{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University\u0026page=55","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University\u0026page=54","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University\u0026page=56","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University\u0026page=79"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":55,"next_page":56,"prev_page":54,"total_pages":79,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":540,"total_count":788,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club, 1923/2010","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains directories, programs, and scrapbooks related to the Fortnightly Study Group White was a member of.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","parent_ssim":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_284"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club","title_ssm":["Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club"],"title_tesim":["Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club, 1923/2010"],"text":["Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club, 1923/2010","Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010","This series contains directories, programs, and scrapbooks related to the Fortnightly Study Group White was a member of."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1923/2010"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1923-2010"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":2,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains directories, programs, and scrapbooks related to the Fortnightly Study Group White was a member of.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains directories, programs, and scrapbooks related to the Fortnightly Study Group White was a member of."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_284","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_284.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/284","title_filing_ssi":"White, Edith R.","title_ssm":["Edith R. White Papers"],"title_tesim":["Edith R. White Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1923-2010, undated","Date acquired: 09/10/2010"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1923-2010, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/10/2010"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1923/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"text":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010","MG 109","/repositories/5/resources/284","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Women--Societies and clubs","African Americans--Civil rights","Women in community organization--Virginia","Open to researchers without restrictions.","An addition to the collection was received in January 2016.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club; Series II: Women of Norfolk; Series III: Norfolk Story League; and Series IV: Other Organizations.","Edith R. White was born in New Jersey in November 4, 1923. Upon graduating from Vassar College, she became a member of the U.S. Navy's WAVES, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. For her first operation with WAVES, she trained in cryptography, specifically breaking Japanese codes, and worked in Washington DC. Her second appointment was at Sampson Hospital, a tuberculosis hospital in New York, where she met her husband, Forrest. Shortly after their marriage, they moved first to California for some time, bringing their first child into the world, then to Richmond where Edith gave birth to another child, thenceforth moving to, and settling in Norfolk until this day.","Norfolk had a vastly different political setting than Edith's previous residences. There were on-going issues not only involving racial segregation, but also women's rights. Edith previously had black officers in the Navy and black friends in college, and she believed that this was no way for anyone to live, let alone her children. Being the natural born fighter for civil rights that she was, Edith decided to get involved with as many activist groups that she could. Such groups were the League of Women Voters, Women's Interracial Council, American Association of University Women, and the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, the latter of which Forrest White would become president.","Note written by James Detterman","The finding aid was created by James Detterman in February 2014.","Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5); Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers (MG 96); Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).","Oral Histories in the Perry Library: Edith White","The Edith R. White collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia. Some of the organizational materials contained in the collection include the Fortnightly Study Club, Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation, and the Norfolk Story League.","An oral history interview with Edith R. White can be fournd in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia.","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League","White, Edith R. (1923-)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"collection_ssim":["Edith R. White Papers, 1923/2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 109","/repositories/5/resources/284"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 109","/repositories/5/resources/284"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["White, Edith R. (1923-)"],"creator_ssim":["White, Edith R. (1923-)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["White, Edith R. (1923-)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League"],"creators_ssim":["White, Edith R. (1923-)","ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Edith R. White","Gift. Accession #A2010-20"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--Societies and clubs","African Americans--Civil rights","Women in community organization--Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--Societies and clubs","African Americans--Civil rights","Women in community organization--Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.80 Linear Feet","3 Holinger document cases and 3 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["4.80 Linear Feet","3 Holinger document cases and 3 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAn addition to the collection was received in January 2016.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["An addition to the collection was received in January 2016."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club; Series II: Women of Norfolk; Series III: Norfolk Story League; and Series IV: Other Organizations.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: The Fortnightly Study Club; Series II: Women of Norfolk; Series III: Norfolk Story League; and Series IV: Other Organizations."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdith R. White was born in New Jersey in November 4, 1923. Upon graduating from Vassar College, she became a member of the U.S. Navy's WAVES, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. For her first operation with WAVES, she trained in cryptography, specifically breaking Japanese codes, and worked in Washington DC. Her second appointment was at Sampson Hospital, a tuberculosis hospital in New York, where she met her husband, Forrest. Shortly after their marriage, they moved first to California for some time, bringing their first child into the world, then to Richmond where Edith gave birth to another child, thenceforth moving to, and settling in Norfolk until this day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNorfolk had a vastly different political setting than Edith's previous residences. There were on-going issues not only involving racial segregation, but also women's rights. Edith previously had black officers in the Navy and black friends in college, and she believed that this was no way for anyone to live, let alone her children. Being the natural born fighter for civil rights that she was, Edith decided to get involved with as many activist groups that she could. Such groups were the League of Women Voters, Women's Interracial Council, American Association of University Women, and the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, the latter of which Forrest White would become president.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by James Detterman\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Edith R. White was born in New Jersey in November 4, 1923. Upon graduating from Vassar College, she became a member of the U.S. Navy's WAVES, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service. For her first operation with WAVES, she trained in cryptography, specifically breaking Japanese codes, and worked in Washington DC. Her second appointment was at Sampson Hospital, a tuberculosis hospital in New York, where she met her husband, Forrest. Shortly after their marriage, they moved first to California for some time, bringing their first child into the world, then to Richmond where Edith gave birth to another child, thenceforth moving to, and settling in Norfolk until this day.","Norfolk had a vastly different political setting than Edith's previous residences. There were on-going issues not only involving racial segregation, but also women's rights. Edith previously had black officers in the Navy and black friends in college, and she believed that this was no way for anyone to live, let alone her children. Being the natural born fighter for civil rights that she was, Edith decided to get involved with as many activist groups that she could. Such groups were the League of Women Voters, Women's Interracial Council, American Association of University Women, and the Norfolk Committee for Public Schools, the latter of which Forrest White would become president.","Note written by James Detterman"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Edith R. White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Edith R. White Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was created by James Detterman in February 2014.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was created by James Detterman in February 2014."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eForrest P. White Papers (MG 5); Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers (MG 96); Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral Histories in the Perry Library: \u003cextref href=\"http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/oralhistory/id/426/rec/41\"\u003eEdith White\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5); Forrest R. \"Hap\" White Papers (MG 96); Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).","Oral Histories in the Perry Library: Edith White"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Edith R. White collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia. Some of the organizational materials contained in the collection include the Fortnightly Study Club, Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation, and the Norfolk Story League.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn oral history interview with Edith R. White can be fournd in the \u003cextref href=\"https://cdm17158.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/search/searchterm/white%2C%20edith!edith%20white/field/creato!all/mode/exact!all/conn/and!all\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Edith R. White collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia. Some of the organizational materials contained in the collection include the Fortnightly Study Club, Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation, and the Norfolk Story League.","An oral history interview with Edith R. White can be fournd in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_003d0dac00ea401c64cbeeb8d3bfec7c\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains of a variety of documents relating to women's activism and educational activity in the city of Norfolk, Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League"],"names_coll_ssim":["Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League"],"persname_ssim":["White, Edith R. (1923-)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation (Norfolk, Va.)","Church Women United","Fortnightly Study Club (Norfolk, Va.)","Norfolk Story League","White, Edith R. (1923-)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":42,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_284_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Admissions and Procedures, 1893/1973","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series includes records related to admissions and procedures at the Florence Crittenton Home. Some of these records include delivery room registers, house rules, handbooks, and population records. The delivery room registers are restricted to individuals named in the registers.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","parent_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_40"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Admissions and Procedures","title_ssm":["Series IV: Admissions and Procedures"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Admissions and Procedures"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Admissions and Procedures, 1893/1973"],"text":["Series IV: Admissions and Procedures, 1893/1973","Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978","This series includes records related to admissions and procedures at the Florence Crittenton Home. Some of these records include delivery room registers, house rules, handbooks, and population records. The delivery room registers are restricted to individuals named in the registers."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1893/1973"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1893-1973, undated"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":173,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":18,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to researchers with two exceptions. Boxes 5-12a are permanently closed to the researcher because they contain sensitive employee and personnel records. Secondly, delivery room registers are closed to all patrons except those mentioned in the records because they are health records. Please note that the last names of all mothers and children born at Florence Crittenton Home have been redacted from the records."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series includes records related to admissions and procedures at the Florence Crittenton Home. Some of these records include delivery room registers, house rules, handbooks, and population records. The delivery room registers are restricted to individuals named in the registers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series includes records related to admissions and procedures at the Florence Crittenton Home. Some of these records include delivery room registers, house rules, handbooks, and population records. The delivery room registers are restricted to individuals named in the registers."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_40","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_40.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/40","title_filing_ssi":"Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk","title_ssm":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records"],"title_tesim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1891-1978, undated","Date acquired: 01/13/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1891-1978, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 01/13/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1978"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"text":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978","MG 13","/repositories/5/resources/40","Florence Crittenton Homes Association--History","National Florence Crittenton Mission","Teenage pregnancy","Unmarried mothers--United States--History","Maternity homes--United States--History","Unmarried mothers--Services for--United States--History","Collection is open to researchers with two exceptions. Boxes 5-12a are permanently closed to the researcher because they contain sensitive employee and personnel records. Secondly, delivery room registers are closed to all patrons except those mentioned in the records because they are health records. Please note that the last names of all mothers and children born at Florence Crittenton Home have been redacted from the records.","The collection is divided into eighteen series: Series I: History, General; Series II: History, Financial; Series III: History, Payroll; Series IV: Admissions and Procedures; Series V: Studies and Reports; Series VI: State Licensing Procedure; Series VII: Office Procedures; Series VIII: Records of the President; Series IX: Records of the Treasurer; Series X: Records of the Board; Series XI: Committees and Supporting Agencies; Series XII: Grants and Consultant Services; Series XIII: Memorials and Testimonials; Series XIV: Closing of the Home; Series XV: Correspondence; Series XVI: Miscellaneous; Series XVII: Scrapbooks and Photographs; and Series XVIII: Memorabilia.","The Florence Crittenton Association of America (FCAA) began in New York City in 1883. Mr. Charles Nelson Crittenton was a wealthy wholesale druggist whose four-year-old daughter, Florence, died in 1882. Six months later, on April 19, 1883, he opened the Florence Night Mission at 29 Bleeker Street as a memorial to her. Intended initially to help the prostitutes of that city escape from that lifestyle, its scope was gradually enlarged to include other women needing help. The name was changed to The Florence Crittenton Mission, and Congress gave its approval when, by a special act in 1893, it passed its articles of incorporation.","The Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk was certainly among the earliest ones found in this country. In 1891, Mrs. R. H. Jones, the president of the Virginia Women's Christian Temperance Union befriended one unwed mother in Norfolk. This action, in turn, was followed by the establishment of a little two-room house in the Huntersville area, which was later closed when a five-room area was located in the Brambleton area of the city. These two homes were both known as \"The White Anchorage.\"","At the 1893 National W.C.T.U. Conference in Denver, the Norfolk Chapter gave a report of its work and Mr. Crittenton was so impressed that he contributed one thousand dollars to aid their effort. As a result, the name of the Home was changed to Florence Crittenton and it was incorporated as such in Virginia in 1894.","Largely because of Mr. Crittenton's strenuous efforts in support of this new service, many Crittenton Homes were soon opened throughout the country. At first, these homes were also designed as \"Rescue Homes\" but the scope of services, particularly after World War I, gradually shifted to caring for unwed mothers and their children. The only exception to this was the Barrett Home in New York City, which was a residential treatment center for adolescent girls.","The highwater mark of the National Crittenton Program came during the 1960's when there were more than seventy maternity homes, the Barrett Home, and a non-residential service for unwed mothers in Lowell, Massachusetts. Though changing social patterns, customs, and laws led to a gradual decline in the total number of homes during the 1970's, thirty-five homes, including one in Lynchburg, Virginia, remained in operation as late as 1978.","For various reasons, the National Crittenton organization found it necessary to operate as two separate but cooperative agencies. The first, known as The National Florence Crittenton Mission, is primarily concerned with all financial matters affecting the individual homes and the national organization. The Mission coordinates the various levels of its work through \"The Central Extension Committee\" which derives its members from the Mission's ranks and from each of the participating homes. This committee had as its initial task the establishment of the Florence Crittenton Association of America, an agency with the tasks of consultation, setting of standards, doing research for the member agencies, and developing relationships with similar organizations.","In this structure, the member homes operated as cooperative but autonomous entities who, apart from certain qualification standards and financial matters, generally charted their own direction.","While the National Association is staffed by professional social workers and is responsible for coordinating the activities of the various homes, the Mission administers an endowment left by Mr. Crittenton and expanded by Dr. Robert South Barrett, long time president of the Mission. This Mission also pays the largest share of the Association's expenses and keeps in reserve an amount to help the individual homes in building and alteration projects. Any requests for such funds, which were received by the Association, were passed directly to the Mission, whose president is a member of the Association's Executive Board.","Mr. Crittenton died in 1911 and was succeeded as President of the Mission by Dr. Kate Waller Barrett; upon her death in 1925, her son, Dr. Robert South Barrett became president; and he, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Rear Admiral (Ret) John P. Barrett.","In a brief ceremony on June 1, 1977, Mrs. John A. Byrd, President of the Florence Crittenton Board, turned over the deed to the Crittenton property to Old Dominion University. A resolution from that Board was read by Board member Mrs. Irving Salsbury, and a plaque recognizing the gift was unveiled by Mrs. James A. Howard; Mrs. Byrd; Dr. Charles O. Burgess, Vice President for Academic Affairs at ODU; and Mercer Davis, President of the ODU Educational Foundation.","In expressing the University's appreciation for the Crittenton Board's generosity, Dr. Burgess said \"Like the Crittenton Home, Old Dominion University is committed to serving the needs of the area - of this region. ODU's School of Continuing Studies will be located here, allowing continued growth in its programs that are already serving more than 20,000 persons each year in noncredit and off-campus credit programs.