{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=CBS+Television+Network\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1973\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=CBS+Television+Network\u0026page=1\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":1,"next_page":null,"prev_page":null,"total_pages":1,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":0,"total_count":3,"first_page?":true,"last_page?":true}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_673","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Edward O. 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After the trial was in progress, Westmoreland suddenly settled with CBS for an apology, no more than CBS had originally offered. Some contend that Judge Leval's instructions to the jury over what constituted \"actual malice\" to prove libel convinced Westmoreland's lawyers that he was certain to lose. Others point out that the settlement occurred after two of Westmoreland's former intelligence officers, Major General Joseph McChristian and Colonel Gains Hawkins, testified to the accuracy of the substantive allegations of the broadcast, which were that Westmoreland ordered changes in intelligence reports on Viet Cong troop strengths for political reasons. Disagreements persist about the appropriateness of some of the journalistic methods of Mike Wallace in particular.","A deposition by McChristian indicates that his organization developed improved intelligence on the number of irregular Viet Cong combatants shortly before he left Vietnam on a regularly scheduled rotation. The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland","This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.","Arthur J. 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The numbers troubled Westmoreland, who feared that the press would not understand them. He did not order them changed, but instead did not include the information in reporting to Washington, which in his view was a decision that the data were not appropriate to report.","Based on later analysis of the information from all sides, it appears clear that Westmoreland could not sustain a libel suit because CBS's principal allegation was that he had caused intelligence officers to suppress facts. Westmoreland's anger was caused by the implication of the broadcast that his intent was fraudulent and that he ordered others to lie.","Wikipedia contributors, \"William Westmoreland,\" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland","This collection contains copies of records compiled by Edward O. McCue to disclaim assertions made against General William Westmoreland on a CBS program aired on January 23, 1982.","Arthur J. 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Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MW/repositories_2_resources_15.xml","title_ssm":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1965-1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1965/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers, 1965/1999"],"text":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers, 1965/1999","MSS.0007","/repositories/2/resources/15","United States -- Race relations","Civil rights movements -- United States -- History -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights.","Education, Higher -- Virginia","African Americans -- Housing","Presidential Medal of Freedom","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into twelve series based on material type and subject. 1. Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. Audiovisual materials; 11. Oversize and ephemera; 12. Artifacts. Some series also contain component sub-series. The contents of each series are arranged alphabetically with items within the series being arranged chronologically.","James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.","Digitized access copies of AV materials can be made available for research use in the Special Collections reading room. Special Collections and University Archives is not equipped with the necessary playback devices to use original copies of the AV materials.","The James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.","As the collection primarily documents the professional activities of James Farmer during his time at MWC, the bulk of the collection materials are from the 1990s. In earlier documentation, bulk dates for the collection appeared as 1980-1999. There are a few materials outside of this range, such as folders containing early CORE documents and others with photographs from the mid-1960s. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to events after Farmer's death, such as various items of tribute and information regarding the Farmer bust unveiling on campus.","Materials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission.","University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. 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Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","WCBS-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.)","Columbia University","KQED-TV (Television station : San Francisco, Calif.)","National Education Association of the United States","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Association of Community Action Agencies","Black Panther Party","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers","Lake Forest College","WHYY (Radio station : Philadelphia, Pa.)","Operation PUSH (U.S.)","Rainbow/PUSH Coalition","Syracuse University","NBC Television Network","Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","University of Wisconsin--Whitewater","Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)","Kent State University","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","CBS Television Network"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection are for research and educational use only. 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Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. Audiovisual materials; 11. Oversize and ephemera; 12. Artifacts. Some series also contain component sub-series. The contents of each series are arranged alphabetically with items within the series being arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into twelve series based on material type and subject. 1. Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. Audiovisual materials; 11. Oversize and ephemera; 12. Artifacts. Some series also contain component sub-series. The contents of each series are arranged alphabetically with items within the series being arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIll health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA Guide to the James Leonard, Jr., and Lula Peterson Farmer Papers can be found at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin: https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["A Guide to the James Leonard, Jr., and Lula Peterson Farmer Papers can be found at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin: https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigitized access copies of AV materials can be made available for research use in the Special Collections reading room. 