000"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1987.016"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1987.016"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Parsons, John T., 1913-2007"],"creator_ssim":["Parsons, John T., 1913-2007"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Parsons, John T., 1913-2007"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Parsons, John T., 1913-2007","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was acquired by Special Collections and University Archives in 1988 and 1999."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aeronautics","Machine-tools -- Numerical control","John T. Parsons Company","Businesspeople","Inventors"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Archives of American Aerospace Exploration (AAAE)","Science and Technology","Aeronautics","Machine-tools -- Numerical control","John T. Parsons Company","Businesspeople","Inventors"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["ca. 258 Cubic Feet 204 boxes, 8 oversize folders, one artifact."],"extent_tesim":["ca. 258 Cubic Feet 204 boxes, 8 oversize folders, one artifact."],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research, except box 190 marked \"Personal\" in Division 10, which needs to be reviewed before access. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research, except box 190 marked \"Personal\" in Division 10, which needs to be reviewed before access. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives for more information."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome of this collection has been digitized for a digital exhibit, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/exhibits/show/the-products-of-john-t--parson\"\u003eThe Products of John T. Parsons\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Some of this collection has been digitized for a digital exhibit, The Products of John T. Parsons."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into the ten series and some with subseries. These series and subseries have been imposed by archivists but are based on Parson's original order and description. Materials have been kept in original order where possible. Arrangement is chronological, then alphabetical where applicable.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Division 1: Corporate Office, 1940-1992, n.d.\n\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries A. Corporate Office General, 1943-1992, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries B. ParCor Financial Records, 1945-1969, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries C. Personnel, 1942-1972, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries D. Labor, 1952-1972\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries E. Board of Directors Minutes, 1956-1968\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries F. Corporate History, 1916-1960, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries G. Operations Control Systems, 1954-1968\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries H. Corporate Office Master Files, 1948-1967, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries I. Corporate Office New Construction, 1942-1968, n.d.\t\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries J. Patents and Legal Documents, 1940-1960\t\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries K. MIT, 1951-1956, 1991-1992\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\nSeries II. Division 2: Automotive Division, 1937-1971, n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Division 3: Appliance Division, 1924-1962, n.d.\n\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries A. General Correspondence, 1924-1951, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries B. Products, 1941-1962, n.d.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\nSeries IV. Division 4: Ordnance Division, 1933-1967, n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Division 5: Aircraft Division, 1923, 1941-1992, n.d.\n\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries A. Foreign Activities, 1953-1968, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries B. General, 1923, 1942-1978, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries C. Helicopter Rotor Blades, 1943-1971, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries D. Numerical Control, 1941-1992, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries E. Special Products, 1943-1982, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries F. North America Rockwell, 1955-1956, 1964-1976, n.d.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\nSeries VI. Division 6: Subsidiaries Division, 1957-1977, n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Division 7: Minor Products Division, 1943-1966, n.d.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944-2000, n.d.\n\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries A. Financial/Legal, 1944-1994, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries B. Correspondence, 1948-1998, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries C. Controllable Pitch Propeller, 1946-1980, 1993, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries D. Computer Bilt, 1949-1989, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964-1990, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries F. ParJon Master Files, 1968-1984\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries G. Consulting, 1956-2000, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries H. Punch Presses, 1959-1984, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries I. HITCO and Whittaker, 1960-1982\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries J. Ariel Files, 1989-1990\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries K. Marathon Files, 1974-1977, 1980-1990, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries L. Nimble Keyboard, 1962-1989, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries M. Michigan Reports, 1970-1991, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries N. Pallet Manufacturing, 1969-1991, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries O. Motor Coach, 1968-1973, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries P. Newspaper Articles, 1981-1991, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries Q. Digitron, 1948-1993, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries R. General, 1965-1996, n.d.