{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1937\u0026page=3664","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1937\u0026page=3663","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1937\u0026page=3665","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1937\u0026page=3680"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3664,"next_page":3665,"prev_page":3663,"total_pages":3680,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":36630,"total_count":36796,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyant v. Caldwell","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59","viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_59","viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["John Paul papers","Cases"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["John Paul papers","Cases"],"text":["John Paul papers","Cases","Wyant v. Caldwell","box 48"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyant v. Caldwell","title_ssm":["Wyant v. Caldwell"],"title_tesim":["Wyant v. Caldwell"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1936-1940"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1936/1940"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyant v. Caldwell"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":619,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no use restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"containers_ssim":["box 48"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#315","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:25:11.137Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_59","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_59.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/132817","title_ssm":["John Paul papers"],"title_tesim":["John Paul papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1907-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1907-1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"text":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59","John Paul papers","Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was  US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co. , 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in  Brown v. Board of Education . In July 1956, in  Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville , Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September,  The New York Times  ran a front-page article on the  Allen  case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional.  Harrison v. Day , 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959);  James v. Almond , 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in  Dodson v. School Board , 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\"  Allen v. School Board , 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","  Two years after the  Allen  case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school.  School Board of Warren County v. Kilby , 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by  Brown . Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.","Check date on this item","The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I  is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II  consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for  Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville  and  Kilby v. School Board of Warren County  contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III,  the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV  is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V  contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI  contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.81.7","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/59"],"normalized_title_ssm":["John Paul papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["John Paul papers"],"collection_ssim":["John Paul papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"creators_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no use restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was transferred from Alderman Library to the Arthur J. Morris Law Library in 1981."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Bankruptcy -- Virginia","Civil procedure","Criminal procedure","Eminent domain -- Virginia","School integration -- Law and legislation","Segregation in education -- Law and legislation -- United States","Legal correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"extent_tesim":["41.7  Cubic Feet 94 archival boxes; 36 linear feet."],"genreform_ssim":["Legal correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eUS v. Appalachian Electric Power Co.\u003c/emph\u003e, 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown v. Board of Education\u003c/emph\u003e. In July 1956, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e, Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/emph\u003e ran a front-page article on the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHarrison v. Day\u003c/emph\u003e, 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959); \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eJames v. Almond\u003c/emph\u003e, 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eDodson v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board\u003c/emph\u003e, 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Two years after the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen\u003c/emph\u003e case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eSchool Board of Warren County v. Kilby\u003c/emph\u003e, 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eBrown\u003c/emph\u003e. Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Paul was born December 9, 1883, one of six children of John and Katherine Green Paul. The elder John Paul had taken his law degree at the University of Virginia (1867), and served as both Commonwealth's Attorney and member of the Virginia State Senate before being elected to the US House of Representatives in 1880. Three months before the birth of his son John, he left Congress to become District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, a position he held until his death in 1901.","  The Paul family was prominent in the Shenandoah Valley and lived on a large Rockingham County farm called Ottobine. The younger John Paul inherited this property and lived there his entire life, raising cattle as he pursued his legal career. After graduating from the Virginia Military Institute with a degree in civil engineering, he studied law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1906. He entered private practice in Harrisonburg, and before long launched his political career with an unsuccessful bid as Republican candidate for Congress in 1910. In 1912 he was elected to the state senate, and attended the first of four consecutive Republican national conventions. In 1914, he married Frances Danenhower.","  While Paul was serving as a field artillery captain in France during World War I, his wife died. After the war, he returned to the state senate and in 1920 was elected to a term in Congress. In 1924 he was appointed special assistant to the United States Attorney General, and the following year became U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. In December 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Paul to the federal bench in the western district of Virginia. In 1939, he married Alice Kelly Taylor.","  When John Paul went on the court in 1932, he was the sole judge for a district serving a large, predominantly rural, area. The court met twice a year in each of seven locations: Abingdon, Big Stone Gap, Charlottesville, Danville, Harrisonburg, Lynchburg, and Roanoke. Paul was appointed to succeed Judge Henry Clay McDowell (1885), his father's successor on the bench, only weeks before Franklin Roosevelt became president.","  One of the most significant of Paul's early decisions was  US v. Appalachian Electric Power Co. , 23 F. Supp. 83 (1938), although his files on this case are not extensive. The Federal Power Commission had wanted the electric company to apply for a license before building a dam on the New River. When it did not do so, the federal government sued to enjoin construction. Paul dismissed the government's suit, ruling that the New was not a navigable river, and that the dam would therefore not impair interstate commerce. His decision was upheld by the Fourth Circuit, but overturned by the Supreme Court two years later.","  One group of cases that required a great deal of Paul's time and attention concerned land condemnation by the federal government. Under the Weeks Forestry Act of 1911, the federal government had, between 1912 and 1932, claimed 700,000 acres of Virginia for national forest, and in 1933 efforts were begun to claim two million more over the next ten years. The monetary value of the land was seldom in dispute, having been assessed at fair market value by a local, court-appointed commissioner, but in many cases titles were deficient. These areas of forest had first been parceled out in the late eighteenth century in hundred- thousand acre lots, and over the years had been divided and sold many times. Almost from the beginning, Paul was inundated with complex condemnation proceedings.","  Even when he was no longer sole judge for the district, Paul continued to handle all condemnation cases. In the 1950s, he was a vociferous opponent of a controversial proposal to amend Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 71A to require that all valuation of condemned land be by jury rather than by court-appointed commissioners.","  The most sensational case Paul heard during the 1930s was the Franklin County liquor conspiracy case. Twenty-three men, many of them county officials, were accused of turning their heads or actually aiding large-scale illegal liquor manufacturing in the county over a number of years. (Just how much liquor was made became clear in testimony that thirty-five tons of a particular brand of yeast had been sold in Franklin over a four-year period.) The trial lasted fifty days, a record in modern Virginia court history, and resulted in twenty convictions. Unfortunately, there are no files in the collection about this case, possibly because Paul gave them to someone planning to write about it.","  By the end of the 30s, Paul's workload was staggering. In a 1937 letter to Senator Carter Glass, he described in great detail how much travelling he had to do, how difficult it was for lawyers to contact him, and how hard it was to keep on top of his written work. In addition to the large number of condemnation cases, he noted that civil suits involving the government had increased by almost a hundred percent during the Roosevelt administration. Furthermore, with new rules of civil procedure soon to go into effect, he foresaw an increase in interlocutory motions that would demand more of his time. In seeking relief from this difficult schedule, Paul favored the elimination of two of the seven court locations rather than the appointment of another judge in the district. He did not want a law clerk, nor did he ever employ one.","  Congress soon decided that the Western District needed another judge, and in July 1939, Armistead Mason Dobie was appointed. Dobie served only six months before being appointed to the Fourth Circuit, and Alfred Dickinson Barksdale took his place on the district bench. At the end of 1939, Paul made his first report of caseload statistics to the newly created Judicial Council for the Fourth Circuit. He reported that 276 cases were still pending from the year before, proceedings were begun in 678 civil and criminal cases, and 799 bankruptcies were filed -- adequate evidence that a second judge was needed. With two judges, the court continued to meet twice a year in seven locations. For over seventeen years Paul and Barksdale worked quite amicably together, corresponded often, travelled to meetings together, and occasionally socialized along with their wives. Although his letters were always reserved, Paul was more open and affectionate with Barksdale than with most correspondents.","  In addition to the condemnation cases, Paul heard a large number of bankruptcy and debt cases through the 30s, 40s, and early 50s. There were also a number of illegal liquor cases of much smaller magnitude than the Franklin County cases. During World War II, there were a few cases involving conscientious objectors and quite a few brought by the Office of Price Administration against violators of price fixing.","  Until the late 50s, however, Paul's work had received little media attention. This changed dramatically with the school desegregation cases, which came in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in  Brown v. Board of Education . In July 1956, in  Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville , Paul became the first judge in Virginia to enjoin any school admission decisions based on race. In the summer of 1958, he officially retired in order to be free of administrative duties as chief judge of the Western District, although he would continue to hear cases until the end of his life. In September, soon after the announcement of his \"retirement,\" the Charlottesville case came before him again because the city's schools were still entirely segregated. Paul ordered ten African American children admitted to a white elementary school, and two to the white high school. All of these children lived closer to the white schools than the segregated ones they had been attending. On 9 September,  The New York Times  ran a front-page article on the  Allen  case, and reported Paul's statement from the bench accusing \"politicians\" and \"officers of the state\" of inciting public hostility to the racial integration of Virginia's public schools.","  As Paul expected, a few days later Governor J. Lindsay Almond closed the Charlottesville schools. The schools reopened after the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and a three-judge federal district court both ruled on January 19, 1959, that the school closing was unconstitutional.  Harrison v. Day , 200 Va. 439, 106 S.E.2d 636 (1959);  James v. Almond , 170 F. Supp. 331 (E.D. Va. 1959).","  In 1959, Paul approved the school system's plan to divide the city into six geographical districts and to assign all city elementary students to neighborhood schools. In practice, however, the white children in the one predominantly African American district were automatically reassigned to a white school. There was one white and one African American high school in the city, and African American students who petitioned for admittance to the white high school were subjected to evaluations of their academic records and school behavior. When, in 1960, plaintiffs objected to this unequal treatment, Paul upheld it with certain reservations. The Fourth Circuit, in  Dodson v. School Board , 289 F.2d 439 (1961), refused to reverse Paul's decision but directed the school system to move toward a fairer plan. They noted that school authorities had made a genuine effort to begin desegregation, and that the \"able and conscientious\" District Judge had retained the case on his docket for future action as necessary. When the plaintiffs returned to his court, Paul followed the direction of the circuit and ordered the school system to apply admissions procedures absolutely equally to both races. He declared, \"This in effect means that as matters now stand attendance at the high schools in Charlottesville is to be based solely on the student's decision as to which school he prefers to attend.\"  Allen v. School Board , 203 F. Supp. 225, 229 (1961).","  Two years after the  Allen  case got under way, Paul began hearing another desegregation case. Warren County had three elementary schools for white children, one elementary school for African American children, and one high school for whites only. Consequently, the county was transporting its African American high school students to other counties. In 1958, Paul issued an injunction, affirmed by the Fourth Circuit, ordering the school system immediately to admit the plaintiffs to the white high school.  School Board of Warren County v. Kilby , 259 F.2d 497 (1958). Although the governor promptly closed the high school, when it reopened in early 1959 twenty-two African American students were allowed to attend Warren County High School. Paul felt swift action was called for in this case of egregious inequality, although total integration was by no means achieved quickly.","  Paul's measured rulings in the Charlottesville and Warren County cases show no particular inclination to push the white community beyond the minimum school integration required by  Brown . Viewed in the context of Virginia's political atmosphere, though, Paul's approach seems quite moderate and reasonable. He approached a situation that many Virginians saw as catastrophic with the same dignity, respect for the law, and sense of fairness that he had brought to property or illegal liquor cases.","  The Charlottesville and other school integration cases hit Paul late in his career, and with them came unprecedented citizen and media attention, much of it unfavorable. Since he was in his late 70s, once again a widower, and in poor health, he had reasonable excuses for leaving these difficult issues to younger judges. But there is no indication in Paul's papers that he ever considered such a possibility. He appeared in court only a few weeks before his death, at the age of eighty, on February 13, 1964."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCheck date on this item\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Check date on this item"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries I\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries II\u003c/emph\u003e consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eAllen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eKilby v. School Board of Warren County\u003c/emph\u003e contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries III,\u003c/emph\u003e the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries IV\u003c/emph\u003e is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries V\u003c/emph\u003e contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries VI\u003c/emph\u003e contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Paul papers are organized in six series based upon the nature of the files: administrative material, general civil and criminal cases, bankruptcy cases, land condemnation cases, professional correspondence, and speeches and articles.","Series I  is comprised of administrative files containing extensive correspondence and records of the administration of the federal district court, from the early 1930s to the early 1960s. Changes over these years, and Paul's reactions to them, are reflected in reports and in correspondence with other judges, the district court staff, and the staff of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Other substantial files in this series contain information regarding case loads, rules of court, probation, jury call decisions, and the appointments of US commissioners.","Series II  consists of general civil and criminal case files arranged in alphabetical order by plaintiff last name. While these files primarily contain correspondence, there are occasional copies of some of the court records of a case. By far the single most important cases in the collection are those concerning school desegregation. The case files for  Allen v. School Board of the City of Charlottesville  and  Kilby v. School Board of Warren County  contain Paul's extensive correspondence with other district and circuit judges, as well as with the lawyers involved, annotated motions, drafts of opinions, and other important documents. The general case files are followed by motions, pleadings and orders, and by handwritten notes taken from the bench, which had been kept separate from the case files.","  The school desegregation cases have many exchanges of letters with J. Lindsay Almond Jr., John S. Battle Jr., Oliver W. Hill, Spottswood W. Robinson III, and S. W. Tucker.","Series III,  the bankruptcy case files, is broken into two subseries. The first subseries contains files concerning bankruptcies of individuals and businesses, which are preceded by the administrative files concerning these cases. The second subseries concerns bankruptcies of farmers handled under Section 75 of the Bankruptcy Act.","Series IV  is comprised of land condemnation cases, which are listed by last name of the first owner named in the case; also noted is the county in which the land is located. These files include the commissioners' reports, orders, opinions (some handwritten), and correspondence.","Series V  contains professional correspondence between Jugde Paul and other judges.","Series VI  contains a small collection of speeches and articles by Judge Paul.","  Not limited to Series V, but sprinkled throughout the collection, is Judge Paul's correspondence with other judges. His most frequent and long-term correspondent was Judge Alfred D. Barksdale. Other judges with whom he corresponded regularly when their terms overlapped were Albert V. Bryan, Armistead M. Dobie, Ted Dalton, Sterling Hutcheson, John J. Parker, Floyd H. Roberts, Simon E. Sobeloff, and Roby C. 