{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026facet.page=2\u0026page=5499","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026facet.page=2\u0026page=5498","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026facet.page=2\u0026page=5500","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026facet.page=2\u0026page=5514"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":5499,"next_page":5500,"prev_page":5498,"total_pages":5514,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":54980,"total_count":55131,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbooks, 1965/1975","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01_c03","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01_c03"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01_c03","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01","parent_ssim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011","Series 1: Mss. 92 W92, 1964/2001"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","viw_repositories_2_resources_9350_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks","title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks, 1965/1975"],"text":["Yearbooks, 1965/1975","Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011","Series 1: Mss. 92 W92, 1964/2001","Box 1","Folder 3"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011","Series 1: Mss. 92 W92, 1964/2001"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011","Series 1: Mss. 92 W92, 1964/2001"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1965/1975"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1965-1975"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":4,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011"],"containers_ssim":["Box 1","Folder 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:05:11.969Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9350","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9350.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Williamsburg Music Club Records","title_ssm":["Williamsburg Music Club Records"],"title_tesim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1964-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1964-2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1964/2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011"],"text":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011","Mss. 92 W92","/repositories/2/resources/9350","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)","Music--Societies, etc","Music--Virginia--Williamsburg.","Women--Societies and clubs","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Minutes","Programs","Scrapbooks","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Acc. 2005.55 and Acc. 2014.030 are not  not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.","The Wednesday Morning Music Club of Williamsburg, Virginia, brings together women interested in music, encourages musical pursuits, and makes contributions of a musical nature to the community.","Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)","Other Information:","A PDF document of a portion of this inventory is available online.","Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/92_W42_Wednesday_Morning_Music_Club.pdf","The Wednesday Morning Music Club changed its name to the Williamsburg Music Club.  All accessions include the records of the club with programs, publicity, yearbooks, presidents notebooks, minutes, scrapbooks, as well as a history of the organization.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, 1964/2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 92 W92","/repositories/2/resources/9350"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 92 W92","/repositories/2/resources/9350"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift: 152 items, 11/04/1992. 2004.48 gift of Williamsburg Music Club through Miriam Schneider. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. 2005.55 gift of Williamsburg Music Club through Miriam Hettler."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Music--Societies, etc","Music--Virginia--Williamsburg.","Women--Societies and clubs","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Minutes","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Music--Societies, etc","Music--Virginia--Williamsburg.","Women--Societies and clubs","Women--Virginia--Social life and customs","Minutes","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["7.90 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["7.90 Cubic Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Minutes","Programs","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. 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Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Acc. 2005.55 and Acc. 2014.030 are not  not yet fully arranged and described. Researchers may wish to consult with a staff member for further information in advance of using the collection."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wednesday Morning Music Club of Williamsburg, Virginia, brings together women interested in music, encourages musical pursuits, and makes contributions of a musical nature to the community.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Williamsburg%20Music%20Club%20(Va.)\"\u003ehttp://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note:"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Wednesday Morning Music Club of Williamsburg, Virginia, brings together women interested in music, encourages musical pursuits, and makes contributions of a musical nature to the community.","Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Williamsburg Music Club (Va.)"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Information:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A PDF document of a portion of this inventory is available online.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/92_W42_Wednesday_Morning_Music_Club.pdf\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Other Information:","A PDF document of a portion of this inventory is available online.","Additional information may be found at http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/findingaids/92_W42_Wednesday_Morning_Music_Club.pdf"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliamsburg Music Club Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Williamsburg Music Club Records, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wednesday Morning Music Club changed its name to the Williamsburg Music Club.  All accessions include the records of the club with programs, publicity, yearbooks, presidents notebooks, minutes, scrapbooks, as well as a history of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wednesday Morning Music Club changed its name to the Williamsburg Music Club.  All accessions include the records of the club with programs, publicity, yearbooks, presidents notebooks, minutes, scrapbooks, as well as a history of the organization."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not 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1965/1981","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02_c07#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02_c07","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02_c07"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02_c07","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003","Student Organizations, 1942/2003","Phi Omicron Tau, 1951/2003"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01","vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks","title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks, 1965/1981"],"text":["Yearbooks, 1965/1981","Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003","Student Organizations, 1942/2003","Phi Omicron Tau, 1951/2003","box 2","folder 10"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003","Student Organizations, 1942/2003","Phi Omicron Tau, 1951/2003"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003","Student Organizations, 1942/2003","Phi Omicron Tau, 1951/2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1965/1981"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1965-1981"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":46,"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"collection_ssim":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003"],"containers_ssim":["box 2","folder 10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of James Madison University is retained by James Madison University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information, contact the Special Collections Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"date_range_isim":[1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1/components#6","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:24.185Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_689","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_689.xml","title_ssm":["Department of Living Sciences records"],"title_tesim":["Department of Living Sciences records"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1915-2003"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1915-2003"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1915/2003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003"],"text":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003","UA 0057","/repositories/4/resources/689","Greek letter societies","Home economics -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Scrapbooks","Minutes (administrative records)","Photographs","Membership lists","Administrative records","Annual reports","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","Much of Danielle Torisky's research material for her publication \"History of Dining Services at James Madison University,\" which largely comprised photocopies, were not retained. Only a representative sample of published materials, cook books, and department reference books were retained. The remaining books, comprising widely available, mass produced, and/or out of scope publications, were not retained. A file of Phi Omicron Tau bank statements was not retained. Two plaques for Outstanding Home Economics students were not retained. The club's Betty lamp was not retained and was returned to Danielle Torisky.","The collection is arranged into three series:","Student Organizations, 1942-2003\n      Administrative Files, 1928-1991\n      Photographs, circa 1915-1970s","The State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg was one of the first institutions of higher learning in Virginia to emphasize a home economics education. Home economics, also known as household arts, was deemed an essential component of a good public school education for women along with agriculture and trades. By 1918, the school began receiving federal funding as part of the Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Act to train teachers and supervisors of home economics. Two student organizations, Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau, were affiliated with the department though both were likely dissolved in the early 1990s.","Early courses in home economics covered sewing and textiles, cooking, home cleaning, home nursing, home furnishing and decoration, design, household mechanics, and millinery. The curriculum later included dietetics and child development. Notable faculty included Frances Sale, the school's first home economics instructor; Pearl Moody, head of the home economics department; Bernice Varner, dean of women and head of the home economics department; and Dorothy Rowe ('50), alumna and head of the home economics department. Over time the home economics curriculum was part of the following departments: Household Arts, Department of Home Economics, Department of Living Sciences, Dietetics, and Department of Health Professions.","Meeting minutes and other administrative files were removed from binders and other bulky or acidic enclosures.","The collection was briefly titled Home Economics Student Organization Records before the incorporation of accession LS 91-0904 in January 2023.","LS 91-0904 was minimally processed with limited description after being transferred to Special Collections in 1991. These records, comprising administrative records and photographs, were minimally reprocessed to reflect more accurate and descriptive groupings. They were added to the home economics student organizations records due to their creation by the same administrative body. The accession information for LS 91-0904 refers to two scrapbooks, but given the absence of physical scrapbooks, these were likely disassembled with their contents photocopied or removed and placed into folders.","The Department of Living Sciences Records, circa 1915-2003, comprise the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University. The collection includes meeting minutes, annual reports, course information, student organization membership lists, financial records, loose photographs of students and faculty, and scrapbooks of photographs and printed ephemera.","Printed materials were separated from the collection and cataloged as part of Special Collections rare book holdings.","Files related to Danielle Torisky's \"A History of Dining Services at James Madison University\" (2007), completed as part of a Burruss research grant in JMU history, as well as her collection of Dining Services at JMU Oral Histories (SdArch 36) were added to Special Collections control files.","Copyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of James Madison University is retained by James Madison University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information, contact the Special Collections Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The collection comprises the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences","Torisky, Danielle","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003"],"collection_ssim":["Department of Living Sciences records, 1915/2003"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["UA 0057","/repositories/4/resources/689"],"unitid_tesim":["UA 0057","/repositories/4/resources/689"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"creator_ssm":["James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","Torisky, Danielle","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau"],"creator_ssim":["James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","Torisky, Danielle","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Torisky, Danielle"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences"],"creators_ssim":["Torisky, Danielle","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences"],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of James Madison University is retained by James Madison University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information, contact the Special Collections Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Administrative records and photographs documenting the home economics/living sciences department were transferred in 1991. The materials related to the student organizations were physically transferred to Special Collections in 2016 by Dr. Danielle Torisky, professor of dietetics. A transfer agreement was retroactively signed in August 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Greek letter societies","Home economics -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Scrapbooks","Minutes (administrative records)","Photographs","Membership lists","Administrative records","Annual reports"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Greek letter societies","Home economics -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Scrapbooks","Minutes (administrative records)","Photographs","Membership lists","Administrative records","Annual reports"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.9 cubic feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.9 cubic feet 7 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Scrapbooks","Minutes (administrative records)","Photographs","Membership lists","Administrative records","Annual reports"],"date_range_isim":[1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. 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The remaining books, comprising widely available, mass produced, and/or out of scope publications, were not retained. A file of Phi Omicron Tau bank statements was not retained. Two plaques for Outstanding Home Economics students were not retained. The club's Betty lamp was not retained and was returned to Danielle Torisky.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal"],"appraisal_tesim":["Much of Danielle Torisky's research material for her publication \"History of Dining Services at James Madison University,\" which largely comprised photocopies, were not retained. Only a representative sample of published materials, cook books, and department reference books were retained. The remaining books, comprising widely available, mass produced, and/or out of scope publications, were not retained. A file of Phi Omicron Tau bank statements was not retained. Two plaques for Outstanding Home Economics students were not retained. The club's Betty lamp was not retained and was returned to Danielle Torisky."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged into three series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eStudent Organizations, 1942-2003\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eAdministrative Files, 1928-1991\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhotographs, circa 1915-1970s\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged into three series:","Student Organizations, 1942-2003\n      Administrative Files, 1928-1991\n      Photographs, circa 1915-1970s"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg was one of the first institutions of higher learning in Virginia to emphasize a home economics education. Home economics, also known as household arts, was deemed an essential component of a good public school education for women along with agriculture and trades. By 1918, the school began receiving federal funding as part of the Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Act to train teachers and supervisors of home economics. Two student organizations, Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau, were affiliated with the department though both were likely dissolved in the early 1990s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEarly courses in home economics covered sewing and textiles, cooking, home cleaning, home nursing, home furnishing and decoration, design, household mechanics, and millinery. The curriculum later included dietetics and child development. Notable faculty included Frances Sale, the school's first home economics instructor; Pearl Moody, head of the home economics department; Bernice Varner, dean of women and head of the home economics department; and Dorothy Rowe ('50), alumna and head of the home economics department. Over time the home economics curriculum was part of the following departments: Household Arts, Department of Home Economics, Department of Living Sciences, Dietetics, and Department of Health Professions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Harrisonburg was one of the first institutions of higher learning in Virginia to emphasize a home economics education. Home economics, also known as household arts, was deemed an essential component of a good public school education for women along with agriculture and trades. By 1918, the school began receiving federal funding as part of the Smith-Hughes Vocational Education Act to train teachers and supervisors of home economics. Two student organizations, Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau, were affiliated with the department though both were likely dissolved in the early 1990s.","Early courses in home economics covered sewing and textiles, cooking, home cleaning, home nursing, home furnishing and decoration, design, household mechanics, and millinery. The curriculum later included dietetics and child development. Notable faculty included Frances Sale, the school's first home economics instructor; Pearl Moody, head of the home economics department; Bernice Varner, dean of women and head of the home economics department; and Dorothy Rowe ('50), alumna and head of the home economics department. Over time the home economics curriculum was part of the following departments: Household Arts, Department of Home Economics, Department of Living Sciences, Dietetics, and Department of Health Professions."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Department of Living Sciences Records, circa 1915-2003, UA 0057, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Department of Living Sciences Records, circa 1915-2003, UA 0057, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes and other administrative files were removed from binders and other bulky or acidic enclosures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection was briefly titled Home Economics Student Organization Records before the incorporation of accession LS 91-0904 in January 2023.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLS 91-0904 was minimally processed with limited description after being transferred to Special Collections in 1991. These records, comprising administrative records and photographs, were minimally reprocessed to reflect more accurate and descriptive groupings. They were added to the home economics student organizations records due to their creation by the same administrative body. The accession information for LS 91-0904 refers to two scrapbooks, but given the absence of physical scrapbooks, these were likely disassembled with their contents photocopied or removed and placed into folders.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Meeting minutes and other administrative files were removed from binders and other bulky or acidic enclosures.","The collection was briefly titled Home Economics Student Organization Records before the incorporation of accession LS 91-0904 in January 2023.","LS 91-0904 was minimally processed with limited description after being transferred to Special Collections in 1991. These records, comprising administrative records and photographs, were minimally reprocessed to reflect more accurate and descriptive groupings. They were added to the home economics student organizations records due to their creation by the same administrative body. The accession information for LS 91-0904 refers to two scrapbooks, but given the absence of physical scrapbooks, these were likely disassembled with their contents photocopied or removed and placed into folders."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Department of Living Sciences Records, circa 1915-2003, comprise the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University. The collection includes meeting minutes, annual reports, course information, student organization membership lists, financial records, loose photographs of students and faculty, and scrapbooks of photographs and printed ephemera.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Department of Living Sciences Records, circa 1915-2003, comprise the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University. The collection includes meeting minutes, annual reports, course information, student organization membership lists, financial records, loose photographs of students and faculty, and scrapbooks of photographs and printed ephemera."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePrinted materials were separated from the collection and cataloged as part of Special Collections rare book holdings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFiles related to Danielle Torisky's \"A History of Dining Services at James Madison University\" (2007), completed as part of a Burruss research grant in JMU history, as well as her collection of Dining Services at JMU Oral Histories (SdArch 36) were added to Special Collections control files.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Printed materials were separated from the collection and cataloged as part of Special Collections rare book holdings.","Files related to Danielle Torisky's \"A History of Dining Services at James Madison University\" (2007), completed as part of a Burruss research grant in JMU history, as well as her collection of Dining Services at JMU Oral Histories (SdArch 36) were added to Special Collections control files."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of James Madison University is retained by James Madison University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information, contact the Special Collections Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of James Madison University is retained by James Madison University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. For more information, contact the Special Collections Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_d8b653c6925a5ad6576030818df2d673\"\u003eThe collection comprises the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The collection comprises the administrative files, photographs, and scrapbooks documenting the Department of Living Sciences and affiliated student organizations (Frances Sale Club and Phi Omicron Tau) at James Madison University."],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences"],"names_coll_ssim":["James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences","Torisky, Danielle"],"persname_ssim":["Torisky, Danielle"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","James Madison University. Department of Health Professions","James Madison University. Frances Sale Club","James Madison University. Phi Omicron Tau","James Madison University -- Societies, etc.","James Madison University -- Students","James Madison University -- History","James Madison University. Department of Home Economics","Madison College. Department of Home Economics","Madison College -- Societies, etc.","Madison College -- Students","Madison College -- History","James Madison University. Department of Living Sciences","Torisky, Danielle"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":99,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:24.185Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_689_c01_c02_c07"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbooks, 1966/1968","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06","ref_ssm":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06"],"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","parent_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","parent_ssim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks","title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks, 1966/1968"],"text":["Yearbooks, 1966/1968","Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988","box 1","folder 6"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1966/1968"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1966/1967-1967/1968"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":6,"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"collection_ssim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 6"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967,1968],"_nest_path_":"/components#5","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:07.513Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1328.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wednesday Club yearbooks","title_ssm":["Wednesday Club yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks"],"unitdate_ssm":["1952-1988"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1952-1988"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1952/1988"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"text":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988","BBM.Coll.0007","/repositories/5/resources/1328","Virginia -- Brownsburg","This collection is open for research use.","The mission of the Wednesday Club was to unite efforts toward \"better homes, a better community, better citizenship, and a better America.\"","This collection contains the yearbooks of the Wednesday Club, a community organization consisting of women from Brownsburg, Va. The yearbooks include various information including the constitution, by-laws, and membership.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"collection_ssim":["Wednesday Club yearbooks, 1952/1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["BBM.Coll.0007","/repositories/5/resources/1328"],"unitid_tesim":["BBM.Coll.0007","/repositories/5/resources/1328"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"creator_ssm":["The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.75 Linear Feet one document box, one half-size document box"],"extent_tesim":["0.75 Linear Feet one document box, one half-size document box"],"date_range_isim":[1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe mission of the Wednesday Club was to unite efforts toward \"better homes, a better community, better citizenship, and a better America.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The mission of the Wednesday Club was to unite efforts toward \"better homes, a better community, better citizenship, and a better America.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Wednesday Club Yearbooks (BBM Coll. 0007), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Wednesday Club Yearbooks (BBM Coll. 0007), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the yearbooks of the Wednesday Club, a community organization consisting of women from Brownsburg, Va. The yearbooks include various information including the constitution, by-laws, and membership.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the yearbooks of the Wednesday Club, a community organization consisting of women from Brownsburg, Va. The yearbooks include various information including the constitution, by-laws, and membership."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","The Wednesday Club (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":13,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:07.513Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1328_c06"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbooks and supplements, 1947/1977","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05","parent_ssim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022","Series V: Publications, 1910/2009"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks and supplements","title_ssm":["Yearbooks and supplements"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks and supplements"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks and supplements, 1947/1977"],"text":["Yearbooks and supplements, 1947/1977","Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022","Series V: Publications, 1910/2009","box 2","folder 5"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022","Series V: Publications, 1910/2009"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022","Series V: Publications, 1910/2009"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1947/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1947-1977"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":81,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022"],"containers_ssim":["box 2","folder 5"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#8","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:30:20.057Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2003.