\"","The subsequent 80-year history of the Norfolk Home was a rich and varied effort to meet the needs of unwed mothers and their children. The following is a brief chronology of the home:","1891: Founding of \"The White Anchorage\"","1893: The National Convention of W.C.T.U where Mr. Crittenton donated $1,000.00 to the Norfolk effort. Name changed to the \"Florence Crittenton Home\"","1894: Charter obtained in April","1897: Mr. Crittenton visited Norfolk Home","1899: Obstetrical ward added","1909: Clara E. Marshall began working at the Norfolk Home","1911: Day Nursery for working class children established","1920: Norfolk Home moved to 52nd Street (\"Beth—Haven\") and Norfolk Day Nursery began to operate independently","1923: Became member agency of Norfolk Community Fund","May 31, 1940: Clara E. Marshall died","August 1941: Velma Mauk employed as new Superintendent (Here after designated Executive Director)","1945-59: Home consisted of two older houses connected by arcade. There were living facilities for 24 residents and all babies were delivered on the premises.","1950-54: West building condemned; a new and larger house built for residents; staff continued to use remaining old house. The obstetrical ward at the home was closed and new arrangements made with Norfolk General Hospital.","1954: Velma Mauk retired; Genrose Gehri employed as new Executive Director","1955-59: Staff increased and professionalized;  new dietary program established; new fee schedule introduced","1960-64: Nursery Closed; accredited school established in June 1963; registered nurse employed full-time","February 26, 1964: Mrs. Chesley Lamb employed as Executive Director","March 1, 1964: Miss Genrose Gehri retired as Executive Director","October 10, 1965: Mrs. Chesley Lamb resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director; Miss Genrose Gehri returned as Temporary Executive Director.","February 1, 1966: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, employed as Executive Director","August 1, 1970: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, retired as Executive Director; Mr. Joseph Charon employed as Executive Director","March 24, 1971: Name of Home changed to Florence Crittenton Services, Inc.","October 1, 1971: Mr. Joseph Charon resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director","October 19, 1971: Mr. Gerald Rosenmeier employed as temporary Executive Director","December 15, 1971: New aspect of program initiated as limited intake of non-pregnant girls begun","March 1, 1972: Mr. Milton Susco employed as Executive Director","July 3, 1973: On the eve of closing, Mr. Milton Susco left as Executive Director","December 31, 1973: Florence Crittenton Services, Inc. ceased operation","January 1, 1974: Property rented to Tidewater Regional Detention Facilities to be used as Group Home for Girls","January 22, 1975: Florence Crittenton Board of Directors placed on inactive status","March 19, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services resigned from FCAA","September 17, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services merged with Tidewater Children's Foundation","November 17, 1976: Florence Crittenton Services rescinded merger with Tidewater Children's Foundation","January 6, 1977: Security of the Norfolk Crittenton Home transferred to ODU Records of the Florence Crittenton Services partially transferred to ODU Archives.","September 2007: Norfolk Crittenton Home which housed the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography-Old Dominion University, was demolished to make way for waterfront homes.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","The records of the Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Included in the collection are histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings. Delivery room registers of mother and chld are also included but are restricted to only those described in the records (mother or child). The last name of both mother and child are redacted.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Established in 1894 to respond to the needs of unwed mothers and their children. Contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Includes histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings.","ODU Community Collections","Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"collection_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, 1891/1978"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 13","/repositories/5/resources/40"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 13","/repositories/5/resources/40"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Board, Louauna S. Byrd, President","Gift. Accession #A77-3"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Homes Association--History","National Florence Crittenton Mission","Teenage pregnancy","Unmarried mothers--United States--History","Maternity homes--United States--History","Unmarried mothers--Services for--United States--History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Florence Crittenton Homes Association--History","National Florence Crittenton Mission","Teenage pregnancy","Unmarried mothers--United States--History","Maternity homes--United States--History","Unmarried mothers--Services for--United States--History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24.60 Linear Feet","39 Hollinger Documents Cases; Seven Hollinger Oversized Boxes; and several oversized posters boxes"],"extent_tesim":["24.60 Linear Feet","39 Hollinger Documents Cases; Seven Hollinger Oversized Boxes; and several oversized posters boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to researchers with two exceptions. Boxes 5-12a are permanently closed to the researcher because they contain sensitive employee and personnel records. Secondly, delivery room registers are closed to all patrons except those mentioned in the records because they are health records. Please note that the last names of all mothers and children born at Florence Crittenton Home have been redacted from the records.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to researchers with two exceptions. Boxes 5-12a are permanently closed to the researcher because they contain sensitive employee and personnel records. Secondly, delivery room registers are closed to all patrons except those mentioned in the records because they are health records. Please note that the last names of all mothers and children born at Florence Crittenton Home have been redacted from the records."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into eighteen series: Series I: History, General; Series II: History, Financial; Series III: History, Payroll; Series IV: Admissions and Procedures; Series V: Studies and Reports; Series VI: State Licensing Procedure; Series VII: Office Procedures; Series VIII: Records of the President; Series IX: Records of the Treasurer; Series X: Records of the Board; Series XI: Committees and Supporting Agencies; Series XII: Grants and Consultant Services; Series XIII: Memorials and Testimonials; Series XIV: Closing of the Home; Series XV: Correspondence; Series XVI: Miscellaneous; Series XVII: Scrapbooks and Photographs; and Series XVIII: Memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into eighteen series: Series I: History, General; Series II: History, Financial; Series III: History, Payroll; Series IV: Admissions and Procedures; Series V: Studies and Reports; Series VI: State Licensing Procedure; Series VII: Office Procedures; Series VIII: Records of the President; Series IX: Records of the Treasurer; Series X: Records of the Board; Series XI: Committees and Supporting Agencies; Series XII: Grants and Consultant Services; Series XIII: Memorials and Testimonials; Series XIV: Closing of the Home; Series XV: Correspondence; Series XVI: Miscellaneous; Series XVII: Scrapbooks and Photographs; and Series XVIII: Memorabilia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Florence Crittenton Association of America (FCAA) began in New York City in 1883. Mr. Charles Nelson Crittenton was a wealthy wholesale druggist whose four-year-old daughter, Florence, died in 1882. Six months later, on April 19, 1883, he opened the Florence Night Mission at 29 Bleeker Street as a memorial to her. Intended initially to help the prostitutes of that city escape from that lifestyle, its scope was gradually enlarged to include other women needing help. The name was changed to The Florence Crittenton Mission, and Congress gave its approval when, by a special act in 1893, it passed its articles of incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk was certainly among the earliest ones found in this country. In 1891, Mrs. R. H. Jones, the president of the Virginia Women's Christian Temperance Union befriended one unwed mother in Norfolk. This action, in turn, was followed by the establishment of a little two-room house in the Huntersville area, which was later closed when a five-room area was located in the Brambleton area of the city. These two homes were both known as \"The White Anchorage.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the 1893 National W.C.T.U. Conference in Denver, the Norfolk Chapter gave a report of its work and Mr. Crittenton was so impressed that he contributed one thousand dollars to aid their effort. As a result, the name of the Home was changed to Florence Crittenton and it was incorporated as such in Virginia in 1894.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLargely because of Mr. Crittenton's strenuous efforts in support of this new service, many Crittenton Homes were soon opened throughout the country. At first, these homes were also designed as \"Rescue Homes\" but the scope of services, particularly after World War I, gradually shifted to caring for unwed mothers and their children. The only exception to this was the Barrett Home in New York City, which was a residential treatment center for adolescent girls.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe highwater mark of the National Crittenton Program came during the 1960's when there were more than seventy maternity homes, the Barrett Home, and a non-residential service for unwed mothers in Lowell, Massachusetts. Though changing social patterns, customs, and laws led to a gradual decline in the total number of homes during the 1970's, thirty-five homes, including one in Lynchburg, Virginia, remained in operation as late as 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor various reasons, the National Crittenton organization found it necessary to operate as two separate but cooperative agencies. The first, known as The National Florence Crittenton Mission, is primarily concerned with all financial matters affecting the individual homes and the national organization. The Mission coordinates the various levels of its work through \"The Central Extension Committee\" which derives its members from the Mission's ranks and from each of the participating homes. This committee had as its initial task \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003ethe \u003c/emph\u003eestablishment of the Florence Crittenton Association of America, an agency with the tasks of consultation, setting of standards, doing research for the member agencies, and developing relationships with similar organizations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn this structure, the member homes operated as cooperative but autonomous entities who, apart from certain qualification standards and financial matters, generally charted their own direction.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile the National Association is staffed by professional social workers and is responsible for coordinating the activities of the various homes, the Mission administers an endowment left by Mr. Crittenton and expanded by Dr. Robert South Barrett, long time president of the Mission. This Mission also pays the largest share of the Association's expenses and keeps in reserve an amount to help the individual homes in building and alteration projects. Any requests for such funds, which were received by the Association, were passed directly to the Mission, whose president is a member of the Association's Executive Board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Crittenton died in 1911 and was succeeded as President of the Mission by Dr. Kate Waller Barrett; upon her death in 1925, her son, Dr. Robert South Barrett became president; and he, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Rear Admiral (Ret) John P. Barrett.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn a brief ceremony on June 1, 1977, Mrs. John A. Byrd, President of the Florence Crittenton Board, turned over the deed to the Crittenton property to Old Dominion University. A resolution from that Board was read by Board member Mrs. Irving Salsbury, and a plaque recognizing the gift was unveiled by Mrs. James A. Howard; Mrs. Byrd; Dr. Charles O. Burgess, Vice President for Academic Affairs at ODU; and Mercer Davis, President of the ODU Educational Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn expressing the University's appreciation for the Crittenton Board's generosity, Dr. Burgess said \"Like the Crittenton Home, Old Dominion University is committed to serving the needs of the area - of this region. ODU's School of Continuing Studies will be located here, allowing continued growth in its programs that are already serving more than 20,000 persons each year in noncredit and off-campus credit programs.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe subsequent 80-year history of the Norfolk Home was a rich and varied effort to meet the needs of unwed mothers and their children. The following is a brief chronology of the home:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1891: Founding of \"The White Anchorage\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1893: The National Convention of W.C.T.U where Mr. Crittenton donated $1,000.00 to the Norfolk effort. Name changed to the \"Florence Crittenton Home\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1894: Charter obtained in April\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1897: Mr. Crittenton visited Norfolk Home\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1899: Obstetrical ward added\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1909: Clara E. Marshall began working at the Norfolk Home\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1911: Day Nursery for working class children established\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1920: Norfolk Home moved to 52nd Street (\"Beth—Haven\") and Norfolk Day Nursery began to operate independently\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1923: Became member agency of Norfolk Community Fund\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMay 31, 1940: Clara E. Marshall died\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1941: Velma Mauk employed as new Superintendent (Here after designated Executive Director)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1945-59: Home consisted of two older houses connected by arcade. There were living facilities for 24 residents and all babies were delivered on the premises.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1950-54: West building condemned; a new and larger house built for residents; staff continued to use remaining old house. The obstetrical ward at the home was closed and new arrangements made with Norfolk General Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1954: Velma Mauk retired; Genrose Gehri employed as new Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1955-59: Staff increased and professionalized;  new dietary program established; new fee schedule introduced\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1960-64: Nursery Closed; accredited school established in June 1963; registered nurse employed full-time\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 26, 1964: Mrs. Chesley Lamb employed as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1964: Miss Genrose Gehri retired as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 10, 1965: Mrs. Chesley Lamb resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director; Miss Genrose Gehri returned as Temporary Executive Director.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFebruary 1, 1966: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, employed as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAugust 1, 1970: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, retired as Executive Director; Mr. Joseph Charon employed as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 24, 1971: Name of Home changed to Florence Crittenton Services, Inc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 1, 1971: Mr. Joseph Charon resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOctober 19, 1971: Mr. Gerald Rosenmeier employed as temporary Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDecember 15, 1971: New aspect of program initiated as limited intake of non-pregnant girls begun\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 1, 1972: Mr. Milton Susco employed as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJuly 3, 1973: On the eve of closing, Mr. Milton Susco left as Executive Director\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDecember 31, 1973: Florence Crittenton Services, Inc. ceased operation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 1, 1974: Property rented to Tidewater Regional Detention Facilities to be used as Group Home for Girls\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 22, 1975: Florence Crittenton Board of Directors placed on inactive status\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarch 19, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services resigned from FCAA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 17, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services merged with Tidewater Children's Foundation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNovember 17, 1976: Florence Crittenton Services rescinded merger with Tidewater Children's Foundation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJanuary 6, 1977: Security of the Norfolk Crittenton Home transferred to ODU Records of the Florence Crittenton Services partially transferred to ODU Archives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeptember 2007: Norfolk Crittenton Home which housed the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography-Old Dominion University, was demolished to make way for waterfront homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Florence Crittenton Association of America (FCAA) began in New York City in 1883. Mr. Charles Nelson Crittenton was a wealthy wholesale druggist whose four-year-old daughter, Florence, died in 1882. Six months later, on April 19, 1883, he opened the Florence Night Mission at 29 Bleeker Street as a memorial to her. Intended initially to help the prostitutes of that city escape from that lifestyle, its scope was gradually enlarged to include other women needing help. The name was changed to The Florence Crittenton Mission, and Congress gave its approval when, by a special act in 1893, it passed its articles of incorporation.","The Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk was certainly among the earliest ones found in this country. In 1891, Mrs. R. H. Jones, the president of the Virginia Women's Christian Temperance Union befriended one unwed mother in Norfolk. This action, in turn, was followed by the establishment of a little two-room house in the Huntersville area, which was later closed when a five-room area was located in the Brambleton area of the city. These two homes were both known as \"The White Anchorage.\"","At the 1893 National W.C.T.U. Conference in Denver, the Norfolk Chapter gave a report of its work and Mr. Crittenton was so impressed that he contributed one thousand dollars to aid their effort. As a result, the name of the Home was changed to Florence Crittenton and it was incorporated as such in Virginia in 1894.","Largely because of Mr. Crittenton's strenuous efforts in support of this new service, many Crittenton Homes were soon opened throughout the country. At first, these homes were also designed as \"Rescue Homes\" but the scope of services, particularly after World War I, gradually shifted to caring for unwed mothers and their children. The only exception to this was the Barrett Home in New York City, which was a residential treatment center for adolescent girls.","The highwater mark of the National Crittenton Program came during the 1960's when there were more than seventy maternity homes, the Barrett Home, and a non-residential service for unwed mothers in Lowell, Massachusetts. Though changing social patterns, customs, and laws led to a gradual decline in the total number of homes during the 1970's, thirty-five homes, including one in Lynchburg, Virginia, remained in operation as late as 1978.","For various reasons, the National Crittenton organization found it necessary to operate as two separate but cooperative agencies. The first, known as The National Florence Crittenton Mission, is primarily concerned with all financial matters affecting the individual homes and the national organization. The Mission coordinates the various levels of its work through \"The Central Extension Committee\" which derives its members from the Mission's ranks and from each of the participating homes. This committee had as its initial task the establishment of the Florence Crittenton Association of America, an agency with the tasks of consultation, setting of standards, doing research for the member agencies, and developing relationships with similar organizations.","In this structure, the member homes operated as cooperative but autonomous entities who, apart from certain qualification standards and financial matters, generally charted their own direction.","While the National Association is staffed by professional social workers and is responsible for coordinating the activities of the various homes, the Mission administers an endowment left by Mr. Crittenton and expanded by Dr. Robert South Barrett, long time president of the Mission. This Mission also pays the largest share of the Association's expenses and keeps in reserve an amount to help the individual homes in building and alteration projects. Any requests for such funds, which were received by the Association, were passed directly to the Mission, whose president is a member of the Association's Executive Board.","Mr. Crittenton died in 1911 and was succeeded as President of the Mission by Dr. Kate Waller Barrett; upon her death in 1925, her son, Dr. Robert South Barrett became president; and he, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Rear Admiral (Ret) John P. Barrett.","In a brief ceremony on June 1, 1977, Mrs. John A. Byrd, President of the Florence Crittenton Board, turned over the deed to the Crittenton property to Old Dominion University. A resolution from that Board was read by Board member Mrs. Irving Salsbury, and a plaque recognizing the gift was unveiled by Mrs. James A. Howard; Mrs. Byrd; Dr. Charles O. Burgess, Vice President for Academic Affairs at ODU; and Mercer Davis, President of the ODU Educational Foundation.","In expressing the University's appreciation for the Crittenton Board's generosity, Dr. Burgess said \"Like the Crittenton Home, Old Dominion University is committed to serving the needs of the area - of this region. ODU's School of Continuing Studies will be located here, allowing continued growth in its programs that are already serving more than 20,000 persons each year in noncredit and off-campus credit programs.