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Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the collection primarily documents the professional activities of James Farmer during his time at MWC, the bulk of the collection materials are from the 1990s. In earlier documentation, bulk dates for the collection appeared as 1980-1999. There are a few materials outside of this range, such as folders containing early CORE documents and others with photographs from the mid-1960s. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to events after Farmer's death, such as various items of tribute and information regarding the Farmer bust unveiling on campus.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.","As the collection primarily documents the professional activities of James Farmer during his time at MWC, the bulk of the collection materials are from the 1990s. In earlier documentation, bulk dates for the collection appeared as 1980-1999. There are a few materials outside of this range, such as folders containing early CORE documents and others with photographs from the mid-1960s. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to events after Farmer's death, such as various items of tribute and information regarding the Farmer bust unveiling on campus."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission."],"corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","WCBS-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.)","Columbia University","KQED-TV (Television station : San Francisco, Calif.)","National Education Association of the United States","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Association of Community Action Agencies","Black Panther Party","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers","Lake Forest College","WHYY (Radio station : Philadelphia, Pa.)","Operation PUSH (U.S.)","Rainbow/PUSH Coalition","Syracuse University","NBC Television Network","Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","University of Wisconsin--Whitewater","Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)","Kent State University","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","CBS Television Network"],"names_coll_ssim":["Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Evans, Rowland, 1921-2001","Novak, Robert D.","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bookbinder, Hyman Harry, 1916-2011","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Houser, George M.","Winpisinger, William W.","Conyers,  John, Jr., 1929-","Gross, Terry","Perot, Ruth T.","McCormick, Robert K., 1911-1985","Jakoubek,  Robert E.","X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963","Heffner, Richard D."],"names_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. 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(Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bookbinder, Hyman Harry, 1916-2011","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Houser, George M.","Winpisinger, William W.","Conyers,  John, Jr., 1929-","Gross, Terry","Perot, Ruth T.","McCormick, Robert K., 1911-1985","Jakoubek,  Robert E.","X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963","Heffner, Richard D."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":170,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:56.007Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","ead_ssi":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","_root_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","_nest_parent_":"vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MW/repositories_2_resources_15.xml","title_ssm":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1965-1999"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1965-1999"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1965/1999"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers, 1965/1999"],"text":["James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers, 1965/1999","MSS.0007","/repositories/2/resources/15","United States -- Race relations","Civil rights movements -- United States -- History -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights.","Education, Higher -- Virginia","African Americans -- Housing","Presidential Medal of Freedom","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged into twelve series based on material type and subject. 1. Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. 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Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.","Digitized access copies of AV materials can be made available for research use in the Special Collections reading room. Special Collections and University Archives is not equipped with the necessary playback devices to use original copies of the AV materials.","The James L. 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(Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bookbinder, Hyman Harry, 1916-2011","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Houser, George M.","Winpisinger, William W.","Conyers,  John, Jr., 1929-","Gross, Terry","Perot, Ruth T.","McCormick, Robert K., 1911-1985","Jakoubek,  Robert E.","X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963","Heffner, Richard D.","University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","WCBS-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.)","Columbia University","KQED-TV (Television station : San Francisco, Calif.)","National Education Association of the United States","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Association of Community Action Agencies","Black Panther Party","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers","Lake Forest College","WHYY (Radio station : Philadelphia, Pa.)","Operation PUSH (U.S.)","Rainbow/PUSH Coalition","Syracuse University","NBC Television Network","Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","University of Wisconsin--Whitewater","Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)","Kent State University","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","CBS Television Network"],"access_terms_ssm":["Materials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil rights movements -- United States -- History -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights.","Education, Higher -- Virginia","African Americans -- Housing","Presidential Medal of Freedom","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil rights movements -- United States -- History -- 20th century","African Americans -- Civil rights.","Education, Higher -- Virginia","African Americans -- Housing","Presidential Medal of Freedom","Freedom Rides, 1961","Civil rights demonstrations"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10 Linear Feet 10 document cases, 4 flat storage boxes, 1 record storage box"],"extent_tesim":["10 Linear Feet 10 document cases, 4 flat storage boxes, 1 record storage box"],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into twelve series based on material type and subject. 1. Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. Audiovisual materials; 11. Oversize and ephemera; 12. Artifacts. Some series also contain component sub-series. The contents of each series are arranged alphabetically with items within the series being arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into twelve series based on material type and subject. 1. Awards and honors; 2. Biographical information; 3. Correspondence; 4. Manuscripts and transcripts; 5. Photographs; 6. General files; 7. Materials from professional organizations; 8. Printed materials; 9. Research and lecture materials; 10. Audiovisual materials; 11. Oversize and ephemera; 12. Artifacts. Some series also contain component sub-series. The contents of each series are arranged alphabetically with items within the series being arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJames Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIll health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Leonard Farmer, Jr. was born January 12, 1920 in Marshall, Texas. He was an exceedingly intelligent student and began attending Wiley College at age fourteen, graduating with his B.S. degree in 1938. From there he went to Howard University School of Divinity before obtaining his B.D. degree in 1941. Eventually, Farmer would become widely recognized as one of the \"Big Four\" of the civil rights movement. He founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942, and gained national recognition in the 1960s for his leadership of the \"Freedom Rides\" into the South. Farmer's non-violent acts played a significant role in the events leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Bill of 1964 and the Civil Rights Voting Act of 1965.","James Farmer also forayed into politics, albeit briefly. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1968, and from 1969-1970, he served in the Nixon administration as the Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). By 1971, Farmer returned his focus to activism and education.","In addition to his role as a renowned activist, Farmer was an author, a teacher, and a labor organizer. Beyond his leadership of CORE, he also held a position as honorary vice chairman of the Democratic Socialists of America, and was a co-founding member of the Fund for an Open Society, which promoted thriving racially and ethnically integrated communities. In 1985, he began teaching the history of Civil Rights as Commonwealth Professor of History and American Studies at Mary Washingon College. HE received the title of Distiguished Professor in 1987, which he held until his retirement in 1998. MWC awarded Farmer an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1997. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Bill Clinton.","Ill health troubled James Farmer for many of his later years. He would eventually lose both of his legs and his eyesight to diabetes, and passsed away from complications of the disease on July 9, 1999."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA Guide to the James Leonard, Jr., and Lula Peterson Farmer Papers can be found at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin: https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aids"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["A Guide to the James Leonard, Jr., and Lula Peterson Farmer Papers can be found at the Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin: https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utcah/00004/cah-00004.html."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDigitized access copies of AV materials can be made available for research use in the Special Collections reading room. Special Collections and University Archives is not equipped with the necessary playback devices to use original copies of the AV materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Digitized access copies of AV materials can be made available for research use in the Special Collections reading room. Special Collections and University Archives is not equipped with the necessary playback devices to use original copies of the AV materials."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eName of item or collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Simpson Library, University of Mary Washington.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Name of item or collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Simpson Library, University of Mary Washington."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs the collection primarily documents the professional activities of James Farmer during his time at MWC, the bulk of the collection materials are from the 1990s. In earlier documentation, bulk dates for the collection appeared as 1980-1999. There are a few materials outside of this range, such as folders containing early CORE documents and others with photographs from the mid-1960s. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to events after Farmer's death, such as various items of tribute and information regarding the Farmer bust unveiling on campus.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The James L. Farmer, Jr. Papers principally document Farmer's career at Mary Washington College (now University of Mary Washington), as well as his various additional political and social activities during that time. The papers were transferred from Farmer's home and office in Spotsylvania County. The papers include correspondence, printed materials, photographs, audiovisual materials, and other items reflective of his activities towards the end of his life, as well as memorials and reflections at the time of his death collected by others.","As the collection primarily documents the professional activities of James Farmer during his time at MWC, the bulk of the collection materials are from the 1990s. In earlier documentation, bulk dates for the collection appeared as 1980-1999. There are a few materials outside of this range, such as folders containing early CORE documents and others with photographs from the mid-1960s. Additionally, there are materials pertaining to events after Farmer's death, such as various items of tribute and information regarding the Farmer bust unveiling on campus."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Materials in the collection are for research and educational use only. Photographs, unpublished manuscripts, and other materials in the collection are protected by copyright. Permission to reproduce must be secured from the individual copyright holder. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission."],"corpname_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","WCBS-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.)","Columbia University","KQED-TV (Television station : San Francisco, Calif.)","National Education Association of the United States","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Association of Community Action Agencies","Black Panther Party","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers","Lake Forest College","WHYY (Radio station : Philadelphia, Pa.)","Operation PUSH (U.S.)","Rainbow/PUSH Coalition","Syracuse University","NBC Television Network","Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","University of Wisconsin--Whitewater","Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)","Kent State University","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","CBS Television Network"],"names_coll_ssim":["Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968"],"persname_ssim":["Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Evans, Rowland, 1921-2001","Novak, Robert D.","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bookbinder, Hyman Harry, 1916-2011","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Houser, George M.","Winpisinger, William W.","Conyers,  John, Jr., 1929-","Gross, Terry","Perot, Ruth T.","McCormick, Robert K., 1911-1985","Jakoubek,  Robert E.","X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963","Heffner, Richard D."],"names_ssim":["University of Mary Washington Special Collections and University Archives","Congress of Racial Equality","Democratic Socialists of America","Fund for an Open Society (Philadelphia, Pa.)","United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare","WCBS-TV (Television station : New York, N.Y.)","Columbia University","KQED-TV (Television station : San Francisco, Calif.)","National Education Association of the United States","National Public Radio (U.S.)","National Association of Community Action Agencies","Black Panther Party","Fellowship of Reconciliation (U.S.)","International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers","Lake Forest College","WHYY (Radio station : Philadelphia, Pa.)","Operation PUSH (U.S.)","Rainbow/PUSH Coalition","Syracuse University","NBC Television Network","Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission","University of Wisconsin--Whitewater","Joint Forces Staff College (U.S.)","Kent State University","Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.)","WSB-TV (Television station : Atlanta, Ga.)","CBS Television Network","Farmer, James, 1920-1999","Clinton, Bill, 1946-","King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1929-1968","Evans, Rowland, 1921-2001","Novak, Robert D.","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bookbinder, Hyman Harry, 1916-2011","Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967","Houser, George M.","Winpisinger, William W.","Conyers,  John, Jr., 1929-","Gross, Terry","Perot, Ruth T.","McCormick, Robert K., 1911-1985","Jakoubek,  Robert E.","X, Malcolm, 1925-1965","Washington, Booker T., 1856-1915","Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963","Heffner, Richard D."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":170,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:21:56.007Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifrem_repositories_2_resources_15"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_73#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_73#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Margaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_73#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_73.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/73","title_filing_ssi":"White, Margaret","title_ssm":["Margaret White Papers"],"title_tesim":["Margaret White Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 07/13/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/13/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976","MG 20","/repositories/5/resources/73","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Teachers--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","This collection is divided into three series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Lists; and Series III: Printed Materials.","Margaret E. White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.","From 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.","Miss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.","In 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.","Margaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"","Note written by William B. Taylor, Jr.","The lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959","The collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. The program, \"The Lost Class of '59,\" deals with the problem of integration and the closing of public schools in Norfolk, Virginia.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Margaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools.","ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission","White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 20","/repositories/5/resources/73"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 20","/repositories/5/resources/73"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government"],"creator_ssm":["White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)"],"creator_ssim":["White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"creators_ssim":["White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)","ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Margaret E. White","Gift. Accession #A77-53"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Teachers--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Teachers--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.20 Linear Feet","1 half Hollinger document case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.20 Linear Feet","1 half Hollinger document case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is divided into three series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Lists; and Series III: Printed Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is divided into three series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Lists; and Series III: Printed Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMargaret E. White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMargaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by William B. Taylor, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Margaret E. White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.","From 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.","Miss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.","In 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.","Margaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"","Note written by William B. Taylor, Jr."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Margaret White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Margaret White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. The program, \"The Lost Class of '59,\" deals with the problem of integration and the closing of public schools in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. The program, \"The Lost Class of '59,\" deals with the problem of integration and the closing of public schools in Norfolk, Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_3433c91d2f167889c0257dc64f2b7b70\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMargaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Margaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"names_coll_ssim":["CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"persname_ssim":["White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission","White, Margaret E. (1908-1995)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":28,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:25:53.622Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_73","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_73.