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\nSeries IX.  Division 9: Personal, 1910-1997, n.d.\n\u003clist\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries A. Industrial Brochures, 1951-1994, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries B. Trade Journals and Magazines, 1958-1990, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries C. Civic Ombudsman, 1967-1978, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries D. Environment, 1966-1985\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries E. Filed Clippings, 1963-1991\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries F. Community Involvement, 1927-1990, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries G. Parsons Reading Files, 1961-1969, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries H. Financial Reports of Other Companies, 1950-1985\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries I. Traverse City, 1943-1995, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries J. John T. Parsons Personal Records, 1931-1996, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries K. Correspondence, 1930-1997, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries L. Swedish Affairs, 1916, 1938-1983, 1996\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries M. Music, 1950, 1964, 1971-1982\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries N. General, 1910-1994, n.d.\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries O. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1972-1996\u003c/item\u003e\u003citem\u003e\nSubseries P. Ferris and State Jobs, 1961-1990, n.d.\n\u003c/item\u003e\u003c/list\u003e\nSeries X.  Division 10: Posters, Drawings, and Artifacts, 1947-1948, 1958-1978, 1984, 1990-1992, n.d.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into the ten series and some with subseries. These series and subseries have been imposed by archivists but are based on Parson's original order and description. Materials have been kept in original order where possible. Arrangement is chronological, then alphabetical where applicable.","Series I. Division 1: Corporate Office, 1940-1992, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Corporate Office General, 1943-1992, n.d.\nSubseries B. ParCor Financial Records, 1945-1969, n.d.\nSubseries C. Personnel, 1942-1972, n.d.\nSubseries D. Labor, 1952-1972\nSubseries E. Board of Directors Minutes, 1956-1968\nSubseries F. Corporate History, 1916-1960, n.d.\nSubseries G. Operations Control Systems, 1954-1968\nSubseries H. Corporate Office Master Files, 1948-1967, n.d.\nSubseries I. Corporate Office New Construction, 1942-1968, n.d.\t\nSubseries J. Patents and Legal Documents, 1940-1960\t\nSubseries K. MIT, 1951-1956, 1991-1992\n\nSeries II. Division 2: Automotive Division, 1937-1971, n.d.","Series III. Division 3: Appliance Division, 1924-1962, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. General Correspondence, 1924-1951, n.d.\nSubseries B. Products, 1941-1962, n.d.\n\nSeries IV. Division 4: Ordnance Division, 1933-1967, n.d.","Series V. Division 5: Aircraft Division, 1923, 1941-1992, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Foreign Activities, 1953-1968, n.d.\nSubseries B. General, 1923, 1942-1978, n.d.\nSubseries C. Helicopter Rotor Blades, 1943-1971, n.d.\nSubseries D. Numerical Control, 1941-1992, n.d.\nSubseries E. Special Products, 1943-1982, n.d.\nSubseries F. North America Rockwell, 1955-1956, 1964-1976, n.d.\n\nSeries VI. Division 6: Subsidiaries Division, 1957-1977, n.d.","Series VII. Division 7: Minor Products Division, 1943-1966, n.d.","Series VIII. Division 8: John T. Parsons Company, 1944-2000, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Financial/Legal, 1944-1994, n.d.\nSubseries B. Correspondence, 1948-1998, n.d.\nSubseries C. Controllable Pitch Propeller, 1946-1980, 1993, n.d.\nSubseries D. Computer Bilt, 1949-1989, n.d.\nSubseries E. Wind Energy Systems, 1964-1990, n.d.\nSubseries F. ParJon Master Files, 1968-1984\nSubseries G. Consulting, 1956-2000, n.d.\nSubseries H. Punch Presses, 1959-1984, n.d.\nSubseries I. HITCO and Whittaker, 1960-1982\nSubseries J. Ariel Files, 1989-1990\nSubseries K. Marathon Files, 1974-1977, 1980-1990, n.d.\nSubseries L. Nimble Keyboard, 1962-1989, n.d.\nSubseries M. Michigan Reports, 1970-1991, n.d.\nSubseries N. Pallet Manufacturing, 1969-1991, n.d.\nSubseries O. Motor Coach, 1968-1973, n.d.\nSubseries P. Newspaper Articles, 1981-1991, n.d.\nSubseries Q. Digitron, 1948-1993, n.d.\nSubseries R. General, 1965-1996, n.d.\n\nSeries IX.  Division 9: Personal, 1910-1997, n.d.\n\nSubseries A. Industrial Brochures, 1951-1994, n.d.\nSubseries B. Trade Journals and Magazines, 1958-1990, n.d.\nSubseries C. Civic Ombudsman, 1967-1978, n.d.\nSubseries D. Environment, 1966-1985\nSubseries E. Filed Clippings, 1963-1991\nSubseries F. Community Involvement, 1927-1990, n.d.\nSubseries G. Parsons Reading Files, 1961-1969, n.d.\nSubseries H. Financial Reports of Other Companies, 1950-1985\nSubseries I. Traverse City, 1943-1995, n.d.\nSubseries J. John T. Parsons Personal Records, 1931-1996, n.d.\nSubseries K. Correspondence, 1930-1997, n.d.\nSubseries L. Swedish Affairs, 1916, 1938-1983, 1996\nSubseries M. Music, 1950, 1964, 1971-1982\nSubseries N. General, 1910-1994, n.d.\nSubseries O. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1972-1996\nSubseries P. Ferris and State Jobs, 1961-1990, n.d.\n\nSeries X.  Division 10: Posters, Drawings, and Artifacts, 1947-1948, 1958-1978, 1984, 1990-1992, n.d."