{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1957\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=14","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1957\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=13","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1957\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=15","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1957\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=457"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":14,"next_page":15,"prev_page":13,"total_pages":457,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":130,"total_count":4570,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence, 1957/1960","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05","parent_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59","viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence","title_ssm":["Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence, 1957/1960"],"text":["Admin.: Condemnation Rule: Article by John Paul for Iowa Law Review and related correspondence, 1957/1960","John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases","box 80"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1957/1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1957-1960"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":769,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"containers_ssim":["box 80"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no use restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1957,1958,1959,1960],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:09.921Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_59.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/132817","title_ssm":["John Paul papers"],"title_tesim":["John Paul papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"text":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59","Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","There are no use restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. 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Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59","Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003e[4 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[41 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e7 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e11 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e11 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e11 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e11 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[7 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[57 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e57 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[41 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e41 folders\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[41 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[19 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no use restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no use restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":989,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:09.921Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Administrative Law (Boyd), 1957","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04","parent_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018","II. Bound examinations, 1952/2004","Volume 4, 1956/1957"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_915","viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02","viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Administrative Law (Boyd)","title_ssm":["Administrative Law (Boyd)"],"title_tesim":["Administrative Law (Boyd)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Administrative Law (Boyd), 1957"],"text":["Administrative Law (Boyd), 1957","Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018","II. Bound examinations, 1952/2004","Volume 4, 1956/1957","Volume 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018","II. Bound examinations, 1952/2004","Volume 4, 1956/1957"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018","II. Bound examinations, 1952/2004","Volume 4, 1956/1957"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1957"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1957-05-31"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":170,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018"],"containers_ssim":["Volume 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"date_range_isim":[1957],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#3/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:44.980Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_915","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_915.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/165355","title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"title_tesim":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law"],"unitdate_ssm":["1890-2018"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1890-2018"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1890/2018"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018"],"text":["Law examinations - University of Virginia School of Law, 1890/2018","RG.32.401","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/915","Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching","The conditions governing access vary across the collection. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year.","Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.","This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.","Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. 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Most of them were at one time stored in a \"memorabilia file drawer\" or the Law Library's front circulation office.","Series II consists of bound examinations that the Law Library transferred from its reserve collection to its special collections department around 2018.","Series III consists of digital examinations that the Law Library transferred from an online environment to its special collections department around 2018."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Law  -- Examinations, questions, etc.","Law  -- Study and teaching"],"has_online_content_ssim":["true"],"extent_ssm":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"extent_tesim":[".5 Cubic Feet 1 archival box","47 Volumes",".096 Gigabytes"],"date_range_isim":[1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe conditions governing access vary across the collection. 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However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","There are no access restrictions for the examination answers in this file. The University of Virginia removed all of the information in these items that would identify the students who wrote them.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid.","The professor, John Calvin Jeffries, has opened access to this examiniation to all law students. Students do not need his explicit written permission to view it in the special collections reading room.","The conditions governing access vary across the series. There are no restrictions on access to the examinations of deceased professors. However, access to the examinations of living professors is restricted. Researchers must first obtain written permission from living professors to view them. After a researcher presents written permission to the University of Virginia Law Library, the Library may allow them to view the examination in the special collections reading room. Researchers may take written notes, but the Library prohibits photography or scanning. Researchers may not borrow examinations or view them outside of the special collections reading room.","A few living professors have waived the requirement for written permission. Waivers are recorded in a conditions governing access note attached to the examination records in this finding aid."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eI. Unbound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eII. Bound examinations;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIII. Examinations hosted online.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations are arranged into files by academic year.