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records","title_ssm":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records"],"title_tesim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-2022"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2022"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890/2022"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022"],"text":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022","Ms.1995.019","Women -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","Collection is open to research.","Additional materials were donated in May 1997, June 1998, November 2000, April 2009, February 2011, January 2012, and August 2017. Additional donations are expected in the future.","Materials in this collection are arranged in the following series: Series I: Administrative Information (including chapter history, membership records, constitution and by-laws), 1890-2010; Series II: Awards, 1912-1953; Markers and Memorials (including information on placement of grave and memorial markers and obituaries), 1968-2006; Minutes and Financial Records (ledgers), 1911-2019; Publications (including yearbooks, conference programs, bulletins, and newspaper clippings), 1910-2009; and Scrapbooks and Photographs, 1938-2022.","Series are arranged in alphabetical order. Materials within each series are arranged by material type, then chronologically.","The Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to \"perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Independence, by the acquisition and protection of historical spots, and the erection of monuments; by the encouragement of historical research in relation to the Revolution and the publication of its results; by the preservation of documents and relics, and of the records of the individual services of the Revolutionary soldiers and patriots, and by the promotion of celebrations of all patriotic anniversaries.\" The motto is \"God, Home, and Country.\" Membership in the D.A.R. is eligible to \"any woman 18 years or older, regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background, who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution.\" \"Patriot\" includes several types of military, civil, or other service in the course of the Revolution.","The Alleghany Chapter was organized in Blacksburg, Virginia, in January 1911. The first officers of the chapter were Mrs. Paul Barringer, Regent; Miss Ellen McDonald, Vice–Regent; Mrs. Alexander Black, Treasurer; Mrs. J.S.A. Johnson, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Nelson Mayo, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. James Otey, Registrar and Chair of the History Committee. Many of the charter members were descended from pioneers who held land in the New River section of the Alleghany Mountains, now known as \"Trans–Alleghany Pioneers.\" The original members chose the name \"Alleghany\" over an individual hero of the Revolutionary War as their name, to preserve the colonial history and traditions of the region.","The chapter members erected several markers in Blacksburg and the region memorializing people and events of its colonial history. Most noteworthy is the marker at Barger Fort on Ribbles Spring in Christiansburg, on the grave of Revolutionary soldier and early settler Giles Thomas in the Blacksburg Cemetery, and in memory of Col. William Patton and the pioneers who lost their lives in the Drapers Meadow Massacre in 1755, placed near Smithfield Plantation in Blacksburg.","For additional information see:\n      Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution\n      Daughters of the American Revolution","The guide to the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the July 1995 donation and May 1997 accrual of the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records was completed in November 1996 and October 1997 by student assistants Helen Harrison and Gina Ellis, and by Laura Katz Smith, Manuscripts Curator. The June 1998, November 2000, and April 2009 accruals were processed in April 2009 by Kira A. Dietz, Processing and Acquisitions Archivist. The 2011 accrual was processed in December 2011, at which time minor changes were made to the descriptive information. January 2012 materials were added to the collection at the time of their donation. 2017 materials were processed in September 2017. The October 2014, October 2019, and November 2024 materials were processed in April 2025 by Kat Zinn, Project Archivist.","The Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records contain several types of materials including bound books and ledgers, published bulletins and magazines, conference and committee programs, scrapbooks, and historical newsclippings. The collection also contains the original charter and framed awards.","Two boxes of the collection consist of bound books or ledgers. Box 1 contains Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution rosters from the founding of the DAR in 1890 through the mid-1930s, and a National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution lineage book from 1898. Box 9 holds Alleghany Chapter ledgers: membership records, 1911-1991; meeting minutes, 1911-2009; and financial records, 1957-2010.","The collection houses the Virigina DAR News Bulletin from 1962-1991 and the Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine from 1928-1932, 1987. It also contains incomplete runs of Alleghany Chapter yearbooks and supplements from 1947 to 2009 and the Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution yearbooks from 1980 to 1991.","The programs in the collection relate to chapter, state, and national Daughters of the American Revolution conferences and committees. Examples include materials from Alleghany Chapter annual meetings, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress programs and centennial celebration literature, and Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution State Conferences.","The collection includes several scrapbooks and folders of loose newsclippings. The scrapbooks feature photographs of local and national events, programs, and correspondence related to scholarships and service. Scrapbooks in this collection date from 1931 through 2016. The newsclippings often relate to individual members of the Alleghany Chapter, as well as to chapter projects and interests (i.e. the Preston family, the Smithfield plantation, and grave/memorial markers). Clippings in the collection range from the 1920s to the 1970s and come from a variety of local and regional newspapers.","An oversize box (Box 8) contains the original framed charter for the Alleghany Chapter from 1911.The application for the charter is also a part of the collection and can be found in Box 10. Box 8 also houses several framed awards the chapter received between 1942 and 1953.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Indepedence, to encourage historical research in relation to the Revolution, and to promote the celebration of all patriotic anniversaries. The records consist of rosters, D.A.R. magazines, contitutions and by–laws, minutes and membership ledgers, yearbooks, scrapbooks, news bulletins, obituaries of members, and the original charter of the Alleghany Chapter.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022"],"collection_ssim":["Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, 1890/2022"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1995.019"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1995.019"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The initial collection was donated to Special Collections in July 1995."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women -- History","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["10.5 Cubic Feet 14 boxes; 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["10.5 Cubic Feet 14 boxes; 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional materials were donated in May 1997, June 1998, November 2000, April 2009, February 2011, January 2012, and August 2017. Additional donations are expected in the future.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["Additional materials were donated in May 1997, June 1998, November 2000, April 2009, February 2011, January 2012, and August 2017. Additional donations are expected in the future."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials in this collection are arranged in the following series: Series I: Administrative Information (including chapter history, membership records, constitution and by-laws), 1890-2010; Series II: Awards, 1912-1953; Markers and Memorials (including information on placement of grave and memorial markers and obituaries), 1968-2006; Minutes and Financial Records (ledgers), 1911-2019; Publications (including yearbooks, conference programs, bulletins, and newspaper clippings), 1910-2009; and Scrapbooks and Photographs, 1938-2022.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries are arranged in alphabetical order. Materials within each series are arranged by material type, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Materials in this collection are arranged in the following series: Series I: Administrative Information (including chapter history, membership records, constitution and by-laws), 1890-2010; Series II: Awards, 1912-1953; Markers and Memorials (including information on placement of grave and memorial markers and obituaries), 1968-2006; Minutes and Financial Records (ledgers), 1911-2019; Publications (including yearbooks, conference programs, bulletins, and newspaper clippings), 1910-2009; and Scrapbooks and Photographs, 1938-2022.","Series are arranged in alphabetical order. Materials within each series are arranged by material type, then chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to \"perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Independence, by the acquisition and protection of historical spots, and the erection of monuments; by the encouragement of historical research in relation to the Revolution and the publication of its results; by the preservation of documents and relics, and of the records of the individual services of the Revolutionary soldiers and patriots, and by the promotion of celebrations of all patriotic anniversaries.\" The motto is \"God, Home, and Country.\" Membership in the D.A.R. is eligible to \"any woman 18 years or older, regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background, who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution.\" \"Patriot\" includes several types of military, civil, or other service in the course of the Revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Alleghany Chapter was organized in Blacksburg, Virginia, in January 1911. The first officers of the chapter were Mrs. Paul Barringer, Regent; Miss Ellen McDonald, Vice–Regent; Mrs. Alexander Black, Treasurer; Mrs. J.S.A. Johnson, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Nelson Mayo, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. James Otey, Registrar and Chair of the History Committee. Many of the charter members were descended from pioneers who held land in the New River section of the Alleghany Mountains, now known as \"Trans–Alleghany Pioneers.\" The original members chose the name \"Alleghany\" over an individual hero of the Revolutionary War as their name, to preserve the colonial history and traditions of the region.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The chapter members erected several markers in Blacksburg and the region memorializing people and events of its colonial history. Most noteworthy is the marker at Barger Fort on Ribbles Spring in Christiansburg, on the grave of Revolutionary soldier and early settler Giles Thomas in the Blacksburg Cemetery, and in memory of Col. William Patton and the pioneers who lost their lives in the Drapers Meadow Massacre in 1755, placed near Smithfield Plantation in Blacksburg.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eFor additional information see:\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://bbvadar.googlepages.com/\"\u003eAlleghany Chapter\u003c/a\u003e, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.dar.org/\"\u003eDaughters of the American Revolution\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to \"perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Independence, by the acquisition and protection of historical spots, and the erection of monuments; by the encouragement of historical research in relation to the Revolution and the publication of its results; by the preservation of documents and relics, and of the records of the individual services of the Revolutionary soldiers and patriots, and by the promotion of celebrations of all patriotic anniversaries.\" The motto is \"God, Home, and Country.\" Membership in the D.A.R. is eligible to \"any woman 18 years or older, regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background, who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution.\" \"Patriot\" includes several types of military, civil, or other service in the course of the Revolution.","The Alleghany Chapter was organized in Blacksburg, Virginia, in January 1911. The first officers of the chapter were Mrs. Paul Barringer, Regent; Miss Ellen McDonald, Vice–Regent; Mrs. Alexander Black, Treasurer; Mrs. J.S.A. Johnson, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Nelson Mayo, Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. James Otey, Registrar and Chair of the History Committee. Many of the charter members were descended from pioneers who held land in the New River section of the Alleghany Mountains, now known as \"Trans–Alleghany Pioneers.\" The original members chose the name \"Alleghany\" over an individual hero of the Revolutionary War as their name, to preserve the colonial history and traditions of the region.","The chapter members erected several markers in Blacksburg and the region memorializing people and events of its colonial history. Most noteworthy is the marker at Barger Fort on Ribbles Spring in Christiansburg, on the grave of Revolutionary soldier and early settler Giles Thomas in the Blacksburg Cemetery, and in memory of Col. William Patton and the pioneers who lost their lives in the Drapers Meadow Massacre in 1755, placed near Smithfield Plantation in Blacksburg.","For additional information see:\n      Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution\n      Daughters of the American Revolution"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, Ms1995-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records, Ms1995-019, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the July 1995 donation and May 1997 accrual of the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records was completed in November 1996 and October 1997 by student assistants Helen Harrison and Gina Ellis, and by Laura Katz Smith, Manuscripts Curator. The June 1998, November 2000, and April 2009 accruals were processed in April 2009 by Kira A. Dietz, Processing and Acquisitions Archivist. The 2011 accrual was processed in December 2011, at which time minor changes were made to the descriptive information. January 2012 materials were added to the collection at the time of their donation. 2017 materials were processed in September 2017. The October 2014, October 2019, and November 2024 materials were processed in April 2025 by Kat Zinn, Project Archivist.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the July 1995 donation and May 1997 accrual of the Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records was completed in November 1996 and October 1997 by student assistants Helen Harrison and Gina Ellis, and by Laura Katz Smith, Manuscripts Curator. The June 1998, November 2000, and April 2009 accruals were processed in April 2009 by Kira A. Dietz, Processing and Acquisitions Archivist. The 2011 accrual was processed in December 2011, at which time minor changes were made to the descriptive information. January 2012 materials were added to the collection at the time of their donation. 2017 materials were processed in September 2017. The October 2014, October 2019, and November 2024 materials were processed in April 2025 by Kat Zinn, Project Archivist."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records contain several types of materials including bound books and ledgers, published bulletins and magazines, conference and committee programs, scrapbooks, and historical newsclippings. The collection also contains the original charter and framed awards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo boxes of the collection consist of bound books or ledgers. Box 1 contains Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution rosters from the founding of the DAR in 1890 through the mid-1930s, and a National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution lineage book from 1898. Box 9 holds Alleghany Chapter ledgers: membership records, 1911-1991; meeting minutes, 1911-2009; and financial records, 1957-2010.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection houses the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eVirigina DAR News Bulletin\u003c/title\u003e from 1962-1991 and the \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eDaughters of the American Revolution Magazine\u003c/title\u003e from 1928-1932, 1987. It also contains incomplete runs of Alleghany Chapter yearbooks and supplements from 1947 to 2009 and the Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution yearbooks from 1980 to 1991.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe programs in the collection relate to chapter, state, and national Daughters of the American Revolution conferences and committees. Examples include materials from Alleghany Chapter annual meetings, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress programs and centennial celebration literature, and Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution State Conferences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection includes several scrapbooks and folders of loose newsclippings. The scrapbooks feature photographs of local and national events, programs, and correspondence related to scholarships and service. Scrapbooks in this collection date from 1931 through 2016. The newsclippings often relate to individual members of the Alleghany Chapter, as well as to chapter projects and interests (i.e. the Preston family, the Smithfield plantation, and grave/memorial markers). Clippings in the collection range from the 1920s to the 1970s and come from a variety of local and regional newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn oversize box (Box 8) contains the original framed charter for the Alleghany Chapter from 1911.The application for the charter is also a part of the collection and can be found in Box 10. Box 8 also houses several framed awards the chapter received between 1942 and 1953.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Alleghany Chapter, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Records contain several types of materials including bound books and ledgers, published bulletins and magazines, conference and committee programs, scrapbooks, and historical newsclippings. The collection also contains the original charter and framed awards.","Two boxes of the collection consist of bound books or ledgers. Box 1 contains Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution rosters from the founding of the DAR in 1890 through the mid-1930s, and a National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution lineage book from 1898. Box 9 holds Alleghany Chapter ledgers: membership records, 1911-1991; meeting minutes, 1911-2009; and financial records, 1957-2010.","The collection houses the Virigina DAR News Bulletin from 1962-1991 and the Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine from 1928-1932, 1987. It also contains incomplete runs of Alleghany Chapter yearbooks and supplements from 1947 to 2009 and the Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution yearbooks from 1980 to 1991.","The programs in the collection relate to chapter, state, and national Daughters of the American Revolution conferences and committees. Examples include materials from Alleghany Chapter annual meetings, National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress programs and centennial celebration literature, and Virginia Daughters of the American Revolution State Conferences.","The collection includes several scrapbooks and folders of loose newsclippings. The scrapbooks feature photographs of local and national events, programs, and correspondence related to scholarships and service. Scrapbooks in this collection date from 1931 through 2016. The newsclippings often relate to individual members of the Alleghany Chapter, as well as to chapter projects and interests (i.e. the Preston family, the Smithfield plantation, and grave/memorial markers). Clippings in the collection range from the 1920s to the 1970s and come from a variety of local and regional newspapers.","An oversize box (Box 8) contains the original framed charter for the Alleghany Chapter from 1911.The application for the charter is also a part of the collection and can be found in Box 10. Box 8 also houses several framed awards the chapter received between 1942 and 1953."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cf198be2b776d50581219dd6c2a21cc0\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Indepedence, to encourage historical research in relation to the Revolution, and to promote the celebration of all patriotic anniversaries. The records consist of rosters, D.A.R. magazines, contitutions and by–laws, minutes and membership ledgers, yearbooks, scrapbooks, news bulletins, obituaries of members, and the original charter of the Alleghany Chapter.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Daughters of the American Revolution (D.A.R.) was formed in 1890 as an organization to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved American Indepedence, to encourage historical research in relation to the Revolution, and to promote the celebration of all patriotic anniversaries. The records consist of rosters, D.A.R. magazines, contitutions and by–laws, minutes and membership ledgers, yearbooks, scrapbooks, news bulletins, obituaries of members, and the original charter of the Alleghany Chapter."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Daughters of the American Revolution. Alleghany Chapter (Blacksburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":96,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:30:20.057Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2003_c05_c09"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College, 1966/1967","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04","parent_ssim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014","Personal papers, 1815/2011"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_594","viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College","title_ssm":["Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College"],"title_tesim":["Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College, 1966/1967"],"text":["Yearbook \"Southern Accent\" Birmingham Southern College, 1966/1967","Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014","Personal papers, 1815/2011","box 11 [X030899255]","folder 3-4","English"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014","Personal papers, 1815/2011"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014","Personal papers, 1815/2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1966/1967"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1966-1967"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":118,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014"],"extent_ssm":["0.08 Cubic Feet Two folders in Box eleven."],"extent_tesim":["0.08 Cubic Feet Two folders in Box eleven."],"containers_ssim":["box 11 [X030899255]","folder 3-4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use except for Box 13 which contains personal identification numbers and private financial information."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1966,1967],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#50","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_594","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_594.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/515","title_filing_ssi":"Burnette, Ollen Lawrence Jr., papers","title_ssm":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers"],"title_tesim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1815-2014"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1815-2014"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1815/2014"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014"],"text":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014","MSS 15864","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/594","The collection is open for research use except for Box 13 which contains personal identification numbers and private financial information.","This collection is arranged into four series:\nSeries 1. Research and manuscripts,\nSeries 2. Teaching and consulting,\nSeries 3. Military and naval Intelligence, and\nSeries 4. Personal papers","Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr., a native of Bethel, North Carolina, who grew up in Richmond, Virginia, is a historian, educator, writer, and editor. He was born September 30, 1927 to Ollen Lawrence and Eva E. (Highsmith) Burnette (descendants of Highland Scots) and was educated at the University of Richmond where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in history and philosophy in 1945. He received an M. A. in history in 1948 from the University of Virginia, and a Ph.D. in history and political science, also from the University of Virginia, in 1952. He also holds an honorary LL.D. degree from Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas (1989) and a doctorate in International Law and Diplomacy from Canterbury, UK (2014). He served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and had a parallel career as a Naval Intelligence Officer with active and reserve status from 1954 to 1987, retiring with the rank of Captain.","He taught history and government at Petersburg High School in Petersburg, Virginia from 1948 to 1949, and Virginia Military Institute from 1951 to 1953. He was an editor for Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953-1957 and the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1957-1963. His career as a history professor and University administrator began at Birmingham-Southern College from 1963-1972 and Stratford College from 1972 to 1974. He was a Visiting Professor of History at North Carolina State Agricultural \u0026 Technical University from 1975-1976. He was also a lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976 while holding the position of executive director of the West Piedmont Planning District Commission from 1975 to 1980. He was an assistant to the Superintendent at Virginia Military Academy from 1981 to 1986.","In addition to being an educator and an editor, Dr. Burnette served as a historical researcher, a planning and development consultant, and a mediator. He has been a consultant to several university administrations and president of several of his own companies, including Timber Ridge Enterprises, LTD., Around Again, LLC., and the Perdido Bay Foundation. Following his work as a consultant he continued to teach as a Senior Adjunct Professor of History and Foreign Relations at the University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida (2000-2014) and Senior Professor in the Elderhostel program of Faulkner State Community College in Fairhope, Alabama.","His publications include \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\", \"A Soviet View of the American Past\", \"A Syllabus of American History\", \"Wisconsin Witness to Frederick Jackson Turner\", \"Life in America\", \"Beneath the Footnote: A Guide to the Use and Preservation of American Historical Documentation\", \"Readings on the Development of the American Constitution\", \"Lights Upon the Distant Shore: Poems by O. Lawrence Burnette, Jr.\", \"Historic Baldwin County: A Bicentennial History\", \"Son of Carolina: A Memoir\", and \"Making American Foreign Policy in the Political Pressure Cooker\".","He has held memberships or trustee positions in the American Institute of Professional Planners, West Piedmont Planning District Commission, Baldwin County Historic Development Commission, Stonewall Jackson Hospital, Lexington, KY, Omicron Delta Kappa, and Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Burnette has received distinguished awards for his fields of specialization: history and culture of the South; U. S. military history, and American constitutional and diplomatic history. He is an honoree in \"Who's Who in America\" and the recipient of numerous awards for excellence in teaching and historical writing. He was appointed a distinguished lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976; received a Distinguished International Professor citation at the State Technical University of Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1997, a Distinguished Service Award from the United States Department of State and the American Association of University Professors, and named Distinguished Professor by the American Association of Schools and Colleges. He also has an outstanding record in his Naval Intelligence career and has received many medals including a Victory Medal from World War II, a National Defense Service Medal, an Armed Forces Reserve Medal, a Naval Reserve Medal and a Meritorious Service Medal. He was a Naval-Aide-de-Camp to the governor of Virginia [1986?] and is fluent in Russian.","Sources:","https://www.lib.ua.edu/Alabama_Authors/?p=889","https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4754968.OLawrence_Burnette","Resumes and papers in the collection.","Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815-2014, 6 cubic feet, containing Dr. Burnette's research and manuscripts for \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\" and other writings (1953-2011); correspondence with history professors and academics at state and private universities about teaching jobs, education, and history (1946-2003); military service records and assignments (1945-1987), and personal papers (1815-2011) including  correspondence, school papers and yearbooks, pocket diaries, financial and legal papers, business ventures, organizations, awards, medals, photographs, church affiliations, and politics. Also included are papers of the Highsmith family containing slave receipts, confederate money, and a \"cipher\" book.","There are letters from two United States presidents, Harry S. Truman (1960) and Barack Obama (2001), thanking him for a copy of one of Burnette's books. There is also a letter describing the race riots in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, and a letter from Dr. Burnette to Senator Eugene McCue about the closing of the schools in Virginia due to desegregation in 1959.","The papers are grouped into four series: Research and manuscripts, teaching and consulting, military and naval intelligence, and personal papers.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014"],"collection_ssim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815/2014"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15864","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/594"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15864","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/594"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was a gift from Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. to the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia on December 16, 2014."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 Cubic Feet 13 document boxes and one oversize newspaper box."],"extent_tesim":["6 Cubic Feet 13 document boxes and one oversize newspaper box."],"physfacet_tesim":["5 CD's [containing research for his books] and newspapers about Alabama."],"date_range_isim":[1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use except for Box 13 which contains personal identification numbers and private financial information.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use except for Box 13 which contains personal identification numbers and private financial information."