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eParsons produced bombs and land mines for U.S. government during World War II. He conceived a machine tool for automatically producing aircraft structural shapes from punch card/tape input (1946); executed a contract to produce the world's first numerical control milling machine (1949) and monitored design and completion of the machine (1950-1952). Parsons also originated an aircraft operation that became the world's largest designer, producer, and overhauler of helicopter rotor blades and built the first all-composite airplane for the Office of Naval Research. He created many other processes involving computer applications to manufacturing and received approximately fifty U.S. patents in the fields of numerical control, marine propellers, foundry systems, and data acquisition manufacturing methods. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eParsons served as president and owner of the Parsons Corporation of Traverse City, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, and Stockton, California (1954-1968). He was then president and owner of the John T. Parsons Company, Traverse City, Michigan (1968-1986). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmong his numerous awards, Parsons was the first recipient of the Numerical Control Society's Joseph Marie Jacquard Award as the Father of Numerical Control (1968), a recipient of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Engineering Citation as the person whose brilliant conceptualization of numerical control marked the beginning of the second industrial revolution (1975), recipient of the National Medal of Technology (1985), and recipient of the National Tooling and Machining Association's Distinguished Service Award (1987). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe died in Traverse City, Michigan at the age of 93.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["John T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes.","Parsons produced bombs and land mines for U.S. government during World War II. He conceived a machine tool for automatically producing aircraft structural shapes from punch card/tape input (1946); executed a contract to produce the world's first numerical control milling machine (1949) and monitored design and completion of the machine (1950-1952). Parsons also originated an aircraft operation that became the world's largest designer, producer, and overhauler of helicopter rotor blades and built the first all-composite airplane for the Office of Naval Research. He created many other processes involving computer applications to manufacturing and received approximately fifty U.S. patents in the fields of numerical control, marine propellers, foundry systems, and data acquisition manufacturing methods.","Parsons served as president and owner of the Parsons Corporation of Traverse City, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, and Stockton, California (1954-1968). He was then president and owner of the John T. Parsons Company, Traverse City, Michigan (1968-1986).","Among his numerous awards, Parsons was the first recipient of the Numerical Control Society's Joseph Marie Jacquard Award as the Father of Numerical Control (1968), a recipient of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers Engineering Citation as the person whose brilliant conceptualization of numerical control marked the beginning of the second industrial revolution (1975), recipient of the National Medal of Technology (1985), and recipient of the National Tooling and Machining Association's Distinguished Service Award (1987).","He died in Traverse City, Michigan at the age of 93."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the John T. Parsons Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eCAUTION: Materials in this folder may be dirty. Gloves are recommended for handling.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description","General"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the John T. Parsons Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","CAUTION: Materials in this folder may be dirty. Gloves are recommended for handling."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], John T. Parsons Papers, Ms1987-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], John T. Parsons Papers, Ms1987-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the John T. Parsons Papers was completed in September 2023, as part of the project, \"Piercing the Veil: Creating Access to the Archives of American Aerospace Exploration at Virginia Tech,\" funded by the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.archives.gov/nhprc\"\u003eNational Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the John T. Parsons Papers was completed in September 2023, as part of the project, \"Piercing the Veil: Creating Access to the Archives of American Aerospace Exploration at Virginia Tech,\" funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following publications have been separated to the Rare Book Collection:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpur, Günter. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProduktionstechnisches Zentrum Berlin : Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik der TU Berlin (IWF) : Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik (IPK)\u003c/title\u003e. Berlin:  Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik, Berlin, 1989. (Includes inscription in German to John T. Parsons.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eTransactions of the North American Manufacturing Research Institution of SME 1990.\u003c/title\u003e Dearborn, Mich.:  Society of Manufacturing Engineers, North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME, 1990. (Inscribed \"John T. Parsons\".)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterlochen Center for the Arts. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAlumni directory 1995.