\"","The subsequent 80-year history of the Norfolk Home was a rich and varied effort to meet the needs of unwed mothers and their children. The following is a brief chronology of the home:","1891: Founding of \"The White Anchorage\"","1893: The National Convention of W.C.T.U where Mr. Crittenton donated $1,000.00 to the Norfolk effort. Name changed to the \"Florence Crittenton Home\"","1894: Charter obtained in April","1897: Mr. Crittenton visited Norfolk Home","1899: Obstetrical ward added","1909: Clara E. Marshall began working at the Norfolk Home","1911: Day Nursery for working class children established","1920: Norfolk Home moved to 52nd Street (\"Beth—Haven\") and Norfolk Day Nursery began to operate independently","1923: Became member agency of Norfolk Community Fund","May 31, 1940: Clara E. Marshall died","August 1941: Velma Mauk employed as new Superintendent (Here after designated Executive Director)","1945-59: Home consisted of two older houses connected by arcade. There were living facilities for 24 residents and all babies were delivered on the premises.","1950-54: West building condemned; a new and larger house built for residents; staff continued to use remaining old house. The obstetrical ward at the home was closed and new arrangements made with Norfolk General Hospital.","1954: Velma Mauk retired; Genrose Gehri employed as new Executive Director","1955-59: Staff increased and professionalized;  new dietary program established; new fee schedule introduced","1960-64: Nursery Closed; accredited school established in June 1963; registered nurse employed full-time","February 26, 1964: Mrs. Chesley Lamb employed as Executive Director","March 1, 1964: Miss Genrose Gehri retired as Executive Director","October 10, 1965: Mrs. Chesley Lamb resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director; Miss Genrose Gehri returned as Temporary Executive Director.","February 1, 1966: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, employed as Executive Director","August 1, 1970: Mrs. Elizabeth Collins, ACSW, retired as Executive Director; Mr. Joseph Charon employed as Executive Director","March 24, 1971: Name of Home changed to Florence Crittenton Services, Inc.","October 1, 1971: Mr. Joseph Charon resigned, for personal reasons, as Executive Director","October 19, 1971: Mr. Gerald Rosenmeier employed as temporary Executive Director","December 15, 1971: New aspect of program initiated as limited intake of non-pregnant girls begun","March 1, 1972: Mr. Milton Susco employed as Executive Director","July 3, 1973: On the eve of closing, Mr. Milton Susco left as Executive Director","December 31, 1973: Florence Crittenton Services, Inc. ceased operation","January 1, 1974: Property rented to Tidewater Regional Detention Facilities to be used as Group Home for Girls","January 22, 1975: Florence Crittenton Board of Directors placed on inactive status","March 19, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services resigned from FCAA","September 17, 1975: Florence Crittenton Services merged with Tidewater Children's Foundation","November 17, 1976: Florence Crittenton Services rescinded merger with Tidewater Children's Foundation","January 6, 1977: Security of the Norfolk Crittenton Home transferred to ODU Records of the Florence Crittenton Services partially transferred to ODU Archives.","September 2007: Norfolk Crittenton Home which housed the Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography-Old Dominion University, was demolished to make way for waterfront homes.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe records of the Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Included in the collection are histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings. Delivery room registers of mother and chld are also included but are restricted to only those described in the records (mother or child). The last name of both mother and child are redacted.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The records of the Florence Crittenton Home of Norfolk contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Included in the collection are histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings. Delivery room registers of mother and chld are also included but are restricted to only those described in the records (mother or child). The last name of both mother and child are redacted."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_30dc8dcfbf035ff5e0704fec98a97613\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eEstablished in 1894 to respond to the needs of unwed mothers and their children. Contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Includes histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Established in 1894 to respond to the needs of unwed mothers and their children. Contains the institutional records of the home during their eighty years service to Norfolk. Includes histories, business and financial records, studies, reports, memorials, testimonials, correspondence, scrapbooks, and newspapers clippings."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Florence Crittenton Home (Norfolk, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1229,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:36.932Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_40_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Artifacts, 1920/1999","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01","parent_ssim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990","Record Group I: First Accession, 1910/2017"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_238","vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Artifacts","title_ssm":["Series IV: Artifacts"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Artifacts"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Artifacts, 1920/1999"],"text":["Series IV: Artifacts, 1920/1999","Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990","Record Group I: First Accession, 1910/2017"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990","Record Group I: First Accession, 1910/2017"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990","Record Group I: First Accession, 1910/2017"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1920/1999"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["circa 1920-1999"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":361,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":26,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_238","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_238.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/238","title_filing_ssi":"Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads","title_ssm":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records"],"title_tesim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1906-2017, undated","1960-1990","Date acquired: 08/30/2000"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1906-2017, undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1960-1990"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 08/30/2000"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990"],"text":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990","MG 76","/repositories/5/resources/238","Women in community organization--Virginia","Women--United States--Societies, etc.","Women--Services for--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","Young women--Services for--Virginia","Domestic Violence--prevention and control","Racism--Prevention","Women's rights","Camps for girls--Virginia","Leadership in women--Virginia","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The second accession was received by Special Collections and University Archives from Regina Malveaux, on behalf of the YWCA of Hampton Roads, on 03/30/2010.","This collection is broken down into groups based on when they were given to Special Collections and University Archives: Record Group 1: First Accession; and Record Group 2: Second Accession. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.","The YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership association. It began in London in 1855, and first came to the U.S. in 1858. Although similar in name, the YWCA has no affiliation with the YMCA. The YWCA was an independent movement that arose out of Women's church groups as a way of making life better for other women. These first YWCA's provided boarding houses, skills training, recreation, and a social environment for single, working women. After World War II, the YWCA's emphasis shifted to the family: mother and children. In 1946, the YWCA adopted an Interracial Charter. Its purpose became the empowerment of women and the elimination of racism.","The YWCA of South Hampton Roads started as housing for working girls in 1893. In 1908, the Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the YWCA of Norfolk began as an association of African American Women. The branch was named after a black woman poet who lived during the time of the Revolutionary War. Another YWCA started in Norfolk in 1911. This chapter had a residence for single women, and offered classes in cooking, stenography, Bible studies, typing, and gymnastics. It also had a cafeteria and a reading room. In 1925, the two branches came together. Then, in the 1950s a Virginia Beach branch was created. Over the years, many splits and mergers have occurred in the YWCA's of Hampton Roads. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have created many institutions in the community. Camp Owaissa, Camp E.W. Young, and various day camps have provided summer recreation for young girls. The Norfolk YWCA ran a cafeteria on West Freemason for many years. The YWCA has hosted women's shelters including the Phyllis Wheatley House, the Wilkshaw, and undisclosed battered women's shelters.","Other YWCA programs have included the Winners Dinners, now known as the Women of Distinction Award, where women of achievement have been recognized, Y-Prep and Y-Teens for young and adolescent girls, Black History Month, the Women in Crisis Program for victims of domestic violence, the Women in Transition Program to help economically disadvantaged women find employment or gain job skills, and Ladies Day Out workshops and fashion shows.","In addition to these, the YWCA of Hampton Roads has held and continues to hold a wide variety of programs for women of all ages and backgrounds. They offer classes, workshops, and training; fashion and talent shows; retreats; conventions; political events, achievement and award dinners, services and shelter for battered and abused women and children; and a variety of youth programs.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Handling of the scrapbooks may be limited due to the fragile nature of the material.","The first accession was processed between 2000 and 2010. The second accession was processed by Mona Farrow, Reading Room Supervisor, in 2017.","Ocean View, Seaside and Seaview Amusement Park Collection (MG 31) and Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection (RC 2) contains information about Seaview, the African American resort at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. YWCA material can also be found in the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).Current information about the YWCA of South Hampton Roads can be found on their website.","This collection contains the records of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads. Included in the records are the administrative records of the organization, publications, photographs, scrapbooks, artifacts, and blueprints of various property held by the organization.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","The YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership organization. The YWCA of South Hampton Roads first started as housing for working girls in 1893. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have advanced their purposes of empowering women and fighting racism by running women's shelters, camps, workshops, and various other programs. The collection consists mainly of photos, scrapbooks, and newspaper clippings, as well as some business and historical records of the organization.","ODU Community Collections","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)","Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990"],"collection_ssim":["Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads Records, 1906/2017, bulk 1960/1990"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 76","/repositories/5/resources/238"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 76","/repositories/5/resources/238"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)","Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A."],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)","Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["YWCA of Hampton Roads","Gift. Accession #A2000-7"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women in community organization--Virginia","Women--United States--Societies, etc.","Women--Services for--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","Young women--Services for--Virginia","Domestic Violence--prevention and control","Racism--Prevention","Women's rights","Camps for girls--Virginia","Leadership in women--Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women in community organization--Virginia","Women--United States--Societies, etc.","Women--Services for--Virginia","Women--Virginia--Social conditions","Young women--Services for--Virginia","Domestic Violence--prevention and control","Racism--Prevention","Women's rights","Camps for girls--Virginia","Leadership in women--Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["45.20 Linear Feet","38 Hollinger document cases and 29 oversized boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["45.20 Linear Feet","38 Hollinger document cases and 29 oversized boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe second accession was received by Special Collections and University Archives from Regina Malveaux, on behalf of the YWCA of Hampton Roads, on 03/30/2010.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["The second accession was received by Special Collections and University Archives from Regina Malveaux, on behalf of the YWCA of Hampton Roads, on 03/30/2010."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is broken down into groups based on when they were given to Special Collections and University Archives: Record Group 1: First Accession; and Record Group 2: Second Accession. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is broken down into groups based on when they were given to Special Collections and University Archives: Record Group 1: First Accession; and Record Group 2: Second Accession. Each record group is further organized into series within each record group."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership association. It began in London in 1855, and first came to the U.S. in 1858. Although similar in name, the YWCA has no affiliation with the YMCA. The YWCA was an independent movement that arose out of Women's church groups as a way of making life better for other women. These first YWCA's provided boarding houses, skills training, recreation, and a social environment for single, working women. After World War II, the YWCA's emphasis shifted to the family: mother and children. In 1946, the YWCA adopted an Interracial Charter. Its purpose became the empowerment of women and the elimination of racism.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe YWCA of South Hampton Roads started as housing for working girls in 1893. In 1908, the Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the YWCA of Norfolk began as an association of African American Women. The branch was named after a black woman poet who lived during the time of the Revolutionary War. Another YWCA started in Norfolk in 1911. This chapter had a residence for single women, and offered classes in cooking, stenography, Bible studies, typing, and gymnastics. It also had a cafeteria and a reading room. In 1925, the two branches came together. Then, in the 1950s a Virginia Beach branch was created. Over the years, many splits and mergers have occurred in the YWCA's of Hampton Roads. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have created many institutions in the community. Camp Owaissa, Camp E.W. Young, and various day camps have provided summer recreation for young girls. The Norfolk YWCA ran a cafeteria on West Freemason for many years. The YWCA has hosted women's shelters including the Phyllis Wheatley House, the Wilkshaw, and undisclosed battered women's shelters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOther YWCA programs have included the Winners Dinners, now known as the Women of Distinction Award, where women of achievement have been recognized, Y-Prep and Y-Teens for young and adolescent girls, Black History Month, the Women in Crisis Program for victims of domestic violence, the Women in Transition Program to help economically disadvantaged women find employment or gain job skills, and Ladies Day Out workshops and fashion shows.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to these, the YWCA of Hampton Roads has held and continues to hold a wide variety of programs for women of all ages and backgrounds. They offer classes, workshops, and training; fashion and talent shows; retreats; conventions; political events, achievement and award dinners, services and shelter for battered and abused women and children; and a variety of youth programs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership association. It began in London in 1855, and first came to the U.S. in 1858. Although similar in name, the YWCA has no affiliation with the YMCA. The YWCA was an independent movement that arose out of Women's church groups as a way of making life better for other women. These first YWCA's provided boarding houses, skills training, recreation, and a social environment for single, working women. After World War II, the YWCA's emphasis shifted to the family: mother and children. In 1946, the YWCA adopted an Interracial Charter. Its purpose became the empowerment of women and the elimination of racism.","The YWCA of South Hampton Roads started as housing for working girls in 1893. In 1908, the Phyllis Wheatley Branch of the YWCA of Norfolk began as an association of African American Women. The branch was named after a black woman poet who lived during the time of the Revolutionary War. Another YWCA started in Norfolk in 1911. This chapter had a residence for single women, and offered classes in cooking, stenography, Bible studies, typing, and gymnastics. It also had a cafeteria and a reading room. In 1925, the two branches came together. Then, in the 1950s a Virginia Beach branch was created. Over the years, many splits and mergers have occurred in the YWCA's of Hampton Roads. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have created many institutions in the community. Camp Owaissa, Camp E.W. Young, and various day camps have provided summer recreation for young girls. The Norfolk YWCA ran a cafeteria on West Freemason for many years. The YWCA has hosted women's shelters including the Phyllis Wheatley House, the Wilkshaw, and undisclosed battered women's shelters.","Other YWCA programs have included the Winners Dinners, now known as the Women of Distinction Award, where women of achievement have been recognized, Y-Prep and Y-Teens for young and adolescent girls, Black History Month, the Women in Crisis Program for victims of domestic violence, the Women in Transition Program to help economically disadvantaged women find employment or gain job skills, and Ladies Day Out workshops and fashion shows.","In addition to these, the YWCA of Hampton Roads has held and continues to hold a wide variety of programs for women of all ages and backgrounds. They offer classes, workshops, and training; fashion and talent shows; retreats; conventions; political events, achievement and award dinners, services and shelter for battered and abused women and children; and a variety of youth programs.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHandling of the scrapbooks may be limited due to the fragile nature of the material.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Access Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Handling of the scrapbooks may be limited due to the fragile nature of the material."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], YWCA of Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], YWCA of Hampton Roads Records, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe first accession was processed between 2000 and 2010. The second accession was processed by Mona Farrow, Reading Room Supervisor, in 2017.