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into four series:\nSeries 1. Research and manuscripts,\nSeries 2. Teaching and consulting,\nSeries 3. Military and naval Intelligence, and\nSeries 4. Personal papers\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into four series:\nSeries 1. Research and manuscripts,\nSeries 2. Teaching and consulting,\nSeries 3. Military and naval Intelligence, and\nSeries 4. Personal papers"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOllen Lawrence Burnette, Jr., a native of Bethel, North Carolina, who grew up in Richmond, Virginia, is a historian, educator, writer, and editor. He was born September 30, 1927 to Ollen Lawrence and Eva E. (Highsmith) Burnette (descendants of Highland Scots) and was educated at the University of Richmond where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in history and philosophy in 1945. He received an M. A. in history in 1948 from the University of Virginia, and a Ph.D. in history and political science, also from the University of Virginia, in 1952. He also holds an honorary LL.D. degree from Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas (1989) and a doctorate in International Law and Diplomacy from Canterbury, UK (2014). He served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and had a parallel career as a Naval Intelligence Officer with active and reserve status from 1954 to 1987, retiring with the rank of Captain. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHe taught history and government at Petersburg High School in Petersburg, Virginia from 1948 to 1949, and Virginia Military Institute from 1951 to 1953. He was an editor for Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953-1957 and the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1957-1963. His career as a history professor and University administrator began at Birmingham-Southern College from 1963-1972 and Stratford College from 1972 to 1974. He was a Visiting Professor of History at North Carolina State Agricultural \u0026amp; Technical University from 1975-1976. He was also a lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976 while holding the position of executive director of the West Piedmont Planning District Commission from 1975 to 1980. He was an assistant to the Superintendent at Virginia Military Academy from 1981 to 1986.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to being an educator and an editor, Dr. Burnette served as a historical researcher, a planning and development consultant, and a mediator. He has been a consultant to several university administrations and president of several of his own companies, including Timber Ridge Enterprises, LTD., Around Again, LLC., and the Perdido Bay Foundation. Following his work as a consultant he continued to teach as a Senior Adjunct Professor of History and Foreign Relations at the University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida (2000-2014) and Senior Professor in the Elderhostel program of Faulkner State Community College in Fairhope, Alabama. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis publications include \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\", \"A Soviet View of the American Past\", \"A Syllabus of American History\", \"Wisconsin Witness to Frederick Jackson Turner\", \"Life in America\", \"Beneath the Footnote: A Guide to the Use and Preservation of American Historical Documentation\", \"Readings on the Development of the American Constitution\", \"Lights Upon the Distant Shore: Poems by O. Lawrence Burnette, Jr.\", \"Historic Baldwin County: A Bicentennial History\", \"Son of Carolina: A Memoir\", and \"Making American Foreign Policy in the Political Pressure Cooker\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nHe has held memberships or trustee positions in the American Institute of Professional Planners, West Piedmont Planning District Commission, Baldwin County Historic Development Commission, Stonewall Jackson Hospital, Lexington, KY, Omicron Delta Kappa, and Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Burnette has received distinguished awards for his fields of specialization: history and culture of the South; U. S. military history, and American constitutional and diplomatic history. He is an honoree in \"Who's Who in America\" and the recipient of numerous awards for excellence in teaching and historical writing. He was appointed a distinguished lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976; received a Distinguished International Professor citation at the State Technical University of Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1997, a Distinguished Service Award from the United States Department of State and the American Association of University Professors, and named Distinguished Professor by the American Association of Schools and Colleges. He also has an outstanding record in his Naval Intelligence career and has received many medals including a Victory Medal from World War II, a National Defense Service Medal, an Armed Forces Reserve Medal, a Naval Reserve Medal and a Meritorious Service Medal. He was a Naval-Aide-de-Camp to the governor of Virginia [1986?] and is fluent in Russian.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.lib.ua.edu/Alabama_Authors/?p=889\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ehttps://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4754968.OLawrence_Burnette\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResumes and papers in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr., a native of Bethel, North Carolina, who grew up in Richmond, Virginia, is a historian, educator, writer, and editor. He was born September 30, 1927 to Ollen Lawrence and Eva E. (Highsmith) Burnette (descendants of Highland Scots) and was educated at the University of Richmond where he obtained a Bachelor's degree in history and philosophy in 1945. He received an M. A. in history in 1948 from the University of Virginia, and a Ph.D. in history and political science, also from the University of Virginia, in 1952. He also holds an honorary LL.D. degree from Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas (1989) and a doctorate in International Law and Diplomacy from Canterbury, UK (2014). He served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and had a parallel career as a Naval Intelligence Officer with active and reserve status from 1954 to 1987, retiring with the rank of Captain.","He taught history and government at Petersburg High School in Petersburg, Virginia from 1948 to 1949, and Virginia Military Institute from 1951 to 1953. He was an editor for Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953-1957 and the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1957-1963. His career as a history professor and University administrator began at Birmingham-Southern College from 1963-1972 and Stratford College from 1972 to 1974. He was a Visiting Professor of History at North Carolina State Agricultural \u0026 Technical University from 1975-1976. He was also a lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976 while holding the position of executive director of the West Piedmont Planning District Commission from 1975 to 1980. He was an assistant to the Superintendent at Virginia Military Academy from 1981 to 1986.","In addition to being an educator and an editor, Dr. Burnette served as a historical researcher, a planning and development consultant, and a mediator. He has been a consultant to several university administrations and president of several of his own companies, including Timber Ridge Enterprises, LTD., Around Again, LLC., and the Perdido Bay Foundation. Following his work as a consultant he continued to teach as a Senior Adjunct Professor of History and Foreign Relations at the University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida (2000-2014) and Senior Professor in the Elderhostel program of Faulkner State Community College in Fairhope, Alabama.","His publications include \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\", \"A Soviet View of the American Past\", \"A Syllabus of American History\", \"Wisconsin Witness to Frederick Jackson Turner\", \"Life in America\", \"Beneath the Footnote: A Guide to the Use and Preservation of American Historical Documentation\", \"Readings on the Development of the American Constitution\", \"Lights Upon the Distant Shore: Poems by O. Lawrence Burnette, Jr.\", \"Historic Baldwin County: A Bicentennial History\", \"Son of Carolina: A Memoir\", and \"Making American Foreign Policy in the Political Pressure Cooker\".","He has held memberships or trustee positions in the American Institute of Professional Planners, West Piedmont Planning District Commission, Baldwin County Historic Development Commission, Stonewall Jackson Hospital, Lexington, KY, Omicron Delta Kappa, and Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Burnette has received distinguished awards for his fields of specialization: history and culture of the South; U. S. military history, and American constitutional and diplomatic history. He is an honoree in \"Who's Who in America\" and the recipient of numerous awards for excellence in teaching and historical writing. He was appointed a distinguished lecturer at the Naval War College in 1976; received a Distinguished International Professor citation at the State Technical University of Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1997, a Distinguished Service Award from the United States Department of State and the American Association of University Professors, and named Distinguished Professor by the American Association of Schools and Colleges. He also has an outstanding record in his Naval Intelligence career and has received many medals including a Victory Medal from World War II, a National Defense Service Medal, an Armed Forces Reserve Medal, a Naval Reserve Medal and a Meritorious Service Medal. He was a Naval-Aide-de-Camp to the governor of Virginia [1986?] and is fluent in Russian.","Sources:","https://www.lib.ua.edu/Alabama_Authors/?p=889","https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4754968.OLawrence_Burnette","Resumes and papers in the collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15864, Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15864, Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOllen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815-2014, 6 cubic feet, containing Dr. Burnette's research and manuscripts for \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\" and other writings (1953-2011); correspondence with history professors and academics at state and private universities about teaching jobs, education, and history (1946-2003); military service records and assignments (1945-1987), and personal papers (1815-2011) including  correspondence, school papers and yearbooks, pocket diaries, financial and legal papers, business ventures, organizations, awards, medals, photographs, church affiliations, and politics. Also included are papers of the Highsmith family containing slave receipts, confederate money, and a \"cipher\" book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThere are letters from two United States presidents, Harry S. Truman (1960) and Barack Obama (2001), thanking him for a copy of one of Burnette's books. There is also a letter describing the race riots in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, and a letter from Dr. Burnette to Senator Eugene McCue about the closing of the schools in Virginia due to desegregation in 1959.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are grouped into four series: Research and manuscripts, teaching and consulting, military and naval intelligence, and personal papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Ollen Lawrence Burnette, Jr. papers, 1815-2014, 6 cubic feet, containing Dr. Burnette's research and manuscripts for \"Coastal Kingdom: A History of Baldwin County, Alabama\" and other writings (1953-2011); correspondence with history professors and academics at state and private universities about teaching jobs, education, and history (1946-2003); military service records and assignments (1945-1987), and personal papers (1815-2011) including  correspondence, school papers and yearbooks, pocket diaries, financial and legal papers, business ventures, organizations, awards, medals, photographs, church affiliations, and politics. Also included are papers of the Highsmith family containing slave receipts, confederate money, and a \"cipher\" book.","There are letters from two United States presidents, Harry S. Truman (1960) and Barack Obama (2001), thanking him for a copy of one of Burnette's books. There is also a letter describing the race riots in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, and a letter from Dr. Burnette to Senator Eugene McCue about the closing of the schools in Virginia due to desegregation in 1959.","The papers are grouped into four series: Research and manuscripts, teaching and consulting, military and naval intelligence, and personal papers."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":122,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_594_c04_c51"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Year End Financial Reports, 1956/1970","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01","parent_ssim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006","Financial Files, 1840/2006"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Year End Financial Reports","title_ssm":["Year End Financial Reports"],"title_tesim":["Year End Financial Reports"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Year End Financial Reports, 1956/1970"],"text":["Year End Financial Reports, 1956/1970","Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006","Financial Files, 1840/2006","box 25","folder 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006","Financial Files, 1840/2006"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006","Financial Files, 1840/2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1956/1970"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1956–1970"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":119,"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"collection_ssim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006"],"containers_ssim":["box 25","folder 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Parts of the collection are restricted, due to the presence of personally identifying information. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. Staff have taken special care to identify and remove sensitive materials. However, in rare instances, privacy protected information may be revealed during use of this collection. Researchers agree to make no notes or other recordation of privacy protected information if found within this collection, and further agree not to publish or disclose such information for any purpose. Researchers agree to alert Special Collections staff if potentially privacy protected information is found within this collection. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"date_range_isim":[1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#117","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:09.969Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_505","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_505.xml","title_ssm":["Woodbine Cemetery Records"],"title_tesim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1830-2006","1940-2006"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1830-2006"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1940-2006"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006"],"text":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006","SC 0236","/repositories/4/resources/505","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Financial Records","Receipts (financial records)","Minutes (administrative records)","Maps (documents)","Plats (maps)","Checks (bank checks)","Directories","Ledgers (account books)","Administrative reports","Letters (correspondence)","Deeds","Parts of the collection are restricted, due to the presence of personally identifying information. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in six series. Broadly speaking, each series is arranged first by the type of material, and then chronologically within these broader categories. Exceptions to this arrangement were made in order to pay respects to the original order, as well as when precise dates could not be readily determined.","Financial Files, circa 1840-2006 (bulk 1890-2006)\n      Administrative Files, 1853-2002\n      Business Records, 1898-2006\n      Mausoleum Records, 1924-2006\n      Ephemera, 1985-2000\n      Maps, 1913-1966","Liskey, Nelson J. \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" Harrisonburg, VA. 1998.","\"About Woodbine.\" Woodbine Cemetery. http://woodbinecemetery.org/about-woodbine/ (Accessed September 19, 2018).","Moore, Robert H. \"The Woodbine Cemetery.\" Historical Marker Database, February 26, 2009. https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16486 (Accessed September 19, 2018).","Woodbine Cemetery Company was founded on March 19, 1850 by the Virginia General Assembly, as a non-denominational burial ground in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The first land for the cemetery was purchased seven months later, on October 11, 1850, from Harrisonburg's first mayor, Isaac Hardesty, who sold 2½ acres to the cemetery company. It has continued to expand in size over the years, and the current grounds cover about 18 acres. Woodbine Cemetery contains roughly 11,550 burial plots with approximately 9,000 interred.","Soon after the Civil War, the cemetery created an area dedicated to Confederate soldiers and veterans. This section was originally maintained by the Ladies Memorial Association, founded in 1868 with the charge of caring for the graves of Confederate soldiers buried in Rockingham County. The Ladies Memorial Association erected a soldiers monument in 1876, and in 1899 with the aid of the Turner Ashby Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, replaced all wooden head boards with white marble stones. The section was expanded in 1886, when Samuel Shacklett donated a 5 acre-plot, containing land likely already in use as a Confederate cemetery. There are now over 200 Confederate soldier or veterans buried there, representing states of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee. The cemetery also contains area known as \"Little Arlington,\" dedicated to those who served in World War I and World War II.","The Community Mausoleum was erected in 1926, though there are no records of incorporation until 1936, when it was incorporated as the \"Communal Mausoleum Crypt Owners, Inc.\" In February 2006, the mausoleum merged with Woodbine Cemetery Company.","According to a Woodbine Board of Trustees report dated April 2, 1853, the original cemetery contained plots designated for African Americans, stating, \"…in the rear plats have already been appropriated to single interments, and likewise for the use of colored persons.\" According to Nelson J. Liskey's, \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" in 1969, the board adopted a policy that \"no restrictions as to race would be applicable to lot purchasers.\" Certificates of Ownership of Communal Mausoleum Crypts at Woodbine Cemetery state that \"the crypts are for the entombment of the human dead of the Caucasian race only.\"","Superintendents of Woodbine Cemetery include, but are not limited to, the following individuals: John Foster (1851), J.P. Hyde (1863), J.E. Good (1880), Bowman Gilmer (1918-1958), Sherman Gilmer (1958-1981), David Schrock (1981-1992), Lisa Batchelder (1992-present).","Due to the lengthy time period covered by this collection, the materials were created, collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. Where possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The collection also originally contained various stamps, keys, and other 3-dimensional objects, which were not retained.","The Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, are comprised of materials related to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business, between the 1850s and 2006. This includes records relating to the management of the Woodbine Mausoleum, which existed as a separate entity until 2006, when it was acquired by Woodbine Cemetery.","Due to the lengthy time period covered, the materials were collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. When possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The material relates almost exclusively to Woodbine Cemetery in Harrisonburg VA, though some of the ephemera relates to other cemeteries as well.","A copy of the book, \"Beautiful Thornrose,\" edited by Arista Hoge (Staunton, VA: Press of the McClure Co., 1914), was separated from the collection, and is housed in Special Collections Monographs, F234.S8 B4 1914.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. Staff have taken special care to identify and remove sensitive materials. However, in rare instances, privacy protected information may be revealed during use of this collection. Researchers agree to make no notes or other recordation of privacy protected information if found within this collection, and further agree not to publish or disclose such information for any purpose. Researchers agree to alert Special Collections staff if potentially privacy protected information is found within this collection. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, consist of materials relating to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business over approximately the past 150 years.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Woodbine Cemetery","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006"],"collection_ssim":["Woodbine Cemetery Records, 1830/2006, bulk 1940/2006"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0236","/repositories/4/resources/505"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0236","/repositories/4/resources/505"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy"],"places_ssim":["Harrisonburg (Va.) -- History","Harrisonburg (Va.) -- Genealogy","Rockingham County (Va.) -- History","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Woodbine Cemetery","Woodbine Cemetery"],"creator_ssim":["Woodbine Cemetery","Woodbine Cemetery"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Woodbine Cemetery"],"creators_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Woodbine Cemetery"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. Staff have taken special care to identify and remove sensitive materials. However, in rare instances, privacy protected information may be revealed during use of this collection. Researchers agree to make no notes or other recordation of privacy protected information if found within this collection, and further agree not to publish or disclose such information for any purpose. Researchers agree to alert Special Collections staff if potentially privacy protected information is found within this collection. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was donated by Charlie Chenault, Woodbine Cemetery Board of Trustees, Secretary/Treasurer, on August 27, 2015. Additions were made by Lisa Batchelder, superintendent of Woodbine Cemetery, in September and October 2021."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Financial Records","Receipts (financial records)","Minutes (administrative records)","Maps (documents)","Plats (maps)","Checks (bank checks)","Directories","Ledgers (account books)","Administrative reports","Letters (correspondence)","Deeds"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Financial Records","Receipts (financial records)","Minutes (administrative records)","Maps (documents)","Plats (maps)","Checks (bank checks)","Directories","Ledgers (account books)","Administrative reports","Letters (correspondence)","Deeds"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["26.17 cubic feet 74 boxes, 6 flat files"],"extent_tesim":["26.17 cubic feet 74 boxes, 6 flat files"],"genreform_ssim":["Financial Records","Receipts (financial records)","Minutes (administrative records)","Maps (documents)","Plats (maps)","Checks (bank checks)","Directories","Ledgers (account books)","Administrative reports","Letters (correspondence)","Deeds"],"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eParts of the collection are restricted, due to the presence of personally identifying information. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Parts of the collection are restricted, due to the presence of personally identifying information. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in six series. Broadly speaking, each series is arranged first by the type of material, and then chronologically within these broader categories. Exceptions to this arrangement were made in order to pay respects to the original order, as well as when precise dates could not be readily determined.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eFinancial Files, circa 1840-2006 (bulk 1890-2006)\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eAdministrative Files, 1853-2002\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eBusiness Records, 1898-2006\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMausoleum Records, 1924-2006\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eEphemera, 1985-2000\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMaps, 1913-1966\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in six series. Broadly speaking, each series is arranged first by the type of material, and then chronologically within these broader categories. Exceptions to this arrangement were made in order to pay respects to the original order, as well as when precise dates could not be readily determined.","Financial Files, circa 1840-2006 (bulk 1890-2006)\n      Administrative Files, 1853-2002\n      Business Records, 1898-2006\n      Mausoleum Records, 1924-2006\n      Ephemera, 1985-2000\n      Maps, 1913-1966"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eLiskey, Nelson J. \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" Harrisonburg, VA. 1998.\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003e\"About Woodbine.\" Woodbine Cemetery. http://woodbinecemetery.org/about-woodbine/ (Accessed September 19, 2018).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n    ","\u003cbibref\u003eMoore, Robert H. \"The Woodbine Cemetery.\" Historical Marker Database, February 26, 2009. https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16486 (Accessed September 19, 2018).\u003c/bibref\u003e\n  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Liskey, Nelson J. \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" Harrisonburg, VA. 1998.","\"About Woodbine.\" Woodbine Cemetery. http://woodbinecemetery.org/about-woodbine/ (Accessed September 19, 2018).","Moore, Robert H. \"The Woodbine Cemetery.\" Historical Marker Database, February 26, 2009. https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16486 (Accessed September 19, 2018)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWoodbine Cemetery Company was founded on March 19, 1850 by the Virginia General Assembly, as a non-denominational burial ground in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The first land for the cemetery was purchased seven months later, on October 11, 1850, from Harrisonburg's first mayor, Isaac Hardesty, who sold 2½ acres to the cemetery company. It has continued to expand in size over the years, and the current grounds cover about 18 acres. Woodbine Cemetery contains roughly 11,550 burial plots with approximately 9,000 interred.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSoon after the Civil War, the cemetery created an area dedicated to Confederate soldiers and veterans. This section was originally maintained by the Ladies Memorial Association, founded in 1868 with the charge of caring for the graves of Confederate soldiers buried in Rockingham County. The Ladies Memorial Association erected a soldiers monument in 1876, and in 1899 with the aid of the Turner Ashby Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, replaced all wooden head boards with white marble stones. The section was expanded in 1886, when Samuel Shacklett donated a 5 acre-plot, containing land likely already in use as a Confederate cemetery. There are now over 200 Confederate soldier or veterans buried there, representing states of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee. The cemetery also contains area known as \"Little Arlington,\" dedicated to those who served in World War I and World War II. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Community Mausoleum was erected in 1926, though there are no records of incorporation until 1936, when it was incorporated as the \"Communal Mausoleum Crypt Owners, Inc.\" In February 2006, the mausoleum merged with Woodbine Cemetery Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccording to a Woodbine Board of Trustees report dated April 2, 1853, the original cemetery contained plots designated for African Americans, stating, \"…in the rear plats have already been appropriated to single interments, and likewise for the use of colored persons.\" According to Nelson J. Liskey's, \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" in 1969, the board adopted a policy that \"no restrictions as to race would be applicable to lot purchasers.\" Certificates of Ownership of Communal Mausoleum Crypts at Woodbine Cemetery state that \"the crypts are for the entombment of the human dead of the Caucasian race only.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuperintendents of Woodbine Cemetery include, but are not limited to, the following individuals: John Foster (1851), J.P. Hyde (1863), J.E. Good (1880), Bowman Gilmer (1918-1958), Sherman Gilmer (1958-1981), David Schrock (1981-1992), Lisa Batchelder (1992-present).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["Woodbine Cemetery Company was founded on March 19, 1850 by the Virginia General Assembly, as a non-denominational burial ground in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The first land for the cemetery was purchased seven months later, on October 11, 1850, from Harrisonburg's first mayor, Isaac Hardesty, who sold 2½ acres to the cemetery company. It has continued to expand in size over the years, and the current grounds cover about 18 acres. Woodbine Cemetery contains roughly 11,550 burial plots with approximately 9,000 interred.","Soon after the Civil War, the cemetery created an area dedicated to Confederate soldiers and veterans. This section was originally maintained by the Ladies Memorial Association, founded in 1868 with the charge of caring for the graves of Confederate soldiers buried in Rockingham County. The Ladies Memorial Association erected a soldiers monument in 1876, and in 1899 with the aid of the Turner Ashby Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, replaced all wooden head boards with white marble stones. The section was expanded in 1886, when Samuel Shacklett donated a 5 acre-plot, containing land likely already in use as a Confederate cemetery. There are now over 200 Confederate soldier or veterans buried there, representing states of Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee. The cemetery also contains area known as \"Little Arlington,\" dedicated to those who served in World War I and World War II.","The Community Mausoleum was erected in 1926, though there are no records of incorporation until 1936, when it was incorporated as the \"Communal Mausoleum Crypt Owners, Inc.\" In February 2006, the mausoleum merged with Woodbine Cemetery Company.","According to a Woodbine Board of Trustees report dated April 2, 1853, the original cemetery contained plots designated for African Americans, stating, \"…in the rear plats have already been appropriated to single interments, and likewise for the use of colored persons.\" According to Nelson J. Liskey's, \"History of Woodbine Cemetery,\" in 1969, the board adopted a policy that \"no restrictions as to race would be applicable to lot purchasers.\" Certificates of Ownership of Communal Mausoleum Crypts at Woodbine Cemetery state that \"the crypts are for the entombment of the human dead of the Caucasian race only.