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District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)","Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","United States. District Court (Virginia : Western District)"],"persname_ssim":["Paul, John, 1883-1964"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":989,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:25:11.137Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_59_c02_c316"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers","Case Files","1930's"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers","Case Files","1930's"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers","Case Files","1930's","Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc","box MSS 79-6, Box 105"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc","title_ssm":["Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc"],"title_tesim":["Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1937"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyant v. M. E. Gillioz, Inc"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":763,"date_range_isim":[1937],"containers_ssim":["box MSS 79-6, Box 105"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#6/components#196","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:27:34.066Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"text":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Duke family law firm papers","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. ","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family ","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke and Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift. "],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. ","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift."],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family ","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family ","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family "],"persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:27:34.066Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c07_c197"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1854#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1854#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_1854.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/240230","title_ssm":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"title_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854"],"text":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854","Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection","Materials are in fair condition.","Materials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade.","Wyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.","World War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.","Medical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.","Medical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).","Blanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.","In 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.","Historical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.","Blanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.","\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.","Written for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt.","Relevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2).","The collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"collection_ssim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Materials are in fair condition."],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Materials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMedical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMedical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHistorical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritten for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.","World War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.","Medical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.","Medical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).","Blanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.","In 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.","Historical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.","Blanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.","\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.","Written for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Relevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":71,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:23:27.733Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","_root_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_7_resources_1854","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_7_resources_1854.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/240230","title_ssm":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"title_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1957"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1957"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854"],"text":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854","Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection","Materials are in fair condition.","Materials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade.","Wyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.","World War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.","Medical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.","Medical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).","Blanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.","In 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.","Historical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.","Blanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.","\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.","Written for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt.","Relevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2).","The collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology.","Claude Moore Health Sciences Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS.97","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/7/resources/1854"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"collection_ssim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton reprints collection"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["Materials are in fair condition."],"extent_ssm":["1 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["1 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaterials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Materials are organized chronologically, then alphabetically, by decade."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMedical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMedical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eHistorical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWritten for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wyndham Bolling Blanton (3 June 1890–6 January 1960) was a physician and historian. Born in Richmond, Virginia, he was the son of Charles Armistead Blanton and Elizabeth Brown Wallace Blanton. During his youth Blanton was exposed to both medicine and history, for his father and grandfather were physicians and both his parents' families included Virginians who had been famous during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. He received his early education at the Glebe School in Richmond, earned a B.A. at Hampden-Sydney College in 1910, and received an M.A. at the University of Virginia two years later.","World War I\nBlanton studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in New York, but he also studied in Europe and was in Berlin when World War I began. In 1915 he volunteered to serve in the American Ambulance Corps at the hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. He then returned to New York, received an M.D. in 1916, and began his medical internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. After the United States entered World War I, Blanton was commissioned a captain in the Army Medical Corps and served until 1919 without being sent abroad. He then completed his internship at Bellevue Hospital in the same year. On 1 January 1918 Blanton married Natalie Friend McFaden, who became a civic and political activist and a poet. They had three sons and one daughter.","Medical College of Virginia\nAfter completing his internship, Blanton returned to Richmond and joined the private medical practice of his brother, Howson Wallace Blanton, and their father. He also began a long association with the Medical College of Virginia as chief of laboratory service at the college's hospital. Blanton became an associate in medicine in 1920, assistant professor in 1925, associate professor by the end of the decade, and professor of clinical medicine in 1939. In 1936 he founded the outpatient department's immunology clinic, which had become one of the largest units of the medical school by the time he retired in 1954. Blanton was active in more than a dozen professional and learned organizations. He served as president of the Richmond Academy of Medicine and the Richmond Society of Internal Medicine and as vice president of the Southern Medical Association and the American Academy of Allergy.","Medical Writing\nBlanton entered medicine during one of its most exciting periods, as scientific thinking was newly emphasized, hospitals and laboratories were established or reorganized, and X rays and aseptic surgery were employed. During and immediately following World War I he published five articles on bacteria and on such epidemic diseases as polio, acute respiratory infections, streptococcal diseases, and diphtheria in such nationally known medical journals as the Journal of the American Medical Association and the Journal of Medical Research. During the ensuing decades Blanton's research led to articles in the medical literature on chemical therapeutic drugs; on other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, anthrax, herpes zoster, and infectious jaundice; on such physiological disorders as cardiac standstill, hemochromatosis, and orthostatic albuminuria; on changes in blood-cell counts and types; on fevers, sudden death, and hypertension; and on ways of learning what was occurring within the body without exploratory surgery. Altogether, Blanton published thirty-six articles in fourteen medical journals between 1917 and 1957 as well as two textbooks, A Manual of Normal Physical Signs (1926; 2d ed., 1930) and A Handbook of Allergy for Students and Practitioners (1942).","Blanton was also a pioneer in the field of medical history. In 1927 he published a historical article in the Virginia Medical Monthly and became the first chairman of the historical committee of the Medical Society of Virginia, which hoped to sponsor the publication of a history of medicine in Virginia. The other committee members achieved this goal by deferring to Blanton, who conducted his own research, employed research assistants, and wrote three large volumes entitled Medicine in Virginia in the Seventeenth Century (1930), Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century (1931), and Medicine in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century (1933). Organized in a coherent and useful fashion and written in a readable and interesting style, the three volumes of Medicine in Virginia stood out among other state medical histories published during the same decade. They were milestones in the evolution of American medical scholarship and have stood the test of time. Blanton supplemented his books with about two dozen articles on various aspects of medical history and the history of medical education that appeared in at least ten journals, newspapers, magazines, and reference works between 1927 and 1957.","In 1933 the board of the Medical Society of Virginia elected Blanton editor of its Virginia Medical Monthly, a position he filled with distinction until 1942. Following his retirement from that post he remained on the monthly's editorial board as editor emeritus for eighteen more years. From 1939 to 1942 Blanton served on the editorial board of the Annals of Medical History. He was a consulting editor of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences from its founding in 1946 until his death, and he sat on the editorial board of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine from 1953 to 1960. In 1958 the Medical College of Virginia named him professor emeritus of clinical medicine and the history of medicine.","Historical Writing\nBlanton did not confine his interests to medicine and medical history. He was one of a group of Richmond men who in the 1930s began to compile a volume of biographies of some of Virginia's leading citizens. The one volume to appear was published in Richmond in 1936 as the start of a projected second series of Men of Mark in Virginia, continuing a five-volume work of that name edited by Lyon Gardiner Tyler between 1906 and 1909. The new volume featured a large number of physicians and Richmond residents, suggesting that Blanton exercised a strong influence over its production. He also wrote a centennial history of his church, The Making of a Downtown Church: The History of the Second Presbyterian Church, Richmond, Virginia, 1845–1945 (1945), prepared a number of short articles and papers on various aspects of Virginia's history, belonged to several historical and patriotic societies, and was a founder of the Historic Richmond Foundation. During service on the board of the Virginia Historical Society from 1945 until his death, he chaired the board's publications committee, supported the publication of additional primary source materials and scholarly articles of a higher quality in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, and helped make the society's collections more useful and accessible to scholarly researchers. Blanton was serving his second year as president of the Virginia Historical Society at the time of his death.","Blanton sat on the board of trustees of Mary Baldwin College from 1932 to 1940. He was a member of the board of Richmond's Union Theological Seminary from 1941 to 1958 and chairman from 1958 until his death. Wyndham Bolling Blanton died of a heart attack at his home in Richmond on 6 January 1960 and was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in that city.","\nSources Consulted:\nMen of Mark in Virginia, 2d ser. (1936; anonymously edited), 1:36–39 (portrait); feature articles in Virginia Medical Monthly 69 (1942): 701–702, and Bulletin of the History of Medicine 38 (1964): 80–81; Blanton Family Papers and Wyndham Bolling Blanton Papers, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond; Blanton's medical history research papers, Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Blanton Scrapbook (1915), Accession 42104, and Blanton diaries in Mary Blanton Easterly Papers, Accession 43509, Library of Virginia (LVA); bibliography of publications compiled from Index Medicus, 1916–1964, in Dictionary of Virginia Biography Files, LVA; Virginius Cornick Hall Jr., Portraits in the Collection of the Virginia Historical Society: A Catalogue (1981); obituaries in Richmond News Leader, 6 Jan. 1960, and Richmond Times-Dispatch, 7 Jan. 1960; memorials in Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 68 (1960): 226–227, in Virginia Medical Monthly 87 (1960): 115, 226, in Journal of Allergy 31 (1960): 286–287, and in Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 72 (1960): xli–xlii.","Written for the Dictionary of Virginia Biography by Todd L. Savitt."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRelevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2).\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Relevant materials can be found in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection (MS-1) and Wade Hampton Frost papers (MS-2)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of reprints from medical journals and organizational pamphlets that contain topics such as the history of medicine, psychology, psychiatry, tuberculosis, blood circulation, maternity, menstruation, histamine, in vitro, in vivo, surgeon general, allergy, laboratory observation, trichiniasis, pneumonia, medical research, pleurisy, the Mayo Clinic, Sessions of the US Congress, and clinical pathology."],"names_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Claude Moore Health Sciences Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":71,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:23:27.733Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_7_resources_1854"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wyndham Robertson Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"This collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of \u003cem\u003eThe Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin\u003c/em\u003e with a biography of Robertson.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2519.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, Wyndham, Collection","title_ssm":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"title_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1846-1857, 1876, 1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1846-1857, 1876, 1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2009.100"],"text":["Ms.2009.100","Wyndham Robertson Collection","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","Wyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.","Though Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. ","Robertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled,  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman . Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia.","The guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009.","Robertson, Wyndham.  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others . Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026 English, 1887.  Rare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887","The University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the  Wyndham Robertson Papers .","\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the    Executive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097 .","The Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  with a biography of Robertson.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2009.100"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Wyndham Robertson Collection was purchased by Special Collections in June 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access "],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThough Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003ePocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman\u003c/title\u003e. Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.","Though Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. ","Robertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled,  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman . Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wyndham Robertson Collection, Ms2009-100, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wyndham Robertson Collection, Ms2009-100, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cbibref\u003eRobertson, Wyndham. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003ePocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others\u003c/title\u003e. Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026amp; English, 1887. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eRare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ROBERTSON\"\u003eWyndham Robertson Papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the   \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi01955.xml\"\u003eExecutive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robertson, Wyndham.  