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The first accession was processed between 2000 and 2010. The second accession was processed by Mona Farrow, Reading Room Supervisor, in 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOcean View, Seaside and Seaview Amusement Park Collection (MG 31) and Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection (RC 2) contains information about Seaview, the African American resort at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. YWCA material can also be found in the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent information about the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ywca-shr.org/\"\u003eYWCA of South Hampton Roads\u003c/a\u003e can be found on their website.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ocean View, Seaside and Seaview Amusement Park Collection (MG 31) and Virginia Beach Resorts Research Collection (RC 2) contains information about Seaview, the African American resort at the Virginia Beach oceanfront. YWCA material can also be found in the Women's Council for Interracial Cooperation Papers (MG 54).Current information about the YWCA of South Hampton Roads can be found on their website."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the records of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads. Included in the records are the administrative records of the organization, publications, photographs, scrapbooks, artifacts, and blueprints of various property held by the organization.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the records of the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) of Hampton Roads. Included in the records are the administrative records of the organization, publications, photographs, scrapbooks, artifacts, and blueprints of various property held by the organization."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0cf5b104c3e6212e3df520759edeb87a\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership organization. The YWCA of South Hampton Roads first started as housing for working girls in 1893. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have advanced their purposes of empowering women and fighting racism by running women's shelters, camps, workshops, and various other programs. The collection consists mainly of photos, scrapbooks, and newspaper clippings, as well as some business and historical records of the organization.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association) is the oldest and largest women's membership organization. The YWCA of South Hampton Roads first started as housing for working girls in 1893. Throughout their history, the YWCA chapters of Hampton Roads have advanced their purposes of empowering women and fighting racism by running women's shelters, camps, workshops, and various other programs. The collection consists mainly of photos, scrapbooks, and newspaper clippings, as well as some business and historical records of the organization."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)","Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A."],"names_coll_ssim":["Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A.","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Young Women's Christian Association of Hampton Roads (Va.)","Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A."],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":842,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_238_c01_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Directories and Calendars, 1922/2008","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains calendars and directories for Norfolk schools to include years from 1922-2008. Not all years are included. The directories and calendars provide a mechanism for examining the way in which language changed over time. Beginning in the early years when calendar events were segregated and referred to by black school vs. white school to the time when the calendars became integrated. This also lists all major officials in the school board and administration during the years included.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","parent_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_187"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Directories and Calendars","title_ssm":["Series IV: Directories and Calendars"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Directories and Calendars"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Directories and Calendars, 1922/2008"],"text":["Series IV: Directories and Calendars, 1922/2008","Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","This series contains calendars and directories for Norfolk schools to include years from 1922-2008. Not all years are included. The directories and calendars provide a mechanism for examining the way in which language changed over time. Beginning in the early years when calendar events were segregated and referred to by black school vs. white school to the time when the calendars became integrated. This also lists all major officials in the school board and administration during the years included."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1922-2008"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":377,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":6,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains calendars and directories for Norfolk schools to include years from 1922-2008. Not all years are included. The directories and calendars provide a mechanism for examining the way in which language changed over time. Beginning in the early years when calendar events were segregated and referred to by black school vs. white school to the time when the calendars became integrated. This also lists all major officials in the school board and administration during the years included.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains calendars and directories for Norfolk schools to include years from 1922-2008. Not all years are included. The directories and calendars provide a mechanism for examining the way in which language changed over time. Beginning in the early years when calendar events were segregated and referred to by black school vs. white school to the time when the calendars became integrated. This also lists all major officials in the school board and administration during the years included."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:26.509Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_187","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_187.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/187","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation","title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated","Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-2008, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 12/14/2007"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/2008"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"text":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008","MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.","Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.","From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.","The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.","This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, 1922/2008"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 92","/repositories/5/resources/187"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"creators_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Norfolk, Virginia, Public Schools","Gift. Accession #A2007-006"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African Americans--Civil rights","School integration--Massive resistance movement","School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century","Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk","Race relations--History--20th century","African Americans--Segregation","African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk","Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka","Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk","School closings--Virginia--Norfolk","Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["18.40 Linear Feet","34 Hollinger document cases; 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNorfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools.","On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had \"negroes\" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFrom 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["From 2008 to September 2020, the collection was known as the Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Papers."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The finding aid was completed by Jennifer Clayton in Apirl 2008."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the \"Massive Resistance\" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_cc312911e0755655711aff73f46b1cbc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection dating from 1922-2008, contains correspondence, memorandum, depositions, court orders, recollections, statistical testing data, printed material, artifacts, and maps.The bulk of the collection provides a glimpse into the decisions made by the School Board through court documentation and the public sentiment during the integration process in Norfolk. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"names_coll_ssim":["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)","National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":425,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:26.509Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_187_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: German Military Reports, 1929/1942","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series includes photographs of individuals fortifications, equipment and other military subjects used by Ansel in his research. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject within each sub-series.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","parent_ssim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_140"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: German Military Reports","title_ssm":["Series IV: German Military Reports"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: German Military Reports"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: German Military Reports, 1929/1942"],"text":["Series IV: German Military Reports, 1929/1942","Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974","This series includes photographs of individuals fortifications, equipment and other military subjects used by Ansel in his research. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject within each sub-series."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1929/1942"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1929-1942, undated"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":984,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series includes photographs of individuals fortifications, equipment and other military subjects used by Ansel in his research. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject within each sub-series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series includes photographs of individuals fortifications, equipment and other military subjects used by Ansel in his research. The series is arranged alphabetically by subject within each sub-series."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:23.934Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_140","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_140.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/140","title_filing_ssi":"Ansel, Walter C.","title_ssm":["Walter C. Ansel Papers"],"title_tesim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1917-1974, undated","Date acquired: 04/25/1978"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1917-1974, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 04/25/1978"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1974"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"text":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974","MG 29","/repositories/5/resources/140","World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Admirals--United States","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Second accession: June 26,1978","The collection is organized into fourteen series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs Used in Ansel's Research; Series III: Documents of the German Military during World War II; Series IV: German Military Reports; Series V: English, French, German Publications; Series VI: German Military Reports; Series VII: U.S., Military Publications; Series VIII: American Published Articles; Series IX: German Published Articles; Series X: Notes on Ansel's Books; Series XI: Maps, Sketches, and Drawings; Series XII: Personal Papers; Series XIII: Miscellaneous Reference Materials; and Series XIV: Oversized Materials.","Walter C. Ansel was born in Elgin, Illinois on August 25, 1897. He was the son of Albert Frank Ansel, a president of a food-packing firm, and the former Emilie Pauline Binder. Walter Ansel was married to the former Eleanor Dyer on October 23, 1921. They had three children: Abbie Dora (now Mrs. Carval Blair), David Dyer, and Willits Dyer Ansel.","Walter Ansel graduated from Elgin High School in 1915 and then received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. He graduated from the Naval Academy with the class of 1918. During World War I he served on the patrol craft U.S.S. Rambler, which engaged in anti-submarine operations off the coast of France. During his subsequent career in the U.S. Navy, Admiral Ansel served in various types of combat vessels and shore establishments. From 1918 to 1924, Ansel was stationed, as a line officer, to the Destroyer Escort Force out of Brest, France. In 1930, he completed the junior course at the Naval War College and the Field Officers Course, in 1931, with the Marine Corps. Before World War II he devoted a good deal of time and effort to the development of the technique and corresponding doctrine and manuals for amphibious landing operations.","At the outbreak of World War II, Rear Admiral Ansel was on duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and a month later he assumed command of the oiler U.S.S. Winooski. He commanded that vessel from her commissioning in January until July 1942, and was commanding her in operations in the North Atlantic. Ansel was then ordered to the staff of Commander Advance Group, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet in the United Kingdom. This group became the Naval Port Support Group for the North African invasion. The main objective was Oreon, Algeria. At this time Rear Admiral (then Captain) Ansel was serving as Plans and Operations Officer. During the landings in Algeria (Nov. 1942), he commanded the Advance Party, which entered the small port of Arzeu in the wake of the assault units. His party secured the shipping and prepared the port for unloading operations. For his role in the action Admiral Ansel was awarded the Commendation Ribbon with combat \"V.\" He was then transferred to duty as Assistant Chief of Staff and Operations Officer on the staff of Commander, Amphibious Force, North African Waters. For his services in this capacity during the preparations for and during the invasion of Sicily, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. In October 1943, Ansel was ordered to command the cruiser U.S.S. Philadelphia, in the Mediterranean. Early in 1944, the Philadelphia supported the operations at Anzio and Formia. In this operation Rear Admiral Ansel, with marines from the Philadelphia and the cruiser U.S.S. Augusta, accepted the surrender of the German garrisons in the fortress islands off Marseilles. In recognition for distinguished service, Rear Admiral Ansel was awarded the Gold Star in lieu of the second Legion of Merit and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star from the French Government.","Returning to the United States in late 1944, Admiral Ansel was assigned to duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1946, he was again ordered to sea with duties as Chief of Staff, Support Group One, Japan. Following this assignment, he returned for duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Navy and later served with the U.S. Naval Mission in Brazil. In June 1949, Rear Admiral Walter Ansel retired and was placed on the inactive list.","Admiral Ansel would be recalled to active duty for a brief time. From September 1952 until April 1953 he would be on duty in accordance with his work on the U.S. Naval Academy's Forrestal Fellowship.","Ansel was given this privilege because he was awarded the fellowship and to minimize the expense He was the second individual to receive the Forrestal Fellowship and was at the age of fifty-four. This fellowship in Naval History was instituted at the U.S. Naval Academy and is set up for extensive study of Sea Power as it relates to land and air power. It is the task of the fellows to set forth from the great mass of naval and military records the lessons of Sea Power in the last two World Wars and previous conflicts. Admiral Ansel undertook this fellowship to research and write on the German Operation Sea Lion for the invasion of Britain with the view of adding to the general naval historical fund of knowledge in this specific subject. His objective was also the drawing pertinent lessons of Sea and Amphibious Power for the benefit of our own Navy. Ansel's work necessitated research in Germany, France, and England to obtain first hand material from participants, particularly in the hitherto unexplored lower echelons.","The research material and inquiries that Admiral Ansel obtained in Europe was used by him to produce several works relating to the German military operations in World War II. He was able to accomplish much of his research in Germany with cooperation with the U.S. Army Historical Division. In addition to his research material, Admiral Ansel was able to speak and correspond with German officers that served in the German High Command. In this collection of Admiral Ansel's papers resides these communications. The remaining arrangement is a collection of photographs, German Military Documents, and an assortment of material used by Admiral Ansel to write his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" From 1953 until his death in 1977, Admiral Ansel lived in retirement and working on his farm in Gavea, Maryland. After his second book was completed he then moved to produce a third work titled \"Study of National Strategy and Policy of the United States and their Difference and Confusions.\" This final work would not be completed because Admiral Ansel passed away in 1977.","Note written by John Michael Leeds, Jr.","Finding aid updated by Jan Halecki August 13, 2001.","The papers of Admiral Walter C. Ansel deal primarily with research for and publication of his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" Included in the collection are correspondence with German and American military officers who were involved in World War II, copies of German Military documents dated, and maps mostly of Europe. The collection includes copies of photographs of Adolph Hitler's high command.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Collection deals primarily with Admiral Walter C. Ansel's research on German operations during World War II resulting in two books, Hitler Confronts England and Hitler and the Middle Sea. Of note is extensive correspondence with German officers, many of which are in German.","ODU Community Collections","United States. Navy","Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)","English\n      German"],"collection_title_tesim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"collection_ssim":["Walter C. Ansel Papers, 1917/1974"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 29","/repositories/5/resources/140"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 29","/repositories/5/resources/140"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)"],"creator_ssim":["Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","United States. Navy"],"creators_ssim":["Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)","ODU Community Collections","United States. Navy"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Willits Ansel","Gift. Accession #A78-26"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Admirals--United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","World War, 1939-1945","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Admirals--United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["16.60 Linear Feet","37 Hollinger document cases, 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["16.60 Linear Feet","37 Hollinger document cases, 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1978],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSecond accession: June 26,1978\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Second accession: June 26,1978"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into fourteen series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs Used in Ansel's Research; Series III: Documents of the German Military during World War II; Series IV: German Military Reports; Series V: English, French, German Publications; Series VI: German Military Reports; Series VII: U.S., Military Publications; Series VIII: American Published Articles; Series IX: German Published Articles; Series X: Notes on Ansel's Books; Series XI: Maps, Sketches, and Drawings; Series XII: Personal Papers; Series XIII: Miscellaneous Reference Materials; and Series XIV: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into fourteen series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Photographs Used in Ansel's Research; Series III: Documents of the German Military during World War II; Series IV: German Military Reports; Series V: English, French, German Publications; Series VI: German Military Reports; Series VII: U.S., Military Publications; Series VIII: American Published Articles; Series IX: German Published Articles; Series X: Notes on Ansel's Books; Series XI: Maps, Sketches, and Drawings; Series XII: Personal Papers; Series XIII: Miscellaneous Reference Materials; and Series XIV: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWalter C. Ansel was born in Elgin, Illinois on August 25, 1897. He was the son of Albert Frank Ansel, a president of a food-packing firm, and the former Emilie Pauline Binder. Walter Ansel was married to the former Eleanor Dyer on October 23, 1921. They had three children: Abbie Dora (now Mrs. Carval Blair), David Dyer, and Willits Dyer Ansel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalter Ansel graduated from Elgin High School in 1915 and then received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. He graduated from the Naval Academy with the class of 1918. During World War I he served on the patrol craft U.S.S. Rambler, which engaged in anti-submarine operations off the coast of France. During his subsequent career in the U.S. Navy, Admiral Ansel served in various types of combat vessels and shore establishments. From 1918 to 1924, Ansel was stationed, as a line officer, to the Destroyer Escort Force out of Brest, France. In 1930, he completed the junior course at the Naval War College and the Field Officers Course, in 1931, with the Marine Corps. Before World War II he devoted a good deal of time and effort to the development of the technique and corresponding doctrine and manuals for amphibious landing operations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War II, Rear Admiral Ansel was on duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and a month later he assumed command of the oiler U.S.S. Winooski. He commanded that vessel from her commissioning in January until July 1942, and was commanding her in operations in the North Atlantic. Ansel was then ordered to the staff of Commander Advance Group, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet in the United Kingdom. This group became the Naval Port Support Group for the North African invasion. The main objective was Oreon, Algeria. At this time Rear Admiral (then Captain) Ansel was serving as Plans and Operations Officer. During the landings in Algeria (Nov. 1942), he commanded the Advance Party, which entered the small port of Arzeu in the wake of the assault units. His party secured the shipping and prepared the port for unloading operations. For his role in the action Admiral Ansel was awarded the Commendation Ribbon with combat \"V.