\"","Superintendents of Woodbine Cemetery include, but are not limited to, the following individuals: John Foster (1851), J.P. Hyde (1863), J.E. Good (1880), Bowman Gilmer (1918-1958), Sherman Gilmer (1958-1981), David Schrock (1981-1992), Lisa Batchelder (1992-present)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006 (bulk 1940-2006), SC 0236, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006 (bulk 1940-2006), SC 0236, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDue to the lengthy time period covered by this collection, the materials were created, collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. Where possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The collection also originally contained various stamps, keys, and other 3-dimensional objects, which were not retained.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Due to the lengthy time period covered by this collection, the materials were created, collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. Where possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The collection also originally contained various stamps, keys, and other 3-dimensional objects, which were not retained."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, are comprised of materials related to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business, between the 1850s and 2006. This includes records relating to the management of the Woodbine Mausoleum, which existed as a separate entity until 2006, when it was acquired by Woodbine Cemetery. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDue to the lengthy time period covered, the materials were collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. When possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The material relates almost exclusively to Woodbine Cemetery in Harrisonburg VA, though some of the ephemera relates to other cemeteries as well.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, are comprised of materials related to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business, between the 1850s and 2006. This includes records relating to the management of the Woodbine Mausoleum, which existed as a separate entity until 2006, when it was acquired by Woodbine Cemetery.","Due to the lengthy time period covered, the materials were collected and organized by a variety of individuals, and completeness of the records varies. When possible, the original order and naming conventions were retained. The material relates almost exclusively to Woodbine Cemetery in Harrisonburg VA, though some of the ephemera relates to other cemeteries as well."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA copy of the book, \"Beautiful Thornrose,\" edited by Arista Hoge (Staunton, VA: Press of the McClure Co., 1914), was separated from the collection, and is housed in Special Collections Monographs, F234.S8 B4 1914.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["A copy of the book, \"Beautiful Thornrose,\" edited by Arista Hoge (Staunton, VA: Press of the McClure Co., 1914), was separated from the collection, and is housed in Special Collections Monographs, F234.S8 B4 1914."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. Staff have taken special care to identify and remove sensitive materials. However, in rare instances, privacy protected information may be revealed during use of this collection. Researchers agree to make no notes or other recordation of privacy protected information if found within this collection, and further agree not to publish or disclose such information for any purpose. Researchers agree to alert Special Collections staff if potentially privacy protected information is found within this collection. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. Staff have taken special care to identify and remove sensitive materials. However, in rare instances, privacy protected information may be revealed during use of this collection. Researchers agree to make no notes or other recordation of privacy protected information if found within this collection, and further agree not to publish or disclose such information for any purpose. Researchers agree to alert Special Collections staff if potentially privacy protected information is found within this collection. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0421d1cf9d4c8ba636671e114731d266\"\u003eThe Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, consist of materials relating to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business over approximately the past 150 years.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Woodbine Cemetery Records, circa 1830-2006, consist of materials relating to the operation of Woodbine Cemetery, in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The collection includes a wide array of financial and commercial materials, including receipt books and loose receipts, account books, checks, ledgers, bank statements, board minutes and reports, customer correspondence, insurance information, maps, and other materials produced during the course of business over approximately the past 150 years."],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Woodbine Cemetery"],"names_coll_ssim":["Woodbine Cemetery"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Woodbine Cemetery"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":557,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:09.969Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_505_c01_c118"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearly Schedule, 1194/1993","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","parent_ssim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearly Schedule","title_ssm":["Yearly Schedule"],"title_tesim":["Yearly Schedule"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearly Schedule, 1194/1993"],"text":["Yearly Schedule, 1194/1993","Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995","Box 3","Folder 31"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1194/1993"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["February 1, 1993 - January 29, 1194"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":121,"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3","Folder 31"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1194,1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236,1237,1238,1239,1240,1241,1242,1243,1244,1245,1246,1247,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255,1256,1257,1258,1259,1260,1261,1262,1263,1264,1265,1266,1267,1268,1269,1270,1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277,1278,1279,1280,1281,1282,1283,1284,1285,1286,1287,1288,1289,1290,1291,1292,1293,1294,1295,1296,1297,1298,1299,1300,1301,1302,1303,1304,1305,1306,1307,1308,1309,1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1316,1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,1324,1325,1326,1327,1328,1329,1330,1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,1340,1341,1342,1343,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,1349,1350,1351,1352,1353,1354,1355,1356,1357,1358,1359,1360,1361,1362,1363,1364,1365,1366,1367,1368,1369,1370,1371,1372,1373,1374,1375,1376,1377,1378,1379,1380,1381,1382,1383,1384,1385,1386,1387,1388,1389,1390,1391,1392,1393,1394,1395,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1402,1403,1404,1405,1406,1407,1408,1409,1410,1411,1412,1413,1414,1415,1416,1417,1418,1419,1420,1421,1422,1423,1424,1425,1426,1427,1428,1429,1430,1431,1432,1433,1434,1435,1436,1437,1438,1439,1440,1441,1442,1443,1444,1445,1446,1447,1448,1449,1450,1451,1452,1453,1454,1455,1456,1457,1458,1459,1460,1461,1462,1463,1464,1465,1466,1467,1468,1469,1470,1471,1472,1473,1474,1475,1476,1477,1478,1479,1480,1481,1482,1483,1484,1485,1486,1487,1488,1489,1490,1491,1492,1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525,1526,1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559,1560,1561,1562,1563,1564,1565,1566,1567,1568,1569,1570,1571,1572,1573,1574,1575,1576,1577,1578,1579,1580,1581,1582,1583,1584,1585,1586,1587,1588,1589,1590,1591,1592,1593,1594,1595,1596,1597,1598,1599,1600,1601,1602,1603,1604,1605,1606,1607,1608,1609,1610,1611,1612,1613,1614,1615,1616,1617,1618,1619,1620,1621,1622,1623,1624,1625,1626,1627,1628,1629,1630,1631,1632,1633,1634,1635,1636,1637,1638,1639,1640,1641,1642,1643,1644,1645,1646,1647,1648,1649,1650,1651,1652,1653,1654,1655,1656,1657,1658,1659,1660,1661,1662,1663,1664,1665,1666,1667,1668,1669,1670,1671,1672,1673,1674,1675,1676,1677,1678,1679,1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993],"_nest_path_":"/components#120","timestamp":"2026-09-02T00:01:12.881Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_582.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records","title_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records"],"title_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1995"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1861/1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"text":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995","C0085","/repositories/2/resources/582","Scotland","Washington (D.C.)","Account books","Newsletters","Clans -- Scotland","Photographs","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","Organized by record type and chronologically.","The Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent.","The Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair.","The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's Society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788.","Processing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the","This collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Society, along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"collection_ssim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, 1861/1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0085","/repositories/2/resources/582"],"unitid_tesim":["C0085","/repositories/2/resources/582"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"geogname_ssm":["Scotland","Washington (D.C.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Scotland","Washington (D.C.)"],"places_ssim":["Scotland","Washington (D.C.)"],"creator_ssm":["St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"creator_ssim":["St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"creators_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., in 2003."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","Newsletters","Clans -- Scotland","Photographs","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","Newsletters","Clans -- Scotland","Photographs","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.5 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.5 Linear Feet 7 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOrganized by record type and chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organized by record type and chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's Society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent.","The Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair.","The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's Society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSaint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, C0085, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. records, C0085, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://wrlc-gm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,St.%20Andrew%27s%20Society%20of%20Washington,%20D.C.%20Collection.\u0026amp;tab=Everything\u0026amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI\u0026amp;vid=01WRLC_GML:01WRLC_GML\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20rare,1\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20faca,1\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20arc,1\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;offset=0\u0026amp;conVoc=false\" title=\"Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. rare book collection.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref3\"\u003eThis collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Society, along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Society, along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956."],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":166,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-09-02T00:01:12.881Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth., 1963/1967","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10","parent_ssim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013","Series 10. Publications, 1923/1974"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth.","title_ssm":["Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth."],"title_tesim":["Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth."],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth., 1963/1967"],"text":["Yee, Chiang. \"Chinese Calligraphy\". Also contains a news clipping from New York Times Magazine, 18 June 1967: \"China is Like the Chinese Language\" by Dennis Bloodworth., 1963/1967","James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013","Series 10. Publications, 1923/1974","Box 113","Folder 10"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013","Series 10. Publications, 1923/1974"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013","Series 10. Publications, 1923/1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1963/1967"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1963-1967"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":720,"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013"],"containers_ssim":["Box 113","Folder 10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1963,1964,1965,1966,1967],"_nest_path_":"/components#9/components#9","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:10:21.954Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_5371.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198659","title_ssm":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks"],"title_tesim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks"],"unitdate_ssm":["1845-2013"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1845-2013"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1845/2013"],"normalized_title_ssm":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013"],"text":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013","A\u0026M 3157","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5371","Clarksburg (W. Va.)","Art and artists","Special access restriction applies.","James Edward Davis (1901-1974), more often referred to as Jim Davis, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia and was a member of the prominent Davis family, which also included politician John W. Davis (Democratic Presidential candidate of 1924) and author Julia Davis. Davis began studying art at Princeton University, where he would later return to teach. He continued his education first at the National Academy of Design in New York City and later in Paris, France. Davis had a prolific and varied artistic career as a painter, photographer, and film-maker. He was particularly fascinated with motion, which led him to evolve a style featuring motion pictures of abstract patterns of colored light. Davis also made documentary films, including ones about his friends and fellow artists, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright and the painter John Marin. (Notes for the documentaries are in this collection, but not the films themselves.)","See control folder for further information regarding Davis, including a copy of the West Virginia and Regional History Collection newsletter containing an article regarding Davis and this collection.","Artwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material.","This collection has been organized into twelve series:","Series 1. Photograph Notebooks, boxes 1-9, 1919-1973, undated. This series contains binders (referred to as \"notebooks\" by Davis) containing photographs attached to the pages with titles and descriptions by Davis. The subjects of the photographs in these binders include artwork by Davis, portraits, figure studies, studies for films, architecture, nature, and landscape. Binders occasionally contain other material including proofs, negatives, clippings, and correspondence.","Series 2. Artwork--Abstract, boxes 10A-20, 1941-1968. This series contains abstract artwork by Davis. Characteristic of the artworks in this series is Davis's obsession with capturing motion; he describes these works as \"impulses\" or \"path of motion\", capturing movement with line and color. Media include oil, watercolor, magic marker, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 3. Artwork--Figurative, boxes 21-32; 1926-1972, undated. This series contain figurative artwork by Davis. Most works in this series are figure studies, particularly of dancers and athletes. Media include oil, watercolor, pastel, and magic marker. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 4. Artwork--Landscape, boxes 33-58, 1924-1966. This series contains landscapes by Davis. Subjects include West Virginia, New England, and the American Southwest. Media include watercolor, oil, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 5. Artwork--Plastics, boxes 59-72, 1928-1968, undated. This series contains artworks made by Davis from various plastic materials. Types of artworks include mobiles (also called \"rotating objects\"), filters, designs on plastic, and designs for murals. This series also includes patterns for plastic artworks. Some of these artworks were used by Davis to create \"light art\" photographs and films.","Series 6. Artwork--Still Life, box 73, 1932-1938. This series contains still life watercolor paintings by Davis.","Series 7. Artwork--Asbestos, boxes 74-77, undated. This series includes paintings on materials that contain asbestos. Access to boxes 75-77 is restricted and requires the permission of a curator.","Series 8. Exhibit, box 78, undated. This series contains material from an exhibit of Davis's work, including a portrait photograph of Davis and captions for the artworks that were on display.","Series 9. Photographs, box 79-112, 1919-1974, undated. This series contains photographs taken by James Davis. Material in this series includes black and white prints, color prints, negatives, proofs, and transparencies (16mm and 35mm). Subjects include artworks by Davis, abstract images (including \"light art\"), portraits, figures in motion, athletics, studies for films, landscapes, and architecture. The majority of material in this series is in its original containers with labeling by Davis. Other material, such as correspondence, is occasionally included.","Series 10. Publications, box 113, 1923-1974. This series contains publications owned by Davis; most of the items in this series are books. Most of the books have Davis's name and address written in them, often with the date of purchase and other information recorded as well. Subjects include art history, biography, Chinese culture, and Princeton University.","Series 11. Anthology Film Archives, box 114, 2007-2013. This series contains material published by Anthology Film Archives (a New York City-based center for the preservation of film, particularly independent, experimental, and avant-garde film), including books and DVDs. There are two books containing essays, interviews, articles, and correspondence regarding Davis's films. There are three DVDs containing films by Davis with informational booklets regarding the films.","Series 12. Typescripts, box 115, 1957-1974. This series contains bound photocopies of typescripts by Davis and others. Subjects of typescripts by Davis include notes for a memoir or autobiography, fellow artists and friends Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and Davis's collaboration with Leo Merker while filming \"Pertaining to Chicago\", among others. Typescripts by other authors include a transcription of an interview with Davis and the thesis of a Princeton student regarding Davis's work with \"Light-painting\".","Addenda:","Addendum of 2012/05/29","1845-2012, undated; 3 ft., 9 in. (6 document cases, 5 in.; 1 record carton); Includes journals, photograph albums, manuscripts, family history and genealogy, and other material.","This addendum has been organized into the following series:","Addendum Series 1. Journals; Box 1, folder 1-box 2, folder 8; 1963-1969","Addendum Series 2. Photograph Albums; Box 3-Box 4; 1850-1973","Addendum Series 3. Family History and Genealogy; Box 4, folders 1-2; 1845-1976","Addendum Series 4. Artifact; Box 4, folder 3; 1953","Addendum Series 5. Manuscripts -- James Edward Davis; Box 5, folders 1-8; 1935-1992, undated","Addendum Series 6. Manuscripts -- John Marin; Box 6, folders 1-12; 1940-1990, undated","Addendum Series 7. Manuscripts -- Frank Lloyd Wright; Box 6, folders 13-18; 1947-1990, undated","Addendum Series 8. John W. Davis and Julia Davis; Box 7; 1904-2012, undated","Two photographs have been separated from this addendum and are currently located in box 112, folders 1-2.","Addendum of 1995/01/30","1943-1992; 7 1/2 in. (25 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Virginia M. Wood of Clarksburg, West Virginia.","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum Series 9. Virginia M. Wood Correspondence; Box 8, folder 1 through Box 9, folder 11; 1943-1992","See control folder for typescript (3 pages) regarding the content of the letters.","Addendum of 1994/11/28","1951-1995; 1 in. (2 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar of El Paso, Texas.","Addendum of 1995/03/09","1953-1968; 1/4 in. (1 folder); Christmas cards and correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar, including drawings and abstract light art by Davis.","The two addenda described above have been organized into the following series:\n \nAddendum Series 10. Carl R. (Bob) Cogar Correspondence; Box 9, folders 12-15; 1944-1998","See control folder for typescript (1 page) regarding Cogar and the content of the letters.","Miscellaneous Addenda","This has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum Series 11. Miscellaneous Addenda; Box 9, folders 16-22; 1991-2003, undated.","Addendum of 2014/09/19","undated; (1 unboxed item); Oil on canvas painting, framed, of sailor playing the accordion by Davis.\n \n This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2014/09/19, Series 12. Painting; unboxed; undated.","Addendum of 2015/01/31","1941-1997; 15 in. (3 document cases, 5 in.); Correspondence, artwork, and photographs of Davis. (A photograph has been separated from this addendum and is currently located in box 112, folder 3.)","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2015/01/31, Series 13. Letters, Photographs, and Other Material; Box 10-12; 1914-1997, undated.","Addendum of 2015/08/17","1937-1974; 5 ft. 9 in. (2 record cartons, 2 oversize record cartons, 1 flat storage box, 2 newspaper boxes, 16 unboxed paintings); Artwork, photographs, writings, and correspondence of Davis.","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2015/08/17, Series 14. Photographs and Paintings; Box 1-7 and unboxed; 1926-1970s, undated. Access to box 7 is restricted.","Separated to the book collection; forwarded to Curator of Books:","Curry, Larry. John Marin, 1870-1953: a centennial exhibition organized by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1970.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Artwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" and \"Historical Note\" for further information regarding this collection.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Davis family","Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013"],"collection_ssim":["James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, 1845/2013"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3157","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5371"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3157","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/5371"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Clarksburg (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Clarksburg (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Clarksburg (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Davis, James E., 1901-1974"],"creator_ssim":["Davis, James E., 1901-1974"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Davis family"],"creators_ssim":["Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Davis family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Art and artists"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Art and artists"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["61.33 Linear Feet 57 document cases, 5 in. each; 7 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 11 records cartons, 15 in. each; 2 oversize record cartons, 17 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1 small flat storage box, 3.5 in.; 54 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 7 small flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 9 large flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each; 1 envelope; 17 unboxed paintings"],"extent_tesim":["61.33 Linear Feet 57 document cases, 5 in. each; 7 document cases, 2.5 in. each; 11 records cartons, 15 in. each; 2 oversize record cartons, 17 in. each; 5 large flat storage boxes, 3.5 in. each; 1 small flat storage box, 3.5 in.; 54 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 7 small flat storage boxes, 3 in. each; 9 large flat storage boxes, 1.5 in. each; 1 envelope; 17 unboxed paintings"],"date_range_isim":[1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJames Edward Davis (1901-1974), more often referred to as Jim Davis, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia and was a member of the prominent Davis family, which also included politician John W. Davis (Democratic Presidential candidate of 1924) and author Julia Davis. Davis began studying art at Princeton University, where he would later return to teach. He continued his education first at the National Academy of Design in New York City and later in Paris, France. Davis had a prolific and varied artistic career as a painter, photographer, and film-maker. He was particularly fascinated with motion, which led him to evolve a style featuring motion pictures of abstract patterns of colored light. Davis also made documentary films, including ones about his friends and fellow artists, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright and the painter John Marin. (Notes for the documentaries are in this collection, but not the films themselves.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n See control folder for further information regarding Davis, including a copy of the West Virginia and Regional History Collection newsletter containing an article regarding Davis and this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["James Edward Davis (1901-1974), more often referred to as Jim Davis, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia and was a member of the prominent Davis family, which also included politician John W. Davis (Democratic Presidential candidate of 1924) and author Julia Davis. Davis began studying art at Princeton University, where he would later return to teach. He continued his education first at the National Academy of Design in New York City and later in Paris, France. Davis had a prolific and varied artistic career as a painter, photographer, and film-maker. He was particularly fascinated with motion, which led him to evolve a style featuring motion pictures of abstract patterns of colored light. Davis also made documentary films, including ones about his friends and fellow artists, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright and the painter John Marin. (Notes for the documentaries are in this collection, but not the films themselves.)","See control folder for further information regarding Davis, including a copy of the West Virginia and Regional History Collection newsletter containing an article regarding Davis and this collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, A\u0026amp;M 3157, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], James E. Davis, Artist, Papers and Artworks, A\u0026M 3157, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArtwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nThis collection has been organized into twelve series:\n \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Photograph Notebooks, boxes 1-9, 1919-1973, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains binders (referred to as \"notebooks\" by Davis) containing photographs attached to the pages with titles and descriptions by Davis. The subjects of the photographs in these binders include artwork by Davis, portraits, figure studies, studies for films, architecture, nature, and landscape. Binders occasionally contain other material including proofs, negatives, clippings, and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Artwork--Abstract, boxes 10A-20, 1941-1968.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains abstract artwork by Davis. Characteristic of the artworks in this series is Davis's obsession with capturing motion; he describes these works as \"impulses\" or \"path of motion\", capturing movement with line and color. Media include oil, watercolor, magic marker, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Artwork--Figurative, boxes 21-32; 1926-1972, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contain figurative artwork by Davis. Most works in this series are figure studies, particularly of dancers and athletes. Media include oil, watercolor, pastel, and magic marker. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Artwork--Landscape, boxes 33-58, 1924-1966.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains landscapes by Davis. Subjects include West Virginia, New England, and the American Southwest. Media include watercolor, oil, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Artwork--Plastics, boxes 59-72, 1928-1968, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains artworks made by Davis from various plastic materials. Types of artworks include mobiles (also called \"rotating objects\"), filters, designs on plastic, and designs for murals. This series also includes patterns for plastic artworks. Some of these artworks were used by Davis to create \"light art\" photographs and films.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 6. Artwork--Still Life, box 73, 1932-1938.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains still life watercolor paintings by Davis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 7. Artwork--Asbestos, boxes 74-77, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series includes paintings on materials that contain asbestos. Access to boxes 75-77 is restricted and requires the permission of a curator.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 8. Exhibit, box 78, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains material from an exhibit of Davis's work, including a portrait photograph of Davis and captions for the artworks that were on display.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 9. Photographs, box 79-112, 1919-1974, undated.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains photographs taken by James Davis. Material in this series includes black and white prints, color prints, negatives, proofs, and transparencies (16mm and 35mm). Subjects include artworks by Davis, abstract images (including \"light art\"), portraits, figures in motion, athletics, studies for films, landscapes, and architecture. The majority of material in this series is in its original containers with labeling by Davis. Other material, such as correspondence, is occasionally included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 10. Publications, box 113, 1923-1974.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains publications owned by Davis; most of the items in this series are books. Most of the books have Davis's name and address written in them, often with the date of purchase and other information recorded as well. Subjects include art history, biography, Chinese culture, and Princeton University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 11. Anthology Film Archives, box 114, 2007-2013.