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others . Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026 English, 1887.  Rare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887","The University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the  Wyndham Robertson Papers .","\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the    Executive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin\u003c/title\u003e from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5975b06cfefb6c0a7ed6499f403e60a7\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin\u003c/title\u003e with a biography of Robertson.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  with a biography of Robertson."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"names_coll_ssim":["English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"persname_ssim":["English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:09:55.311Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2519.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Robertson, Wyndham, Collection","title_ssm":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"title_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1846-1857, 1876, 1996"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1846-1857, 1876, 1996"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2009.100"],"text":["Ms.2009.100","Wyndham Robertson Collection","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States","The collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged chronologically.","Wyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.","Though Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. ","Robertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled,  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman . Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia.","The guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009.","Robertson, Wyndham.  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others . Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026 English, 1887.  Rare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887","The University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the  Wyndham Robertson Papers .","\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the    Executive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097 .","The Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  with a biography of Robertson.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2009.100"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Wyndham Robertson Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Wyndham Robertson Collection was purchased by Special Collections in June 2009."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Politicians -- United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"extent_tesim":["0.1 Cubic Feet 1 folder"],"date_range_isim":[1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access "],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThough Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRobertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled, \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003ePocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman\u003c/title\u003e. Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Wyndham Robertson was born near Richmond, Virginia, on January 26, 1803, to William and Elizabeth Gay (Bolling) Robertson. He studied law at the College of William and Mary and was admitted to the Richmond bar in 1824. He married Mary Trigg Smith in 1831. While Robertson worked as an attorney throughout his life, his growing political convictions and devotion to the Whig party caused him to enter state politics. In 1833, he was elected to the Council of the State. Upon Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell's resignation in 1837, Robertson served as the Governor of Virginia until the election the following year. From 1838 to 1841, he served as a member of the House of Delegates in the Virignia General Assembly. Robertson then retired temporarily from politics, partially due to poor health, and moved to his wife's home, Mary's Meadows, in Abingdon, Virginia.","Though Robertson did not hold a political office again until 1859, he continued to influence politicians through personal correspondence and meetings. With the approaching American Civil War, Robertson returned to Richmond in 1858 and joined the Virginia House of Delegates again (1859-1865). In January 1861 he presented the Anti-Coercion Resolution to the House. The resolution rejected the secession of Virginia, but declared the state's willingness to join the southern cause, if the Federal Government coerced the seceded states. Following Lincoln's call for troops a few months later, which did just that, Robertson remained loyal to the Confederate cause in Virginia throughout the Civil War. He also played a vital role in re-establishing Virginia's place in the Union after the war. ","Robertson retired from politics a second time around 1865 and returned to Mary's Meadows. In 1887, he published a book entitled,  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman . Robertson died in Abingdon on February 11, 1888. He is buried in Chesterfield County, Virginia."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Wyndham Robertson Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wyndham Robertson Collection, Ms2009-100, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Wyndham Robertson Collection, Ms2009-100, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Wyndham Robertson Collection commenced and was completed in June 2009."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cbibref\u003eRobertson, Wyndham. \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003ePocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others\u003c/title\u003e. Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026amp; English, 1887. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eRare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.ROBERTSON\"\u003eWyndham Robertson Papers\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the   \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi01955.xml\"\u003eExecutive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Robertson, Wyndham.  Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman; Including the Names of Alfriend, Archer, Bentley, Bernard, Bland, Boling, Branch, Cabell, Catlett, Cary, Dandridge, Dixon, Douglas, Duval, Eldridge, Ellett, Ferguson, Field, Fleming, Gay, Gordon, Griffin, Grayson, Harrison, Hubard, Lewis, Logan, Markham, Meade, McRae, Murray, Page, Poythress, Randolph, Robertson, Skipwith, Stanard, Tazewel, Walke, West, Whittle, and Others . Richmond: J.W. Randolph \u0026 English, 1887.  Rare Book Collection: Spec Large CS 71 .R747 1887","The University of Chicago Library's Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center holds the  Wyndham Robertson Papers .","\nThe Library of Virginia's State Records Collection holds the    Executive Papers of Governor Wyndham Robertson, Accession 43097 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin\u003c/title\u003e from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wyndham Robertson Collection contains five letters from 1846 to 1857 written by Robertson to John G. English. English appears to have acted as a business agent for Robertson for many years. Robertson's letters reveal interests in purchasing land in Mississippi and Alabama, hiring individuals to survey the land, and making solid investments. The letters written to English concern properties in these areas. In addition to the letters, the collection contains a promissory note written in 1874 by Robertson for the amount of $3,000 to be paid to George Palmer. The collection also contains a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  from 1996 which features a detailed biography of Robertson."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5975b06cfefb6c0a7ed6499f403e60a7\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin\u003c/title\u003e with a biography of Robertson.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection consists of correspondence between Wyndham Robertson and John G. English, a promissory note, and a copy of  The Historical Society of Washington County, Virginia, Bulletin  with a biography of Robertson."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"names_coll_ssim":["English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"persname_ssim":["English, John G.","Robertson, Wyndham, 1803-1888"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:09:55.311Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2519"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01_c815","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wynn, William T.","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01_c815#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01_c815","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01_c815"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01_c815","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01","parent_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","vircu_repositories_5_resources_100_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers","Series I--Personal Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers","Series I--Personal Correspondence"],"text":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers","Series I--Personal Correspondence","Wynn, William T.","box 16"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wynn, William T.","title_ssm":["Wynn, William T."],"title_tesim":["Wynn, William T."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1933-1946"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1933/1946"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wynn, William T."],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":816,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946],"containers_ssim":["box 16"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#814","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:40:23.765Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_100","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_100.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-cab/vircu00069.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Cabell, Margaret Freeman, papers","title_ssm":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers"],"title_tesim":["Margaret Freeman Cabell papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1982"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1982"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 228","/repositories/5/resources/100"],"text":["M 228","/repositories/5/resources/100","Margaret Freeman Cabell papers","Authors, American -- Virginia","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Interior decorators -- Virginia -- Richmond","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","All series are arranged topically, alphabetically and chronologically therein, excluding oversize and photographic items which are housed separately from the collection. Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials.","Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of  The Reviewer , and supporter of the arts. ","Born in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine  The Reviewer . During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at  The Reviewer , Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.","In 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited  Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others , founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell. ","In the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983.","The Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. 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Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["All series are arranged topically, alphabetically and chronologically therein, excluding oversize and photographic items which are housed separately from the collection. Series I-- Personal Correspondence [includes letters to James Branch Cabell and both Mrs. Cabells] (1866-1978) Series II--Miscellaneous (1950-1975) Series III--Personal Material (1948- 1953) Series IV--Organizational Correspondence (1923-1977) Series V--World War I Correspondence [MWF] (1917-1927) Series VI--Plays and Creative Writings (1920-33) Series VII-- Margaret Waller Freeman Correpondence (with sub-series Client Correspondence and Confederate Chapel Correspondence) (1931-1973) Series VIII--John Brightwell Freeman Papers (1930-1968) Series IX--John Middleton Freeman Papers (undated) Series XII--Oversize Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMargaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e, and supporter of the arts. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBorn in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e. During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at \u003ctitle\u003eThe Reviewer\u003c/title\u003e, Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited \u003ctitle\u003eBetween Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others\u003c/title\u003e, founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell (1893-1983) was an interior decorator, founding editor of  The Reviewer , and supporter of the arts. ","Born in Richmond, Virginia on August 29, 1893, Cabell graduated from Miss Jennie Ellett's School (now St. Catherine's School) and in the 1920s became one of the founding editors and the business manager of the Richmond-based literary magazine  The Reviewer . During the 20s, Cabell also briefly studied interior design in Paris which would later lead to her operating a New York City-based interior decorating studio under the name Waller Freeman. Following her time at  The Reviewer , Cabell went on to receive training as a nurse. During World War II, she helped run the servicemen entertainment venue The Stage Door Canteen in Washington, D.C.","In 1950 Margaret Waller Freeman married Richmond author James Branch Cabell in Richmond and gained Ballard Hartwell Cabell as a step-son. She supported the arts and was an active member of many Richmond civic organizations including the Woman's Club of Richmond, the Colonial Dames of America, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Cabell fundraised to restore the late-19th century Confederate Chapel located behind what is now the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Margaret Freeman Cabell continued to actively advance the literary legacy of James Branch Cabell following his death in 1958. Through the 1960s and 1970s, she co-edited  Between Friends: Letters of James Branch Cabell and Others , founded the James Branch Cabell Society, and encouraged scholars to write about and research James Branch Cabell. ","In the late 1960s, Margaret Freeman Cabell arranged for the donation of James Branch Cabell's personal library to Virginia Commonwealth University. Soon after the establishment of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) in 1968, created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) and Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), the University began construction for a new library on the Monroe Park Campus. RPI had already planned for a new library and approached Margaret Cabell about naming it for her husband. VCU approved the name, and in 1970, the James Branch Cabell Library opened its doors. Margaret Cabell additionally advocated for the donation of books and materials to Cabell Library's Special Collections and Archives department. Cabell died in Richmond, Virginia on March 28, 1983."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/folder, Margaret Freeman Cabell Papers, M 228, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/folder, Margaret Freeman Cabell Papers, M 228, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. The bulk of the collection contains correspondence between Margaret Freeman Cabell, James Branch Cabell, and their friends, colleagues, and business associates.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eincluding clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ewith newspaper clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(copies of two letters from JBC, 1919, 1924, from Bond Collection\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter to Stagg from JBC on Rockbridge Alum Springs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese items have their own numbering system\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Margaret Waller Freeman Cabell papers date from 1910 to 1982 and consist of papers and memorabilia from the activities of Cabell, James Branch Cabell, Ballard Hartwell Cabell, and other family members. The bulk of the collection contains correspondence between Margaret Freeman Cabell, James Branch Cabell, and their friends, colleagues, and business associates.","including clippings","with newspaper clippings","(copies of two letters from JBC, 1919, 1924, from Bond Collection","Letter to Stagg from JBC on Rockbridge Alum Springs","These items have their own numbering system"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Terms Governing Use and Reproduction"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library"],"names_coll_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"persname_ssim":["Cabell, Margaret Freeman, 1893-1983","Cabell, James Branch, 1879-1958"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    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Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91"],"text":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91","Wyoming","Box 91","Folder 13"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyoming","title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"title_tesim":["Wyoming"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1935-1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1002,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"containers_ssim":["Box 91","Folder 13"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#35","timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2760.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196806","title_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"title_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942","ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760"],"text":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760","Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","West Virginia","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans.","No special access restriction applies.","The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.","archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.","183, 454, 527","Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. (109 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. 