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Law Library arranged this collection into the following three series and ordered them chronologically:","I. Unbound examinations;","II. Bound examinations;","III. Examinations hosted online.","The examinations in this series are arranged in chronological order by the date they were administered to students.","Bound volumes are arranged in chronological order. Generally, a single volume contains all of the examinations that the Law Library collected for one academic year. Inside the volumes, examinations are usually arranged in alphabetical order by the name of the course.","The examinations are arranged into files by academic year."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Researchers will find more examples of University of Virginia School of Law examinations in the following publications:","1. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.). Law Examinations. Revised and corrected ed. Anderson Bros, 1891.","2. Anderson Bros. (Charlottesville, Va.), and Thomas Randolph Keith. Law Examinations, Embracing, Examination Papers From the Year 1869 to 1894. 4th ed. Anderson Bros, 1894."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGordon M. Buck signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHomer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBetween 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of examinations that the University of Virginia Law School administered to students between 1890 and 2018. It also includes a few examples of examination answers.","The examinations exist in diverse media formats. Most of them are printed on paper, and most printed examinations are bound together into volumes. The other examinations were born digital and were initially made available to students online or on digital media (e.g., CDs, DVDs).","This series contains unbound print and CD copies of examinations given at the University of Virginia School of Law. The names of the professors who administered the examinations are given in parentheses with the name of the course.","J.H.A. Smith, a University of Virginia School of Law alum from the Class of 1899, signed these examinations.","Gordon M. Buck signed this examination.","Edwin B. Jones signed this examination. Jones was an alum of the University of Virginia School of Law, Class of 1900.","Nelson A. Bryan, University of Virginia (UVA) School of Law Class of 1930, signed one of the examination books. Linwood Mercer Smith, UVA School of Law Class of 1929, signed the other book.","Harry K. Benham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","W. Donald Beard, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1930, signed this examination book.","Frank M. Tinkham, University of Virginia School of Law Class of 1931, signed this examination book.","Homer C. Reynolds, University of Virginia School of Law Class 1938, signed this examination.","This file consists of 30 University of Virginia School of Law examinations that the Arthur J. Morris Law Library collected at its circulation desk. The Library made most of these items available on reserve for law students.","Between 1952 and 2004, the University of Virginia Law Library created 47 bound volumes of past examinations given in Law School courses. Most volumes contain tables of contents that list the name of the courses, the date of the examination, and the name of the instructor. Course instructors periodically transferred the examinations to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The Library kept the examinations on reserve and classified them with the \"VL 13\" number until 2018.","The bound examination book for Fall 1984-Spring 1985 (Item ID: 3305355-10001) was missing from the Law Library as of 2024.","From around 1996 and 2018, the University of Virginia Law Library hosted online copies of past examinations given in Law School courses. Some course instructors periodically transferred them to the Library so that students could use them as study materials. The examinations are in the .doc, .docx, .pdf, and .wpd file formats."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBecause of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use","Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Because of the nature of this collection, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia.","Because of the nature of this series, copyright status varies across the examinations. Copyright is assumed to be held by the original creator of individual items; these items are expected to pass into the public domain 120 years after their creation. The University may grant permission to publish or reproduce intellectual property it owns in the name of The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","University of Virginia. School of Law"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1816,"online_item_count_is":111,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:44.980Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_915_c02_c04_c02"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Administrative Matters, 1934/1960","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e[7 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05","parent_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59","viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Administrative Matters","title_ssm":["Administrative Matters"],"title_tesim":["Administrative Matters"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Administrative Matters, 1934/1960"],"text":["Administrative Matters, 1934/1960","John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases","box 79","[7 folders]"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Condemnation Cases"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1934/1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1934-1960"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":767,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"containers_ssim":["box 79"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no use restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[7 folders]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["[7 folders]"],"_nest_path_":"/components#4/components#0","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:09.921Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_59.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/132817","title_ssm":["John Paul papers"],"title_tesim":["John Paul papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"text":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59","Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","There are no use restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no use restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no use restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":989,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:09.921Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c01_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032), 1933/1998","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","parent_ssim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_1696"],"title_filing_ssi":"Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032)","title_ssm":["Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032)"],"title_tesim":["Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032), 1933/1998"],"text":["Administrative/Project Files (ViU-2017-0033; ViU-2020-0032), 1933/1998","Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998","The following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","Alexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles","Bethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans","Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence","Fluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information","Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information","Gadsby's Tavern: Correspondence","Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications","Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study","Historic Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum","Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information","Michie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs","Midway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes","Miller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration","Miscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards","Mitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence","Museum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information","Old Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation","Old Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification","Old St. John's Church: Restoration Information","U.