\u003c/title\u003e Produced for Interlochen Center for the Arts by Publishing Concepts Incorporated, The Clancy Way. (John T. Parsons's wife Elizabeth is listed as an alumni.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eDesign, control and analysis of manufacturing systems : proceedings of the 27th CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, May 21-23, 1995, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.\u003c/title\u003e (Inscribed \"]John T. Parsons] was keynote speaker\".)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003e Metalworking : yesterday and tomorrow : the 100th anniversary issue of American machinist / by the editors of American machinist.\u003c/title\u003e New York : American machinist, [1978]. (Includes profile on John T. Parsons.) (Call number: TS205 .M469 Spec Large Copy 2)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following publications have been separated to the Rare Book Collection:","Spur, Günter. Produktionstechnisches Zentrum Berlin : Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fertigungstechnik der TU Berlin (IWF) : Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik (IPK). Berlin:  Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik, Berlin, 1989. (Includes inscription in German to John T. Parsons.)","Transactions of the North American Manufacturing Research Institution of SME 1990. Dearborn, Mich.:  Society of Manufacturing Engineers, North American Manufacturing Research Institute of SME, 1990. (Inscribed \"John T. Parsons\".)","Interlochen Center for the Arts. Alumni directory 1995. Produced for Interlochen Center for the Arts by Publishing Concepts Incorporated, The Clancy Way. (John T. Parsons's wife Elizabeth is listed as an alumni.)","Design, control and analysis of manufacturing systems : proceedings of the 27th CIRP International Seminar on Manufacturing Systems, May 21-23, 1995, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. (Inscribed \"]John T. Parsons] was keynote speaker\".)","Metalworking : yesterday and tomorrow : the 100th anniversary issue of American machinist / by the editors of American machinist. New York : American machinist, [1978]. (Includes profile on John T. Parsons.) (Call number: TS205 .M469 Spec Large Copy 2)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9cf888f6d300eb29a4387b120cb9e3d4\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eJohn T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes. The John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["John T. Parsons (1913-2007) was a manufacturer and inventor of numerical control, which is the application of computer technology to manufacturing processes. The John T. Papers include correspondence, memoranda, financial records, engineering drawings and specifications, files about civic affairs in Traverse City, Michigan, reading files and other materials."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_99912e8d0360aebe60f12758e0b420e4\"\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003ePlease note:\u003c/emph\u003e This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and Universtiy Archives for more information.\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["Please note: This collection is in off-site storage and requires 2-3 days notice for retrieval. Please contact Special Collections and Universtiy Archives for more information."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Parsons, John T., 1913-2007"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Parsons, John T., 1913-2007"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":11294,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T06:45:12.442Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1459_c08_c05_c92"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","value":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","hits":5980},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"More Than the Sum of Our Body Parts: An Exhibit by CARY, 1992-1993\", 1934/2000","value":"\"More Than the Sum of Our Body Parts: An Exhibit by CARY, 1992-1993\", 1934/2000","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22More+Than+the+Sum+of+Our+Body+Parts%3A+An+Exhibit+by+CARY%2C+1992-1993%22%2C+1934%2F2000\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A New and Accurate Map of the County of Patrick, Virginia, 1976","value":"A New and Accurate Map of the County of Patrick, Virginia, 1976","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A+New+and+Accurate+Map+of+the+County+of+Patrick%2C+Virginia%2C+1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A Settlement Map of Franklin County, Virginia, giving the Names and Locations of Many of the Early Settlers from 1786 to 1886, 1976","value":"A Settlement Map of Franklin County, Virginia, giving the Names and Locations of Many of the Early Settlers from 1786 to 1886, 1976","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A+Settlement+Map+of+Franklin+County%2C+Virginia%2C+giving+the+Names+and+Locations+of+Many+of+the+Early+Settlers+from+1786+to+1886%2C+1976\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. J. Davis Family Collection, 1874/2007, bulk 1874/1907","value":"A. J. Davis Family Collection, 1874/2007, bulk 1874/1907","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+J.+Davis+Family+Collection%2C+1874%2F2007%2C+bulk+1874%2F1907\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Jane Duncombe Architectural Papers, 1952/2002","value":"A. Jane Duncombe Architectural Papers, 1952/2002","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+Jane+Duncombe+Architectural+Papers%2C+1952%2F2002\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1976\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Virginia+Polytechnic+Institute+and+State+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abbye A. Gorin Architectural Collection, 1940/2006, bulk 1995/2006","value":"Abbye A. 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