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Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003earchives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Legacy Formats"],"odd_tesim":["archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026amp;M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e183, 454, 527\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["183, 454, 527"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six series in the collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026amp;M 183):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Barbour, boxes 1-4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n3. Boone, box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n5. Brooke, box 7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n7. Calhoun, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n8. Clay, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n12. Grant, box 20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n16. Hancock, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n17. Harrison, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n18. Jackson, box 25\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n21. Lewis, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n22. Lincoln, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n23. Logan, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n24. Marion, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n25. Marshall, box 31\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n26. Mason, boxes 31-36\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n29. Monongalia, box 46\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n31. McDowell, box 54\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n34. Pendleton, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n35. Pleasants, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n37. Preston, box 65\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n40. Randolph, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n41. Ritchie, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n42. Roane, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n43. Summers, boxes 72-75\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n46. Tyler, box 80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n48. Wayne, box 81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n49. Webster, boxes 81-83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n50. Wetzel, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n51. Wirt, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n52. Wood, boxes 84-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n53. Wyoming, box 86\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the County Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eresearch regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ephotographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eand information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the General Material Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ethree original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Folklore Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eremedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003elockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ean original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eoriginal and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Fact Book series contains:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in Fact Book--General include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etypescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003enewspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003earticle entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einterviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026amp;M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Writers' Project series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehistorical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7db7750c7837e29de89890c5fd27d017\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c36"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyoming","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91"],"text":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91","Wyoming","Box 91","Folder 14"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyoming","title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"title_tesim":["Wyoming"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1935-1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1003,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"containers_ssim":["Box 91","Folder 14"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#36","timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2760.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196806","title_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"title_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942","ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760"],"text":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760","Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","West Virginia","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans.","No special access restriction applies.","The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.","archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.","183, 454, 527","Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"collection_ssim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["West Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["West Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creator_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creators_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"places_ssim":["West Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. (109 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. (109 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003earchives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Legacy Formats"],"odd_tesim":["archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026amp;M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e183, 454, 527\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["183, 454, 527"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six series in the collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026amp;M 183):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Barbour, boxes 1-4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n3. Boone, box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n5. Brooke, box 7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n7. Calhoun, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n8. Clay, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n12. Grant, box 20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n16. Hancock, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n17. Harrison, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n18. Jackson, box 25\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n21. Lewis, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n22. Lincoln, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n23. Logan, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n24. Marion, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n25. Marshall, box 31\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n26. Mason, boxes 31-36\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n29. Monongalia, box 46\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n31. McDowell, box 54\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n34. Pendleton, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n35. Pleasants, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n37. Preston, box 65\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n40. Randolph, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n41. Ritchie, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n42. Roane, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n43. Summers, boxes 72-75\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n46. Tyler, box 80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n48. Wayne, box 81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n49. Webster, boxes 81-83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n50. Wetzel, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n51. Wirt, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n52. Wood, boxes 84-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n53. Wyoming, box 86\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the County Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eresearch regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ephotographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eand information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the General Material Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ethree original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Folklore Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eremedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003elockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ean original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eoriginal and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Fact Book series contains:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in Fact Book--General include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etypescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003enewspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003earticle entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einterviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026amp;M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Writers' Project series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehistorical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_7db7750c7837e29de89890c5fd27d017\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c03_c37"}},{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyoming","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285","ref_ssm":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285"],"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06","parent_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06","parent_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records","Series 6: Local Transit"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records","Series 6: Local Transit"],"text":["American Public Transportation Association records","Series 6: Local Transit","Wyoming","box 188","folder 2"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyoming","title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"title_tesim":["Wyoming"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1935-1939"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1939"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyoming"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"collection_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1791,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no access restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"containers_ssim":["box 188","folder 2"],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#284","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:39:04.209Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_14.xml","title_filing_ssi":"American Public Transportation Association records","title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1898-1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"text":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14","American Public Transportation Association records","Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","A selection of documents from the collection are available through the  .","Arranged into seven series.","Series Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987 Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997 Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992 Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977 Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978 Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992 Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999","The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.","Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.","The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.            ","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.             ","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.  ","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.            ","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.         ","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.               ","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii. ","This series includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Accumulation of Mileage Figures.","APTIST Program with Transit Casualty.","Plans for the annual meeting. Includes photographs of potential entertainment.","Economics of Use of Buses of Various Sizes.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Includes photographs of bus exterior, interior, and wheelchair lift .","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Information on Mail Questionnaires to Witnesses and Witness Cards used by Operators.","Accident - Sudden Illness of Operators.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Check List for Bus Driver Training.","Reports on Batteries.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Motor Buses.","A Guide to Supervisory Development.","Current Collection Equipment.","Conversion of Street Car Electric Line Facilities to Provide for Rubber Tires Vehicle Operation.","Rectifiers.","Trolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.","Motor Coach Headway Recorders.","Progress Report on Development of Motor Coach Headway Recorders.","Use of Carbon Insert Shoe Collectors on Street Cars.","Trolley Wire Wear and Brake Line Maintenance Performance.","Trolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.","Substitution of Mercury Arc Rectifiers for Rotating Power Conversion Equipment.","Electric Track Switch Circuits.","Trolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.","Trolley Wire Wear and Breaks.","Trolley Coach and Streetcar Power Distribution Systems.","Electric Track Switches.","ASA Specifications for Tubular Steel Poles for Electric Line Construction.","Electric line poles and overhead construction manuals.","Catenary Overhead Construction.","Poles and overhead supply line manuals.","Trolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.","Federal Public Transportation Act of 1978.","Meeting minutes.","Executive Committee retreat.","ASAE Evaluation.","Role of APTA Vice Presidents.","Meeting packet.","Retreat and Meeting packet.","APTA Staff Analysis 1979 Action Agenda.","Discussions of Major Issues Facing APTA.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 1 of 3.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 2 of 3.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 3 of 3.","Operating Subsidies. Folder 1 of 2.","Operating Subsidies. Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Folder 1 of 5.","Folder 2 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Rapid Transit Reference Manual.","Rapid Transit Reference Manual.","Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods.","Transit Industry Internal Audit Department Directory.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Federal Transit Assistance.","Federal Transit Assistance.","Percy Amendment.","Percy Amendment.","H.R. 18185.","Testimony before Congress.","Testimony before Congress.","H.R. 16621.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Cleaning of Transit Vehicles.","Regrooving of Tires.","Recommended Practices for Proper Brake Maintenance.","Progress Report on Elimination of Brake Noise.","Brake Squel Elimination Replies.","Reading file. Folder 1 of 2.","Reading file. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Operating Plan.","Report of Committee on Express Bus Service.","Report of Committee on Economics of Service to New Areas.","Rapid Transit Way and Structure Matters.","Progress Report.","Design and Development of Feeder Systems for Trolley Bus Operation.","Specifications for Single-Section Tapered and High Strength Sectional Tubular Steel Poles.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Advertising and behavior on buses.","Restructuring of the Public Relations Division.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Automotive Safety Foundation Joint Committee with the IRT and the ATA.","Robert L. Sommerville memorandum.","Characteristics of the Urban Transit Mode.","Retirement gift for Eugene McCaul.","Motor Coach Interchange Materials.","Motor Coach Substitute Materials.","Substitute Materials.","Motor Coach Substitute Materials.","Roster.","Meeting minutes.","Resolutions Governing the Activities of the ATA Divisions.","Legal opinions on loss and damages.","Batteries rental or purchase.","Rental batteries and bus rental.","Purchase and rental of batteries.","Handling of new and repaired units.","Purchasing practices.","Material Classification Guide. Folder 1 of 2.","Material Classification Guide. Folder 2 of 2.","Initial Stocking and Material Return Policy.","Exchange of Specifications.","Tires.","Tires. Also includes document from 1938 with list of transit companies.","Committee on Problems of Automation.","Report of the Subcommittee on Fuels and Lubricants.","Batteries.","Committee on Services for Profit.","Cooperation with the Mechnical Division.","Replies on the Handling of New and Repaired Parts.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.","Meeting minutes.  Folder 2 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Recommended Maintenance Procedure for Resilient Wheel D-1.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Advisory Committee on Rail Cars.","Advisory Committee on Rail Cars.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes.","Correspondence. Folder 1 of 2.","Correspondence. Folder 2 of 2.","A Short Cut Method of Transit Vehicle Selection for the Combined Rail and Bus Company.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Survey of Changes in Duration and Frequency of Daily Services.","Public Relations Practices.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","A Measure of Bus Maintenance Productivity.","ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.","ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","ANSI Z16 Accident Standards.","ANSI Z16 Accident Standards. Appears to be a 1970s revision of the 1941 document.","ANSI Z16 Accident Statistics.","ANSI D18 Training of Automotive Mechanics.","Form for Reporting Derailments.","Report on switch devices.","Safety in Track Construction and Maintenance Work.","Trolley Overhead Construction.","Surface, Subway, and High Speed Track Construction.","Folder 1 of 5.","Folder 2 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Proper Locations for Bus Stops.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 1 of 3.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 2 of 3.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 3 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 1 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 2 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.","Meeting agenda.","Meeting minutes (June 11, 1986).","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Track Pavements Design, Construction, and Maintenance.","Maintenance and Paving of Bridges.","Corrosion Inhibitors as Additives to Salt in Removal of Snow and Ice from Streets.","Development of Air-Entrained Concrete and Procedures for Its Use.","Functional Design of Bus Garages.","Use of Chloride-Resisting Concrete in Street Railway Track Construction.","Paving of Loops, Operating Yards, and Railroad Crossings.","Snow and Ice Removal Distribution of Abrasive Materials.","Design and Construction of Bus Loops.","Joint Trackwork Electrical Design Guidelines.","This series includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","ASAE Evaluation Report.","Attendee Research.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Demand-Activated Systems (Dial-A-Ride).","Chicago, Illinois, April 23-27, 1973.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 3 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 4 of 4.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 1 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 2 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 3 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 4 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 5 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 1 of 2.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 1 of 3.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 2 of 3.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","27th Annual Conference.","Procedure manuals correspondence.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Escrow arrangement.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Executive Committee Meeting.","This is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Bulletin No. 56: Public Ownership and Operation of Electric Railways Part I United States.","APTA Evaluation Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Insurance and safety.","Loss of use while vehicle under repair.","Folder 1 of 7","Folder 2 of 7","Folder 3 of 7","Folder 4 of 7","Folder 5 of 7.","Folder 6 of 7.","Folder 7 of 7.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Bulletin No. 736.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","General Rules of Practice.","Rail.","Regulations of Motor Trucks.","Ruling on Trolley Buses.","General information.","Lists.