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis","Virginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1933/1998"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1930s-1990s"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":917,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"extent_ssm":["16.24 Cubic Feet"],"extent_tesim":["16.24 Cubic Feet"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":21,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Please note, part of this collection is housed at Ivy Stacks, an off-site storage facility. Requests for materials housed at Ivy Stacks require at least 72 hours' notice."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCanberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGadsby's Tavern: Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistoric Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMichie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMidway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMuseum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld St. John's Church: Restoration Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eU.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","Alexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles","Bethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans","Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence","Fluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information","Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information","Gadsby's Tavern: Correspondence","Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications","Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study","Historic Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum","Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information","Michie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs","Midway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes","Miller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration","Miscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards","Mitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence","Museum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information","Old Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation","Old Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification","Old St. John's Church: Restoration Information","U.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis","Virginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1696","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1696.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/202223","title_filing_ssi":"Grigg, Milton L. Papers","title_ssm":["Milton L. Grigg Papers"],"title_tesim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1920s-1990s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1920s-1990s"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1929/1998"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"text":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998","MSS 6478","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1696","Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc.","Architecture -- Virginia","Blueprints (reprographic copies)","architectural drawings (visual works)","Fair. All rolls were frozen and then evaluated for any significant mold. Blueprints found in collections were placed in mylar as blueprints can react to buffered papers, which the archival tube boxes are made of.","This collection is open for research use.","Photographic materials not housed in sleeves must be handled with the proper gloves.","Samples of old nails in Boxes 835 and 846 have been placed in their own folders and should not be handled.","Personally Identifiable Information in Boxes 836 (folder 25), 837 (folder 6), 841 (folder 10), 845 (folder 7), and 847 (folder 9) need to be redacted prior to access.","Please note, part of this collection is housed at Ivy Stacks, an off-site storage facility. Requests for materials housed at Ivy Stacks require at least 72 hours' notice.","These additions to the Milton Grigg Papers are arranged into two main series:","Series 1 - Architectural Drawings; \nSeries 2 - Administrative/Project Files;","Series 1 is further arranged alphbetically into 915 file entries by the name of the project or by the last name of the client. Each entry represents a set of architectural drawings for the project. Series 2 is arranged alphbetically into subseries by the name of the project. Each project and client entry includes its respective commission number(s) when known. The original titles and arrangement of folders have been maintained.","Milton LaTour Grigg was born on April 18, 1905, in Alexandria, Virginia, the son of James Fossett and Mary Emily (Glasgow) Grigg. After graduating from Alexandria High School in 1924, he studied at the University of Virginia's Engineering School before transferring to the architecture program in the McIntire School of Fine Arts in 1926. While never receiving his degree, Grigg was recorded as an alumnus of UVA's Architecture class of 1929.","Following his studies, Grigg apprenticed for Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, of Boston, Massachusetts as a draftsman and designer for the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg until 1933. During his years in Williamsburg, he learned a great about the practices of restoration and Early American architecture.","In 1933 Grigg returned to Charlottesville and started a private practice. He achieved success early on. After he received a bronze medal in the nationwide Better Homes in America competition, he earned a spot on the 1930s Monticello restoration project under Fiske Kimball, and also took on wealthy Northern clients who suffered financially during the Depression and wished to regain lavish lifestyles in the South. These included Marion DuPont, who renovated James Madison's Montpelier, Langhorne Gibson (daughter of Irene Langhorne, \"The Gibson Girl,\"), and Grover C. Dula of Lucky Strike Cigarettes. In 1937, Grigg added University of Virginia alumnus Floyd E. Johnson to his firm and renovated the Albemarle County Courthouse.","In 1936 Grigg identified the home called Edgemont as a work of Thomas Jefferson, which established his legitimacy as a professional with Fiske Kimball. He then altered and restored the building in 1938 and again in 1946.","Grigg moved to Washington, D.C. in 1941 after dissolving his firm's partnership to work as the Chief of the Design Section of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There, he worked on national projects like the Potomac River Basin, the National Airport, and the construction of Walter Reed Hospital. During 1942-1945 Grigg served as the civilian head of the Design Section for the Army Corps of Engineers in Washington, chiefly designing military hospitals and other structures. He also served on commissions and boards in the city of Charlottesville; these included the Planning Commission, the Building Code Commission, and the Building Code Appeal Board. He was also a member of the Rotary Club.","After World War II, Grigg moved back to Charlottesville, where he practiced with his new associate William Newton Hale, and also started an additional office in Alexandria. By 1977 their firm came to be known by the name Grigg, Wood, and Browne. The firm specialized in churches, estates, and restoration. Grigg and Hale designed new homes in the Meadowbrook Hills neighborhood, and many public, religious, civic, and commercial buildings. Grigg also restored many churches, as he maintained traditional styles as well as dabbled in modern architecture.","From November 1953 to February 1954 Grigg served as the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation's architect, and as a member of the Monticello restoration committee, supervising its restoration. He was also responsible for the design of the U.S. Embassy in Canberra, Australia, and the notable St. John's Lutheran Church in