\" He was then transferred to duty as Assistant Chief of Staff and Operations Officer on the staff of Commander, Amphibious Force, North African Waters. For his services in this capacity during the preparations for and during the invasion of Sicily, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. In October 1943, Ansel was ordered to command the cruiser U.S.S. Philadelphia, in the Mediterranean. Early in 1944, the Philadelphia supported the operations at Anzio and Formia. In this operation Rear Admiral Ansel, with marines from the Philadelphia and the cruiser U.S.S. Augusta, accepted the surrender of the German garrisons in the fortress islands off Marseilles. In recognition for distinguished service, Rear Admiral Ansel was awarded the Gold Star in lieu of the second Legion of Merit and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star from the French Government.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReturning to the United States in late 1944, Admiral Ansel was assigned to duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1946, he was again ordered to sea with duties as Chief of Staff, Support Group One, Japan. Following this assignment, he returned for duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Navy and later served with the U.S. Naval Mission in Brazil. In June 1949, Rear Admiral Walter Ansel retired and was placed on the inactive list.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAdmiral Ansel would be recalled to active duty for a brief time. From September 1952 until April 1953 he would be on duty in accordance with his work on the U.S. Naval Academy's Forrestal Fellowship.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAnsel was given this privilege because he was awarded the fellowship and to minimize the expense He was the second individual to receive the Forrestal Fellowship and was at the age of fifty-four. This fellowship in Naval History was instituted at the U.S. Naval Academy and is set up for extensive study of Sea Power as it relates to land and air power. It is the task of the fellows to set forth from the great mass of naval and military records the lessons of Sea Power in the last two World Wars and previous conflicts. Admiral Ansel undertook this fellowship to research and write on the German Operation Sea Lion for the invasion of Britain with the view of adding to the general naval historical fund of knowledge in this specific subject. His objective was also the drawing pertinent lessons of Sea and Amphibious Power for the benefit of our own Navy. Ansel's work necessitated research in Germany, France, and England to obtain first hand material from participants, particularly in the hitherto unexplored lower echelons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe research material and inquiries that Admiral Ansel obtained in Europe was used by him to produce several works relating to the German military operations in World War II. He was able to accomplish much of his research in Germany with cooperation with the U.S. Army Historical Division. In addition to his research material, Admiral Ansel was able to speak and correspond with German officers that served in the German High Command. In this collection of Admiral Ansel's papers resides these communications. The remaining arrangement is a collection of photographs, German Military Documents, and an assortment of material used by Admiral Ansel to write his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" From 1953 until his death in 1977, Admiral Ansel lived in retirement and working on his farm in Gavea, Maryland. After his second book was completed he then moved to produce a third work titled \"Study of National Strategy and Policy of the United States and their Difference and Confusions.\" This final work would not be completed because Admiral Ansel passed away in 1977.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by John Michael Leeds, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Walter C. Ansel was born in Elgin, Illinois on August 25, 1897. He was the son of Albert Frank Ansel, a president of a food-packing firm, and the former Emilie Pauline Binder. Walter Ansel was married to the former Eleanor Dyer on October 23, 1921. They had three children: Abbie Dora (now Mrs. Carval Blair), David Dyer, and Willits Dyer Ansel.","Walter Ansel graduated from Elgin High School in 1915 and then received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. He graduated from the Naval Academy with the class of 1918. During World War I he served on the patrol craft U.S.S. Rambler, which engaged in anti-submarine operations off the coast of France. During his subsequent career in the U.S. Navy, Admiral Ansel served in various types of combat vessels and shore establishments. From 1918 to 1924, Ansel was stationed, as a line officer, to the Destroyer Escort Force out of Brest, France. In 1930, he completed the junior course at the Naval War College and the Field Officers Course, in 1931, with the Marine Corps. Before World War II he devoted a good deal of time and effort to the development of the technique and corresponding doctrine and manuals for amphibious landing operations.","At the outbreak of World War II, Rear Admiral Ansel was on duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and a month later he assumed command of the oiler U.S.S. Winooski. He commanded that vessel from her commissioning in January until July 1942, and was commanding her in operations in the North Atlantic. Ansel was then ordered to the staff of Commander Advance Group, Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet in the United Kingdom. This group became the Naval Port Support Group for the North African invasion. The main objective was Oreon, Algeria. At this time Rear Admiral (then Captain) Ansel was serving as Plans and Operations Officer. During the landings in Algeria (Nov. 1942), he commanded the Advance Party, which entered the small port of Arzeu in the wake of the assault units. His party secured the shipping and prepared the port for unloading operations. For his role in the action Admiral Ansel was awarded the Commendation Ribbon with combat \"V.\" He was then transferred to duty as Assistant Chief of Staff and Operations Officer on the staff of Commander, Amphibious Force, North African Waters. For his services in this capacity during the preparations for and during the invasion of Sicily, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. In October 1943, Ansel was ordered to command the cruiser U.S.S. Philadelphia, in the Mediterranean. Early in 1944, the Philadelphia supported the operations at Anzio and Formia. In this operation Rear Admiral Ansel, with marines from the Philadelphia and the cruiser U.S.S. Augusta, accepted the surrender of the German garrisons in the fortress islands off Marseilles. In recognition for distinguished service, Rear Admiral Ansel was awarded the Gold Star in lieu of the second Legion of Merit and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star from the French Government.","Returning to the United States in late 1944, Admiral Ansel was assigned to duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. In 1946, he was again ordered to sea with duties as Chief of Staff, Support Group One, Japan. Following this assignment, he returned for duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Navy and later served with the U.S. Naval Mission in Brazil. In June 1949, Rear Admiral Walter Ansel retired and was placed on the inactive list.","Admiral Ansel would be recalled to active duty for a brief time. From September 1952 until April 1953 he would be on duty in accordance with his work on the U.S. Naval Academy's Forrestal Fellowship.","Ansel was given this privilege because he was awarded the fellowship and to minimize the expense He was the second individual to receive the Forrestal Fellowship and was at the age of fifty-four. This fellowship in Naval History was instituted at the U.S. Naval Academy and is set up for extensive study of Sea Power as it relates to land and air power. It is the task of the fellows to set forth from the great mass of naval and military records the lessons of Sea Power in the last two World Wars and previous conflicts. Admiral Ansel undertook this fellowship to research and write on the German Operation Sea Lion for the invasion of Britain with the view of adding to the general naval historical fund of knowledge in this specific subject. His objective was also the drawing pertinent lessons of Sea and Amphibious Power for the benefit of our own Navy. Ansel's work necessitated research in Germany, France, and England to obtain first hand material from participants, particularly in the hitherto unexplored lower echelons.","The research material and inquiries that Admiral Ansel obtained in Europe was used by him to produce several works relating to the German military operations in World War II. He was able to accomplish much of his research in Germany with cooperation with the U.S. Army Historical Division. In addition to his research material, Admiral Ansel was able to speak and correspond with German officers that served in the German High Command. In this collection of Admiral Ansel's papers resides these communications. The remaining arrangement is a collection of photographs, German Military Documents, and an assortment of material used by Admiral Ansel to write his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" From 1953 until his death in 1977, Admiral Ansel lived in retirement and working on his farm in Gavea, Maryland. After his second book was completed he then moved to produce a third work titled \"Study of National Strategy and Policy of the United States and their Difference and Confusions.\" This final work would not be completed because Admiral Ansel passed away in 1977.","Note written by John Michael Leeds, Jr."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Walter C. Ansel Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Walter C. Ansel Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFinding aid updated by Jan Halecki August 13, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Finding aid updated by Jan Halecki August 13, 2001."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers of Admiral Walter C. Ansel deal primarily with research for and publication of his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" Included in the collection are correspondence with German and American military officers who were involved in World War II, copies of German Military documents dated, and maps mostly of Europe. The collection includes copies of photographs of Adolph Hitler's high command.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The papers of Admiral Walter C. Ansel deal primarily with research for and publication of his books, \"Hitler Confronts England\" and \"Hitler and the Middle Sea.\" Included in the collection are correspondence with German and American military officers who were involved in World War II, copies of German Military documents dated, and maps mostly of Europe. The collection includes copies of photographs of Adolph Hitler's high command."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9e8cd18a55935469b5ef9138f94970ec\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCollection deals primarily with Admiral Walter C. Ansel's research on German operations during World War II resulting in two books, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHitler Confronts England\u003c/emph\u003e and \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHitler and the Middle Sea\u003c/emph\u003e. Of note is extensive correspondence with German officers, many of which are in German.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Collection deals primarily with Admiral Walter C. Ansel's research on German operations during World War II resulting in two books, Hitler Confronts England and Hitler and the Middle Sea. Of note is extensive correspondence with German officers, many of which are in German."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","United States. Navy"],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Navy"],"persname_ssim":["Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","United States. Navy","Ansel, Walter C. (1897-1977)"],"language_ssim":["English\n      German"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1586,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:23.934Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_140_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe, 1919/1950","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains a booklet with a compilation of articles and speeches by Alice Jaffe's husband, Louis Jaffe who was the editor for the Virginian Pilot from 1919 until his death in 1950. He won the Pulitzer Price for Editorial Writing in 1929 for An Unspeakable Act of Savagery, which condemned lynching. This compilation includes this editorial, and his other famous editorial The Baby Magnolia (1920). Other topics include: the press, the Virginian Pilot, Norfolk, anti-lynching laws and race relations, and introductions of speakers such as Robert Frost, World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","parent_ssim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_261"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe","title_ssm":["Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe, 1919/1950"],"text":["Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe, 1919/1950","Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950","This series contains a booklet with a compilation of articles and speeches by Alice Jaffe's husband, Louis Jaffe who was the editor for the Virginian Pilot from 1919 until his death in 1950. He won the Pulitzer Price for Editorial Writing in 1929 for An Unspeakable Act of Savagery, which condemned lynching. This compilation includes this editorial, and his other famous editorial The Baby Magnolia (1920). Other topics include: the press, the Virginian Pilot, Norfolk, anti-lynching laws and race relations, and introductions of speakers such as Robert Frost, World War II."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919/1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1919-1950"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":33,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains a booklet with a compilation of articles and speeches by Alice Jaffe's husband, Louis Jaffe who was the editor for the Virginian Pilot from 1919 until his death in 1950. He won the Pulitzer Price for Editorial Writing in 1929 for An Unspeakable Act of Savagery, which condemned lynching. This compilation includes this editorial, and his other famous editorial The Baby Magnolia (1920). Other topics include: the press, the Virginian Pilot, Norfolk, anti-lynching laws and race relations, and introductions of speakers such as Robert Frost, World War II.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains a booklet with a compilation of articles and speeches by Alice Jaffe's husband, Louis Jaffe who was the editor for the Virginian Pilot from 1919 until his death in 1950. He won the Pulitzer Price for Editorial Writing in 1929 for An Unspeakable Act of Savagery, which condemned lynching. This compilation includes this editorial, and his other famous editorial The Baby Magnolia (1920). Other topics include: the press, the Virginian Pilot, Norfolk, anti-lynching laws and race relations, and introductions of speakers such as Robert Frost, World War II."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:17.098Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_261","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_3_resources_261.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/3/resources/261","title_filing_ssi":"Jaffe, Alice Rice","title_ssm":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers"],"title_tesim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1807-1950, undated","1919-1950","Date acquired: 06/01/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1807-1950, undated"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1919-1950"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 06/01/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"text":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950","RG 17-2B1","/repositories/3/resources/261","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Old Dominion University--Faculty","Ship captains","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Additional accessions made in March 1980 and May 1981.","The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Norfolk Division of William and Mary; Series II: Col. Henry Rice; Series III: Captain Samuel Davis; Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe; Series V: Miscellaneous.","Alice Rice Jaffe was an art teacher at Old Dominion College/Old Dominion University in the 1960s and 1970s. Jaffe received her A.B. from Vassar College. She was married to the late Louis I. Jaffe, editor of the Virginian Pilot from 1919 to 1950.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","The material in this collection relates to people in Alice Jaffe's life, rather than to Alice Jaffe personally. These persons include: Louis I. Jaffe, her husband and editor of the Virginian-Pilot from 1919 to 1950; Colonel Henry Rice, her father; and Captain Samuel Davis, an ancestor and ship's captain. A part of the collection includes materials on the first two decades of growth of the Norfolk Division of William and Mary which later became Old Dominion College and then Old Dominion University.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Includes assorted reports, newspaper articles and correspondence, etc. relating to Hampton Roads history and Old Dominion University's early history as Norfolk Division of William and Mary College. Contains material from Jaffe's family including her husband, journalist Louis I. Jaffe, her father, Colonel Henry Rice and ancestor, Captain Samuel Davis.","ODU University Archives","Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"collection_ssim":["Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, 1807/1950, bulk 1919/1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 17-2B1","/repositories/3/resources/261"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 17-2B1","/repositories/3/resources/261"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)"],"creator_ssim":["Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"creators_ssim":["Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel","ODU University Archives","Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Alice R. Jaffe","Gift. Accession #A77-41"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Old Dominion University--Faculty","Ship captains"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Old Dominion University--Faculty","Ship captains"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.80 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1977],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional accessions made in March 1980 and May 1981.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Additional accessions made in March 1980 and May 1981."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into five series: Series I: Norfolk Division of William and Mary; Series II: Col. Henry Rice; Series III: Captain Samuel Davis; Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe; Series V: Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Norfolk Division of William and Mary; Series II: Col. Henry Rice; Series III: Captain Samuel Davis; Series IV: Louis I. Jaffe; Series V: Miscellaneous."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAlice Rice Jaffe was an art teacher at Old Dominion College/Old Dominion University in the 1960s and 1970s. Jaffe received her A.B. from Vassar College. She was married to the late Louis I. Jaffe, editor of the Virginian Pilot from 1919 to 1950.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Alice Rice Jaffe was an art teacher at Old Dominion College/Old Dominion University in the 1960s and 1970s. Jaffe received her A.B. from Vassar College. She was married to the late Louis I. Jaffe, editor of the Virginian Pilot from 1919 to 1950.