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","ATA Reports.","Orientation Seminar. Folder 1 of 2.","Orientation Seminar. Folder 2 of 2.","Index of Expense Reporting Documentation.","IRT Committee.","Task I Report.","Task II Report.","Task V Industry Control Board Meeting.","Task IV Report. Folder 1 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 2 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 3 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 4 of 4.","Report.","Interim Task III Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Safety Review Panel for the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of the Oregon-Banfield Light Rail Project.","Report of the American Public Transit Association Panel of Inquiry for the July 10, 1985, Accident of the Red Line of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.","Report of the American Public Transit Association Panel of Inquiry for the Metro-Dade Transportation Administration.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Recording and Off the Job Injuries.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Photograph.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Fare Collection Reliability Liaison Board.","Fare Collection Reliability Program Liaison Board.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2","Folder 1 of 2","Folder 2 of 2","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","This series contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","This series consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","This series consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.","Graphics and signs.","Exhibits of Latest Newspaper Ads and Photos of Signs in MTA Stations.","International Railway Company.","International Railway Company.","International Railway Company.","Includes maps of individual states and nationwide maps published by the American Map Company.","Includes maps of individual states and nationwide maps published by the American Map Company.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Plan of Reorganization of Grand Rapids Railroad Company.","Includes information on National City Lines. Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Readjustment of Traction Agreement Between the City of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Railways Company.","Transcript of Testimony of Dr. John Bauer on Madison Avenue Bus Operation.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Commuter Railroad Service in the National Capital Region.","This series contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii.","Chicago Transit Authority Annual Report.","Honolulu of Tomorrow.","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association","English"],"unitid_tesim":["C0051","/repositories/2/resources/14"],"normalized_title_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"collection_title_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"collection_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association records"],"repository_ssm":["George Mason University"],"repository_ssim":["George Mason University"],"creator_ssm":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association"],"creators_ssim":["American Public Transportation Association"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Jim Olivetti, Information Center Manager, Department of Transportation, 2000."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States -- Planning","Local transit -- United States","Federal aid to transportation -- United States","Transportation -- United States","Maps","Transportation","Urban transportation","Photographs","Correspondence"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["94 Linear Feet 189 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Photographs","Correspondence"],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no access restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no access restrictions."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA selection of documents from the collection are available through the \u003cextptr title=\"American Public Transportation records online collection\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://images.gmu.edu/luna/servlet/s/xd3dpv\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Alternate Format Available"],"altformavail_tesim":["A selection of documents from the collection are available through the  ."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArranged into seven series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003chead\u003eSeries\u003c/head\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 1: Committees, 1908-1987\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 4: Legislation, 1918-1977\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 5: Labor, 1933-1978\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSeries 7: Oversize, 1946-1999\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Arranged into seven series.","Series Series 1: Committees, 1908-1987 Series 2: Meetings and Publications, 1928-1997 Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics, 1927-1992 Series 4: Legislation, 1918-1977 Series 5: Labor, 1933-1978 Series 6: Local Transit, 1898-1992 Series 7: Oversize, 1946-1999"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The organization that would eventually become APTA first organized as the American Street Railway Association on December 12, 1882, in Boston, Massachusetts.  The initial meetings focused on the price of oats for the horses that pulled transit vehicles, but that focus evolved as more transit companies built electric systems.  In 1905, the group met in New York and reorganized as the American Street and Interurban Railway Transportation and Traffic Association.  To encompass even more modes of electric transit, the group changed its name once again to the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association in 1910.  By 1932, many of the transit systems relied on motor coaches and trolleys in addition to electric streetcars, so the organization executives chose to be known as the American Transit Association (ATA).  In 1966 the ATA relocated from New York City to Washington, D.C., as a result of increasing reliance on federal funding, especially with the passage of the Urban Mass Transportation Act in 1964 and the creation of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration).  The American Public Transit Association (APTA) was created in 1974 when the American Transit Association and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT) merged.  The IRT dated back to 1929 and formally organized on June 7, 1961.  In 1976, the Transit Development Corporation also merged with APTA.  In January 2000 the name of the organization was changed to the American Public Transportation Association.  Despite the various name changes, the mission of the organization has more or less remained the same.  The organization specializes in issues dealing with transit equipment, transit management, and labor issues.  In the 1970s, the organization developed a closer working relationship with the federal government as more and more transit systems became publicly financed.  Today APTA is a leading participant in research and legislation regarding the North American transportation industry and issues relating to it."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAmerican Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["American Public Transportation Association records, C0051, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Jordan Patty in 2013. EAD markup completed in January 2013 by Jordan Patty."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Special Collections Research Center holds numerous collections on transportation and planning."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.            \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.             \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.  \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.            \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.         \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.               \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccumulation of Mileage Figures.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPTIST Program with Transit Casualty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePlans for the annual meeting. Includes photographs of potential entertainment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEconomics of Use of Buses of Various Sizes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs of bus exterior, interior, and wheelchair lift .\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInformation on Mail Questionnaires to Witnesses and Witness Cards used by Operators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccident - Sudden Illness of Operators.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCheck List for Bus Driver Training.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReports on Batteries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResults of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResults of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResults of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResults of Modernization with Motor Buses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Guide to Supervisory Development.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCurrent Collection Equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eConversion of Street Car Electric Line Facilities to Provide for Rubber Tires Vehicle Operation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRectifiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMotor Coach Headway Recorders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProgress Report on Development of Motor Coach Headway Recorders.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUse of Carbon Insert Shoe Collectors on Street Cars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Wire Wear and Brake Line Maintenance Performance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubstitution of Mercury Arc Rectifiers for Rotating Power Conversion Equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElectric Track Switch Circuits.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Wire Wear and Breaks.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Coach and Streetcar Power Distribution Systems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElectric Track Switches.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA Specifications for Tubular Steel Poles for Electric Line Construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eElectric line poles and overhead construction manuals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCatenary Overhead Construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoles and overhead supply line manuals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFederal Public Transportation Act of 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Committee retreat.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASAE Evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRole of APTA Vice Presidents.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting packet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRetreat and Meeting packet.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAPTA Staff Analysis 1979 Action Agenda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiscussions of Major Issues Facing APTA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOperating Subsidies. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOperating Subsidies. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 5 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 5 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRapid Transit Reference Manual.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRapid Transit Reference Manual.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTransit Industry Internal Audit Department Directory.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFederal Transit Assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFederal Transit Assistance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePercy Amendment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePercy Amendment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eH.R. 18185.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTestimony before Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTestimony before Congress.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eH.R. 16621.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCleaning of Transit Vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRegrooving of Tires.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommended Practices for Proper Brake Maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProgress Report on Elimination of Brake Noise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBrake Squel Elimination Replies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReading file. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReading file. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOperating Plan.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport of Committee on Express Bus Service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport of Committee on Economics of Service to New Areas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRapid Transit Way and Structure Matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProgress Report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and Development of Feeder Systems for Trolley Bus Operation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpecifications for Single-Section Tapered and High Strength Sectional Tubular Steel Poles.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvertising and behavior on buses.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRestructuring of the Public Relations Division.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAutomotive Safety Foundation Joint Committee with the IRT and the ATA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRobert L. Sommerville memorandum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the Urban Transit Mode.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRetirement gift for Eugene McCaul.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMotor Coach Interchange Materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMotor Coach Substitute Materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubstitute Materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMotor Coach Substitute Materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRoster.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolutions Governing the Activities of the ATA Divisions.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLegal opinions on loss and damages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBatteries rental or purchase.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRental batteries and bus rental.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePurchase and rental of batteries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHandling of new and repaired units.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePurchasing practices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterial Classification Guide. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterial Classification Guide. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInitial Stocking and Material Return Policy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExchange of Specifications.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTires.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTires. Also includes document from 1938 with list of transit companies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommittee on Problems of Automation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport of the Subcommittee on Fuels and Lubricants.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBatteries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommittee on Services for Profit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCooperation with the Mechnical Division.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReplies on the Handling of New and Repaired Parts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes.  Folder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRecommended Maintenance Procedure for Resilient Wheel D-1.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeetings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvisory Committee on Rail Cars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdvisory Committee on Rail Cars.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Short Cut Method of Transit Vehicle Selection for the Combined Rail and Bus Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSurvey of Changes in Duration and Frequency of Daily Services.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublic Relations Practices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA Measure of Bus Maintenance Productivity.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASA D15 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUSASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUSASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUSASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI Z16 Accident Standards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI Z16 Accident Standards. Appears to be a 1970s revision of the 1941 document.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI Z16 Accident Statistics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eANSI D18 Training of Automotive Mechanics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForm for Reporting Derailments.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReport on switch devices.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSafety in Track Construction and Maintenance Work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrolley Overhead Construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSurface, Subway, and High Speed Track Construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 5 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProper Locations for Bus Stops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMoving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting agenda.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting minutes (June 11, 1986).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrack Pavements Design, Construction, and Maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaintenance and Paving of Bridges.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrosion Inhibitors as Additives to Salt in Removal of Snow and Ice from Streets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDevelopment of Air-Entrained Concrete and Procedures for Its Use.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFunctional Design of Bus Garages.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUse of Chloride-Resisting Concrete in Street Railway Track Construction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaving of Loops, Operating Yards, and Railroad Crossings.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSnow and Ice Removal Distribution of Abrasive Materials.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesign and Construction of Bus Loops.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJoint Trackwork Electrical Design Guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eASAE Evaluation Report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAttendee Research.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDemand-Activated Systems (Dial-A-Ride).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChicago, Illinois, April 23-27, 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco, April 14-16, 1974.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSan Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 3 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 4 of 4.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 1 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 2 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 3 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 4 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 5 of 5.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eToronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWashington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 1 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFolder 2 of 2.