Emporia, Virginia.","Grigg was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (three-time president of the Virginia chapter) and served as its director for the Middle Atlantic Region. He served twice as president of the Church Architectural Guild of America, 1963-1964, as president of the Interfaith Research Center in New York, and as comptroller of the International Congress on Religious Architecture.","Grigg died on March 23, 1982, aged seventy-six.","Reference list:","Lasala, J.M. \u0026 Lay, K.E. (1990). The Life and Career of Milton la Tour Grigg, FAIA (No. 102)[Master's thesis, School of Architecture, University of Virginia].","Lasala, J.M. (2009). The Curriculum Vitae of a Classicist. Magazine of Albemarle County History, 67, 14-51.","Lay, K.E. (2000). The Architecture of Jefferson County: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. University Press of Virginia.","This material may contain offensive or harmful language or imagery. This material contains references to outdated terminology for \"intellectuall disability\" or \"intellectually disabled\". The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Processing and preservation of this collection was made possible by funding from the Dalgliesh Gilpin Paxton Architects firm.","Drawings are unavailable at this time.","This finding aid has been created to create access for the most recent additions to the Milton L. Grigg Papers (2017-0033 and 2020-0032). See Related Materials note for information about other finding aids and guides to the collection.","Some materials have been removed from their original boxes or folders and rehoused due to preservation and conservation issues.","Photograph prints and negatives removed for conservation treatment and rehousing.","The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.","These additions to MSS 6478 Milton L. Grigg Papers, organized into two main series, contain architectural drawings, administrative and project files, and miscellaneous materials created by Milton Grigg and his architectural firm from the 1920s to the 1990s. The names of the projects and clients are followed by the commission number(s) where available. The materials document the projects completed by Grigg and his firm across the State of Virginia, as well as in West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Kentucky.","The first series, which is the bulk of this addition, includes approximately 5,000 construction drawings and renderings. These include representations of private residences, public and government buildings, memorials, religious buildings, and historic structures. They reflect Griggs's specialization in church architecture, estates, restoration, and historic preservation. The drawings are organized in alphabetical order by either the name of the project or the last name of the client, generally the case with residential homes. Each project, or commission, can include as few as one to several drawings or as many as several roles of drawings, and housed in multiple boxes.","The second series of administrative/project files is organized alphabetically by project name into 20 subseries, and contains some miscellaneous materials, as well. The materials include correspondence, field notes, specifications, surveys, plans, studies, articles, budgets, reports, meeting minutes, proposals, bills, grant materials, statements and memorandums, contract information, certificates and awards, bidding and negotiation documents, photographic materials, drawings, and promotional materials. They document the work related to: the Alexander Campbell Mansion; Bethany College \u0026 Town of Bethany, WV; Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy; Fluvanna County Courthouse; Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center; Gadsby's Tavern; Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA; Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting House; Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials; Michie Tavern; Midway Mill; Miller School; Mitchells Presbyterian Church; Museum of American Frontier Culture; Old Stone Presbyterian Church; Old St. John's Church; U.S. Treasury; Virginia Executive Mansion; and other locations. The original arrangement of folders has been maintained unless materials needed to be moved due to preservaion issues. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","The following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","Alexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles","Bethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans","Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence","Fluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information","Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information","Gadsby's Tavern: Correspondence","Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications","Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study","Historic Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum","Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information","Michie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs","Midway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes","Miller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration","Miscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards","Mitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence","Museum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information","Old Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation","Old Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification","Old St. John's Church: Restoration Information","U.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis","Virginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums","This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)","Bethany College","U.S. Embassy","Miller School","Mitchells Presbyterian Church","Old Stone Presbyterian Church","Old St. John's Church","Alexandria High School","Perry, Shaw and Hepburn","University of Virginia","Grigg, Wood, and Browne","American Institute of Architects","Church Architectural Guild of America","Interfaith Research Center","International Congress on Religious Architecture","Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Milton L. Grigg","Milton Grigg","Milton LaTour Grigg","Marion DuPont","Langhorne Gibson","Grover C. Dula","Floyd E. Johnson","Thomas Jefferson","Fiske Kimball","William Newton Hale","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"collection_ssim":["Milton L. Grigg Papers, 1929/1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 6478","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1696"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 6478","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1696"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc."],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc."],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- Buildings, structures, etc."],"creator_ssm":["Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)"],"creator_ssim":["Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Milton L. Grigg","Milton Grigg","Milton LaTour Grigg","Marion DuPont","Langhorne Gibson","Grover C. Dula","Floyd E. Johnson","Thomas Jefferson","Fiske Kimball","William Newton Hale"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)","Bethany College","U.S. Embassy","Miller School","Mitchells Presbyterian Church","Old Stone Presbyterian Church","Old St. John's Church","Alexandria High School","Perry, Shaw and Hepburn","University of Virginia","Grigg, Wood, and Browne","American Institute of Architects","Church Architectural Guild of America","Interfaith Research Center","International Congress on Religious Architecture"],"creators_ssim":["Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Milton L. Grigg","Milton Grigg","Milton LaTour Grigg","Marion DuPont","Langhorne Gibson","Grover C. Dula","Floyd E. Johnson","Thomas Jefferson","Fiske Kimball","William Newton Hale","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)","Bethany College","U.S. Embassy","Miller School","Mitchells Presbyterian Church","Old Stone Presbyterian Church","Old St. John's Church","Alexandria High School","Perry, Shaw and Hepburn","University of Virginia","Grigg, Wood, and Browne","American Institute of Architects","Church Architectural Guild of America","Interfaith Research Center","International Congress on Religious Architecture"],"access_terms_ssm":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Addition ViU-2017-0033 donated by Martha Wood, March 2017 and acquired by Molly Schwartzburg. Addition ViU-2020-0032 donated by Dalgliesh Gilpin Paxton Architects, March 2020 and acquired by Molly Schwartzburg."