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains material published by Anthology Film Archives (a New York City-based center for the preservation of film, particularly independent, experimental, and avant-garde film), including books and DVDs. There are two books containing essays, interviews, articles, and correspondence regarding Davis's films. There are three DVDs containing films by Davis with informational booklets regarding the films.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 12. Typescripts, box 115, 1957-1974.\u003c/emph\u003e This series contains bound photocopies of typescripts by Davis and others. Subjects of typescripts by Davis include notes for a memoir or autobiography, fellow artists and friends Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and Davis's collaboration with Leo Merker while filming \"Pertaining to Chicago\", among others. Typescripts by other authors include a transcription of an interview with Davis and the thesis of a Princeton student regarding Davis's work with \"Light-painting\". \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddenda:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 2012/05/29\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1845-2012, undated; 3 ft., 9 in. (6 document cases, 5 in.; 1 record carton); Includes journals, photograph albums, manuscripts, family history and genealogy, and other material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n This addendum has been organized into the following series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 1. Journals; Box 1, folder 1-box 2, folder 8; 1963-1969\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 2. Photograph Albums; Box 3-Box 4; 1850-1973\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 3. Family History and Genealogy; Box 4, folders 1-2; 1845-1976\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 4. Artifact; Box 4, folder 3; 1953\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 5. Manuscripts -- James Edward Davis; Box 5, folders 1-8; 1935-1992, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 6. Manuscripts -- John Marin; Box 6, folders 1-12; 1940-1990, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 7. Manuscripts -- Frank Lloyd Wright; Box 6, folders 13-18; 1947-1990, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 8. John W. Davis and Julia Davis; Box 7; 1904-2012, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n Two photographs have been separated from this addendum and are currently located in box 112, folders 1-2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 1995/01/30\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1943-1992; 7 1/2 in. (25 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Virginia M. Wood of Clarksburg, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e This addendum has been organized into the following single series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Addendum Series 9. Virginia M. Wood Correspondence; Box 8, folder 1 through Box 9, folder 11; 1943-1992\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e See control folder for typescript (3 pages) regarding the content of the letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 1994/11/28\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1951-1995; 1 in. (2 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar of El Paso, Texas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 1995/03/09\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1953-1968; 1/4 in. (1 folder); Christmas cards and correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar, including drawings and abstract light art by Davis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n The two addenda described above have been organized into the following series:\n \nAddendum Series 10. Carl R. (Bob) Cogar Correspondence; Box 9, folders 12-15; 1944-1998\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee control folder for typescript (1 page) regarding Cogar and the content of the letters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eMiscellaneous Addenda\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis has been organized into the following single series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum Series 11. Miscellaneous Addenda; Box 9, folders 16-22; 1991-2003, undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 2014/09/19\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e undated; (1 unboxed item); Oil on canvas painting, framed, of sailor playing the accordion by Davis.\n \n This addendum has been organized into the following single series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2014/09/19, Series 12. Painting; unboxed; undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 2015/01/31\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1941-1997; 15 in. (3 document cases, 5 in.); Correspondence, artwork, and photographs of Davis. (A photograph has been separated from this addendum and is currently located in box 112, folder 3.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e This addendum has been organized into the following single series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2015/01/31, Series 13. Letters, Photographs, and Other Material; Box 10-12; 1914-1997, undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\n \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eAddendum of 2015/08/17\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e 1937-1974; 5 ft. 9 in. (2 record cartons, 2 oversize record cartons, 1 flat storage box, 2 newspaper boxes, 16 unboxed paintings); Artwork, photographs, writings, and correspondence of Davis. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis addendum has been organized into the following single series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAddendum of 2015/08/17, Series 14. Photographs and Paintings; Box 1-7 and unboxed; 1926-1970s, undated. Access to box 7 is restricted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Artwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material.","This collection has been organized into twelve series:","Series 1. Photograph Notebooks, boxes 1-9, 1919-1973, undated. This series contains binders (referred to as \"notebooks\" by Davis) containing photographs attached to the pages with titles and descriptions by Davis. The subjects of the photographs in these binders include artwork by Davis, portraits, figure studies, studies for films, architecture, nature, and landscape. Binders occasionally contain other material including proofs, negatives, clippings, and correspondence.","Series 2. Artwork--Abstract, boxes 10A-20, 1941-1968. This series contains abstract artwork by Davis. Characteristic of the artworks in this series is Davis's obsession with capturing motion; he describes these works as \"impulses\" or \"path of motion\", capturing movement with line and color. Media include oil, watercolor, magic marker, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 3. Artwork--Figurative, boxes 21-32; 1926-1972, undated. This series contain figurative artwork by Davis. Most works in this series are figure studies, particularly of dancers and athletes. Media include oil, watercolor, pastel, and magic marker. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 4. Artwork--Landscape, boxes 33-58, 1924-1966. This series contains landscapes by Davis. Subjects include West Virginia, New England, and the American Southwest. Media include watercolor, oil, and pastel. Some artworks were originally part of scrapbooks.","Series 5. Artwork--Plastics, boxes 59-72, 1928-1968, undated. This series contains artworks made by Davis from various plastic materials. Types of artworks include mobiles (also called \"rotating objects\"), filters, designs on plastic, and designs for murals. This series also includes patterns for plastic artworks. Some of these artworks were used by Davis to create \"light art\" photographs and films.","Series 6. Artwork--Still Life, box 73, 1932-1938. This series contains still life watercolor paintings by Davis.","Series 7. Artwork--Asbestos, boxes 74-77, undated. This series includes paintings on materials that contain asbestos. Access to boxes 75-77 is restricted and requires the permission of a curator.","Series 8. Exhibit, box 78, undated. This series contains material from an exhibit of Davis's work, including a portrait photograph of Davis and captions for the artworks that were on display.","Series 9. Photographs, box 79-112, 1919-1974, undated. This series contains photographs taken by James Davis. Material in this series includes black and white prints, color prints, negatives, proofs, and transparencies (16mm and 35mm). Subjects include artworks by Davis, abstract images (including \"light art\"), portraits, figures in motion, athletics, studies for films, landscapes, and architecture. The majority of material in this series is in its original containers with labeling by Davis. Other material, such as correspondence, is occasionally included.","Series 10. Publications, box 113, 1923-1974. This series contains publications owned by Davis; most of the items in this series are books. Most of the books have Davis's name and address written in them, often with the date of purchase and other information recorded as well. Subjects include art history, biography, Chinese culture, and Princeton University.","Series 11. Anthology Film Archives, box 114, 2007-2013. This series contains material published by Anthology Film Archives (a New York City-based center for the preservation of film, particularly independent, experimental, and avant-garde film), including books and DVDs. There are two books containing essays, interviews, articles, and correspondence regarding Davis's films. There are three DVDs containing films by Davis with informational booklets regarding the films.","Series 12. Typescripts, box 115, 1957-1974. This series contains bound photocopies of typescripts by Davis and others. Subjects of typescripts by Davis include notes for a memoir or autobiography, fellow artists and friends Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and Davis's collaboration with Leo Merker while filming \"Pertaining to Chicago\", among others. Typescripts by other authors include a transcription of an interview with Davis and the thesis of a Princeton student regarding Davis's work with \"Light-painting\".","Addenda:","Addendum of 2012/05/29","1845-2012, undated; 3 ft., 9 in. (6 document cases, 5 in.; 1 record carton); Includes journals, photograph albums, manuscripts, family history and genealogy, and other material.","This addendum has been organized into the following series:","Addendum Series 1. Journals; Box 1, folder 1-box 2, folder 8; 1963-1969","Addendum Series 2. Photograph Albums; Box 3-Box 4; 1850-1973","Addendum Series 3. Family History and Genealogy; Box 4, folders 1-2; 1845-1976","Addendum Series 4. Artifact; Box 4, folder 3; 1953","Addendum Series 5. Manuscripts -- James Edward Davis; Box 5, folders 1-8; 1935-1992, undated","Addendum Series 6. Manuscripts -- John Marin; Box 6, folders 1-12; 1940-1990, undated","Addendum Series 7. Manuscripts -- Frank Lloyd Wright; Box 6, folders 13-18; 1947-1990, undated","Addendum Series 8. John W. Davis and Julia Davis; Box 7; 1904-2012, undated","Two photographs have been separated from this addendum and are currently located in box 112, folders 1-2.","Addendum of 1995/01/30","1943-1992; 7 1/2 in. (25 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Virginia M. Wood of Clarksburg, West Virginia.","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum Series 9. Virginia M. Wood Correspondence; Box 8, folder 1 through Box 9, folder 11; 1943-1992","See control folder for typescript (3 pages) regarding the content of the letters.","Addendum of 1994/11/28","1951-1995; 1 in. (2 folders); Correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar of El Paso, Texas.","Addendum of 1995/03/09","1953-1968; 1/4 in. (1 folder); Christmas cards and correspondence from Davis to Carl R. (Bob) Cogar, including drawings and abstract light art by Davis.","The two addenda described above have been organized into the following series:\n \nAddendum Series 10. Carl R. (Bob) Cogar Correspondence; Box 9, folders 12-15; 1944-1998","See control folder for typescript (1 page) regarding Cogar and the content of the letters.","Miscellaneous Addenda","This has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum Series 11. Miscellaneous Addenda; Box 9, folders 16-22; 1991-2003, undated.","Addendum of 2014/09/19","undated; (1 unboxed item); Oil on canvas painting, framed, of sailor playing the accordion by Davis.\n \n This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2014/09/19, Series 12. Painting; unboxed; undated.","Addendum of 2015/01/31","1941-1997; 15 in. (3 document cases, 5 in.); Correspondence, artwork, and photographs of Davis. (A photograph has been separated from this addendum and is currently located in box 112, folder 3.)","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2015/01/31, Series 13. Letters, Photographs, and Other Material; Box 10-12; 1914-1997, undated.","Addendum of 2015/08/17","1937-1974; 5 ft. 9 in. (2 record cartons, 2 oversize record cartons, 1 flat storage box, 2 newspaper boxes, 16 unboxed paintings); Artwork, photographs, writings, and correspondence of Davis.","This addendum has been organized into the following single series:","Addendum of 2015/08/17, Series 14. Photographs and Paintings; Box 1-7 and unboxed; 1926-1970s, undated. Access to box 7 is restricted."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeparated to the book collection; forwarded to Curator of Books:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Curry, Larry. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJohn Marin, 1870-1953: a centennial exhibition organized by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art\u003c/title\u003e. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1970.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Separated to the book collection; forwarded to Curator of Books:","Curry, Larry. John Marin, 1870-1953: a centennial exhibition organized by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1970."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9fd08766c307516c5ce66ef95696bec0\"\u003eArtwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" and \"Historical Note\" for further information regarding this collection.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Artwork, photography, and papers of James Edward Davis, an artist born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Davis studied art at Princeton University and had a prolific and varied artistic career, being particularly noted for his experimental abstract films involving color, light, and movement. This collection contains paintings, sketches, mobiles, photographic prints, transparencies, memoirs, notes on Frank Lloyd Wright and John Marin, and other material. There are addenda to this collection, which include memoirs and other writings, correspondence, material regarding Julia Davis and John W. Davis (relatives of James Davis), and other material. See \"Scope and Content Note\" and \"Historical Note\" for further information regarding this collection."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_bd400494aeb5d5a2d9a3ac365d700466\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n    "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"famname_ssim":["Davis family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Davis family","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959"],"persname_ssim":["Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Davis family","Davis, James E., 1901-1974","Cogar, Carl R. (Bob)","Davis, John W. (John William), 1873-1955","Davis, Julia, 1900-1993","Marin, John, 1870-1953","Mateo, Jose Emigdio.","Merker, Leo J.","Wood, Virginia M.","Wright, Frank Lloyd, 1867-1959"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":912,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:10:21.954Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5371_c10_c10"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yellow bedroom, 1791/1982","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01","parent_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005","Series 1. Buildings, 1750/2004"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yellow bedroom","title_ssm":["Yellow bedroom"],"title_tesim":["Yellow bedroom"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yellow bedroom, 1791/1982"],"text":["Yellow bedroom, 1791/1982","Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005","Series 1. Buildings, 1750/2004","box 11","folder 9"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005","Series 1. Buildings, 1750/2004"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005","Series 1. Buildings, 1750/2004"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1791/1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1791-1982"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":358,"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005"],"containers_ssim":["box 11","folder 9"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes."],"date_range_isim":[1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#356","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:46.595Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_2_resources_21.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","title_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"title_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"unitdate_ssm":["1750s-2005","1860s-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1750s-2005","1860s-2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1750/2005"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005"],"text":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005","A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21","This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.","The collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports","Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"","Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.","MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports","This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005.","Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005"],"collection_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report, 1750/2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21"],"unitid_tesim":["A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"creators_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14 Cubic Feet 13 cartons, 2 Hollinger boxes"],"extent_tesim":["14 Cubic Feet 13 cartons, 2 Hollinger boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\""],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005."],"corpname_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"names_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":478,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:46.595Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench, 1940/1966","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43"],"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12","parent_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, 1900/1966"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench","title_ssm":["Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench"],"title_tesim":["Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench, 1940/1966"],"text":["Yellow fever bibliography and notes concerning the writing of a book on the yellow fever experiments, by Philip Showalter Hench, 1940/1966","Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, 1900/1966","box 137","folder 43","biographies (documents)","notes"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, 1900/1966"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, 1900/1966"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1940/1966"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1940-1966"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":9508,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"containers_ssim":["box 137","folder 43"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"access_subjects_ssim":["biographies (documents)","notes"],"access_subjects_ssm":["biographies (documents)","notes"],"date_range_isim":[1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966],"_nest_path_":"/components#11/components#42","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:59.526Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1710","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_1710.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202324","title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998","bulk 1863-1974"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1800-circa 1998"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["bulk 1863-1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"text":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974","MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710","Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever","There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      II. Henry Rose Carter\n      III. Walter Reed\n      IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      V. Maps\n      VI. Alphabetical files\n      VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      VIII. Miscellany\n      IX. Photographs\n      X. Photographic negatives\n      XI. Reprints\n      XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n      XIII. Reed family additions\n      XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n      XV. Laura Wood\n      XVI. Edward Hook additions","The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n      When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n      Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n      [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n      [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n      [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n      [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n      [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n      [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n      [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n      [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n      [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [16] Please see note [7].\n      [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n      [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n      [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n      [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n      [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n      [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n      [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n      [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n      [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n      [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.","Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints\n      Series XIII. Reed family additions\n      Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.","Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff","Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.","Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.","In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.","Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.","Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.","In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.","In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.","In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.","In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n      correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n      genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n      legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n      military records relating to Jesse;\n      certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n      obituaries;\n      copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n      newspaper articles;\n      a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n      and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n      scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n      journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n      and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n      condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n      and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n      military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n      Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n      medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n      articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n      and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n      biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n      copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n      materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n      scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n      autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n      notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n      correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n      correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n      newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n      drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n      meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n      scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n      and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n      Cuba;\n      sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n      other correspondence;\n      newspaper and magazine clippings;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n      transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n      a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n      the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n      articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n      and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n      diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n      copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n      copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n      correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n      articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n      family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n      Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n      the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n      aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n      scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n      the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n      the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n      other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n      documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n      biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n      the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n      scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n      and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n      newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n      and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n      newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n      correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n      and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n      press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n      oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n      photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n      genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n      autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n      a journal article by George Sternberg;\n      and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n      and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.","Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.","The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"collection_title_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"collection_ssim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever collection, 1800/1998, bulk 1863/1974"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.1","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1710"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Materials from the following series were donated to the University of Virginia's Alderman Library in the fall of 1966 and the summer of 1970 by Philip Showalter Hench's widow, Mary Kahler Hench, with the approval of his estate:","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were donated to the HAM/TMC by Philip Showalter Hench as a small part of a larger collection of materials.","Materials from Series XIII. Reed family additions were donated by various individuals to Alderman Library between 1947 and 1972. Box 139, Folder 1 contains a list that describes each of these donations in detail.","Materials from Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, in 1988 and 1989.","Materials from Series XV. Laura Wood were most likely donated to Alderman Library between 1972 and 1982.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were donated to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library as a part of the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Human Experimentation","Military Medicine","Physicians","Public health","Tropical medicine","Yellow Fever"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["67 Linear Feet 154 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions on user access to any of the materials in the collection except where noted in the container list."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eI. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eII. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIII. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eV. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eVIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eIX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eX. Photographic negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eXVI. Edward Hook additions\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization of the Collection"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection is organized in 16 series:","I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      II. Henry Rose Carter\n      III. Walter Reed\n      IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      V. Maps\n      VI. Alphabetical files\n      VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      VIII. Miscellany\n      IX. Photographs\n      X. Photographic negatives\n      XI. Reprints\n      XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions\n      XIII. Reed family additions\n      XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions\n      XV. Laura Wood\n      XVI. Edward Hook additions"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information for the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission","Biographical Information for Walter Reed","Biographical Information for Jesse W. Lazear","Biographical Information for Henry Rose Carter","Biographical Information for Jefferson Randolph Kean","Biographical Information for Philip Showalter Hench"],"bioghist_tesim":["The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.","When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.","The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.","In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.","Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued thatBacillus icteroideswas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.","Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, theB. icteroidestheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of theicteroidesproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle theB. icteroidesquestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.","Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identifiedB. icteroidesin tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.","What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.Bacillus icteroidesand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.","\"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.","Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.","On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.","These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.","Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.","Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.","The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the varietyCulex fasciata(later calledStegomyia fasciata, and later stillAedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:","How could a building become infected?