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eState of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 1 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eState of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 2 of 3.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eState of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. 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project in Honolulu, Hawaii.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChicago Transit Authority Annual Report.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHonolulu of Tomorrow.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.","Series 1: Committees includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.  The composition of the committees typically included association staff and transit system managers.  The committees largely worked on issues related to equipment and finances with a smaller number devoted to legislation, marketing, and labor issues.  The committees and subcommittees overlap to some extent due to changes in the structure of the association and as a result of changes in transit priorities.  The folders date back to the 1908 and the American Electric Railway Transportation and Traffic Association, a precursor to ATA, but many of the folders consist of committee work from the 1970s.            ","Series 2: Meetings and Publications includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.  There is also correspondence and information on industry group meetings attended by APTA officials.  Officials attended local, national, and international conferences on planning, equipment, and management.  There are also files on meetings held by groups with APTA, such as the Rail Transit Group.  The organizational documents date from the 1920s, but many of the meeting files are from the 1960s and 1970s.             ","Series 3: Equipment, Finances, and Statistics is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.  In particular there are a large number of files on the testing and technical specifications about the Urban Rapid Rail Vehicle and Systems Program Advanced Concept Train, a joint project undertaken in the late 1970s by both APTA and the U.S. Department of Transportation.  The financial and statistical files overlap to some extent since there are many files on subjects such as fares and accident claims.  Other statistical files consist of data on route configurations and responses to questionnaires on a variety of topics, such as the use of tires.  Also found in this series are files on specific advisory and technology and advisory boards that existed within APTA.  The files in this series largely date from the 1940s through the 1980s.  ","Series 4: Legislation contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.  Many of files focus on the attempts by Congress to pass legislation in the 1970s to provide large-scale funding for transit by using revenue from the Highway Trust Fund, which was established in 1956 to finance the construction of the national interstate system. Documents include correspondence, congressional testimonies, drafts of bills, and reports.  There are also several folders that document efforts to fund transit at the state level.            ","Series 5: Labor consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.  In particular there are a large number of files on 13(c), a section of the Urban Mass Transportation Act that allowed unions to dispute federal funding for transit systems if they believed that workers would be adversely affected.  Another large group of documents found in this series are annual reports on wages and working conditions compiled from information sent in by transit system managers.  There are also some files on hiring practices and training.  The files largely date from the 1940s to the 1970s.         ","Series 6: Local Transit consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.  There is some overlap between the folders with city titles and the folders with state titles.  For instance, there may be some files on Boston found in the \"Massachusetts\" folder, but in general the folders with the city titles contain the bulk of the information on the transit systems in those particular cities.  For the most part, the clippings document the problems faced by the private transit companies following World War II, and some of the folders contain charts and tables on the transit company failures all across the United States.               ","Series 7: Oversize contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii. ","This series includes correspondence, meeting minutes, and reports created by various committees as well as some subcommittees in APTA and ATA.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Accumulation of Mileage Figures.","APTIST Program with Transit Casualty.","Plans for the annual meeting. Includes photographs of potential entertainment.","Economics of Use of Buses of Various Sizes.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Includes photographs of bus exterior, interior, and wheelchair lift .","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Information on Mail Questionnaires to Witnesses and Witness Cards used by Operators.","Accident - Sudden Illness of Operators.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Check List for Bus Driver Training.","Reports on Batteries.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Trolley Coaches.","Results of Modernization with Motor Buses.","A Guide to Supervisory Development.","Current Collection Equipment.","Conversion of Street Car Electric Line Facilities to Provide for Rubber Tires Vehicle Operation.","Rectifiers.","Trolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.","Motor Coach Headway Recorders.","Progress Report on Development of Motor Coach Headway Recorders.","Use of Carbon Insert Shoe Collectors on Street Cars.","Trolley Wire Wear and Brake Line Maintenance Performance.","Trolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.","Substitution of Mercury Arc Rectifiers for Rotating Power Conversion Equipment.","Electric Track Switch Circuits.","Trolley Coach Overhead Installation Costs.","Trolley Wire Wear and Breaks.","Trolley Coach and Streetcar Power Distribution Systems.","Electric Track Switches.","ASA Specifications for Tubular Steel Poles for Electric Line Construction.","Electric line poles and overhead construction manuals.","Catenary Overhead Construction.","Poles and overhead supply line manuals.","Trolley Coach Power Distribution Systems.","Federal Public Transportation Act of 1978.","Meeting minutes.","Executive Committee retreat.","ASAE Evaluation.","Role of APTA Vice Presidents.","Meeting packet.","Retreat and Meeting packet.","APTA Staff Analysis 1979 Action Agenda.","Discussions of Major Issues Facing APTA.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 1 of 3.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 2 of 3.","American Society of Association Executives APTA Evaluation. Folder 3 of 3.","Operating Subsidies. Folder 1 of 2.","Operating Subsidies. Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Folder 1 of 5.","Folder 2 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Rapid Transit Reference Manual.","Rapid Transit Reference Manual.","Rapid Transit Fare Structure and Collection Methods.","Transit Industry Internal Audit Department Directory.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Federal Transit Assistance.","Federal Transit Assistance.","Percy Amendment.","Percy Amendment.","H.R. 18185.","Testimony before Congress.","Testimony before Congress.","H.R. 16621.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Cleaning of Transit Vehicles.","Regrooving of Tires.","Recommended Practices for Proper Brake Maintenance.","Progress Report on Elimination of Brake Noise.","Brake Squel Elimination Replies.","Reading file. Folder 1 of 2.","Reading file. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Operating Plan.","Report of Committee on Express Bus Service.","Report of Committee on Economics of Service to New Areas.","Rapid Transit Way and Structure Matters.","Progress Report.","Design and Development of Feeder Systems for Trolley Bus Operation.","Specifications for Single-Section Tapered and High Strength Sectional Tubular Steel Poles.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Advertising and behavior on buses.","Restructuring of the Public Relations Division.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Automotive Safety Foundation Joint Committee with the IRT and the ATA.","Robert L. Sommerville memorandum.","Characteristics of the Urban Transit Mode.","Retirement gift for Eugene McCaul.","Motor Coach Interchange Materials.","Motor Coach Substitute Materials.","Substitute Materials.","Motor Coach Substitute Materials.","Roster.","Meeting minutes.","Resolutions Governing the Activities of the ATA Divisions.","Legal opinions on loss and damages.","Batteries rental or purchase.","Rental batteries and bus rental.","Purchase and rental of batteries.","Handling of new and repaired units.","Purchasing practices.","Material Classification Guide. Folder 1 of 2.","Material Classification Guide. Folder 2 of 2.","Initial Stocking and Material Return Policy.","Exchange of Specifications.","Tires.","Tires. Also includes document from 1938 with list of transit companies.","Committee on Problems of Automation.","Report of the Subcommittee on Fuels and Lubricants.","Batteries.","Committee on Services for Profit.","Cooperation with the Mechnical Division.","Replies on the Handling of New and Repaired Parts.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.","Meeting minutes.  Folder 2 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Recommended Maintenance Procedure for Resilient Wheel D-1.","Meetings.","Meetings.","Advisory Committee on Rail Cars.","Advisory Committee on Rail Cars.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes.","Correspondence. Folder 1 of 2.","Correspondence. Folder 2 of 2.","A Short Cut Method of Transit Vehicle Selection for the Combined Rail and Bus Company.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Survey of Changes in Duration and Frequency of Daily Services.","Public Relations Practices.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","A Measure of Bus Maintenance Productivity.","ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.","ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ANSI D7 Inspection Requirements.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","ASA D15 Accident Statistics.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","USASI D17 Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.","ANSI Z16 Accident Standards.","ANSI Z16 Accident Standards. Appears to be a 1970s revision of the 1941 document.","ANSI Z16 Accident Statistics.","ANSI D18 Training of Automotive Mechanics.","Form for Reporting Derailments.","Report on switch devices.","Safety in Track Construction and Maintenance Work.","Trolley Overhead Construction.","Surface, Subway, and High Speed Track Construction.","Folder 1 of 5.","Folder 2 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 4 of 5.","Folder 5 of 5.","Proper Locations for Bus Stops.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 1 of 3.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 2 of 3.","Reliability, Availability, and Maintenance Task Force. Folder 3 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 1 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 2 of 3.","Moving People Safely and Design Guidelines. Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Meeting minutes. Folder 1 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 2 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 3 of 4.","Meeting minutes. Folder 4 of 4.","Meeting agenda.","Meeting minutes (June 11, 1986).","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Track Pavements Design, Construction, and Maintenance.","Maintenance and Paving of Bridges.","Corrosion Inhibitors as Additives to Salt in Removal of Snow and Ice from Streets.","Development of Air-Entrained Concrete and Procedures for Its Use.","Functional Design of Bus Garages.","Use of Chloride-Resisting Concrete in Street Railway Track Construction.","Paving of Loops, Operating Yards, and Railroad Crossings.","Snow and Ice Removal Distribution of Abrasive Materials.","Design and Construction of Bus Loops.","Joint Trackwork Electrical Design Guidelines.","This series includes organizational documents such as the constitution, by-laws, annual reports, and press releases.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","ASAE Evaluation Report.","Attendee Research.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Demand-Activated Systems (Dial-A-Ride).","Chicago, Illinois, April 23-27, 1973.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 1 of 2.","San Francisco, April 14-16, 1974. Folder 2 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 2.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 1 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 2 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 3 of 4.","Washington, D.C., March 31-April 4, 1975. Folder 4 of 4.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 1 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 2 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 3 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 4 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976. Folder 5 of 5.","Toronto, Ontario, April 6-8, 1976.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 1 of 2.","Washington, D.C., June 28-30, 1977. Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 1 of 3.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 2 of 3.","State of the Art of Safety in Urban Mass Transportation. Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","27th Annual Conference.","Procedure manuals correspondence.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Procedure Manuals.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Escrow arrangement.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Executive Committee Meeting.","This is the largest series and consists of a wide range of topics on technical and financial issues.  The documents on equipment cover the various vehicles used by transit systems including streetcars, trolley coaches, motor buses, and trains.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Bulletin No. 56: Public Ownership and Operation of Electric Railways Part I United States.","APTA Evaluation Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Insurance and safety.","Loss of use while vehicle under repair.","Folder 1 of 7","Folder 2 of 7","Folder 3 of 7","Folder 4 of 7","Folder 5 of 7.","Folder 6 of 7.","Folder 7 of 7.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Bulletin No. 736.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","General Rules of Practice.","Rail.","Regulations of Motor Trucks.","Ruling on Trolley Buses.","General information.","Lists.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","ATA Reports.","Orientation Seminar. Folder 1 of 2.","Orientation Seminar. Folder 2 of 2.","Index of Expense Reporting Documentation.","IRT Committee.","Task I Report.","Task II Report.","Task V Industry Control Board Meeting.","Task IV Report. Folder 1 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 2 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 3 of 4.","Task IV Report. Folder 4 of 4.","Report.","Interim Task III Report.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Safety Review Panel for the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of the Oregon-Banfield Light Rail Project.","Report of the American Public Transit Association Panel of Inquiry for the July 10, 1985, Accident of the Red Line of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.","Report of the American Public Transit Association Panel of Inquiry for the Metro-Dade Transportation Administration.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Recording and Off the Job Injuries.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Photograph.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Car Equipment Liaison Board.","Fare Collection Reliability Liaison Board.","Fare Collection Reliability Program Liaison Board.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2","Folder 1 of 2","Folder 2 of 2","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","This series contains files on legislation, primarily federal, that impacted the transit industry.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 4 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","This series consists of reports, correspondence, and legislation on various labor and employment subjects.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 3 of 5.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 4.","Folder 2 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 3 of 4.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","This series consists of files on transit systems in cities and states in the U.S. as well as some files on international cities.  The files mostly consist of clippings sent in by transit system managers, but there are also maps, pamphlets, reports, and other documents in many of the folders.","Graphics and signs.","Exhibits of Latest Newspaper Ads and Photos of Signs in MTA Stations.","International Railway Company.","International Railway Company.","International Railway Company.","Includes maps of individual states and nationwide maps published by the American Map Company.","Includes maps of individual states and nationwide maps published by the American Map Company.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Plan of Reorganization of Grand Rapids Railroad Company.","Includes information on National City Lines. Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Readjustment of Traction Agreement Between the City of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Railways Company.","Transcript of Testimony of Dr. John Bauer on Madison Avenue Bus Operation.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 3.","Folder 2 of 3.","Folder 3 of 3.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Folder 1 of 2.","Folder 2 of 2.","Commuter Railroad Service in the National Capital Region.","This series contains some issues of the APTA publication Passenger Transport, and there are also two reports: one on the Chicago Transit Authority and another one a planning project in Honolulu, Hawaii.","Chicago Transit Authority Annual Report.","Honolulu of Tomorrow."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_faa1e60c83c8659f77ecdee0a39c2732\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The American Public Transportation Association records consist of material pertaining to the activities of APTA as well as both the American Transit Association (ATA) and the Institute for Rapid Transit (IRT). Types of materials in the collection include: memoranda, correspondence, reports, legislative information, industry-related information (such as brochures and technical reports), and membership information."],"names_coll_ssim":["American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","American Public Transportation Association","American Electric Railway Association","American Transit Association"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1799,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:39:04.209Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_14_c06_c285"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyoming County -- Biographical","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86"],"text":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86","Wyoming County -- Biographical","Box 86","Folder 10"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wyoming County -- Biographical","title_ssm":["Wyoming County -- Biographical"],"title_tesim":["Wyoming County -- Biographical"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1935-1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1935/1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wyoming County -- Biographical"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":941,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"containers_ssim":["Box 86","Folder 10"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#939","timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2760.