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Architecture -- Virginia","Blueprints (reprographic copies)","architectural drawings (visual works)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Architecture -- Virginia","Blueprints (reprographic copies)","architectural drawings (visual works)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Fair. All rolls were frozen and then evaluated for any significant mold. Blueprints found in collections were placed in mylar as blueprints can react to buffered papers, which the archival tube boxes are made of."],"extent_ssm":["241.08 Cubic Feet 833 square tube boxes, 15 cubic boxes, and 2 flat oversize boxes"],"extent_tesim":["241.08 Cubic Feet 833 square tube boxes, 15 cubic boxes, and 2 flat oversize boxes"],"dimensions_tesim":["Sizes of the tube boxes include: 3 X 3 X 36 = 452 boxes; 5X 5 X 30 = 170 boxes;4 X 4 X 28 = 201 boxes; and  8.5 X 6 X 48.9 = 10 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Blueprints (reprographic copies)","architectural drawings (visual works)"],"date_range_isim":[1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotographic materials not housed in sleeves must be handled with the proper gloves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSamples of old nails in Boxes 835 and 846 have been placed in their own folders and should not be handled.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonally Identifiable Information in Boxes 836 (folder 25), 837 (folder 6), 841 (folder 10), 845 (folder 7), and 847 (folder 9) need to be redacted prior to access.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003ePlease note, part of this collection is housed at Ivy Stacks, an off-site storage facility. Requests for materials housed at Ivy Stacks require at least 72 hours' notice.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access","Physical Location"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use.","Photographic materials not housed in sleeves must be handled with the proper gloves.","Samples of old nails in Boxes 835 and 846 have been placed in their own folders and should not be handled.","Personally Identifiable Information in Boxes 836 (folder 25), 837 (folder 6), 841 (folder 10), 845 (folder 7), and 847 (folder 9) need to be redacted prior to access.","Please note, part of this collection is housed at Ivy Stacks, an off-site storage facility. Requests for materials housed at Ivy Stacks require at least 72 hours' notice."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese additions to the Milton Grigg Papers are arranged into two main series:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 - Architectural Drawings; \nSeries 2 - Administrative/Project Files;\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is further arranged alphbetically into 915 file entries by the name of the project or by the last name of the client. Each entry represents a set of architectural drawings for the project. Series 2 is arranged alphbetically into subseries by the name of the project. Each project and client entry includes its respective commission number(s) when known. The original titles and arrangement of folders have been maintained.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["These additions to the Milton Grigg Papers are arranged into two main series:","Series 1 - Architectural Drawings; \nSeries 2 - Administrative/Project Files;","Series 1 is further arranged alphbetically into 915 file entries by the name of the project or by the last name of the client. Each entry represents a set of architectural drawings for the project. Series 2 is arranged alphbetically into subseries by the name of the project. Each project and client entry includes its respective commission number(s) when known. The original titles and arrangement of folders have been maintained."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eMilton LaTour Grigg\u003c/persname\u003e was born on \u003cdate\u003eApril 18, 1905\u003c/date\u003e, in \u003cgeogname\u003eAlexandria, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, the son of James Fossett and Mary Emily (Glasgow) Grigg. After graduating from \u003ccorpname\u003eAlexandria High School\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cdate\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e, he studied at the University of Virginia's Engineering School before transferring to the architecture program in the McIntire School of Fine Arts in \u003cdate\u003e1926\u003c/date\u003e. While never receiving his degree, Grigg was recorded as an alumnus of UVA's Architecture class of \u003cdate\u003e1929\u003c/date\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFollowing his studies, Grigg apprenticed for \u003ccorpname\u003ePerry, Shaw and Hepburn\u003c/corpname\u003e, of \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003e as a draftsman and designer for the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg until \u003cdate\u003e1933\u003c/date\u003e. During his years in Williamsburg, he learned a great about the practices of restoration and Early American architecture. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1933 Grigg returned to \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e and started a private practice. He achieved success early on. After he received a bronze medal in the nationwide Better Homes in America competition, he earned a spot on the 1930s Monticello restoration project under Fiske Kimball, and also took on wealthy Northern clients who suffered financially during the Depression and wished to regain lavish lifestyles in the South. These included \u003cpersname\u003eMarion DuPont\u003c/persname\u003e, who renovated James Madison's Montpelier, \u003cpersname\u003eLanghorne Gibson\u003c/persname\u003e (daughter of Irene Langhorne, \"The Gibson Girl,\"), and \u003cpersname\u003eGrover C. Dula\u003c/persname\u003e of Lucky Strike Cigarettes. In \u003cdate\u003e1937\u003c/date\u003e, Grigg added \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e alumnus \u003cpersname\u003eFloyd E. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e to his firm and renovated the Albemarle County Courthouse. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cdate\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e Grigg identified the home called Edgemont as a work of \u003cpersname\u003eThomas Jefferson\u003c/persname\u003e, which established his legitimacy as a professional with \u003cpersname\u003eFiske Kimball\u003c/persname\u003e. He then altered and restored the building in \u003cdate\u003e1938\u003c/date\u003e and again in \u003cdate\u003e1946\u003c/date\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrigg moved to \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e in \u003cdate\u003e1941\u003c/date\u003e after dissolving his firm's partnership to work as the Chief of the Design Section of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There, he worked on national projects like the Potomac River Basin, the National Airport, and the construction of Walter Reed Hospital. During 1942-1945 Grigg served as the civilian head of the Design Section for the Army Corps of Engineers in Washington, chiefly designing military hospitals and other structures. He also served on commissions and boards in the city of Charlottesville; these included the Planning Commission, the Building Code Commission, and the Building Code Appeal Board. He was also a member of the Rotary Club. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter World War II, Grigg moved back to Charlottesville, where he practiced with his new associate \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Newton Hale\u003c/persname\u003e, and also started an additional office in Alexandria. By \u003cdate\u003e1977\u003c/date\u003e their firm came to be known by the name \u003ccorpname\u003eGrigg, Wood, and Browne\u003c/corpname\u003e. The firm specialized in churches, estates, and restoration. Grigg and Hale designed new homes in the Meadowbrook Hills neighborhood, and many public, religious, civic, and commercial buildings. Grigg also restored many churches, as he maintained traditional styles as well as dabbled in modern architecture.