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Alice Rice Jaffe Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe material in this collection relates to people in Alice Jaffe's life, rather than to Alice Jaffe personally. These persons include: Louis I. Jaffe, her husband and editor of the Virginian-Pilot from 1919 to 1950; Colonel Henry Rice, her father; and Captain Samuel Davis, an ancestor and ship's captain. A part of the collection includes materials on the first two decades of growth of the Norfolk Division of William and Mary which later became Old Dominion College and then Old Dominion University.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The material in this collection relates to people in Alice Jaffe's life, rather than to Alice Jaffe personally. These persons include: Louis I. Jaffe, her husband and editor of the Virginian-Pilot from 1919 to 1950; Colonel Henry Rice, her father; and Captain Samuel Davis, an ancestor and ship's captain. A part of the collection includes materials on the first two decades of growth of the Norfolk Division of William and Mary which later became Old Dominion College and then Old Dominion University."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8273bab22ab9e1347b5788ed21502631\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eIncludes assorted reports, newspaper articles and correspondence, etc. relating to Hampton Roads history and Old Dominion University's early history as Norfolk Division of William and Mary College. Contains material from Jaffe's family including her husband, journalist Louis I. Jaffe, her father, Colonel Henry Rice and ancestor, Captain Samuel Davis.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Includes assorted reports, newspaper articles and correspondence, etc. relating to Hampton Roads history and Old Dominion University's early history as Norfolk Division of William and Mary College. Contains material from Jaffe's family including her husband, journalist Louis I. Jaffe, her father, Colonel Henry Rice and ancestor, Captain Samuel Davis."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"names_coll_ssim":["Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel"],"persname_ssim":["Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel"],"names_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Old Dominion University. Department of Art","Norfolk College of William and Mary","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Jaffe, Alice Rice (1888-1950)","Jaffe, Louis I.(Louis Isaac) (1888-1950)","Webb, Louis","Rice, Henry","Davis, Samuel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":41,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:17.098Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_261_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Memorabilia, 1922/1963","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains biology songs from the Jones Biology Club of William and Mary; a 1922 program for the laying of the corner stone of the William H. Ruffner Junior High School in Norfolk, VA; 1963 lecture booklet The Whole Jackson (about Stonewall Jackson); 1926 Inaugural Program for Harry Byrd as Governor of Virginia and address by Byrd; and The Cauldron, a Norfolk Division yearbook, published by Sigma Epsilon Pi in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","parent_ssim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_3_resources_254"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Memorabilia","title_ssm":["Series IV: Memorabilia"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Memorabilia"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Memorabilia, 1922/1963"],"text":["Series IV: Memorabilia, 1922/1963","A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975","This series contains biology songs from the Jones Biology Club of William and Mary; a 1922 program for the laying of the corner stone of the William H. Ruffner Junior High School in Norfolk, VA; 1963 lecture booklet The Whole Jackson (about Stonewall Jackson); 1926 Inaugural Program for Harry Byrd as Governor of Virginia and address by Byrd; and The Cauldron, a Norfolk Division yearbook, published by Sigma Epsilon Pi in 1936."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/1963"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1922-1963"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":44,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to researchers without restrictions"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains biology songs from the Jones Biology Club of William and Mary; a 1922 program for the laying of the corner stone of the William H. Ruffner Junior High School in Norfolk, VA; 1963 lecture booklet The Whole Jackson (about Stonewall Jackson); 1926 Inaugural Program for Harry Byrd as Governor of Virginia and address by Byrd; and The Cauldron, a Norfolk Division yearbook, published by Sigma Epsilon Pi in 1936.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains biology songs from the Jones Biology Club of William and Mary; a 1922 program for the laying of the corner stone of the William H. Ruffner Junior High School in Norfolk, VA; 1963 lecture booklet The Whole Jackson (about Stonewall Jackson); 1926 Inaugural Program for Harry Byrd as Governor of Virginia and address by Byrd; and The Cauldron, a Norfolk Division yearbook, published by Sigma Epsilon Pi in 1936."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:17.098Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","_root_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_3_resources_254","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_3_resources_254.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/3/resources/254","title_filing_ssi":"Tonelson, A. Rufus","title_ssm":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers"],"title_tesim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1922-1975, undated","Date acquired: 06/25/1976"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1922-1975, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 06/25/1976"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1922/1975"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"text":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975","RG 19-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/254","Educators--Virginia--Norfolk","School principals--Virginia--Norfolk","Collection is open to researchers without restrictions","This collection is organized into four series: Series I: Personal Papers; Series II: Lectures and Tests; Series III: Publications; and Series IV: Memorabilia.","Dr. A. Rufus Tonelson was born in New York City on November 17, 1911, After his family moved to Norfolk, he attended that city's public schools through graduation from Maury High School in 1929. After completing his undergraduate work in 1933 and after two years in the Army during World War II, he married Sara Gladys Hamburg and they had two children - Louis, who was born on May 1, 1947 and Stephen Willis, who was born on April 3, 1950.\nDr. Tonelson began his college education as one of the first students of the newly formed Norfolk Division of William and Mary in 1930. During his three years as a Norfolk Division student, he was quite active in school athletics, particularly as a varsity baseball and basketball player, and literary activities, especially as a reporter for the campus paper-The High Hat. In addition, he also taught various lab science courses during his senior year when he was employed as a student lab instructor. After three years of attending classes at both the Norfolk and Williamsburg campuses, he received a Bachelor of Science Degree from William and Mary in 1933.\nShortly after his graduation, Dr. Tonelson continued to teach biology and lab sciences at the Norfolk campus as he had done in his senior year. Then, in 1936, he left the Norfolk Division to teach general science at Ruffner Junior High School. After three years at Ruffner, he transferred to Maury High School where he taught biology, history, and government in addition to coaching varsity basketball.\nAfter serving in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, Dr. Tonelson returned to Norfolk where he was employed as the Director of Veterans training for that city. A few years later, he left that position and re-entered a teaching career, which was eventually to involve him in a very difficult challenge. After teaching for a short while at a local elementary school, he was in 1950, appointed Assistant Principal and Varsity Basketball Coach at Maury High School. For a number of years, he also served as the Principal of the Maury High Night School. During this period, and mostly because of his graduate work in education, Dr. Tonelson was named a visiting Associate Professor of education at the Williamsburg campus of William and Mary. In 1953, Dr. Tonelson received a Masters in education from that same school. His Master's thesis was entitled \"A Study of a High School Guidance Program.\"\nIn 1957, Dr. Tonelson was appointed principal of Maury High School. Even though he held that position for almost a decade, his most significant contribution came during massive resistance when Maury, along with a number of other schools, was closed by opponents of integration. Viewing such closings as an unfortunate neglect of the needs and potentials of students, Dr. Tonelson worked diligently to have the schools re- open as quickly as possible.\nDuring his career as Principal of Maury High School, Dr. Tonelson continued his Academic study. In 1963, he received a doctorate in Administration and Supervision from Michigan State University upon completion of his dissertation entitled \"A Study of the Principalship in Larger High Schools in the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.\"\nIn 1966, Dr. Tonelson joined the faculty of Old Dominion College first as a Lecturer and then, in the same year, as a full Professor and Chairman of the Secondary Education Department, In September 1969, he was named Dean of the Darden School of Education of Old Dominion University. After two years in that capacity, he was, in 1971, named by President Bugg as the Assistant to the President for School and Community Relations. Then, in 1973, he was named to serve as the Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity Officer for Old Dominion University. Subsequently, after a long and meritorious career, Dr. Tonelson retired on July 1, 1976.","Note written by Doug Wright","The collection was processed and finding aid created by Dough Wright in 2001.","Oral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 1","Oral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 2","The majority of this collection consists of material representing teaching aids and materials collected by Dr. A Rufus Tonelson during his four decades of teaching at Old Dominion University. While some of the material reflects his initial teaching experience at the Norfolk Division of William and Mary, most of the papers in this collection are from the later phases of his teaching experience in the School of Education.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Papers primarily relate to his teaching experience at Old Dominion College and University.","ODU University Archives","Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education","Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"collection_ssim":["A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["RG 19-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/254"],"unitid_tesim":["RG 19-1B1","/repositories/3/resources/254"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"creator_ssim":["Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education"],"creators_ssim":["Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)","ODU University Archives","Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Dr. A. Rufus Tonelson","Gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Educators--Virginia--Norfolk","School principals--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Educators--Virginia--Norfolk","School principals--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"extent_tesim":["2.40 Linear Feet","6 Hollinger document cases boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to researchers without restrictions\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to researchers without restrictions"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into four series: Series I: Personal Papers; Series II: Lectures and Tests; Series III: Publications; and Series IV: Memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into four series: Series I: Personal Papers; Series II: Lectures and Tests; Series III: Publications; and Series IV: Memorabilia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDr. A. Rufus Tonelson was born in New York City on November 17, 1911, After his family moved to Norfolk, he attended that city's public schools through graduation from Maury High School in 1929. After completing his undergraduate work in 1933 and after two years in the Army during World War II, he married Sara Gladys Hamburg and they had two children - Louis, who was born on May 1, 1947 and Stephen Willis, who was born on April 3, 1950.\nDr. Tonelson began his college education as one of the first students of the newly formed Norfolk Division of William and Mary in 1930. During his three years as a Norfolk Division student, he was quite active in school athletics, particularly as a varsity baseball and basketball player, and literary activities, especially as a reporter for the campus paper-The High Hat. In addition, he also taught various lab science courses during his senior year when he was employed as a student lab instructor. After three years of attending classes at both the Norfolk and Williamsburg campuses, he received a Bachelor of Science Degree from William and Mary in 1933.\nShortly after his graduation, Dr. Tonelson continued to teach biology and lab sciences at the Norfolk campus as he had done in his senior year. Then, in 1936, he left the Norfolk Division to teach general science at Ruffner Junior High School. After three years at Ruffner, he transferred to Maury High School where he taught biology, history, and government in addition to coaching varsity basketball.\nAfter serving in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, Dr. Tonelson returned to Norfolk where he was employed as the Director of Veterans training for that city. A few years later, he left that position and re-entered a teaching career, which was eventually to involve him in a very difficult challenge. After teaching for a short while at a local elementary school, he was in 1950, appointed Assistant Principal and Varsity Basketball Coach at Maury High School. For a number of years, he also served as the Principal of the Maury High Night School. During this period, and mostly because of his graduate work in education, Dr. Tonelson was named a visiting Associate Professor of education at the Williamsburg campus of William and Mary. In 1953, Dr. Tonelson received a Masters in education from that same school. His Master's thesis was entitled \"A Study of a High School Guidance Program.\"\nIn 1957, Dr. Tonelson was appointed principal of Maury High School. Even though he held that position for almost a decade, his most significant contribution came during massive resistance when Maury, along with a number of other schools, was closed by opponents of integration. Viewing such closings as an unfortunate neglect of the needs and potentials of students, Dr. Tonelson worked diligently to have the schools re- open as quickly as possible.\nDuring his career as Principal of Maury High School, Dr. Tonelson continued his Academic study. In 1963, he received a doctorate in Administration and Supervision from Michigan State University upon completion of his dissertation entitled \"A Study of the Principalship in Larger High Schools in the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.\"\nIn 1966, Dr. Tonelson joined the faculty of Old Dominion College first as a Lecturer and then, in the same year, as a full Professor and Chairman of the Secondary Education Department, In September 1969, he was named Dean of the Darden School of Education of Old Dominion University. After two years in that capacity, he was, in 1971, named by President Bugg as the Assistant to the President for School and Community Relations. Then, in 1973, he was named to serve as the Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity Officer for Old Dominion University. Subsequently, after a long and meritorious career, Dr. Tonelson retired on July 1, 1976.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Doug Wright\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Dr. A. Rufus Tonelson was born in New York City on November 17, 1911, After his family moved to Norfolk, he attended that city's public schools through graduation from Maury High School in 1929. After completing his undergraduate work in 1933 and after two years in the Army during World War II, he married Sara Gladys Hamburg and they had two children - Louis, who was born on May 1, 1947 and Stephen Willis, who was born on April 3, 1950.\nDr. Tonelson began his college education as one of the first students of the newly formed Norfolk Division of William and Mary in 1930. During his three years as a Norfolk Division student, he was quite active in school athletics, particularly as a varsity baseball and basketball player, and literary activities, especially as a reporter for the campus paper-The High Hat. In addition, he also taught various lab science courses during his senior year when he was employed as a student lab instructor. After three years of attending classes at both the Norfolk and Williamsburg campuses, he received a Bachelor of Science Degree from William and Mary in 1933.\nShortly after his graduation, Dr. Tonelson continued to teach biology and lab sciences at the Norfolk campus as he had done in his senior year. Then, in 1936, he left the Norfolk Division to teach general science at Ruffner Junior High School. After three years at Ruffner, he transferred to Maury High School where he taught biology, history, and government in addition to coaching varsity basketball.\nAfter serving in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, Dr. Tonelson returned to Norfolk where he was employed as the Director of Veterans training for that city. A few years later, he left that position and re-entered a teaching career, which was eventually to involve him in a very difficult challenge. After teaching for a short while at a local elementary school, he was in 1950, appointed Assistant Principal and Varsity Basketball Coach at Maury High School. For a number of years, he also served as the Principal of the Maury High Night School. During this period, and mostly because of his graduate work in education, Dr. Tonelson was named a visiting Associate Professor of education at the Williamsburg campus of William and Mary. In 1953, Dr. Tonelson received a Masters in education from that same school. His Master's thesis was entitled \"A Study of a High School Guidance Program.\"\nIn 1957, Dr. Tonelson was appointed principal of Maury High School. Even though he held that position for almost a decade, his most significant contribution came during massive resistance when Maury, along with a number of other schools, was closed by opponents of integration. Viewing such closings as an unfortunate neglect of the needs and potentials of students, Dr. Tonelson worked diligently to have the schools re- open as quickly as possible.\nDuring his career as Principal of Maury High School, Dr. Tonelson continued his Academic study. In 1963, he received a doctorate in Administration and Supervision from Michigan State University upon completion of his dissertation entitled \"A Study of the Principalship in Larger High Schools in the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.\"\nIn 1966, Dr. Tonelson joined the faculty of Old Dominion College first as a Lecturer and then, in the same year, as a full Professor and Chairman of the Secondary Education Department, In September 1969, he was named Dean of the Darden School of Education of Old Dominion University. After two years in that capacity, he was, in 1971, named by President Bugg as the Assistant to the President for School and Community Relations. Then, in 1973, he was named to serve as the Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity Officer for Old Dominion University. Subsequently, after a long and meritorious career, Dr. Tonelson retired on July 1, 1976.","Note written by Doug Wright"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Dr. A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed and finding aid created by Dough Wright in 2001.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed and finding aid created by Dough Wright in 2001."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/oralhistory/id/597/rec/86\"\u003eOral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 1\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cextref href=\"http://dc.lib.odu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/oralhistory/id/581/rec/85\"\u003eOral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 2\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Oral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 1","Oral Histories in the Perry Library: A. Rufus Tonelson, Part 2"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe majority of this collection consists of material representing teaching aids and materials collected by Dr. A Rufus Tonelson during his four decades of teaching at Old Dominion University. While some of the material reflects his initial teaching experience at the Norfolk Division of William and Mary, most of the papers in this collection are from the later phases of his teaching experience in the School of Education.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The majority of this collection consists of material representing teaching aids and materials collected by Dr. A Rufus Tonelson during his four decades of teaching at Old Dominion University. While some of the material reflects his initial teaching experience at the Norfolk Division of William and Mary, most of the papers in this collection are from the later phases of his teaching experience in the School of Education."