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196806","title_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"title_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942","ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["ca. 1935-1942"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1850-1942"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760"],"text":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760","Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","West Virginia","African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans.","No special access restriction applies.","The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.","archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.","183, 454, 527","Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0454","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2760"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"collection_ssim":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["West Virginia"],"geogname_ssim":["West Virginia"],"creator_ssm":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creator_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"creators_ssim":["Federal Writers' Project"],"places_ssim":["West Virginia"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans  -- History -- Miscellanea","African Americans -- Segregation -- West Virginia","African Americans  -- West Virginia -- Monongalia County","African-Americans. SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. (109 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["45.6 Linear Feet 45 ft. 7 in. (109 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 flat storage box, 2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003earchives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Legacy Formats"],"odd_tesim":["archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026amp;M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e183, 454, 527\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["183, 454, 527"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six series in the collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026amp;M 183):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Barbour, boxes 1-4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n3. Boone, box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n5. Brooke, box 7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n7. Calhoun, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n8. Clay, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n12. Grant, box 20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n16. Hancock, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n17. Harrison, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n18. Jackson, box 25\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n21. Lewis, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n22. Lincoln, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n23. Logan, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n24. Marion, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n25. Marshall, box 31\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n26. Mason, boxes 31-36\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n29. Monongalia, box 46\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n31. McDowell, box 54\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n34. Pendleton, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n35. Pleasants, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n37. Preston, box 65\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n40. Randolph, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n41. Ritchie, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n42. Roane, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n43. Summers, boxes 72-75\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n46. Tyler, box 80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n48. Wayne, box 81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n49. Webster, boxes 81-83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n50. Wetzel, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n51. Wirt, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n52. Wood, boxes 84-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n53. Wyoming, box 86\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the County Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eresearch regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ephotographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eand information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the General Material Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ethree original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Folklore Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eremedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003elockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ean original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eoriginal and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Fact Book series contains:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in Fact Book--General include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etypescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003enewspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003earticle entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einterviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026amp;M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Writers' Project series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehistorical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Federal Writers' Project","Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of West Virginia"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:39:45.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c940"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c939","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wyoming County -- Commerce and Industry","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c939#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c939","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c939"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01_c939","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2760_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Writers' Program in West Virginia Records","Series 1. 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SEE ALSO Coal miners - African Americans.","No special access restriction applies.","The Writers Project was created in 1935 as part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA). Its purpose was to provide employment for historians, teachers, librarians, writers, and others with qualified skills. The field of assignment for those hired was usually confined to the locality of a writer's residence, although some assignments were for statewide subjects.","The objective of the project was to produce a series of sectional guide books under the name \"The American Guide\" focusing on the history, geography, and cultural and economic resources of the United States. Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942.","archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.","183, 454, 527","Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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Other topics of interest developed, however, and were added to the Project, such as urban and rural folklore, first person narratives or life histories, studies of the cultures of ethnic groups, and authentic narratives of ex-slaves.","The Writers Project became a casualty of World War II. The monies needed to meet the demands for defense were drained from the Writers Project, ending the program in 1942."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003earchives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Legacy Formats"],"odd_tesim":["archives and manuscripts; pamphlets; photographs / postcards / prints / etc."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026amp;M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Writers' Program in West Virginia Records, A\u0026M 0454, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e183, 454, 527\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["183, 454, 527"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six series in the collection:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePublished material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlthough most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eItems of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026amp;M 183):\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Barbour, boxes 1-4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n3. Boone, box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n5. Brooke, box 7\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n7. Calhoun, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n8. Clay, box 10\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n12. Grant, box 20\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n16. Hancock, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n17. Harrison, box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n18. Jackson, box 25\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n21. Lewis, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n22. Lincoln, box 29\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n23. Logan, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n24. Marion, box 30\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n25. Marshall, box 31\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n26. Mason, boxes 31-36\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026amp;M 183)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n29. Monongalia, box 46\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n31. McDowell, box 54\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n34. Pendleton, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n35. Pleasants, box 59\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n37. Preston, box 65\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n40. Randolph, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n41. Ritchie, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n42. Roane, box 71\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n43. Summers, boxes 72-75\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n46. Tyler, box 80\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n48. Wayne, box 81\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n49. Webster, boxes 81-83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n50. Wetzel, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n51. Wirt, box 83\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n52. Wood, boxes 84-86\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\n53. Wyoming, box 86\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEach county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the County Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eresearch regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ephotographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eand information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeneral Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the General Material Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ethree original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Folklore Series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eremedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003elockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eomens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ean original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eoriginal and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Fact Book series contains:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in Fact Book--General include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etypescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ea typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eseveral transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003enewspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003earticle entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einterviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAdditional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026amp;M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNotable items in the Writers' Project series include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003einformation pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ehistorical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003etranscript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers created by the Writers' Program in West Virginia (ca. 1935-1942), a part of the Federal Works Progress Administration (WPA).  For more information regarding this Program, please see the Biographical / Historical Note.","The Writers' Program collection is arranged into series established on the basis of topics. This topical arrangement simply emerged from the documentation resulting from the subject-based research assignments delegated to the writers.","There are six series in the collection:","Series 1. Counties, Boxes 1-86 \nSeries 2. General Material, Boxes 87-89 \nSeries 3. Folklore by County, Boxes 89-91 \nSeries 4. Harpers Ferry, Boxes 92-93 \nSeries 5. Fact Book, Boxes 93-103 \nSeries 6. Writers Project, Boxes 103-108 \nSeries 7. Oversize, Box 109","The Counties series, the largest series in the collection, includes material focused on the following topics:  natural setting, points of interest, places and place names, early life and occupations, the people, history, Civil War history, biographical sketches, transportation and communication, commerce and industry, cultural and social advances, county government, education, religion, annual events, permanent organizations, and folklore.  Other series in the collection cover many additional topics.","The sources accessed by the writers for their research include: interviews and eyewitness accounts, court records, governmental records, church and cemetery records, family records, and school records. The personnel of local historical societies, educational institutions, governmental agencies, and community organizations were consulted for information as well. In some cases the personal memories and observations of the writers were used as source material. Much of the material in the collection includes cover sheets that indicate sources. The resulting quantity and quality of research and writing varies within the collection.","Published material consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes: newspapers, magazines, journals, bulletins, pamphlets, booklets, high school yearbooks, surveys, business and industry statistics, textbooks, blue books, encyclopedias, and atlases.","Unpublished material, or archives and manuscripts, consulted and transcribed by the Writers' Program includes letters, telegrams, diaries, photographs, transcripts of interviews, and narratives.","Although most material consists of transcriptions, some original documents can be found in the collection as well, both published and unpublished.","Items of special interest include originals and transcripts of letters from the Civil War period in the General Material series. The Harpers Ferry series includes several firsthand accounts regarding the Ferry's rich history, including John Brown's 1859 raid and the Civil War.","The West Virginia County series includes records for 53 of the state's 55 counties, excluding Mineral and Morgan Counties (Mineral County records are in A\u0026M 183):","1. Barbour, boxes 1-4 \n2. Berkeley, boxes 4-5 \n3. Boone, box 5 \n4. Braxton, boxes 6-7 \n5. Brooke, box 7 \n6. Cabell, boxes 7-10 \n7. Calhoun, box 10 \n8. Clay, box 10 \n9. Doddridge, boxes 10-14 \n10. Fayette, boxes 14-16 \n11. Gilmer, boxes 16-20 \n12. Grant, box 20 \n13. Greenbrier, boxes 21-22 \n14. Hardy, boxes 22-23 \n15. Hampshire, box 23 (see also A\u0026M 183) \n16. Hancock, box 24 \n17. Harrison, box 24 \n18. Jackson, box 25 \n19. Jefferson, boxes 25-27 \n20. Kanawha, boxes 28-29 \n21. Lewis, box 29 \n22. Lincoln, box 29 \n23. Logan, box 30 \n24. Marion, box 30 \n25. Marshall, box 31 \n26. Mason, boxes 31-36 \n27. Mercer, boxes 37-42 \nxx. Mineral (in A\u0026M 183) \n28. Mingo, boxes 43-45 \n29. Monongalia, box 46 \n30. Monroe, boxes 47-53 \n31. McDowell, box 54 \n32. Nicholas, boxes 55-57 \n33. Ohio, boxes 57-58 \n34. Pendleton, box 59 \n35. Pleasants, box 59 \n36. Pocahontas, boxes 60-64 \n37. Preston, box 65 \n38. Putnam, boxes 65-67 \n39. Raleigh, boxes 68-70 \n40. Randolph, box 71 \n41. Ritchie, box 71 \n42. Roane, box 71 \n43. Summers, boxes 72-75 \n44. Taylor, boxes 76-77 \n45. Tucker, boxes 78-80 \n46. Tyler, box 80 \n47. Upshur, boxes 80-81 \n48. Wayne, box 81 \n49. Webster, boxes 81-83 \n50. Wetzel, box 83 \n51. Wirt, box 83 \n52. Wood, boxes 84-86 \n53. Wyoming, box 86","Each county in Series 1 contains records documenting some or all of the following 18 topics:","1. Natural Setting. Includes: photographs, clippings, recordings of personal observations, interviews, geological surveys, information from county government nurseries, and the West Virginia Blue book, describing the topography, wild life, terrain, and botanical characteristics of counties.","2. Points of Interest. Includes: narratives and research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, clippings, photographs, maps, and magazine articles regarding subjects deemed to have special significance in the counties such as historic houses, businesses, parks, public buildings, markers, forts, memorials, Native American burial mounds, and battlefields.","3. Places and Places Names. Includes: clippings, narratives, statistics, and histories regarding the naming of cities, towns, communities, and geographic features in the counties.","4. Early Life and Occupations. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, narratives, oral histories, photographs, and illustrations documenting the lives of the first white settlers. Most occupations focused on survival and involved farming, hunting, and fur trading. There are also several narratives recording the relationships between the settlers and the Native Americans.","5. The People. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, census records, and magazine articles among other materials, regarding the diversity and ancestry of past and present residents in the counties, including documentation of their races, nationalities, religions, and cultures.","6. History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, muster lists, poll records, oral histories, photographs, clippings, maps, and archeological information regarding the history of the counties, usually beginning with the \"aborigines\" or native inhabitants, the first European settlers, and the relationships between the two cultures, including conflicts; and establishment of county governments and commerce under colonial rule, and later as part of an independent nation. There is also information pertaining to local citizen involvement in battles and wars such as The French and Indian War (1755-1763), Dunmore's War (1774), The American Revolution (1775-1783), The War of 1812 (1812-1814), The Mexican-American War (1846-48), The Spanish -American War (1898), and The First World War (1917-1918).","7. Civil War History. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, muster rolls, causality lists, correspondence, interviews, personal memoirs, photographs, songs, and poems pertaining to the involvement of county residents, both Union and Confederate, in the \"War Between the States\", including accounts of battles, skirmishes, and related events, mostly in the West Virginia and Virginia region.","8. Biographical Sketches. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, clippings, narratives, and photographs regarding notable citizens of the counties.","9. Transportation and Communication. Includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers Program staff, photographs, surveys, maps, clippings, schedules, statistical charts, transcripts of court records, deeds, and contracts recording the history and development of transportation infrastructure, including roadways, bridges, railroads, waterways, and airfields in the counties, including the introduction of new modes of transportation. There is also information regarding the history and progress of communication technology such as the pony express mail delivery, the telegraph, telephones, radio, airmail delivery, and newspapers.","10. Commerce and Industry. Includes: photographs, clippings, ephemera, statistics, geological surveys, transcripts of mine reports, and biographies of entrepreneurs regarding the major industries of the counties such as mining, oil and natural gas drilling, and the processing and transportation of coal and timber. There are also histories of once successful enterprises, including grain and lumber mills, iron ore producers, glass factories, and potteries.","11. Cultural and Social Advances. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazines articles, correspondence, ephemera, and narratives regarding museums, literary activities and libraries, the arts and theater, medical and health resources, and benevolent organizations.","12. County Government. Includes: memoirs, historical narratives, and other material regarding the formation of the counties and their governments; the location of courthouses; the establishment of laws and statutes, law enforcement, and a judicial system; and New Deal infrastructure projects. There are also transcripts of census records, and of court records such as taxes, wills, deeds, and election results.","13. Education. Includes: research reports and narratives collected and prepared by Writers' Program staff, newspaper clippings, class schedules, school enrollments, records of Boards of Education, and photographs regarding the histories, curriculums, facilities, and faculties of county public (\"free\") grade schools, high schools, private and parochial schools, trade schools, colleges, and West Virginia University. In addition there is information pertaining to several \"Negro\" or segregated schools and colleges.","14. Religion. Includes: narratives, research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff; photographs; correspondence; ephemera; and transcripts of church, court, and cemetery records. The bulk of the information pertains to the history of individual Christian churches, regional circuit riders, local clergy, denominations, church buildings, and church schools. There is also material regarding the local African-American churches such as the A.M.E. (the African Methodist Episcopal) church.","15. Annual Events. Includes: newspaper clippings, magazine articles, narratives, calendars, photographs, and ephemera documenting yearly festivals, fairs, contests, parades, jubilees, concerts, and galas among other traditional celebrations in the counties.","16. Permanent Organizations. Includes: narratives, newspaper clippings, and directories documenting clubs, charity groups, councils, associations, societies, lodges and other assemblages such as county historical societies, 4-H clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Kiwanis, the Rotary Club, YMCA, YWCA, Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross.","17. Correspondence. Includes: letters, telegrams, memoranda, reports, and assignment sheets with notes and comments recording communications between Writers' Program supervisors, writers, public officials, and local citizens.","18. Folklore. Includes: transcripts of stories and interviews, newspaper and magazines articles, autograph and scrapbook verses, remedies, recipes, song lyrics, and square dance calls, among other materials. The information documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions, and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, omens, and superstitions.","Notable items in the County Series include:","information regarding Native American burial grounds and artifacts (located in Marshall County, box 31, folders 5 and 6);","a narrative explaining how the dispute over the location of the courthouse in Beverly was settled with a game of horseshoes (located in Randolph County, box 71, folder 3);","research regarding the history of transportation along the Ohio River and its tributaries, including the modes used by Native Americans and early European traders, and Ohio River lock schedules and shipping records for 1926-1936 (located in Mason County, box 33, folders 5 and 8);","a transcript of a 1776 \"Petition of the Dissenters of the Tuscarora Congregation in Berkeley County\" addressed to the \"House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Virginia\" regarding the recent \"deliverance from British oppression\" and a request to suspend the Ecclesiastic Establishment (located in box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of several diary entries, 1861/April to 1864/July, authored by Sue N. Riddle, a parishioner of the Presbyterian Church at Martinsburg regarding local Civil War battles, army occupations, involvement of churches in the area, destruction of property, and the arrest of local resident Andrew Hunter (the prosecutor in John Brown's trail) by the Federal Army (located in Berkeley County, box 4, folder 6);","a transcript of an eyewitness account pertaining to the formation of the Monroe Guard (Company D, 27th Virginia, Stonewall Brigade), and a transcript of a letter from Lieutenant John Tiffany of the Monroe Guard to his parents in Monroe County, West Virginia, describing the Battle of Chancellorsville (Tiffany was killed seven weeks later at Gettysburg) (located in Monroe County, box 50, folder 3);","several photographs of industrial sites and workers in southern West Virginia, ca. 1890-1930 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 2);","photographs documenting railroad structures, workers, trains, and passenger travel, ca. 1888-1940 (located in Mercer County, box 40, folder 7);","several copies of \"The White Sulphur Springs Echo\" and the \"Lee Week Herald\", ca. 1932-1937, recording events celebrating Confederate General Robert E. Lee and his three post-war holidays at White Sulphur Springs, 1867-1869, including facsimiles of original newsletters from ca. 1870s (located in Greenbrier County, box 22, folder 3);","and information regarding colonial pottery and artisans, such as \"Master\" Foulke and his apprentice, John Thompson (samples of their unique works and tools are in the Smithsonian Museum) (located in Monongalia County, box 46, folder 9).","Includes two original manuscript drafts that were submitted with the editors' comments for Chapter 4: The People, of The History of Monroe County.","General Material includes information related to West Virginia culture such as music, folklore, history, literature, education, artisans, and points of interest. There are also photographs and information regarding Smoke Hole in Pendleton County, and narratives pertaining to \"old characters\" of West Virginia, some of which were published in \"Mountain State Tintype\", a Writers' Program collaboration. The materials in this series include: correspondence, transcripts of court records, transcripts of interviews, poems, songs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, narratives, editorial essays, and publications.","Notable items in the General Material Series include:","a transcript of Colonel (rank of Captain at the time) Charles Lewis' journal entries of 1756/October-November, recording a march of the Virginia Rangers with Colonel George Washington to the Patterson Creek Valley (now Mineral County), an area heavily attacked by native Americans during the French and Indian War (located in box 87, folder 8);","several transcripts of Civil War letters from both Confederate and Union soldiers involved in numerous battles of the war (some letters also broke the news to families of the wounding and death of loved ones involved in the battles) (located in box 87, folder 8);","three original letters, including an 1861 love letter, an 1861 letter authored by make-up artist and mimic Shannon Butcher, and an 1865 letter from Confederate prisoner of war Stephen Points Jr. in Fort Delaware to Miss Artie Pribble of Wirt County (located in box 88, folder 8).","This series documents West Virginia's local cultures, traditions and lore handed down through generations such as ghost stories, legends of local heroes, treatment for physical ailments, \"tokens\" or omens, war songs, love songs and hymns, memory book verses and tombstone inscriptions, and games (including \"Go to the Mill\" and \"Steal Partners\", played during social gatherings such as \"Molasses Boilin's\" and \"Apple Cutting\" parties). The materials in this series include: transcripts of interviews, narratives, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, poems, remedies, recipes, lyrics of songs and ballads, square dance calls, games, omens and superstitions, and seasonal customs.","Notable items in the Folklore Series include:","remedy for sore and sprained muscles (\"apply coal oil, with a chicken feather, no other kind of feather would do, on affected parts\") (located in box 90, folder 2);","lockjaw prevention (\"if anyone has a puncture wound from a nail, grease the nail and carry it in their pocket until healed, they will never have lockjaw\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"combings of hair carefully burned lest some bird finds it and builds it into its nest, in which event the person from whose head the hair came would suffer with headache until the fledglings left the nest\") (located in box 91, folder 5);","omens and superstitions (\"take a hoe or spade into the house and a member of the family will die within the year; trim your toenails on Good Friday and you will not have toothache\") (located in box 91, folder 6);","a narrative regarding traditional gatherings called \"workings\", usually involving an act of \"neighborliness\" by the surrounding neighbors helping each other with such tasks as barn raising, harvesting, quilting, and \"putting up\" food for storage (located in box 91, folder 9).","This series documents historical events such as John Brown's raid, Civil War battles and skirmishes, and the harassment and arrests of local citizens by occupying armies. There are also items regarding the striking geographical setting of the Harpers Ferry area and its culture. The materials in the series include: narratives, letters, eyewitness accounts, newspaper clippings, poems, and research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' program staff.","There are several narratives written by Jennie Chambers (ca. 1845-1907) recording events involving Jennie and her family, who lived on Bolivar Heights above Harpers Ferry. These include Jennie's firsthand accounts of:","1. John Brown's raid (located in box 92, folders 5a and 5c, including photocopies of Jennie Chamber's full account as printed in Harper's Monthly, 1902; folders 6a-photocopy and 6c-original newspaper clipping relating an excerpt of Jennie's story);","2. the seizing of the United States Armory by the Virginia militia after the State's secession, and her father's arrest for refusing to yield the armory to the rebels (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, 9c-original document);","3. a heroic episode in 1861 when Jennie, running before the enemy, warned Union pickets of approaching Confederate cavalry (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document);","4. Jennie's description of the frightening experience of hiding with her family in their cellar in the midst of the shelling by Stonewall Jackson's artillery during the September 15, 1862 attack, and her amazement of the soldiers' conduct after the Federal surrender (located in box 92, folders 9a-photocopy, 9b-transcript, and 9c-original document).","There are also records documenting events before and after the Civil War, such as a transcript of an 1847 letter from William Shipman of Jefferson County, a United States Army soldier fighting in the Mexican War, regarding the orders from Washington to split up Zachary Taylor's Army (located in box 92, folders 2a-photocopy, and 2b-transcript).","Other notable items in the Harpers Ferry series include:","a transcript of a 1914 interview with John Thomas Allstadt, who was taken hostage by John Brown's raiders in 1859 (Allstadt, 18 years old at the time, was held with his father and others as hostages in the engine house at Harpers Ferry. His eyewitness account of the two day ordeal includes descriptions of the Marines charging the engine house and the capture of John Brown.) (located in box 92, folders 6a-photocopies, 6b-transcripts, and 6c-original clipping);","an original 1895 letter from Kate Field to Mrs. Lightner regarding Miss Field's choice of the property on Bolivar Heights for the relocation of John Brown's Fort (The fort had been targeted for demolition after being on exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and Kate Field raised both public awareness and funds to rescue the fort.) (located in box 92, folders 8a- photocopy and transcript, 8b-original);","a narrative relating the last minute reprieve of three Union deserters as they faced a firing squad on Camp Hill, Harpers Ferry (located in box 92, folders 10a-photocopy, 10b-transcript, 10c-original document);","original and transcripts of letters regarding three brothers, Samuel, Collin and Charles Noland, all Confederate soldiers (Two brothers were POWs at Fort Delaware and one brother was mortally wounded soon after writing to his mother from camp on 20 September 1863.) (located in box 92, folders 11a-photocopies, 11b-transcripts, and 11c-original).","The Fact Book series contains:","1. Fact Book--General, boxes 93-98\n2. Fact Book--Manuscript of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\", boxes 99-100\n3. Fact Book--African-Americans, boxes 100-103","The materials in this series includes: research reports collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff, narratives, inventories, geological studies, transcripts of government reports and records, correspondence, maps, magazine articles, illustrations, bibliographies, statistics, ephemera, graphs, clippings, bibliographies, manuscripts, newsletters, transcripts of court records, newspaper articles, editorials, and interviews.","1. \"Fact Book--General\" includes material regarding several topics that are also listed in the Counties series, however this material relates to the State. There is also information pertaining to agriculture, architecture, sports and recreation, coal, labor and miners, federal and state government, courts, public health and other services, Revolutionary War records, West Virginia authors, Greeks and Lithuanians in West Virginia, covered bridges, geology and geography, and newspapers published in West Virginia.","Notable items in Fact Book--General include:","typescripts of the 1795-1800 Kentucky and Virginia boundary line settlement, and excerpts from 1870 United States Supreme Court Reports regarding the transfer of Jefferson and Berkeley Counties from Virginia to West Virginia (located in box 95, folder 1);","a typescript of the 1919 report from a commission appointed by West Virginia Governor Cornwell regarding the charges by coal miners against coal operators (the coal operators were accused of employing armed guards and posting them in the Guyan field of Logan County to physically assault and intimidate miners) (located in box 95, folder 6).","2. \"Fact Book--Manuscript\" includes a set of typescripts for \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","3. \"Factbook--African-Americans\" contains materials from ca. 1815-1942 documenting African-Americans in West Virginia, including records regarding slavery, abolition, and antebellum laws. There are also biographies of several prominent individuals, and information regarding educational institutions, organizations, and rural life.","Notable materials in Fact Book--African-Americans include:","several transcripts of county court records regarding slavery, such as wills claiming slaves as chattel (for delivery to a new owner \"forever\"), declarations of emancipation, bills of sale for slaves, records regarding the use of slaves as payment to settle debts, and indictments of \"free negroes\" on various charges (many of whom were charged with remaining in the Commonwealth of Virginia after manumission);","transcripts of articles and editorials, ca. 1814-1860, from western Virginia newspapers addressing several issues regarding slavery such as expansion into the territories of the western United States, abolition of slavery, treatment of freemen, and reactions to Harriet Beecher Stowe's \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\";","newspaper article regarding an attempt by slave traders to kidnap a free African-American in Wellsville, reported 1858/7/17 in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer (located in box 100, folder 3);","article entitled \"Slave Trade Horrors\" reporting the capture by authorities of a slave trade vessel off the Virginia coast (out of 120 slaves on board all but two were age eleven or younger) reported 1841/12/4 in The Kanawha Republican (located in box 100, folder 3);","transcripts of newspaper articles and editorials from western Virginia newspapers regarding John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry, the raiders' trials, their executions, and the reactions of Virginians, the deep south, and northern states (located in box 100, folder 4 and box 103, folder 1);","interviews, narratives, and research reports regarding successful and prominent African-Americans in West Virginia (ca. 1900-1942) such as John Warren Davis, President of West Virginia State College (located in box 100, folder 5);","transcript of the Virginia Court of Appeals decision regarding a challenge to a deceased slave-owner's Will (The Will declared his slaves were to be allowed to choose either freedom or to remain enslaved to a new master. The court ruled against the last request of the deceased and in favor of the executor of the Will, claiming the African-Americans were not capable of making such a decision and therefore were to stay in bondage.) (located in box 100, folder 8).","Includes records related to publication of \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\". Includes correspondence, narratives, research reports, and forms collected and prepared by the Writers' Program staff. Correspondence is between federal and state offices of the Writers Program, government officials, local chambers of commerce, national and state publications and newspapers, prominent historian Dr. Roy Bird Cook (located in box 104, folder 6), and West Virginia University professors such as Louis Chappell and Maurice Brooks, among others (located in box 104, folders 1-5). Several of the narratives are in a traveling tour format, recording directions, locations, and information pertaining to points of interest throughout the state. There are also drafts, final manuscripts, and galleys for \"A Guide to the Mountain State\". Also includes magazine articles, newspaper clippings, statistics, chemical analyses, photographs, manuscripts, and illustrations related to publication of the \"West Virginia, A Guide to the Mountain State\".","Additional administrative records for the Writers' Program in West Virginia can be found in A\u0026M 527, West Virginia University, WPA Writers Project, Records, at this repository.","Notable items in the Writers' Project series include:","information pertaining to mineral springs such as White Sulphur Springs, Salt Springs, Capon Springs, and Old Sweet Springs, among others (located in box 103, folder 4);","historical narratives regarding the first telephone service in West Virginia, and the introduction of the first night-train travel service by Henry G. Davis (both items located in box 103, folder 9);","transcripts of correspondence (1747-1754) between The Board of Trade and Plantations and the Royal Governors of the Colony Of Virginia regarding French encroachment and Indian attacks in the English colony's territory, including a 1754 letter from Governor Dinwiddie reporting \"Mr. Washington's\" observations during his recent expedition to the western Virginia territory (located in box 104, folder 9);","transcripts of excerpts from the 1743-1748 journals of Moravian missionaries Leonard Schnell, Robert Hussey, Matthias Gottschalk, Joseph Spangenberg, and Matthew Reutz during their travels through northwestern Virginia (Patterson Creek and South Branch) down the Shenandoah Valley to Georgia, recording their observations of the wilderness and reactions to their ministries (located in box 104, folder 11);","transcript of a proclamation from Virginia's Royal Lt. Governor Gooch, warning settlers that \"... Itinerant Preachers have...crept into this Colony...those corrupters of our Faith and true religion to propagate their shocking doctrines...\" (located in box 104, folder 11).","Includes oversize material transferred from other record series. Includes: publications related to Greenbrier County and White Sulphur Springs transferred from box 22, folder 3."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. 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