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom November \u003cdate\u003e1953\u003c/date\u003e to February \u003cdate\u003e1954\u003c/date\u003e Grigg served as the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation's architect, and as a member of the Monticello restoration committee, supervising its restoration. He was also responsible for the design of the U.S. Embassy in Canberra, Australia, and the notable St. John's Lutheran Church in Emporia, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrigg was a fellow of the \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Institute of Architects\u003c/corpname\u003e (three-time president of the Virginia chapter) and served as its director for the Middle Atlantic Region. He served twice as president of the \u003ccorpname\u003eChurch Architectural Guild of America\u003c/corpname\u003e, 1963-1964, as president of the \u003ccorpname\u003eInterfaith Research Center\u003c/corpname\u003e in \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York\u003c/geogname\u003e, and as comptroller of the \u003ccorpname\u003eInternational Congress on Religious Architecture\u003c/corpname\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrigg died on \u003cdate\u003eMarch 23, 1982\u003c/date\u003e, aged seventy-six. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \nReference list:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLasala, J.M. \u0026amp; Lay, K.E. (1990). The Life and Career of Milton la Tour Grigg, FAIA (No. 102)[Master's thesis, School of Architecture, University of Virginia]. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nLasala, J.M. (2009). The Curriculum Vitae of a Classicist. Magazine of Albemarle County History, 67, 14-51. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nLay, K.E. (2000). The Architecture of Jefferson County: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. University Press of Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Milton LaTour Grigg was born on April 18, 1905, in Alexandria, Virginia, the son of James Fossett and Mary Emily (Glasgow) Grigg. After graduating from Alexandria High School in 1924, he studied at the University of Virginia's Engineering School before transferring to the architecture program in the McIntire School of Fine Arts in 1926. While never receiving his degree, Grigg was recorded as an alumnus of UVA's Architecture class of 1929.","Following his studies, Grigg apprenticed for Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, of Boston, Massachusetts as a draftsman and designer for the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg until 1933. During his years in Williamsburg, he learned a great about the practices of restoration and Early American architecture.","In 1933 Grigg returned to Charlottesville and started a private practice. He achieved success early on. After he received a bronze medal in the nationwide Better Homes in America competition, he earned a spot on the 1930s Monticello restoration project under Fiske Kimball, and also took on wealthy Northern clients who suffered financially during the Depression and wished to regain lavish lifestyles in the South. These included Marion DuPont, who renovated James Madison's Montpelier, Langhorne Gibson (daughter of Irene Langhorne, \"The Gibson Girl,\"), and Grover C. Dula of Lucky Strike Cigarettes. In 1937, Grigg added University of Virginia alumnus Floyd E. Johnson to his firm and renovated the Albemarle County Courthouse.","In 1936 Grigg identified the home called Edgemont as a work of Thomas Jefferson, which established his legitimacy as a professional with Fiske Kimball. He then altered and restored the building in 1938 and again in 1946.","Grigg moved to Washington, D.C. in 1941 after dissolving his firm's partnership to work as the Chief of the Design Section of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. There, he worked on national projects like the Potomac River Basin, the National Airport, and the construction of Walter Reed Hospital. During 1942-1945 Grigg served as the civilian head of the Design Section for the Army Corps of Engineers in Washington, chiefly designing military hospitals and other structures. He also served on commissions and boards in the city of Charlottesville; these included the Planning Commission, the Building Code Commission, and the Building Code Appeal Board. He was also a member of the Rotary Club.","After World War II, Grigg moved back to Charlottesville, where he practiced with his new associate William Newton Hale, and also started an additional office in Alexandria. By 1977 their firm came to be known by the name Grigg, Wood, and Browne. The firm specialized in churches, estates, and restoration. Grigg and Hale designed new homes in the Meadowbrook Hills neighborhood, and many public, religious, civic, and commercial buildings. Grigg also restored many churches, as he maintained traditional styles as well as dabbled in modern architecture.","From November 1953 to February 1954 Grigg served as the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation's architect, and as a member of the Monticello restoration committee, supervising its restoration. He was also responsible for the design of the U.S. Embassy in Canberra, Australia, and the notable St. John's Lutheran Church in Emporia, Virginia.","Grigg was a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (three-time president of the Virginia chapter) and served as its director for the Middle Atlantic Region. He served twice as president of the Church Architectural Guild of America, 1963-1964, as president of the Interfaith Research Center in New York, and as comptroller of the International Congress on Religious Architecture.","Grigg died on March 23, 1982, aged seventy-six.","Reference list:","Lasala, J.M. \u0026 Lay, K.E. (1990). The Life and Career of Milton la Tour Grigg, FAIA (No. 102)[Master's thesis, School of Architecture, University of Virginia].","Lasala, J.M. (2009). The Curriculum Vitae of a Classicist. Magazine of Albemarle County History, 67, 14-51.","Lay, K.E. (2000). The Architecture of Jefferson County: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. University Press of Virginia."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material may contain offensive or harmful language or imagery. This material contains references to outdated terminology for \"intellectuall disability\" or \"intellectually disabled\". The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eProcessing and preservation of this collection was made possible by funding from the Dalgliesh Gilpin Paxton Architects firm.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eDrawings are unavailable at this time.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Content Warning","Sponsor","General"],"odd_tesim":["This material may contain offensive or harmful language or imagery. This material contains references to outdated terminology for \"intellectuall disability\" or \"intellectually disabled\". The purpose of this note is to give users the opportunity to decide whether they need or want to view these materials, or at least, to mentally or emotionally prepare themselves to view the materials.","Processing and preservation of this collection was made possible by funding from the Dalgliesh Gilpin Paxton Architects firm.","Drawings are unavailable at this time."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 6478, Milton L. Grigg Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 6478, Milton L. Grigg Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis finding aid has been created to create access for the most recent additions to the Milton L. Grigg Papers (2017-0033 and 2020-0032). See Related Materials note for information about other finding aids and guides to the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome materials have been removed from their original boxes or folders and rehoused due to preservation and conservation issues.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph prints and negatives removed for conservation treatment and rehousing.