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e088633b8e210e90f01776b26c33c7ba\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePapers primarily relate to his teaching experience at Old Dominion College and University.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Papers primarily relate to his teaching experience at Old Dominion College and University."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education"],"names_coll_ssim":["Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education","Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"persname_ssim":["Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"names_ssim":["ODU University Archives","Maury High School (Norfolk, Va.)","Old Dominion University. Darden School of Education","Tonelson, A. Rufus (1911-2006)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":46,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:17.098Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_3_resources_254_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence, 1930/1936","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","parent_ssim":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_186"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence","title_ssm":["Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence, 1930/1936"],"text":["Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence, 1930/1936","The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930/1936"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1930-1936"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":204,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:26.509Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_186","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_186.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/186","title_filing_ssi":"Independent Collection","title_ssm":["The Independent Collection"],"title_tesim":["The Independent Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1680-1960","Date acquired: 02/18/2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1680-1960"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 02/18/2005"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1680/1960"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"text":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960","MG 83","/repositories/5/resources/186","American newspapers","Congregationalists--United States","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection has been organized into five series: Series I: Editorial Correspondence of The Independent; Series II: Literary Authors and Papers on American Theater; Series III: Historical Manuscripts and Documents; Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence; and Series V: William and Mary Norfolk Campus Library Correspondence.","The Independent was a New York weekly newspaper founded in 1848 by Henry Chandler Bowen. The Congregationalist journal, which was published until 1921, included social topics, primarily opposition to slavery and religious articles, but after the Civil War included literary submissions. Editors included, among others, Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Tilton, Kinsley Twining, Hamilton Holt, William Hayes Ward, and his sister, Susan Hayes Ward.\nWilliam Hayes Ward (1835-1916) was born in Abingdon, Massachusetts, on June 25, 1835. He graduated with distinction from Amherst College in 1856 and from Andover Theological seminary in 1859. He married Ellen Maria Dickinson in 1859. Dr. Ward served as a professor of Latin at Ripon College in Wisconsin and was a prominent orientalist and biblical scholar in his later years. In 1868 he left Ripon College to join the editorial staff of The Independent. In 1884, he led an expedition to Babylonia to examine archeological sites, and became president of the American Oriental Society, a position held twice, from 1890-1894 and 1909-1910. He specialized in studying designs of Babylonian and Assyrian seal cylinders, which were used in ancient record-keeping.\nShowing a lifelong concern for social issues in the newspaper and in private life, William Hayes Ward upheld African-American rights and opened the first conference held by the NAACP in 1909 in New York City. He was editor-in-chief of The Independent from 1896-1913 and is known for supporting poet Sidney Lanier, whose work was frequently published in the paper, and about whom Dr. Ward wrote a biographical memoir.\nHorace Howard Furness, Sr., 1833-1912, was an important American Shakespeare scholar. He was known for his editing of Shakespeare's plays, which contained numerous editions of plays as well as criticism. His son, Horace Howard Furness, Jr., 1865-1930, was a partner and successor of his father's work and edited his letters. Samuel Chew was a renowned literary critic in the early twentieth century.","Note written by Elizabeth Vincelette","The collection was processed by By Elizabeth Vincelette.","Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","This collection does not include physical copies of the Independent newspaper. Several volumes of the newspaper have been digitized by the Hathi Trust.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Primarily comprised of correspondence of William Hayes Ward, editor of The Independent, a New York Congregationalist weekly, with notable literary and historical figures including General John Charles Frémont, American explorer and expedition leader; P. T. Barnum, showman; and Asa Gray, the preeminent American botanist of the 19th century. Other items in the collection include American literature and theater papers; colonial historical manuscripts and documents; and correspondence with the library of Norfolk division of the College of William and Mary (the predecessor of Old Dominion University).","ODU Community Collections","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"collection_ssim":["The Independent Collection, 1680/1960"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 83","/repositories/5/resources/186"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 83","/repositories/5/resources/186"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)"],"creator_ssim":["Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"creators_ssim":["Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel","ODU Community Collections","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Unknown provenance","Gift. Accession #A2005-1","Some of the papers were discovered in the 1980s among a collection of rare books owned by the Old Dominion University library which had been purchased from a New York City bookstore."],"access_subjects_ssim":["American newspapers","Congregationalists--United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["American newspapers","Congregationalists--United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger Document Case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger Document Case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1680,1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690,1691,1692,1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection has been organized into five series: Series I: Editorial Correspondence of The Independent; Series II: Literary Authors and Papers on American Theater; Series III: Historical Manuscripts and Documents; Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence; and Series V: William and Mary Norfolk Campus Library Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection has been organized into five series: Series I: Editorial Correspondence of The Independent; Series II: Literary Authors and Papers on American Theater; Series III: Historical Manuscripts and Documents; Series IV: Miscellaneous Literary and Political Correspondence; and Series V: William and Mary Norfolk Campus Library Correspondence."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Independent was a New York weekly newspaper founded in 1848 by Henry Chandler Bowen. The Congregationalist journal, which was published until 1921, included social topics, primarily opposition to slavery and religious articles, but after the Civil War included literary submissions. Editors included, among others, Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Tilton, Kinsley Twining, Hamilton Holt, William Hayes Ward, and his sister, Susan Hayes Ward.\nWilliam Hayes Ward (1835-1916) was born in Abingdon, Massachusetts, on June 25, 1835. He graduated with distinction from Amherst College in 1856 and from Andover Theological seminary in 1859. He married Ellen Maria Dickinson in 1859. Dr. Ward served as a professor of Latin at Ripon College in Wisconsin and was a prominent orientalist and biblical scholar in his later years. In 1868 he left Ripon College to join the editorial staff of The Independent. In 1884, he led an expedition to Babylonia to examine archeological sites, and became president of the American Oriental Society, a position held twice, from 1890-1894 and 1909-1910. He specialized in studying designs of Babylonian and Assyrian seal cylinders, which were used in ancient record-keeping.\nShowing a lifelong concern for social issues in the newspaper and in private life, William Hayes Ward upheld African-American rights and opened the first conference held by the NAACP in 1909 in New York City. He was editor-in-chief of The Independent from 1896-1913 and is known for supporting poet Sidney Lanier, whose work was frequently published in the paper, and about whom Dr. Ward wrote a biographical memoir.\nHorace Howard Furness, Sr., 1833-1912, was an important American Shakespeare scholar. He was known for his editing of Shakespeare's plays, which contained numerous editions of plays as well as criticism. His son, Horace Howard Furness, Jr., 1865-1930, was a partner and successor of his father's work and edited his letters. Samuel Chew was a renowned literary critic in the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Elizabeth Vincelette\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Independent was a New York weekly newspaper founded in 1848 by Henry Chandler Bowen. The Congregationalist journal, which was published until 1921, included social topics, primarily opposition to slavery and religious articles, but after the Civil War included literary submissions. Editors included, among others, Henry Ward Beecher, Theodore Tilton, Kinsley Twining, Hamilton Holt, William Hayes Ward, and his sister, Susan Hayes Ward.\nWilliam Hayes Ward (1835-1916) was born in Abingdon, Massachusetts, on June 25, 1835. He graduated with distinction from Amherst College in 1856 and from Andover Theological seminary in 1859. He married Ellen Maria Dickinson in 1859. Dr. Ward served as a professor of Latin at Ripon College in Wisconsin and was a prominent orientalist and biblical scholar in his later years. In 1868 he left Ripon College to join the editorial staff of The Independent. In 1884, he led an expedition to Babylonia to examine archeological sites, and became president of the American Oriental Society, a position held twice, from 1890-1894 and 1909-1910. He specialized in studying designs of Babylonian and Assyrian seal cylinders, which were used in ancient record-keeping.\nShowing a lifelong concern for social issues in the newspaper and in private life, William Hayes Ward upheld African-American rights and opened the first conference held by the NAACP in 1909 in New York City. He was editor-in-chief of The Independent from 1896-1913 and is known for supporting poet Sidney Lanier, whose work was frequently published in the paper, and about whom Dr. Ward wrote a biographical memoir.\nHorace Howard Furness, Sr., 1833-1912, was an important American Shakespeare scholar. He was known for his editing of Shakespeare's plays, which contained numerous editions of plays as well as criticism. His son, Horace Howard Furness, Jr., 1865-1930, was a partner and successor of his father's work and edited his letters. Samuel Chew was a renowned literary critic in the early twentieth century.","Note written by Elizabeth Vincelette"],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3Acollection|e5cd0c34-fda3-4f7b-b6b6-67ae59c645fb/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], The Independent Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], The Independent Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was processed by By Elizabeth Vincelette.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was processed by By Elizabeth Vincelette."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_e5cd0c34-fda3-4f7b-b6b6-67ae59c645fb/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\n\n\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection does not include physical copies of the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eIndependent \u003c/emph\u003enewspaper. Several volumes of the newspaper have been digitized by the \u003cextref href=\"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?type%5B%5D=title%5B%5D=%22Harper%27s%20weekly%22=1=\"\u003eHathi Trust\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","This collection does not include physical copies of the Independent newspaper. Several volumes of the newspaper have been digitized by the Hathi Trust."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c1f5dbf0f1fcb685a35e9797113a0f0e\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003ePrimarily comprised of correspondence of William Hayes Ward, editor of \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Independent, \u003c/emph\u003ea New York Congregationalist weekly, with notable literary and historical figures including General John Charles Frémont, American explorer and expedition leader; P. T. Barnum, showman; and Asa Gray, the preeminent American botanist of the 19th century. Other items in the collection include American literature and theater papers; colonial historical manuscripts and documents; and correspondence with the library of Norfolk division of the College of William and Mary (the predecessor of Old Dominion University).\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Primarily comprised of correspondence of William Hayes Ward, editor of The Independent, a New York Congregationalist weekly, with notable literary and historical figures including General John Charles Frémont, American explorer and expedition leader; P. T. Barnum, showman; and Asa Gray, the preeminent American botanist of the 19th century. Other items in the collection include American literature and theater papers; colonial historical manuscripts and documents; and correspondence with the library of Norfolk division of the College of William and Mary (the predecessor of Old Dominion University)."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division"],"names_coll_ssim":["College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel"],"persname_ssim":["Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","College of William and Mary. Norfolk Division","Ward, William Hayes (1835-1916)","Bowen, Henry Chandler (1813-1896)","Furness, Horace Howard  (1833-1912)","Furness, Horace Howard (1865-1930)","Barnum, P. T. (Phineas Taylor) (1810-1891)","Frémont, John Charles (1813-1890)","Gray, Asa (1810-1888)","Chew, Samuel"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":222,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:26.509Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_186_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks, 1924/1972","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains albums, scrapbooks, and books related to Mr. Duckworth's activities. Many contain material from his time working for Ford Motor Company. Other material relates to his terms as mayor of Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","parent_ssim":["W. 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Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1924/1972"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1924-1972, undated"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":127,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":8,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains albums, scrapbooks, and books related to Mr. Duckworth's activities. Many contain material from his time working for Ford Motor Company. Other material relates to his terms as mayor of Norfolk.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains albums, scrapbooks, and books related to Mr. Duckworth's activities. Many contain material from his time working for Ford Motor Company. Other material relates to his terms as mayor of Norfolk."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_258","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_258.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/258","title_filing_ssi":"Duckworth, W. Fred","title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated","Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1908-1979, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 05/07/1980"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1908/1979"],"normalized_title_ssm":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"text":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979","MG 45","/repositories/5/resources/258","Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.","William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).","The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["W. Fred Duckworth Papers, 1908/1979"],"collection_ssim":["W. 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(Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"creators_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Betty Duckworth Farrand","Gift. Accession #A80-23"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Mayors--Virginia--Norfolk","School integration--Massive resistance movement"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["22.20 Linear Feet","2 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Papers; Series II: Memorabilia; Series III: Oversize Photographs and Certificates; and Series IV: Oversize Albums and Scrapbooks."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["William Fred Duckworth was born June 20, 1899 in Brevard, North Carolina. He graduated from Kernersville High School in Kernersville, North Carolina, and attended Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina. He served in the Infantry during World War I. Duckworth married Gertrude Summers, a native of Statesville, North Carolina. Together they had one daughter, Betty.","Mr. Duckworth's first employment was with the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1920. In 1931, he was promoted to manager of the plant. Then in 1933, he transferred to the Memphis Tennessee Plant. In 1936, Duckworth moved to Norfolk, Virginia to manage the Norfolk Plant. He worked for the Ford Motor Company until 1942.","Mr. Duckworth served his country again from 1942 to 1944, as Regional Director of the War Production Board in Cleveland, Ohio. After this he became an independent businessman, founding the Cavalier Motor Company in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as President of the company until 1959. After that, he continued to serve as Chairman of the Board.","In 1950, running on the coalition ticket, Duckworth was elected as mayor of Norfolk. He served in this position for twelve years, as Norfolk's longest running mayor. He finally declined re-election in 1962. Among his accomplishments as mayor of Norfolk include slum clearance, an industrial park, the Norfolk bridges and tunnels, and the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial in Norfolk's old Court House.","On March 4, 1972, William Fred Duckworth was shot and killed while taking his regular nightly walk near his Norfolk apartment. No one was ever charged with the crime.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], W. Fred Duckworth Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePaul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Paul T. Schweitzer Papers (MG 16); Forrest P. White Papers (MG 5)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of documents, artifacts, newspaper clippings, photos, and scrapbooks documenting the activities of W. Fred Duckworth in politics, as a businessman, and as a civic leader. Of particular note are the documents related to Duckworth's role in the desegregation of Norfolk Public Schools in the 1950s and 1960s."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9d4c723a75858d54b3770ca918f8f654\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eMayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Mayor of Norfolk (1950-1962). Collection consists of memorabilia, photographs, scrapbooks, newspaper clippings, and artifacts relating to his political, business and civic activities."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial"],"names_coll_ssim":["MacArthur Memorial","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)"],"persname_ssim":["Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","MacArthur Memorial","Duckworth, W. Fred (1899-1972)","Stanley, Thomas B. (Thomas Bahnson) (1890-1970)","MacArthur, Douglas"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":148,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_258_c04"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Series IV: Personal, 1902/2002","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis series contains material of a personal nature for Lawrence Cox. Included in the series are biographies of Cox, social and civic organization records, personal correspondence, family material, hobbies, medical news, philanthropic ventures, and retirement in Hilton Head, South Carolina, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","parent_ssim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_260"],"title_filing_ssi":"Series IV: Personal","title_ssm":["Series IV: Personal"],"title_tesim":["Series IV: Personal"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Series IV: Personal, 1902/2002"],"text":["Series IV: Personal, 1902/2002","Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002","This series contains material of a personal nature for Lawrence Cox. Included in the series are biographies of Cox, social and civic organization records, personal correspondence, family material, hobbies, medical news, philanthropic ventures, and retirement in Hilton Head, South Carolina, among others."