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/73","title_filing_ssi":"White, Margaret","title_ssm":["Margaret White Papers"],"title_tesim":["Margaret White Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1952-1976, undated","Date acquired: 07/13/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952-1976, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 07/13/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1976"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976"],"text":["Margaret White Papers, 1952/1976","MG 20","/repositories/5/resources/73","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Virginia--Politics and government","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Teachers--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","This collection is divided into three series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Lists; and Series III: Printed Materials.","Margaret E. White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.","From 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.","Miss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.","In 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.","Margaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"","Note written by William B. Taylor, Jr.","The lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959","The collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. 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White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMargaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by William B. Taylor, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Margaret E. White was born in Norfolk, Virginia on February 22, 1908. She graduated from Hollins College in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. After graduation, Miss White was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Blair Junior High from 1930 to 1934. After leaving that position for the commercial world for a couple of years, Miss White resumed her position at Blair Junior High School from 1936 to 1945.","From 1945 through 1946, Miss White became Program Director of the American Red Cross in South Korea, where she supervised the recreational activities for the United States Army. In 1947, she returned to a career in education at Alice Deal Junior High School in Washington, D.C., teaching science and math. After only one year in Washington, Miss White returned to Norfolk in 1948. She again was employed by the Norfolk School System, teaching history at Granby High School from 1948-1965. It was during this period that Miss White became involved in the struggle to reopen the public schools of Norfolk, during the integration crisis of 1958-1960.","Miss White's efforts to reopen the schools in Norfolk, were recorded on a CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59.\" There is substantial evidence in her papers of the support of many people throughout the nation in her valiant struggle to maintain educational standards for all students of all races.","In 1965, Miss White became Director of Public Relations for \"Operation Headstart\" while working for the Southeast Tidewater Opportunity Program. This was a federally funded program to assist in the education and employment of the poor minorities of the United States. In 1971, she worked for the Goodwill Industries. During 1976, Miss White worked with the Bicentennial Committee.","Margaret White retired to a home for Senior Citizens in Richmond, Virginia. Miss White's philosophy in regard to public education and her humanitarian activities can be summarized by her own comments: \"World history must not be neglected: without a world view how can we comprehend the nationalism of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa? Everywhere the oppressed people are rising up and making their declarations of independence. Students need to be taught a respect for the accomplishments of other races, cultures and civilizations before the United States can truly lead the world -- a world which has no hope unless it finds peace among dissimilarities. There are values besides facts that concern teachers who deserve the title: the value of respect for law and order, the respect for the dignity of mankind, the appreciation of individual differences and the realization that hate reaps evil. No, it is not riches, nor is it prestige which makes us teach. It is the conviction that in men there is a potential which can, through education, tolerance, and understanding, build a better world. The hope of this teacher is that a strong voice of moderation will speak out to open our public schools, so we may -- each in his own way, TEACH.\"","Note written by William B. Taylor, Jr."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Margaret White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Margaret White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The lost class of '59 [videorecording] : a study of Virginia's massive resistance: segregation and the Norfolk Public Schools / a presentation of CBS News; CBS Television Network; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow, Fred W. Friendly; reporter director, Arthur D. Morse. Call #: LC2803.N6 L67 1959"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. The program, \"The Lost Class of '59,\" deals with the problem of integration and the closing of public schools in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection includes correspondence, lists, and printed materials collected by Margaret White, a Norfolk, Virginia public school teacher involved with the reopening of the public schools after they were closed in 1958. The bulk of the collection relates directly to a television documentary produced by CBS. The program, \"The Lost Class of '59,\" deals with the problem of integration and the closing of public schools in Norfolk, Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_3433c91d2f167889c0257dc64f2b7b70\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMargaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Margaret White taught in the Norfolk school system off and on since 1930. Involved in struggle to reopen the public schools during the integration crisis. CBS television documentary, \"The Lost Class of '59\" recorded her efforts. Correspondence and printed material, the bulk of which dates from 1959-1964, chiefly relates to the CBS documentary. Member of the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"names_coll_ssim":["CBS Television Network","Norfolk Bicentennial Commission"],"persname_ssim":["White, Margaret E. 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