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["This finding aid has been created to create access for the most recent additions to the Milton L. Grigg Papers (2017-0033 and 2020-0032). See Related Materials note for information about other finding aids and guides to the collection.","Some materials have been removed from their original boxes or folders and rehoused due to preservation and conservation issues.","Photograph prints and negatives removed for conservation treatment and rehousing."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The records/guides for this collection's original acquisition and other previous additions can be found in VIRGO, the Library's online catalog, as well as (in many cases) on the Archival Repositories of the Virginias (ARVAS) website.","For best results, search using the collection's Identifier/Call Number."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese additions to MSS 6478 \u003cpersname\u003eMilton L. Grigg\u003c/persname\u003e Papers, organized into two main series, contain architectural drawings, administrative and project files, and miscellaneous materials created by \u003cpersname\u003eMilton Grigg\u003c/persname\u003e and his architectural firm from the 1920s to the 1990s. The names of the projects and clients are followed by the commission number(s) where available. The materials document the projects completed by Grigg and his firm across the State of \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, as well as in \u003cgeogname\u003eWest Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eNorth Carolina\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eSouth Carolina\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eMaryland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003ePennsylvania\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eOhio\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eGeorgia\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eFlorida\u003c/geogname\u003e, \u003cgeogname\u003eTennessee\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \u003cgeogname\u003eKentucky\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first series, which is the bulk of this addition, includes approximately 5,000 construction drawings and renderings. These include representations of private residences, public and government buildings, memorials, religious buildings, and historic structures. They reflect Griggs's specialization in church architecture, estates, restoration, and historic preservation. The drawings are organized in alphabetical order by either the name of the project or the last name of the client, generally the case with residential homes. Each project, or commission, can include as few as one to several drawings or as many as several roles of drawings, and housed in multiple boxes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe second series of administrative/project files is organized alphabetically by project name into 20 subseries, and contains some miscellaneous materials, as well. The materials include correspondence, field notes, specifications, surveys, plans, studies, articles, budgets, reports, meeting minutes, proposals, bills, grant materials, statements and memorandums, contract information, certificates and awards, bidding and negotiation documents, photographic materials, drawings, and promotional materials. They document the work related to: the Alexander Campbell Mansion; \u003ccorpname\u003eBethany College\u003c/corpname\u003e \u0026amp; Town of \u003cgeogname\u003eBethany, WV\u003c/geogname\u003e; \u003cgeogname\u003eCanberra, Australia\u003c/geogname\u003e \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Embassy\u003c/corpname\u003e; \u003cgeogname\u003eFluvanna County\u003c/geogname\u003e Courthouse; \u003cgeogname\u003eFredericksburg\u003c/geogname\u003e Area Museum and Cultural Center; Gadsby's Tavern; Gunston Hall, \u003cgeogname\u003eLorton, VA\u003c/geogname\u003e; Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting House; Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials; Michie Tavern; Midway Mill; \u003ccorpname\u003eMiller School\u003c/corpname\u003e; \u003ccorpname\u003eMitchells Presbyterian Church\u003c/corpname\u003e; Museum of American Frontier Culture; \u003ccorpname\u003eOld Stone Presbyterian Church\u003c/corpname\u003e; \u003ccorpname\u003eOld St. John's Church\u003c/corpname\u003e; U.S. Treasury; Virginia Executive Mansion; and other locations. The original arrangement of folders has been maintained unless materials needed to be moved due to preservaion issues. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eThe following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCanberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGadsby's Tavern: Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHistoric Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMichie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMidway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMuseum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOld St. John's Church: Restoration Information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eU.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVirginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These additions to MSS 6478 Milton L. Grigg Papers, organized into two main series, contain architectural drawings, administrative and project files, and miscellaneous materials created by Milton Grigg and his architectural firm from the 1920s to the 1990s. The names of the projects and clients are followed by the commission number(s) where available. The materials document the projects completed by Grigg and his firm across the State of Virginia, as well as in West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and Kentucky.","The first series, which is the bulk of this addition, includes approximately 5,000 construction drawings and renderings. These include representations of private residences, public and government buildings, memorials, religious buildings, and historic structures. They reflect Griggs's specialization in church architecture, estates, restoration, and historic preservation. The drawings are organized in alphabetical order by either the name of the project or the last name of the client, generally the case with residential homes. Each project, or commission, can include as few as one to several drawings or as many as several roles of drawings, and housed in multiple boxes.","The second series of administrative/project files is organized alphabetically by project name into 20 subseries, and contains some miscellaneous materials, as well. The materials include correspondence, field notes, specifications, surveys, plans, studies, articles, budgets, reports, meeting minutes, proposals, bills, grant materials, statements and memorandums, contract information, certificates and awards, bidding and negotiation documents, photographic materials, drawings, and promotional materials. They document the work related to: the Alexander Campbell Mansion; Bethany College \u0026 Town of Bethany, WV; Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy; Fluvanna County Courthouse; Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center; Gadsby's Tavern; Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA; Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting House; Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials; Michie Tavern; Midway Mill; Miller School; Mitchells Presbyterian Church; Museum of American Frontier Culture; Old Stone Presbyterian Church; Old St. John's Church; U.S. Treasury; Virginia Executive Mansion; and other locations. The original arrangement of folders has been maintained unless materials needed to be moved due to preservaion issues. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","The following are brief descriptions of the contents of each subseries. A detailed inventory of the administrative/project files can be found in the External Documents section of this finding aid.","Alexander Campbell Mansion: Field notes, Correspondence, Specifications, Historical Documentation, Study, Drawings, Articles","Bethany College, Town of Bethany: Budgets, Funds, History, Field Reports, Grants, Studies, Bulletins, Samples, Specifications, Contractor Information, Bidding Information, Correspondence, Resources, Memorandums, Certificates, Phase Plans","Canberra, Australia U.S. Embassy: Budget, Landscape, Contracts, Letters, Bills, Correspondence","Fluvanna County Courthouse: Specifications, Restoration Information","Fredericksburg Area Museum and Cultural Center: Plans, Notes, Memos, Bidding and Negotiation Documents, Construction Administrative Information","Gadsby's Tavern: Correspondence","Gunston Hall, Lorton, VA: Correspondence, Plans, Reports, Drawings, Specifications","Harrodsburg Historic Society - Mud Meeting Plans, Specifications, Correspondence, Study","Historic Fredericksburg Foundation Inc. - Architectural Consultation - Historic Fredericksburg Inventory Project: Correspondence, Restoration Informaation, Plans, Notes, Photographs, Slides, Memorandum","Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials: Reports, Surveys, Plans, Correspondence, Adminstration and Consultants information, Budgets, Contract Information, Tech. Information, Observations and Field Work, Resources Information","Michie Tavern: Adiministrative information, Plans, Construction Documentation, Research, Schematic Designs","Midway Mil: Correspondence, Plans, Notes","Miller School: Plans, Bidding and Negotiations Documetation, Construction Admin. Information, Schematic Designs, Correspondence, Specifications, Restoration","Miscellaneuous Files: Site and Facilities Plans, Drawings, Photographic Materials, Certificates and Awards","Mitchells Presbyterian Church: Background Information, Report Notes, Correspondence","Museum of American Frontier Culture: Correspondence, Memorandums, Resources and Information, Field Reports, Proposals, Preliminary Specifications, Schematics, Administrative Information, Change Order Requests, Plans, Contract Information, State Review Specifications, Project Closeout Materials, Time Extension Request, Publications, Cash Items, Minutes, Budgets, Drawings, Estimates, Agendas, Bidding and Negotiation Information","Old Stone Presbyterian Church: Report on Physical Preservation","Old Stone Warehouse: Field Report, Memorandums, Correspondence, Structural Plans and Details, Contractor's Statement, Structural Modification","Old St. John's Church: Restoration Information","U.S. Treasury: Legal Affidavits, Contract Information, Restoration Information, Plans, Correspondence, General Council, AJS - Print Analysis, Proposals, Pamphlets and Fliers, Investigations, Reports, Paint Analysis","Virginia Executive Mansion: Correspondence, Construction Admin., Agenda, Letters of Transmittal, Memorandums"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["This collection contains some in-copyright material. Visit our Permissions and Publishing page (https://www.library.virginia.edu/special-collections/services/publishing) for more information about use of Special Collections materials. The library can provide copyright information upon request, but users are responsible for making their own determination about lawful use of collections materials."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)","Bethany College","U.S. Embassy","Miller School","Mitchells Presbyterian Church","Old Stone Presbyterian Church","Old St. John's Church","Alexandria High School","Perry, Shaw and Hepburn","University of Virginia","Grigg, Wood, and Browne","American Institute of Architects","Church Architectural Guild of America","Interfaith Research Center","International Congress on Religious Architecture"],"persname_ssim":["Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Milton L. Grigg","Milton Grigg","Milton LaTour Grigg","Marion DuPont","Langhorne Gibson","Grover C. Dula","Floyd E. Johnson","Thomas Jefferson","Fiske Kimball","William Newton Hale"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Grigg, Wood, Browne \u0026 Williams (Firm)","Bethany College","U.S. Embassy","Miller School","Mitchells Presbyterian Church","Old Stone Presbyterian Church","Old St. John's Church","Alexandria High School","Perry, Shaw and Hepburn","University of Virginia","Grigg, Wood, and Browne","American Institute of Architects","Church Architectural Guild of America","Interfaith Research Center","International Congress on Religious Architecture","Grigg, Milton L. (Milton LaTour), 1905-1982","Milton L. Grigg","Milton Grigg","Milton LaTour Grigg","Marion DuPont","Langhorne Gibson","Grover C. Dula","Floyd E. Johnson","Thomas Jefferson","Fiske Kimball","William Newton Hale"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":938,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1696_c02"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments, 1931/1962","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e[5 folders]\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03","parent_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Bankruptcy Cases"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59","viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments","title_ssm":["Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments"],"title_tesim":["Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments, 1931/1962"],"text":["Admin.: Referees in Bankruptcy: Appointments, 1931/1962","John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Bankruptcy Cases","box 62","[5 folders]"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Bankruptcy Cases"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","Bankruptcy Cases"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1931/1962"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1931-1962"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":637,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"containers_ssim":["box 62"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no use restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[5 folders]\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["[5 folders]"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:09.921Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_59.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/132817","title_ssm":["John Paul papers"],"title_tesim":["John Paul papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"text":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964","MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59","Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","There are no use restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. 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organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","There are no use restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. 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The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. Thompson.","[4 folders]","[41 folders]","7 folders","6 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","11 folders","3 folders","2 folders","[7 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","[57 folders]","57 folders","[41 folders]","41 folders","[41 folders]","[19 folders]","[6 folders]","[5 folders]","[5 folders]","[12 folders]","[12 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[4 folders]","[5 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[6 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[4 folders]","[2 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[2 folders]","[3 folders]","[2 folders]","[7 folders]","[4 folders]","[6 folders]","[6 folders]","2 folders","[2 folders]","[5 folders]","There are no use restrictions.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers, 1907/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co., 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In July 1956, in Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, The New York Times ran a front-page article on the Allen case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. Harrison v. Day, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); James v. Almond, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in Dodson v. School Board, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" Allen v. School Board, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","Two years after the Allen case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. School Board of Warren County v. Kilby, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by Brown. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville and Kilby v. School Board of Warren County contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III, the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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