\n      When does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\n      Over what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?","The second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.","The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.","The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.","Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.Culex pungensfailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated thatCulex fasciatawas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]","A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle theBacillus icteroidesquestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow anyB. icteroides, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.","Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.","Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:","\"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"","\"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]","The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.","That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.","The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.","For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.","Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper asThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note, published immediately in theJournal of the American Medical Association. [16]","Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.","Sources:","[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,Bacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note,Medical News(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\n      [2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\n      [3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,Yellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health AssociationIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\n      [7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note,Journal of the American Medical Association36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\n      [8] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [9] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [10] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\n      [11]Culex fasciatawas reclassified shortly after the experiments asStegomyiaand later becameAedes aegypti.\n      [12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\n      [13] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\n      [14] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\n      [15] Walter Reed,The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\n      [16] Please see note [7].\n      [17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,Experimental Yellow Fever,American MedicineII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\n      [18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,The Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note),American MedicineIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.","Walter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.","Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.","At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.","Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.","Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.","Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.","Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in theArmy Register, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\n      [2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,Walter Reed and Yellow Fever(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.","Jesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.","\"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.","Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]","These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on theAnophelesmosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.","The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship ofBacillus icteroidesto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.","The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.","Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.","[1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.","Sources:","[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\n      [5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,The Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note, Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\n      [6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\n      [7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\n      [8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.","Henry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.","Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.","Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.","Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]","Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in theNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]","Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.[5]","Sources:","[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,Henry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man,Southern Medical Journal32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\n      [2] Henry Rose Carter,A Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation,Medical Record59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\n      [3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\n      [4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\n      [5] Carter, Henry Rose.Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.","Jefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.","\"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.","Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.","Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.","In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,The Military Surgeon, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.","Sources:","[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\n      [2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\n      [3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.","Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.","Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.","The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.","For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.","In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.","Sources:","[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\n      [2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries I. Jesse W. Lazear\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries V. Maps\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VI. Alphabetical files\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries IX. Photographs\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries X. Negatives\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XI. Reprints\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries XV. Laura Wood\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Materials from the following series were initially deposited at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library. In 1982, they were moved to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library under the terms of a gift agreement that required the transferral of Mary K. Hench's donation to the library when adequate storage space for the collection could be found there.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear\n      Series II. Henry Rose Carter\n      Series III. Walter Reed\n      Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench\n      Series V. Maps\n      Series VI. Alphabetical files\n      Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench\n      Series VIII. Miscellany\n      Series IX. Photographs\n      Series X. Negatives\n      Series XI. Reprints\n      Series XIII. Reed family additions\n      Series XV. Laura Wood","Materials from Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center (HAM/TMC) were initially deposited in the HAM/TMC and were a part of the Philip S. Hench papers. In 1991, the materials were transferred from HAM/TMC to the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library after both repositories agreed that it would be more appropriate to include them in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection.","Materials from Series XVI. Edward Hook additions were transferred from the Papers of Dr. Edward Watson Hook, Jr. to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection around the late 1990s and early 2000s."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003clist type=\"deflist\"\u003e\n      \u003cdefitem\u003e\n        \u003clabel\u003eProcessed by:\u003c/label\u003e\n        \u003citem\u003eHistorical Collections Staff\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003c/defitem\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Processed by:\n        Historical Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePhilip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1800-1998, MS-1, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Historical Collections and Services, University of Virginia"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing History"],"processinfo_tesim":["Mary K. Hench's donation arrived in Charlottesville in a number of large crates which were packed much as the collection had been found in Philip Showalter Hench's home in Rochester, Minnesota. Some confusion about Dr. Hench's filing order had been created while the collection was packed for shipping, and thus the Manuscripts Department of the University of Virginia Library found it necessary to perform some sorting and arrangement to make the collection more accessible.","Around 1968, William Bennett Bean was hired by the University of Virginia as a visiting scholar in residence to begin work on a new biography of Walter Reed. Dr. Bean found that the order of the collection was not such that he could readily use it for biographical purposes. He employed a former assistant in the Manuscripts Department, sought and received permission to refile the collection, and had his assistant perform this task. The refiling of the collection had been finished by the fall of 1969, but Bean and his assistant had no time to prepare a finding aid.","In the fall of 1969 Donna L. Purvis of the Manuscripts Department staff began writing the first edition of the collection's finding aid. During this project, Mrs. Purvis found some problems with Dr. Bean's description and arrangement of the collection and felt that it was necessary to reprocess parts of it.","Around 1990 staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions to the collection donated by Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench.","Between 1999 and 2004, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library digitized a significant portion of the collection and made the digitized files available to users in an online exhibit. During this project, over 8,000 items from the collection were scanned, transcribed, and described at the item level. Metadata for the digitized items was recorded in XML files using the TEI 2 standard.","In 2001, the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed additions that had been made to the collection since 1982, excepting the materials donated by P. Kahler Hench. Staff members also processed significant portions of Mary K. Hench's original donation that had not been described in the first edition of the collection finding aid. This work led to the development of a second edition finding aid that was coded in EAD and ingested into the Virginia Heritage database. This finding aid contained both new metadata and metadata that had been migrated from a Microsoft Access file.","In the 2000s the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed the materials in Series XV. Edward Hook additions.","In 2009, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library processed Box 154 of the collection.","In 2013, staff members in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library produced a third edition of the finding aid using EAD that merged collection description from four sources (the first edition finding aid, the second edition finding aid, the online exhibit, and the physical collection). When possible, metadata from the existing online exhibit's TEI files and metadata from the second edition finding aid were transformed with XSL and included in the EAD file. However, staff members sometimes found it necessary to create new metadata for the collection. The new finding aid was structured in such a way to facilitate the migration of the collection's digital files and metadata into the University of Virginia's digital repository and make it available to users via the library's online catalog."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003elegal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecertificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eobituaries;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ejournal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eresearch notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003econdolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emilitary records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWalter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emedical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003erecords relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ematerials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edrafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emeeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHavana and its environs;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003esites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand military installations in the United States.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother correspondence;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper and magazine clippings;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical and autobiographical accounts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003etranscripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMemoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003einformed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ediplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003emanuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003earticles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eitems that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enotes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephysicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003efamily members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eCamp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe U.S.S.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eMaine\u003c/emph\u003eand the Spanish-American War;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eaerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eConquerors of Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003estill scenes from the movies,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Jack\u003c/title\u003eand\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJezebel\u003c/title\u003e;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eother events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003edocuments and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand Philip Showalter Hench and his family.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ebiographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003enewspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ean inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ethe correspondence of experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecorrespondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003epress clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eoral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003escientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003egenealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eautobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eunpublished manuscripts;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eartifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench's research notes.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ea journal article by George Sternberg;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ephotographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ecopies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eand exhibition materials.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audio cassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). All of these materials are arranged in 16 series: I. Jesse W. Lazear, II. Henry Rose Carter, III. Walter Reed, IV. Philip Showalter Hench, V. Maps, VI. Alphabetical files, VII. Truby-Kean-Hench, VIII. Miscellany, IX. Photographs, X. Photographic negatives, XI. Reprints, XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions, XIII. Reed family additions, XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions, XV. Laura Wood, and XVI. Edward Hook additions.","Series I. Jesse W. Lazear consists of materials relating to Lazear that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1800 to 1956 with the bulk of the items dating from 1863 to 1943. Much of the series consists of the correspondence of Jesse W. Lazear and his wife Mabel H. Lazear. Jesse's correspondence dates from his time as a student at Johns Hopkins University to his death in 1900. Researchers can learn a great deal about Jesse from these letters, including his relationships with friends and family, his educational background, and his professional life. Mabel's correspondence dates from the time she met Jesse to her death in 1946. This correspondence primarily concern her husband's historical legacy and a campaign to secure a pension from the U.S. government for herself and her family.","In addition to Jesse and Mabel's correspondence, the series contains other materials relating to them and their families including, but not limited to the following:","the diaries documenting the travels of Jesse and Mabel's mothers in Europe;\n      correspondence of other Lazear family members (e.g. Jesse's parents);\n      genealogical summaries and tables relating to the Lazear family;\n      legal documents (e.g. wills, certificates, deeds);\n      military records relating to Jesse;\n      certificates, reports, and other materials documenting Jesse's educational background and achievements;\n      obituaries;\n      copies of congressional bills and reports concerning the provision of a federal pension for Mabel H. Lazear;\n      newspaper articles;\n      a microscope and sets of microscope slides owned by Jesse;\n      and a medical chart that shows the progression of the yellow fever infection that killed Jesse.","Series II. Henry Rose Carter consists of materials relating to Henry Rose Carter that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1880 to 1932 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1883 to 1932. The series is particularly rich in materials that document Henry Rose Carter's professional activities in the last eleven years of his life (1914-1925). These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence with colleagues in the medical and scientific community including Rupert E. Blue, Hideyo Noguchi, Henry Hanson, Joseph A. LePrince, Frederick F. Russell, T.H.D. Griffitts, and Lunsford D. Fricks;\n      scientific, medical, and government reports relating to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria in North America, South America, and Africa;\n      journal articles concerning the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      research notes written by Henry Rose Carter;\n      and photographs of Henry Rose Carter at work and with professional colleagues.","Series II. also contains correspondence between Henry Rose Carter and members of his family that date from 1880 to 1925. The family members with whom Henry corresponds most frequently in this series are his mother, Emma Coleman Carter; his wife, Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; his daughter, Laura Armistead Carter; and his son, Henry Rose Carter, Jr. These letters are not only a rich source of information about Carter's personal views and family life, they also provide valuable insights into his professional activities such as his experiences aboard vessels and in ports while working for the U.S. Marine Hospital Service and his public health work in Cuba, Panama, and Peru.","In addition to the materials that were produced during Henry Rose Carter's lifetime, the Series II. contains materials that were produced between 1925 and 1940 (after Henry Rose Carter's death) including, but not limited to the following:","copies of obituaries for Henry Rose Carter;\n      condolence letters for Henry Rose Carter's family after Henry's death;\n      and the correspondence of Laura Armistead Carter relating to her father and other members of the Carter family.","Series III. Walter Reed consists of materials that document the life of Walter Reed as well as the work and legacy of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in the series date from 1806 to around 1955 with the bulk of the items dating from 1874 to 1936. The series is particularly rich in materials that document the professional and personal life of Walter Reed from 1874 to his death in 1902. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Walter Reed and members of his immediate family that cover a wide range of topics including Reed's courtship of Emilie Lawrence Reed, family life, Walter Reed's work in the Western United States, and Walter Reed's work in Cuba;\n      military records relating to Walter Reed including military orders for Reed, Reed's performance reviews, and reports of Reed's work for army officials;\n      Walter Reed's correspondence with professional colleagues including members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, military doctors, and medical researchers interested in the study of yellow fever;\n      medical records (e.g. fever charts of experiment participants), military orders, administrative records, reports, and publications documenting the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba;\n      articles announcing the death of Walter Reed;\n      and the shoulder boards from Walter Reed's U.S. Army uniform.","In addition to the above items, Series III. contains materials that document campaigns, spanning from 1902 to 1937, to publicly honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","articles and editorials relating to efforts to memorialize and provide pensions for members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and those who participated in the commission's experiments;\n      biographical sketches of members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      records relating to the Walter Reed Memorial Association (e.g. correspondence, donor lists);\n      copies of Congressional bills and resolutions to honor members of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and experiment participants;\n      and letters, reviews, and other materials relating to the production of Sidney Coe Howard's play,Yellow Jack.","Finally, Series III. also consists of materials that document the history of yellow fever during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","items (e.g. correspondence, reports, reviews, and articles) relating to U.S. efforts to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone;\n      materials (e.g. correspondence, reports, and articles) documenting early twentieth century efforts to eradicate yellow fever in Peru;\n      scientific reports and publications related to the study and eradication of yellow fever and malaria;\n      and newspaper articles describing various outbreaks of yellow fever epidemics.","Series IV. Philip Showalter Hench primarily consists of materials that Hench created or collected while researching the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission. Items in this series date from around 1850 to around 1865 with the bulk of the items dating from 1937 to 1960. Researchers who are studying the yellow fever experiments will be particularly interested in the materials (e.g. interviews, autobiographies) that document first-hand accounts of the events surrounding the experiments. Other researchers may be interested in items that document Hench's role in shaping public memory of the commission and its experiments. The materials in this series include, but are not limited to the following:","Hench's correspondence and interviews with participants in the yellow fever experiments and their families including: Emilie Lawrence Reed, Emilie M. (Blossom) Reed, Walter Lawrence Reed, John J. Moran, Albert E. Truby, Jefferson Randolph Kean, John H. Andrus, and John R. Kissinger;\n      autobiographical accounts of the experiment's participants and their families;\n      notes, reports, correspondence and other materials relating to Hench's search for the original site of Camp Lazear in Cuba;\n      correspondence with Cuban government officials and members of the scientific community relating to Hench's campaign to build a Camp Lazear memorial;\n      correspondence and other materials relating to ceremonies honoring Jesse W. Lazear at Washington and Jefferson College;\n      newspaper articles, magazine articles, and other printed matter concerning the yellow fever experiments and its participants;\n      drafts of speeches and presentations Hench gave on the history of the yellow fever experiments to various audiences;\n      meeting minutes and other materials that document Hench's relationship with and participation in the Walter Reed Memorial Association;\n      scripts for radio programs relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes, outlines, lists, correspondence, and other materials that document Hench's research about the yellow fever experiments and a book he had planned to write on the subject;\n      and the gold medal that Congress posthumously awarded to Walter Reed for his work with yellow fever.","Series V. Maps primarily consists of maps and floor plans that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1899 to 1951. The maps and floor plans often include annotations and illustrate a wide range of locations including, but not limited to the following:","Havana and its environs;\n      Cuba;\n      sites associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      and military installations in the United States.","In addition to the maps and floor plans, Series V. also consists of a few newspaper and magazine clippings that contain information relating to the yellow fever experiments.","Series VI. Alphabetical files primarily consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1860 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from 1940 to 1956. All of these items have been arranged thematically into biographical files. Each file contains materials created by or relating to people who were either involved with the yellow fever experiments or aided Philip Showalter Hench in his research of the subject. These people include, but are not limited to: John J. Moran, Carlos E. Finlay, Laura Wood Roper, Mabel Lazear, Clara Maas, John R. Kissinger, Roger Post Ames, James C. Carroll, and Carlos J. Finlay. The files are arranged alphabetically by the last names of the individuals listed on the files and it is unclear whether the overall arrangement was made by Hench or by staff members at the University of Virginia. The biographical files contain a wide range of different materials that pertain to the individuals listed on the files. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the individuals;\n      other correspondence;\n      newspaper and magazine clippings;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      biographical and autobiographical accounts;\n      transcripts of oral history interviews that were conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      and copies of medical charts for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments that shows the progression of the disease.","In addition to the materials that Hench created or collected during his lifetime, the biographical files in Series VI. also contain items that were added by staff at the University of Virginia Library during the late 1960s and early 1970s.","Series VII. Truby-Kean-Hench primarily consists of materials relating to Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1879 to around 1960 with the bulk of the items dating from 1900 to 1954. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence of Jefferson Randolph Kean dating from 1900 to 1950 that relates to his personal life, the yellow fever experiments, public health initiatives, his publications, the legacy of the yellow fever experiments, Kean's work in World War I, and other topics;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's correspondence with people related to the yellow fever experiments, particularly Albert E. Truby and Jefferson Randolph Kean primarily from between 1940 and 1955;\n      a scrapbook and other materials that relate to Truby's book,Memoir of Walter Reed: the Yellow Fever Episode;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench's interviews and questionnaires for Kean and Truby from the 1940s.","In addition to the materials relating to Kean and Truby, Series VII. also includes the following:","notes from Philip Showalter Hench's research of the yellow fever experiments;\n      the recollections, autobiographies, and reports of other people involved with the yellow fever experiments including John Andrus and A.S. Pinto;\n      articles and clippings related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a short biography of Lemuel S. Reed;\n      and a sketch Philip Showalter Hench made of a proposed museum at the Camp Lazear site.","Series VIII. Miscellany consists of oversize and miscellaneous materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection that were, for various reasons, not included in any of the other series in the collection. Items in this series date from around 1849 to 1982 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1885 to 1974. These materials include, but are not limited to the following:","informed consent agreements for volunteers in the yellow fever experiments;\n      diplomas and certificates for Walter Reed and Jesse W. Lazear;\n      copies and sketches of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      artifacts, including a wooden board from Camp Lazear and a U.S. flag;\n      copies of correspondence, reports, medical records, and military orders from the U.S. National Archives relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      manuscripts and related notes for published works and research relating to Walter Reed and the yellow fever experiments;\n      correspondence of Philip Showalter Hench from circa 1940 to 1966;\n      articles and clippings relating to the yellow fever experiments, the experiments' participants, and the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      correspondence of Atcheson Laughlin Hench and members of the University of Virginia community relating to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      items that document the provenance and custodial history of some materials in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed yellow fever collection;\n      photographs relating to Cuba and the yellow fever experiments;\n      notes for photographs and photographic negatives housed in Series IX. and Series X. of this collection.","Series IX. Photographs consists primarily of photographs that Philip Showalter Hench created and collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1846 to around 1966 with the bulk of the items dating from around 1870 to around 1960. The subjects shown in the photographs include, but are not limited to the following:","physicians, military personnel, nurses, and volunteers associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Jefferson Randolph Kean, and Aristides Agramonte;\n      family members of people associated with the yellow fever experiments including their spouses, children, and grandchildren.\n      Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and other locations in Cuba related to the yellow fever experiments between 1900 and 1960;\n      the U.S.S.Maineand the Spanish-American War;\n      aerial views of Havana, Cuba and its environs from the 1940s and 1950s;\n      scenes of daily life in Cuba generally from between 1898 and 1960;\n      the 1952 dedication of the Camp Lazear National Monument in Cuba;\n      the creation and unveiling of Dean Cornwell's painting,Conquerors of Yellow Fever;\n      still scenes from the movies,Yellow JackandJezebel;\n      other events and works of art commemorating the work of the participants in the yellow fever experiments;\n      documents and maps that Philip Showalter Hench copied for his research;\n      and Philip Showalter Hench and his family.","Series IX. also includes a watercolor that was painted by Emilie Lawrence Reed.","Series X. Photographic negatives consists of a mix of original and copy negatives that Philip Showalter Hench collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Although the original images recorded on the negatives date from between the 1860s and the 1960s, it appears that the negatives themselves were produced during a narrower time frame, most likely between 1930 and 1966.","The negatives in Series X. record images associated with the yellow fever experiments and many of them are related to photographic prints found in Series VIII. Where a match between a negative and a print from these series has been made, the negative number has been written on the folder of the print in the physical collection. Finally, the negatives are generally arranged in numerical order by identification numbers that were most likely assigned by Philip Showalter Hench.","Series XI. Reprints consists of reprints and photocopies of journal articles, book extracts, book reviews and other published works that were primarily collected by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from 1856 to 1971 and cover a wide range of topics related to the study and eradication of yellow fever, including, but not limited to the following:","the results of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work in Cuba;\n      biographical accounts of various people who had an association with the yellow fever experiments;\n      the research of people associated with the experiments including Walter Reed, Jesse W. Lazear, Aristides Agramonte, and James Carroll;\n      scientific and medical research related to yellow fever and malaria;\n      and events honoring the work of those involved with the yellow fever experiments.","Series XII. Houston Academy of Medicine/Texas Medical Center additions consists of materials that Philip Showalter Hench created or collected while researching the yellow fever experiments. Items in this series date from around 1901 to around 1966. These materials were originally a part of the Philip S. Hench papers in the John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center at the Texas Medical Center Library, but they were transferred to the University of Virginia in 1991. These items include, but are not limited to the following:","correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and people connected with the yellow fever experiments including John J. Moran and Walter Reed's children;\n      newspaper clippings relating to the death or commemoration of individuals associated with the yellow fever experiments;\n      photographs of the Camp Lazear Memorial, everyday scenes in Cuba, and John J. Moran;\n      and journal articles, booklets, and other printed matter relating to the yellow fever experiments and its participants.","Series XIII. Reed family additions consists of materials relating to the yellow fever experiments that several different donors gave to the University of Virginia. Items in the series date from around 1850 to 1967 with the bulk of the items dating from 1868 to 1949. The largest portion of the series is comprised of correspondence written by Walter Reed and his family between 1877 and 1902 that provide insights into their relationships and personal lives.","In addition to the Reed family's correspondence, the series also contains other materials relating to the Reed family and the yellow fever experiments including, but not limited to the following:","a flag that was flown over Camp Lazear;\n      newspaper clippings and articles relating to the yellow fever experiments;\n      a chemistry notebook that was owned by Walter Reed;\n      correspondence of and works by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      an inventory of materials in Series XIII. and information about their accession into the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library;\n      and materials from an exhibit on the yellow fever experiments that was hosted in Alderman Library at the University of Virginia.","Series XIV. P. Kahler Hench additions consists of original and photocopied materials that Philip Showalter Hench's son, P. Kahler Hench, donated to the University of Virginia in 1988 and 1989. Items in the series date from around 1860 to 1965 with the bulk of the materials dating from 1898 to 1965. Most of these items were collected or created by Philip Showalter Hench while researching the yellow fever experiments. These items include the following:","the correspondence of experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and the experiment participants;\n      correspondence between Philip Showalter Hench and families of the experiment participants;\n      press clippings relating to the experiments and the experiment participants;\n      oral history interviews conducted by Philip Showalter Hench;\n      scientific articles related to the study of yellow fever;\n      photographs of Havana, Camp Columbia, and Camp Lazear;\n      genealogical tables and summaries for the family of Jesse W. Lazear;\n      autobiographical accounts written by experiment participants;\n      unpublished manuscripts;\n      artifacts (e.g. a wooden board) from Camp Lazear;\n      Philip Showalter Hench's research notes.","Series XIV. also contains correspondence and financial records that record the transfer of collection items from the Reed family to Philip Showalter Hench and later from the Hench family to the University of Virginia.","Series XV. Laura Wood primarily consists of Laura Wood's correspondence relating to her research for a Walter Reed biography that she wrote. The series also includes, but is not limited to the following materials:","photocopies of two letters written by Walter Reed;\n      a journal article by George Sternberg;\n      and a short work that Laura Wood wrote about Walter Reed entitled,Walter Reed and yellow Fever.","Items in Series XV. date from 1875 to 1946 with the bulk of the items dating from 1941 to 1946.","Series XVI. Edward Hook additions consists of copies of letters, articles, and photographs relating to the yellow fever experiments that had been collected by Edward W. Hook, Jr, a professor of medicine at the University of Virginia. The bulk of this series is comprised of copies of a small collection of James Carroll's correspondence. The original versions of Carroll's correspondence are not housed at the University of Virginia. In addition to the Carroll letters, this series also includes, but is not limited to the following:","photographs of Walter Reed and others related to the yellow fever experiments;\n      copies of some of Theodore E. Woodward's works relating to James Carroll and yellow fever;\n      and exhibition materials.","Items in Series XVI. date from around 1880 to around 1998 with the bulk of the items dating from 1898 to 1901."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCopyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Copyright Status"],"userestrict_tesim":["Copyright restrictions may apply for some materials in the collection."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_98fe81a152b4be0b7388b1814ffaf4bd\"\u003eThe Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection documents the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, the legacy of the commission's discoveries, the lives of individuals who were connected to the commission, and twentieth century campaigns to shape public memory of the commission. Items in the collection date from 1800 to 1998, with the bulk of the items dating from 1864 to 1974. A wide range of formats are represented in the collection including, but not limited to the following: articles, artifacts, audiocassettes, bills (legislative records), biographies, charts (graphic documents), correspondence, diaries, editorials, interviews, journals (periodicals), magazines, maps, medical records, military records, negatives (photographic), notes, photographs, reports, reprints, scrapbooks, and speeches. Unique materials in the collection are supplemented with copies of original documents and photographs housed in other institutions (e.g. the U.S. National Archives). Most of the materials in the collection were collected or created by Nobel laureate Philip Showalter Hench while researching the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission."],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["Collection is predominantly in English; other materials in the collection are in Spanish, French, and Portuguese."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":10452,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:59.526Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission (1900-1901) was a board of physicians that the U.S. government formed in order to determine how yellow fever was transmitted between hosts. Ultimately, the commission's experiments in Cuba proved that mosquitoes transmit yellow fever--a discovery that would spur successful campaigns to control and eradicate yellow fever throughout much of the globe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e When Major Walter Reed and Acting Assistant Surgeons James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse Lazear gathered on the porch of the Columbia Barracks Hospital in June of 1900, they became the fourth successive board of U.S. medical officers to grapple with the appalling plague that was yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The persistence of this disease across the Cuban archipelago and its periodic re-emergence along the coastlines and great river drainages of the Americas was taking countless thousands of lives. Lack of precise knowledge as to its cause and transmission had augmented yellow fever's extraordinarily high mortality rate and had given rise to quarantine regulations which constituted substantial impediments to efficient regional trade. Endemic in the tropics, yellow fever imposed high humanitarian and economic costs upon the entire region. Specialists regarded Cuba as one of the principal foci of the disease, and the island consequently attracted considerable attention from the medical sciences.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In 1879, one year after a devastating epidemic swept up the Mississippi valley from New Orleans, Tulane University Professor Stanford E. Chaille led the first investigatory commission to Havana, Rio de Janeiro, and the West Indies. The Chaille Commission remained in Havana three months, and its members -- including George Miller Sternberg, who became Surgeon General of the Army, and Juan Guiteras, later Director of Public Health for Havana -- consulted with Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay. They concluded that the causal agent for yellow fever was possibly a living entity in the atmosphere, an assertion which set Finlay on the path to the mosquito theory he developed in 1881.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Louis Pasteur's foundational and highly successful work in modern immunology in 1880 and 1881 gave a renewed impetus to investigations aimed at discovering the \"yellow fever germ.\" Over the middle years of the 1880s several scientists advanced different theories, all readily refuted by bacteriological work Sternberg undertook in Brazil and Mexico in 1887 and again in Havana in 1888 and 1889. In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ewas the culprit, and the following year a third scientific team sailed to Cuba for additional tests. Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings appeared to confirm Sanarelli's assertion, though Sternberg, by then Surgeon General, remained skeptical.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Despite Wasdin and Geddings' insistence, the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003etheory garnered significant opposition. In fact, a few months before the third commission's report reached the public, Walter Reed and James Carroll -- Reed's assistant at the Columbian University (later George Washington University) bacteriology laboratories in Washington, D.C. -- published a thorough refutation of the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eicteroides\u003c/emph\u003eproposal: the bacteria was not a unique cause of yellow fever, but a variety of the hog cholera bacillus, \"a secondary invader in yellow fever,\" Reed determined, unrelated to its etiology. [1] Dispute continued, however, and when Sternberg organized the fourth investigatory board, he charged Reed and his associates to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion once and for all, then to proceed with analysis of other blood cultures and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed and Carroll had considerable experience in bacteriological analysis, and, Sternberg reasoned, might well be able to find the specific agent of the disease. Aristides Agramonte, a Cuban scientist who had worked in Reed's lab at the Columbian University in 1898, was also an accomplished bacteriologist; he had identified\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003ein tissue samples from cases other than yellow fever, providing further evidence opposed to Sanarelli's thesis. Jesse Lazear, a scientist from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, had joined the Army Medical Corps to study tropical diseases at their point of origin; he received orders for Cuba in February 1900. Lazear impressed Reed with his abilities when the two men became acquainted in March. No doubt with Reed's advice, Sternberg assembled a crack team -- all experienced in scientific research, but each with interests as diverse as their temperaments. The mix of talent and personalities generated spectacular results.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e What causes yellow fever? This simple, even obvious question had dictated yellow fever research for over two decades, and so it guided Reed in organizing the work of the commission.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eand other bacteriological sampling dominated their work for the first months. \"Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,\" Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, \". . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.\" [2] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To \"my very great surprise,\" Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites -- infection from contaminated clothing and bedding -- and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. \"At this stage of our investigation,\" Reed concluded, \". . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.\" [3] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"Personally, I feel that only can experimentation on human beings serve to clear the field for further effective work,\" Reed stated to Surgeon General Sternberg, who concurred. [4] Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory -- then not generally accepted -- on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the \"Preliminary Note.\" [5] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll vitiated the results of his experimental sickness by traveling off the post to Havana, a contaminated zone, even as Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: \"Did the Mosquito do it?\" [6] Dean's case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, these results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a \"Preliminary Note,\" which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, October 23, 1900. After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, he returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks -- the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) -- Reed established the quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. Here Reed designed two small wood-frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet, for the experimental work, and nearby raised a group of seven tents for the accommodation and support of the volunteers. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior let into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections -- cots with bedding -- were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments -- one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships' holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary -- and intentional -- paradox of the Commission's experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the camp and its buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the infected clothing building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers \"retreated from the house,\" Reed stated. \"They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.\" [7] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring , as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, lead by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. None developed yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The Commission's mosquito experiments proceeded in four series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e(later called\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia fasciata\u003c/emph\u003e, and later still\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/emph\u003e) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of the initial volunteers. Success in these tests raised a number of questions, each one addressed in the subsequent series:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eHow could a building become infected?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eWhen does a mosquito develop the ability to transmit the disease?\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eOver what length of time can a mosquito retain this capacity to infect?\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second series consequently employed the specialized \"Infected Mosquito Building\" to indicate how a structure could be considered infected with yellow fever. This experiment required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. \"Loaded\" mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two -- on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Now the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes -- enough time to suffer several mosquito bites -- he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. As Reed stated, absence of yellow fever in the controls showed \"that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,\" and nothing more. [8] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The third series of mosquito experiments confirmed what Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Public Health Service, called the \"period of extrinsic incubation,\" [9] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. In this manner, the volunteer's illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito's contamination -- as happened in the experiment -- could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito's capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The duration of time over which these \"fully ripened\" mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers -- on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, \"deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood\" [10] expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Although it went unrecorded in the published papers, Reed organized a supplemental experiment to test another species of mosquito.\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex pungens\u003c/emph\u003efailed to transmit yellow fever to at least one volunteer and probably to a second. Reed's preliminary conclusions indicated that\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas the only species capable of transmitting yellow fever. [11]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A last experimental regime involved subcutaneous injections of blood from positive cases of yellow fever to presumed non-immunes. Reed devised these tests to confirm the presence of the yellow fever agent in the blood of a victim during the first days of an attack, and, more importantly, to settle the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003equestion. The same blood cultures which produced yellow fever in four volunteers also failed to grow any\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eB. icteroides\u003c/emph\u003e, conclusively invalidating Sanarelli's claim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Notwithstanding the decisive medical victory -- as Reed declared, \"aside from the antitoxin of Diptheria and Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus, it will be regarded as the most important piece of work, scientifically, during the 19th century\" [12] -- success at Camp Lazear unfolded in its own time. Initially, Reed observed, \"the results obtained at this station were not encouraging.\" [13] The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of \"a well-marked attack of yellow fever.\" [14] Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects -- Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. The force of the conclusions was evident to everyone:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"It can readily be imagined,\" Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, \"that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 non-immunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito's bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to 'the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,' suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"In striking contrast,\" Reed continued, the anxiety of the fomites volunteers began to melt into relief. \"[T]he countenances of these men, which had before borne the serious aspect of those who were bravely facing an unseen foe, suddenly took on the glad expression of 'schoolboys let out for a holiday,' and from this time their contempt for 'fomites' could not find sufficient expression. Thus illustrating once more, gentlemen, the old adage that familiarity, even with fomites, may breed contempt.\" [15]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one -- unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay's mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay's experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear's direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed left Cuba for Washington, where he completed a monumental report on typhoid fever among the army corps -- left unfinished by the sudden death of co-author Edward O. Shakespeare. Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear's death, and because of his own age -- 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll -- he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. The point had already been amply demonstrated, and only a rigidly controlled experimental regime would establish the necessary proof. Carroll, however, remained embittered about this for the remainder of his life, though he evidently never communicated his objections directly to Reed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym \"XY\" in the \"Preliminary Note.\" No such potentially troublesome problems arose for the experimental series at Camp Lazear; Reed obtained prior support from all of the appropriate authorities in the military and the administration, even including the Spanish Consul to Cuba. With the advice of the Commission and others, he drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 \"in American gold,\" with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. The record of expenses for Camp Lazear -- maintained by Reed's friend and colleague in the medical corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean -- indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests and in addition the later series of blood injections and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. Two Americans declined these gratuities, as Kean termed them, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 -- Building Number One still intact -- and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and once landed, drafted the Congress paper as\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e, published immediately in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e. [16]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [17] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll's assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective -- thereby establishing that this filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home to stay. [18] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Walter Reed and James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eBacillus Icteroides and Bacillus Cholerae Suis -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical News\u003c/title\u003e(29 April 1899), reprinted in: United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever, A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 55.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 23 August 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00341001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Walter Reed, \"The Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches,\" in United States Senate Document No. 822,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever A Compilation of Various Publications\u003c/title\u003e(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911), p. 94.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to George M. Sternberg, 24 July 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02064001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association\u003c/title\u003eIndianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to James Carroll, 7 September 1900, Edward Hook Additions to the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection: James Carroll Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 15312004. The originals of these letters remain in a private collection.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- An Additional Note\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eJournal of the American Medical Association\u003c/title\u003e36 (16 February 1901): 431-440, reprinted in: Senate Document No. 822, p. 84.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[9] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[10] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 101.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[11]\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eCulex fasciata\u003c/emph\u003ewas reclassified shortly after the experiments as\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eStegomyia\u003c/emph\u003eand later became\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAedes aegypti.\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[12] Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 9 December 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02231001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[13] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 97.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[14] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 98.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[15] Walter Reed,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Propagation of Yellow Fever -- Observations Based on Recent Researches\u003c/title\u003e, in Senate Document No. 822, p. 99.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[16] Please see note [7].\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[17] The Commission reported these concluding experiments in: Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eExperimental Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eII (6 July 1901) 1: 15-23.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[18] Walter Reed, James Carroll,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever (A Supplemental Note)\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eAmerican Medicine\u003c/title\u003eIII (22 February 1902) 8: 301-305.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eWalter Reed (September 13, 1851 - November 22, 1902) was a U.S. Army physician who led the army's Yellow Fever Commission 1900 and 1901. Experiments conducted by the commission confirmed a theory that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes--a discovery that led to the control and eradication of this disease across much of the globe. Reed would receive much of the credit for the work of the commission because of his role as its leader, and, long after his death in 1902, he would be widely celebrated as a heroic figure in the fields of public health and medical research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed spent his first days in a small house which served as the parsonage for a Methodist congregation in Gloucester County, Virginia, where his father was minister.  Lemuel Sutton Reed and Pharaba White Reed welcomed young Walter into the family on September 13, 1851;  he was the youngest of their five children.  The Reeds moved to other Virginia parishes during Walter's childhood, and just after the close of the Civil War, transferred to the town of Charlottesville.  That move in 1866 placed Walter in the orbit of the University of Virginia, which he entered a year later at age sixteen under the care of his older brother Christopher, also a student at the University.  Reed attended two year-long sessions, the second devoted entirely to the medical curriculum, and he completed an M.D. degree on July 1, 1869, as one of the youngest students to graduate in the history of the medical school.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e At that time the School of Medicine at the University offered little opportunity for direct clinical experience, so Reed subsequently enrolled at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, in Manhattan, New York.  There he obtained a second M.D. degree in 1870.  Reed interned at a number of hospitals in the New York metropolitan area, including the Infants' Hospital on Randall's Island and the Brooklyn City Hospital.  In 1873, he assumed the position of assistant sanitary officer for the Brooklyn Board of Health.  The large and diverse population of New York, with its many immigrant communities and dense, tenement housing, provided countless medical cases to treat and study;  these served to expose Reed to the vital importance of public health, and developed in him a lifelong interest in the field.  Yet the frenetic life of the great cities began to pall after a few years: \"Here the ever bustling day is crowded into the busy night; nor can we draw the line of separation between the two,\"[1] he wrote to Emilie Lawrence, of Murfreesboro, North Carolina, later to become Mrs. Walter Reed.  Their courtship letters reveal much of his maturing character, interests, and philosophy of life.  Increasing responsibilities with the Board of Health precluded opening a private practice, and Reed's youth proved a barrier in a culture given to offering respect more to the appearance of maturity than to its actual demonstration. Reed consequently resolved to join the Army Medical Corps, both for the professional opportunities it offered immediately and for the modest financial security it could provide to a young man without independent means.  He passed the qualifying examinations in January 1875 and proceeded to his first assignment at the military base on Willet's Point, New York Harbor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed remained in the Medical Corps for the rest of his life, spending many years of the '70s, '80s, and early '90s at difficult postings in the American West.  The first of these -- to the Arizona Territory -- began in the late spring of 1876, and indeed hurried along his wedding to Emilie Lawrence, on April 25, shortly before his departure.  She joined him the following November, and bore two children at frontier posts, a son Walter Lawrence and a daughter Emilie, called Blossom.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed's other western assignments included forts in Nebraska, Dakota Territory, and Minnesota, with two eastern interludes at Baltimore, Maryland and another at Mount Vernon Barracks, Alabama.  During the second of these tours in Baltimore -- over the 1890-1891 academic year -- Reed completed advanced coursework in pathology and bacteriology in the Johns Hopkins University Hospital Pathology Laboratory.  When he returned from his last western appointment in 1893, Reed joined the faculty of the Army Medical School in Washington, D.C., where he held the professorship of Bacteriology and Clinical Microscopy.  He also became curator of the Army Medical Museum and joined the faculty of the Columbian University in Washington (later the George Washington University).  In addition, Reed maintained close ties with professor William Welch and other leading lights in the scientific community he had come to know at Hopkins a few years earlier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Beyond his teaching responsibilities for the Army and the Columbian University programs, Reed actively pursued medical research projects.  A bibliography of his publications finds entries from 1892 to the year of his untimely death a decade later, and the subjects he investigated range from erysipelas to cholera, typhoid, malaria, and yellow fever, among others.[2]   In 1896, a research trip to investigate an outbreak of smallpox took him to Key West, and there he developed a close friendship with Jefferson Randolph Kean, a fellow Virginian and colleague in the Medical Corps ten years his junior.  When Reed traveled to Cuba in 1899 to study typhoid in the army encampments of the U.S. forces, Kean was already there, and Kean was still in Cuba when Reed returned as the head of the Army board charged by Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg to examine tropical diseases including yellow fever.  Kean and his first wife Louise were great supporters of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's work, and Kean in fact served as quartermaster for the famous series of experiments at Camp Lazear.  After the dramatic and conclusive success of those experiments, Kean actively -- though unsuccessfully -- promoted Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Reed continued to speak and publish on yellow fever after his return from Cuba in 1901, receiving honorary degrees from Harvard and the University of Michigan in recognition of his seminal work.  In November 1902, Reed developed what had been for him recurring gastro-intestinal trouble.  This time, however, his appendix ruptured, and surgery came too late to save him from the peritonitis which developed.  He died on November 23, 1902, almost two years to the day from the opening of Camp Lazear and the stunning experimental victory there.  Kean remained a champion of his deceased friend's role in the conquest of yellow fever.  He organized the Walter Reed Memorial Association, to provide support for Reed's family and to build a suitable memorial, and was instrumental in lobbying the United States Congress to establish the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.  In 1929, Congress mandated the annual publication of the Roll in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eArmy Register\u003c/title\u003e, and struck a series Congressional Gold Medals saluting the Commission members and the young Americans who bravely suffered experimental yellow fever a generation before.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence, 18 July 1874, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 01605001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] The bibliography of Reed's scientific papers may be found in: Howard Atwood Kelly,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eWalter Reed and Yellow Fever\u003c/title\u003e(New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1906), pp. 281-283. Kelly's complete biography of Reed is contained on this Web site.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eJesse William Lazear (May 2, 1866 - September 26, 1900) was a physician who was a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. Lazear's death from yellow fever at the outset of the commission's work in Cuba would lead to his elevation as a martyr for medical science in the eyes of many during the twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"I rather think I am on the track of the real germ,\" Jesse W. Lazear wrote his wife from Cuba on September 8, 1900.[1] Seventeen days later, the fulminating case of yellow fever Lazear had contracted just over a week after writing Mabel H. Lazear suddenly ended the young scientist's life. He was 34 years old. Unlike so many other yellow fever fatalities, however, this one would lead to a direct and highly successful assault on the disease itself. Yellow fever's ascendancy, endemic in Cuba, was about to be undermined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Lazear had reported to Camp Columbia, Cuba in February 1900 for duty as an acting assistant surgeon with the U. S. Army Corps stationed on the island. Here he undertook bacteriological study of tropical diseases, particularly malaria and yellow fever, and in May he was named to the Army board charged with \"pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the island of Cuba.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e These orders placed him officially in the company of Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Aristides Agramonte -- the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission -- though Lazear had already met Reed the preceding March on a project to evaluate the efficacy of electrozone, a disinfectant made from seawater collected off the Cuban coast. While Reed was in Cuba that March, Lazear discussed with him the recent discovery of British scientist Sir Ronald Ross concerning the mosquito vector for malaria. At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he was first a medical resident and later in charge of the clinical laboratory, Lazear had followed Ross's accomplishments with great interest, and pursued field work and experimentation on the\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAnopheles\u003c/emph\u003emosquito with fellow Hopkins scientist William S. Thayer. Lazear was thus the only member of the Commission who had experience with mosquito work, and was consequently the most open to the possible verity of Cuban scientist Carlos Juan Finlay's theory of mosquito transmission for yellow fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The record is apparently silent as to when Lazear first visited Finlay. Certainly by late June Lazear was beginning to grow mosquito larvae acquired from Finlay's laboratory, the first specimens brought to him by Henry Rose Carter, of the United States Public Health Service.[3] Not long after arriving in Cuba Lazear met Carter, whose own observations on yellow fever strongly suggested an intermediate host in the spread of the disease. However, Army Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg, who organized the Yellow Fever Commission, first charged the board members to investigate the relationship of\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBacillus icteroides\u003c/emph\u003eto yellow fever -- proposed by the Italian Scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli as the actual cause of the disease. \"Dr. Reed had been in the old discussion over Sanarelli's bacillus and he still works on that subject,\" Lazear wrote his wife in July, \"I am not all interested in it but want to do work which may lead to the discovery of the real organism.\"[4] Soon he would have the opportunity. The relatively quick failure of the Bacillus icteroides inquiry opened the door to what became the ground-breaking mosquito work, and Lazear was well placed to begin.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The project started in earnest on August 1, 1900. In a small pocket notebook Lazear noted the preparatory work of raising and infecting mosquitoes, and subsequently recorded the series of eleven experimental inoculations made from the 11th to the 31st of August, the last two producing cases of full-blown yellow fever. These two positive cases developed from mosquitoes allowed to ripen over a period of 12 days, and this was Lazear's crucial discovery. The epidemiological pattern was thus entirely consistent with Carter's observations of a delay between the primary and secondary outbreaks of yellow fever in an epidemic, and, in addition, explained why Finlay's experiments had been largely unsuccessful -- he had not waited long enough before inoculating his subjects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Although Lazear never directly admitted to experimenting on himself, when Reed reviewed Lazear's sketchy notations he evidently found entries strongly suggesting Lazear's case was not accidental, as officially reported. Unfortunately, the little notebook so crucial to the preparation of the Commission's famous initial paper,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note\u003c/title\u003e[5], vanished from Reed's Washington office after his own untimely death in 1902. Still, Lazear's invaluable contribution to the Commission's victory was widely recognized and elicited tributes from many quarters: \"He was a splendid, brave fellow,\" Reed said of his young colleague, \" and I lament his loss more than words can tell; but his death was not in vain- His name will live in the history of those who have benefited humanity.\" [6] \"His death was a sacrifice to scientific research of the highest character,\" stated General Leonard Wood, military Governor of Cuba.[7] \"Your husband was a martyr in the noblest of causes,\" Dr. L. O. Howard wrote to Mabel Lazear, \"and I am proud to have known him. . . . His work contributed towards one of the greatest discoveries of the century, the results of which will be of invaluable benefit to mankind.\"[8] And so they were. Though Lazear's one-year-old son and newborn daughter never knew their father, they grew up in a world liberated -- almost in its entirety -- from the disease that killed him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e [1] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 8 September 1900, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 00344001.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Military Orders for Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, and Jesse W. Lazear, 24 May 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number 02019001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter fragment from Jesse W. Lazear to Mabel Houston Lazear, 15 July 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00334001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Walter Reed, James Carroll, Aristides Agramonte, Jesse W. Lazear,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eThe Etiology of Yellow Fever -- A Preliminary Note,\u003c/title\u003e \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eProceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association Indianapolis, Indiana, 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 October 1900.\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[6] Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, 6 October 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 02135001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[7] Letter from Leonard Wood to the Adjutant-General, United States Army, November 1900, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00375002.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[8] Letter from Leland Ossian Howard to Mabel Houston Lazear, 7 February 1901, Hench Reed Collection, accession number: 00388001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eHenry Rose Carter (August 25, 1852 - September 14, 1925) was a prominent physician in the U.S. Public Health Service who was a leading authority in the transmission and control of tropical diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria. During his long career as a sanitarian, Carter undertook campaigns to investigate and control the spread of tropical diseases in Cuba, the Panama Canal Zone, the Southeastern United States, and Peru.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Jefferson Randolph Kean, Henry Rose Carter was a native Virginian and a graduate of the University of Virginia. Carter obtained a civil engineering degree from Virginia in 1873 and also undertook post-graduate work in mathematics and applied chemistry the next year. Subsequently, however, Carter's interests turned towards medicine, and he completed a medical degree at the University of Maryland in 1879. The same year Assistant Surgeon Carter joined the Marine Hospital Service -- later the United States Public Health Service -- and the young surgeon rose steadily through the ranks, ultimately attaining the position of Assistant Surgeon General in 1915.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Carter's initial assignments with the Hospital Service placed him at the center of the yellow fever maelstrom. In 1879 he was detailed to Memphis and other Southern cities, then in the throes of a second year of devastating epidemics. Here began, as his colleague T. H. D. Griffitts observed, Carter's \"lifelong interest in the epidemiology and control of yellow fever.\"[1] After several years of clinical practice in various Marine hospitals, Carter resumed a direct confrontation with yellow fever when his orders for duty with the Gulf Coast Maritime Quarantine assigned him to Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1888. Here and at subsequent quarantine station postings around the Gulf, he quietly championed a thorough review and rationalization of quarantine policies, with a view toward establishing uniform regulation, more thorough disinfection of vessels, and minimized interference with naval commerce. Crucial to the success of these activities was Carter's attention to the incubation period of yellow fever, which his on-site observations indicated to vary between 5 and 7 days. At the time the official literature stated with far less precision a variance of between 1 and 14 days; Carter's work consequently greatly increased the efficiency and effectiveness of quarantine operations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Nevertheless, yellow fever continued to menace the temperate coastline of the United States, and Carter ably directed the Health Service's epidemiological control efforts in numerous threatened regions. In conjunction with this sanitary work for the 1898 season, Carter made detailed notes on the development of yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Mississippi. The isolation of these communities enabled him to identify more reliably the phenomenon of a delay between the initial cases of yellow fever in a locality and the subsequent appearance of secondary infection -- a delay two to four times longer than the incubation period of the disease in an infected person. Carter called this interval between the primary and secondary cases \"the period of extrinsic incubation,\" and he defined its \"usual limits . . . [as ranging] from ten to seventeen days.\"[2]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Before he was able to publish his conclusions, Carter took the helm of the quarantine service in war-time Cuba. There, in 1900, he met U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission member Jesse Lazear. Carter had finally arranged for his paper's publication that year in the\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eNew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal\u003c/title\u003e, and gave a draft to Lazear. \"If these dates are correct,\" Carter later recalled Lazear saying, \"it spells a living host.\"[3] The theory of mosquito transmission long advanced by Cuban scientist Carlos J. Finlay began to seem more likely. And indeed it was. The Commission's experiments in 1900-1901 irrefutably proved the mosquito vector and established the extrinsic incubation period at twelve days. Shortly after these successes Reed saluted Carter, \"I know of no one more competent to pass judgment on all that pertains to the subject of yellow fever. You must not forget that your own work in Mississippi did more to impress me with the importance of an intermediate host than everything else put to-gether.\"[4]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Carter's long and distinguished sanitary career took him to the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, where he served as Chief Quarantine Officer and Chief of Hospitals for five years. He undertook detailed investigations and control measures of malaria in North Carolina and elsewhere in the South, and became a founder of the National Malaria Committee. With the support of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board, he undertook additional investigation and control measures for yellow fever in Central and South America. His expertise recommended him to the Peruvian government, which named Carter Sanitary Advisor in 1920-1921. Health problems at the end of his life compelled Carter to withdraw from active fieldwork, though he remained a highly valued consultant to the Health Board and a much-beloved and respected teacher for a new generation of sanitarians. Carter closed his career researching and writing the manuscript that his daughter Laura Armistead Carter edited and published posthumously in 1931:\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003e[5]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] T. H. D. Griffitts,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eHenry Rose Carter: The Scientist and the Man\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eSouthern Medical Journal\u003c/title\u003e32 (August 1939) 8: 842.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Henry Rose Carter,\u003ctitle render=\"doublequote\"\u003eA Note on the Spread of Yellow Fever in Houses, Extrinsic Incubation\u003c/title\u003e,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eMedical Record\u003c/title\u003e59 (15 June 1901) 24: 937.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] \"Conversation between Drs. Carter, Thayer, and Parker,\" 1924, Henry Rose Carter Papers, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, Box 1.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[4] Letter from Walter Reed to Henry Rose Carter, 26 February 1901, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 02447001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[5] Carter, Henry Rose.\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eYellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.\u003c/title\u003eBaltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003eJefferson Randolph Kean (June 27, 1860 - September 4, 1950) was a U.S. Army physician who was a leading authority in sanitation, public health, and tropical diseases. Later in his career, Kean would become widely recognized for his role in organizing and administering medical services for the U.S. armed forces during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \"He possessed one of the keenest, most scholarly minds I've ever encountered,\" recalled Nobel Prize winner Philip S. Hench of Jefferson Randolph Kean. [1] Kean and Hench shared an abiding interest in the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission -- Kean, as a contemporary and supporter, and Hench, as a scholar and scientist intent on accurate historical documentation. On the advice of yellow fever experiment volunteer John J. Moran, Hench first wrote Kean in 1939. From that initial contact developed a close friendship which would last for the remainder of their lives. Kean entrusted Hench not only with numerous period documents, including original letters, accounts, fever charts, and other items, but also with the freely-given counsel and insight of a trusted friend.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Like Walter Reed and Henry Rose Carter before him, Jefferson Randolph Kean was an alumnus of the University of Virginia, completing the medical program there in 1883. Kean joined the U.S. Army Medical Corps in 1884, and after forty years in the service, retired with the rank of Colonel. Congress awarded him a promotion to Brigadier General, retired, in 1930. The early years of Kean's career passed in medical postings in the American West, and no doubt offered him experiences similar to those of Walter Reed, whom he met not on the frontier, but in Florida in 1896. Kean became an expert in tropical diseases and sanitation during his five-year assignment in the Florida tropics, an expertise which served him well over two terms of service later in Cuba. During the Spanish-American War and subsequent U. S. occupation of Cuba, Kean was Chief Surgeon for the Department of Havana, then Superintendent of the Department of Charities -- from 1898 to 1902. After a four-year interlude as an assistant to the Surgeon General in Washington, D.C., Kean again returned to Cuba as an advisor to the Department of Sanitation from 1906-1909.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Kean himself stated: \"Reed and I were good friends before the Yellow Fever Board came to Cuba in June 1900, and [Reed] located himself at Marianao, 8 miles S. W. of Havana,\" to be within the medical and administrative jurisdiction overseen by Kean. [2] The Chief Surgeon did indeed offer significant assistance, and was an early convert to Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory of transmission, which the Yellow Fever Board's experiments ultimately proved true in the late autumn and winter of 1900-1901. As early as October 13, 1900 -- after the Board's preliminary work, but before the final convincing demonstrations -- Kean issued \"Circular No. 8,\" concerning the latest scholarship on the mosquito vector for disease. [3] The circular contained a set of instructions for the entire command on mosquito eradication. Kean subsequently served as quartermaster and financial administrator for the famous series of yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear and, for the rest of his life, Kean remained a strong proponent of the Commission's conclusions. He worked tirelessly not only to apply them in the field, but also to accord proper public recognition to the Commission's work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In addition to his career as a sanitarian, Kean organized the department of military relief of the American Red Cross, and during World War One served as Chief of the U. S. Ambulance Service with the French Army and Deputy Chief Surgeon of the American forces. France named him an Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in recognition for these services. Cuban authorities as well offered Kean recognition with the grand cross of the Order of Merit Carlos J. Finlay, and he received both a Distinguished Service Medal from the United States government and the Gorgas Medal from the Association of Military Surgeons. For a decade after his retirement from active duty, Kean edited this last organization's medical journal,\u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Military Surgeon\u003c/title\u003e, and served on the Surgeon General's editorial board for the multi-volume history of the medical department in World War One. A great-grandson of Thomas Jefferson, Kean also took a seat with the government commission established to build the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C. He held charter membership in the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and remained active in its affairs until his death in 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Telegram from Philip Showalter Hench and Mary Hench to Cornelia Knox Kean, September 5, 1950, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 06501173.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, October 31, 1939, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 06282022.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[3] Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 02140001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  ","\u003cp\u003ePhilip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 - March 30, 1965) was a U.S. physician who in 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for his role in the discovery of the hormone cortisone. In addition to his medical research, Hench spent almost three decades of his life studying the history of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and became a leading authority in the subject.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Philip Showalter Hench was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Jacob Bixler Hench and Clara Showalter. After attending local schools, Hench entered Lafayette College and graduated from the school 1916 with a Bachelor of Arts. Hench completed his medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh in 1920, and subsequently entered a residency program at St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh. His association with the Mayo Clinic began in 1921 as a fellow at the institution. Two years later he would become an assistant at the clinic, and then, in 1926, he would be made the head of its Department of Rheumatic Diseases After pursuing post-graduate study in Germany in 1928-1929, Hench obtained a Masters of Science in Internal Medicine at the University of Minnesota in 1931, and a Doctor of Science degree from Lafayette College in 1940. Hench remained for the duration of his career at the Mayo Clinic, where his life-long passion for meticulous research and analysis brought him the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1950, which he shared with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein, for the discovery of cortisone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The same persistence and determination present in his professional life is also evident in Hench's research on the U. S. Army Yellow Fever Commission's famous experiments. \"As a physician particularly interested in medical history,\" he stated to experiment volunteer John J. Moran in 1937, \"I have been long interested in the story of the yellow fever work in John J. Moran, Ralph C. Hutchison, Havana.\" [1] So began a remarkable odyssey. At the request of his friend Ralph Cooper Hutchison, then president of Washington and Jefferson College, Hench had written Moran to gather information for the dedication of the College's new chemistry building, named for Commission member and former Washington and Jefferson student Jesse W. Lazear. Hench also began a correspondence with another of the yellow fever experiment's original volunteers, John R. Kissinger. Moran's and Kissinger's recollections proved so intriguing that Hench initially offered to edit and publish them. However, in the course of his research Hench discovered that much general information on the topic was inaccurate. Conflicting assertions concerning the participants and unverified claims by medical and governmental authorities in the United States and Cuba -- often politically motivated -- clouded interpretation of the facts. \"May I suggest,\" Moran consequently urged in 1938, \"that a clearing up of the REED-FINLAY-CONQUEST-OF-YELLOW-FEVER, or an effort to do so, on your part, is a task far more pressing than publishing the Kissinger-Moran stories or memoirs.\" [2] Hench resolved to document every aspect of the \"Conquest of Yellow-Fever\" and to write a much needed accurate and comprehensive history.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e For the next two decades, Hench tirelessly combed through public archive collections and personal papers in the United States and Cuba. He met and interviewed surviving participants of the experiments and others associated with the project, as well as family members of the Yellow Fever Commission. He sought out physicians and scientists who had worked with the principal players or who had applied the results in the campaign to eradicate yellow fever. He identified and photographed sites associated with the yellow fever story, and he successfully petitioned politicians in the United States and Cuba to commemorate the work. In the process, Hench became the trusted friend and advisor of many of these same individuals, and they, in turn, presented him with much of the surviving original material for safekeeping.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In short, Hench came to be the world's expert on the yellow fever story and the steward of thousands of original letters and documents. His premature death at age 69 found him still hoping to uncover important missing evidence, his book unwritten. Hench's widow Mary Kahler Hench gave his yellow fever collection to the University of Virginia, Walter Reed's alma mater, and this extensive personal archive forms the most detailed and accurate record available on the Conquest of Yellow Fever.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Sources:\u003c/p\u003e    ","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[1] Letter from Philip S. Hench to John J. Moran, 6 July 1937, Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, Department of Historical Collections and Services, accession number: 03419001.\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003e[2] Letter from John J. Moran to Philip S. Hench, 30 October 1938, Hench Reed Yellow Fever Collection, accession number: 03476001.\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e\n  "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1710_c12_c43"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":261},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":12913},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1966\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","value":"Edgar Cayce 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