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1902/2002"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1902-2002, undated"],"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":2301,"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":13,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis series contains material of a personal nature for Lawrence Cox. Included in the series are biographies of Cox, social and civic organization records, personal correspondence, family material, hobbies, medical news, philanthropic ventures, and retirement in Hilton Head, South Carolina, among others.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This series contains material of a personal nature for Lawrence Cox. Included in the series are biographies of Cox, social and civic organization records, personal correspondence, family material, hobbies, medical news, philanthropic ventures, and retirement in Hilton Head, South Carolina, among others."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_260","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_260.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/260","title_filing_ssi":"Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr.","title_ssm":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers"],"title_tesim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1902-2002, undated","Date acquired: 09/23/1977"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1902-2002, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 09/23/1977"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1902/2002"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"text":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002","MG 38","/repositories/5/resources/260","Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Housing--Virginia--Norfolk","Housing--United States","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Additional accession donated by Cox in May 1998 and further accesssions by Marvin W. Lee, Sr. in October 2003 and April, 2009.","The collection is organized into eight series: Series I: Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; Series II: Housing and Urban Development; Series III: Consulting; Series IV: Personal; Series V: Photographs; Series VI: Maps and Blueprints; Series VII: Artifacts; and Series VII: Multimedia.","Lawrence Morgan Cox, Sr. was born March 12, 1912, in Norfolk, Virginia and he was raised in the Larchmont area of Norfolk. He was the second son of William Roland Cox, Sr. and Maude Belote Cox. He had one brother, William Roland Cox, Jr., and two sisters, Grace and Mary.  In 1942, he married Anne Irving Flippen. They had a son, Lawrence Morgan Cox, Jr. Cox and Flipper divorced in 1950.  In 1951, Cox married Ethel Mae Breeden. Cox had one stepdaughter, Mrs. Diane Fecher of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.","Cox attended Maury High School in Norfolk from 1927 to 1931. However, Cox enlisted in the United States Navy in June 1929 just before graduating Maury High School in anticipation of attending the Naval Academy. Unfortunately, Cox did not meet the Naval Academy's physical requirements. Until his honorable discharge in December 1930, Cox served in the U.S. Navy as an aviator. After returning to graduate from Maury High School in 1931, and with the assistance of his father, Cox obtained a job loading cement with the Lone Star Cement Company in Washington, D.C.","In 1934, Cox joined the Public Works Administration Housing Division of the U.S. Government as a messenger and statistician. He was promoted in 1937 to Special Assistant to Jacob Crane, Assistant Administrator of the U.S. Housing Authority, and he served in that position until 1940. During his time in Washington, Cox took undergraduate courses in Public Administration and Business Administration at George Washington University.","Cox became Assistant Executive Director of the newly formed Norfolk Housing Authority now known as the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority in 1940. There was regional resistance to the establishment of the Authority but it was overcome by the support of the U.S. Navy who were short of housing, and by the creation of Merrimac Park set aside for U.S. Navy enlisted men and their families. Cox was named Executive Director of the Norfolk Housing Authority on April 1, 1941.","In 1942, Cox became a Bomb Reconnaissance Agent with the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense. Cox was instrumental in the formation of the Virginia Association of Housing Authorities, and served as its president from 1942-43.  When Cox was selected to head the National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials NAHRO in 1948, he became the youngest man in NAHRO history to hold that position. While leading the NAHRO, Cox helped formulate the policies incorporated in the Housing Act of 1949, a landmark document that called for \"a decent home and suitable environment for every American family.\"","During 1949, Cox spent a great deal of time overseas involved in urban planning and rebuilding. He was a member of the American Delegation to the Economic Commission for Europe's International Conference on Building Documentation held in Geneva, Switzerland. He traveled in six European countries on a special study assignment for the State Department and the Housing and Home Finance Agency which dealt with housing and the rebuilding of cities. He also served as a special consultant to the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany and reviewed planning and rebuilding in five German cities. In 1956 and 1957, Cox served the State Department as part of the International Cooperation Administration's study on housing programs in Peru and as a special consultant to Peru's Presidential Commission on Housing and Land Reform. For his service to the nation of Peru, he was designated Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of Peru by President Prado. Cox participated in the International Seminar on Urban Renewal at The Hague, Netherlands in 1958. He also attended the 24th International Congress of Town Planning at Liege, Belgium that same year.","Even while Cox was serving his country internationally, he did not neglect the needs of Norfolk. Cox was the first city official to publicly support a medical school for Norfolk in a 1959 speech to the Norfolk Yacht Club. He reiterated his goal of a medical school for Norfolk during his 1961 speech commemorating the opening of the Medical Tower building, the first of four buildings in the Norfolk Medical Complex. Throughout the 1960's, Cox helped build community support for a medical college in Norfolk, VA. His efforts eventually led to the creation of the Eastern Virginia Medical School EVMS in 1973.","During the 1960s, Mr. Cox lectured extensively at graduate seminars and meetings, both at home and abroad. He addressed the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh in 1961. In 1962, he spent a month lecturing at the Graduate School of Ekistics, Athens Technical Institute in Athens, Greece. Also in 1962, Cox lectured at the International School of Social Studies at The Hague, Netherlands. Cox was also a guest speaker at the American Bar Association's 88th Annual Meeting in Miami, Florida 1965, the University of Cincinnati's Graduate School of Architecture 1967, and the University of Virginia's Graduate School of Planning 1968.","Cox continued his role as Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority NRHA until his appointment as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1969.  He was appointed by President Richard Nixon, and only served in this position until 1970. During this time, he continued as a consultant to urban development, planning, and housing bodies at the federal, state, and local levels. Cox resigned as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in July 1970, amid rumors of misused funds. The allegations were investigated, but Cox was never charged with any wrongdoing.  Cox steadfastly denied that his resignation had anything to do with the rumors.  He cited business concerns for his failing land development corporation in Nansemond County as his reason for leaving.","More legal troubles ensued in 1973 when Cox was brought before a Grand Jury for keeping interests in private enterprises while working for public interests during his time with NRHA. Between 1964 and 1985, Cox was an owner of two successful real estate development firms, one of these being Suffolk's Cedar Point, a residential and golf community. However, the Grand Jury found no criminal misconduct by Cox, but did scold Cox for a breach of ethics.","In 1973, Lawrence Cox was appointed Counselor to the U.S. Conference of Mayors for policy and legislative matters; and from 1976 to 1982, he served on the Board of Commissioners of the Virginia Housing Development Authority. Cox also remained actively involved in real estate development from 1964 until the late 1980s.","In 1990, the Medical College of Hampton Roads and Eastern Virginia Medical School awarded Cox the degree of Doctor of Human Letters, honoris causa. In the early 1990's, he and his wife moved to the Hilton Head Island Retirement Community. After his retirement, Cox had the opportunity to pursue leisure activities. Cox was an avid golfer and a fisherman.  He was interested in history and involved in the Sons of the American Revolution and the Children of the Confederacy. Cox died on November 7, 2002 on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.","Note written by Special Collections Staff","The collection was further processed by Mona Farrow from January-March 2017.","Mason C. Andrews Papers (MG 62), Paul Caplan Papers (MG 78)","This collection deals primarily with the career of Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. at the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; the Department of Housing and Urban Development; (HUD); and as a private real estate counselor.","These papers document his activities in Washington, D.C. in the early 1930's; in Norfolk from 1940 until 1969; with HUD in 1969 and 1970; and from his home in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Hilton Head Island, in later years. Additionally, this collection contains personal information on his family, retirement, and hobbies.","Materials in the archives consist of proposed and enacted legislation at the national and state level; press releases; mailing lists; newsletters; magazines; reports; pamphlets; books; correspondence; newspaper clippings; awards; achievements; resumes; photos; speeches, and various other materials.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Served as the Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority (NRHA) from 1941-1969 and, thereafter, as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) during Nixon's administration. Collection chiefly consists of the records accumulated during his service with the NRHA and HUD.","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development","Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"collection_ssim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers, 1902/2002"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 38","/repositories/5/resources/260"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 38","/repositories/5/resources/260"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Hampton Roads (Va.)--History--20th century","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"creator_ssim":["Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development"],"creators_ssim":["Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)","ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Lawrence M. Cox, Sr.","Gift. Accession #A77-71"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Housing--Virginia--Norfolk","Housing--United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Housing--Virginia--Norfolk","Housing--United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["119.40 Linear Feet","216 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes, 1 poster tube boxes"],"extent_tesim":["119.40 Linear Feet","216 Hollinger document cases, 15 oversize boxes, 1 poster tube boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional accession donated by Cox in May 1998 and further accesssions by Marvin W. Lee, Sr. in October 2003 and April, 2009.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Additional accession donated by Cox in May 1998 and further accesssions by Marvin W. Lee, Sr. in October 2003 and April, 2009."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into eight series: Series I: Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; Series II: Housing and Urban Development; Series III: Consulting; Series IV: Personal; Series V: Photographs; Series VI: Maps and Blueprints; Series VII: Artifacts; and Series VII: Multimedia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into eight series: Series I: Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; Series II: Housing and Urban Development; Series III: Consulting; Series IV: Personal; Series V: Photographs; Series VI: Maps and Blueprints; Series VII: Artifacts; and Series VII: Multimedia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLawrence Morgan Cox, Sr. was born March 12, 1912, in Norfolk, Virginia and he was raised in the Larchmont area of Norfolk. He was the second son of William Roland Cox, Sr. and Maude Belote Cox. He had one brother, William Roland Cox, Jr., and two sisters, Grace and Mary.  In 1942, he married Anne Irving Flippen. They had a son, Lawrence Morgan Cox, Jr. Cox and Flipper divorced in 1950.  In 1951, Cox married Ethel Mae Breeden. Cox had one stepdaughter, Mrs. Diane Fecher of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCox attended Maury High School in Norfolk from 1927 to 1931. However, Cox enlisted in the United States Navy in June 1929 just before graduating Maury High School in anticipation of attending the Naval Academy. Unfortunately, Cox did not meet the Naval Academy's physical requirements. Until his honorable discharge in December 1930, Cox served in the U.S. Navy as an aviator. After returning to graduate from Maury High School in 1931, and with the assistance of his father, Cox obtained a job loading cement with the Lone Star Cement Company in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1934, Cox joined the Public Works Administration Housing Division of the U.S. Government as a messenger and statistician. He was promoted in 1937 to Special Assistant to Jacob Crane, Assistant Administrator of the U.S. Housing Authority, and he served in that position until 1940. During his time in Washington, Cox took undergraduate courses in Public Administration and Business Administration at George Washington University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCox became Assistant Executive Director of the newly formed Norfolk Housing Authority now known as the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority in 1940. There was regional resistance to the establishment of the Authority but it was overcome by the support of the U.S. Navy who were short of housing, and by the creation of Merrimac Park set aside for U.S. Navy enlisted men and their families. Cox was named Executive Director of the Norfolk Housing Authority on April 1, 1941.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1942, Cox became a Bomb Reconnaissance Agent with the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense. Cox was instrumental in the formation of the Virginia Association of Housing Authorities, and served as its president from 1942-43.  When Cox was selected to head the National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials NAHRO in 1948, he became the youngest man in NAHRO history to hold that position. While leading the NAHRO, Cox helped formulate the policies incorporated in the Housing Act of 1949, a landmark document that called for \"a decent home and suitable environment for every American family.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring 1949, Cox spent a great deal of time overseas involved in urban planning and rebuilding. He was a member of the American Delegation to the Economic Commission for Europe's International Conference on Building Documentation held in Geneva, Switzerland. He traveled in six European countries on a special study assignment for the State Department and the Housing and Home Finance Agency which dealt with housing and the rebuilding of cities. He also served as a special consultant to the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany and reviewed planning and rebuilding in five German cities. In 1956 and 1957, Cox served the State Department as part of the International Cooperation Administration's study on housing programs in Peru and as a special consultant to Peru's Presidential Commission on Housing and Land Reform. For his service to the nation of Peru, he was designated Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of Peru by President Prado. Cox participated in the International Seminar on Urban Renewal at The Hague, Netherlands in 1958. He also attended the 24th International Congress of Town Planning at Liege, Belgium that same year.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEven while Cox was serving his country internationally, he did not neglect the needs of Norfolk. Cox was the first city official to publicly support a medical school for Norfolk in a 1959 speech to the Norfolk Yacht Club. He reiterated his goal of a medical school for Norfolk during his 1961 speech commemorating the opening of the Medical Tower building, the first of four buildings in the Norfolk Medical Complex. Throughout the 1960's, Cox helped build community support for a medical college in Norfolk, VA. His efforts eventually led to the creation of the Eastern Virginia Medical School EVMS in 1973.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1960s, Mr. Cox lectured extensively at graduate seminars and meetings, both at home and abroad. He addressed the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh in 1961. In 1962, he spent a month lecturing at the Graduate School of Ekistics, Athens Technical Institute in Athens, Greece. Also in 1962, Cox lectured at the International School of Social Studies at The Hague, Netherlands. Cox was also a guest speaker at the American Bar Association's 88th Annual Meeting in Miami, Florida 1965, the University of Cincinnati's Graduate School of Architecture 1967, and the University of Virginia's Graduate School of Planning 1968.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCox continued his role as Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority NRHA until his appointment as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1969.  He was appointed by President Richard Nixon, and only served in this position until 1970. During this time, he continued as a consultant to urban development, planning, and housing bodies at the federal, state, and local levels. Cox resigned as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in July 1970, amid rumors of misused funds. The allegations were investigated, but Cox was never charged with any wrongdoing.  Cox steadfastly denied that his resignation had anything to do with the rumors.  He cited business concerns for his failing land development corporation in Nansemond County as his reason for leaving.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMore legal troubles ensued in 1973 when Cox was brought before a Grand Jury for keeping interests in private enterprises while working for public interests during his time with NRHA. Between 1964 and 1985, Cox was an owner of two successful real estate development firms, one of these being Suffolk's Cedar Point, a residential and golf community. However, the Grand Jury found no criminal misconduct by Cox, but did scold Cox for a breach of ethics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1973, Lawrence Cox was appointed Counselor to the U.S. Conference of Mayors for policy and legislative matters; and from 1976 to 1982, he served on the Board of Commissioners of the Virginia Housing Development Authority. Cox also remained actively involved in real estate development from 1964 until the late 1980s.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1990, the Medical College of Hampton Roads and Eastern Virginia Medical School awarded Cox the degree of Doctor of Human Letters, honoris causa. In the early 1990's, he and his wife moved to the Hilton Head Island Retirement Community. After his retirement, Cox had the opportunity to pursue leisure activities. Cox was an avid golfer and a fisherman.  He was interested in history and involved in the Sons of the American Revolution and the Children of the Confederacy. Cox died on November 7, 2002 on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Special Collections Staff\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Lawrence Morgan Cox, Sr. was born March 12, 1912, in Norfolk, Virginia and he was raised in the Larchmont area of Norfolk. He was the second son of William Roland Cox, Sr. and Maude Belote Cox. He had one brother, William Roland Cox, Jr., and two sisters, Grace and Mary.  In 1942, he married Anne Irving Flippen. They had a son, Lawrence Morgan Cox, Jr. Cox and Flipper divorced in 1950.  In 1951, Cox married Ethel Mae Breeden. Cox had one stepdaughter, Mrs. Diane Fecher of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.","Cox attended Maury High School in Norfolk from 1927 to 1931. However, Cox enlisted in the United States Navy in June 1929 just before graduating Maury High School in anticipation of attending the Naval Academy. Unfortunately, Cox did not meet the Naval Academy's physical requirements. Until his honorable discharge in December 1930, Cox served in the U.S. Navy as an aviator. After returning to graduate from Maury High School in 1931, and with the assistance of his father, Cox obtained a job loading cement with the Lone Star Cement Company in Washington, D.C.","In 1934, Cox joined the Public Works Administration Housing Division of the U.S. Government as a messenger and statistician. He was promoted in 1937 to Special Assistant to Jacob Crane, Assistant Administrator of the U.S. Housing Authority, and he served in that position until 1940. During his time in Washington, Cox took undergraduate courses in Public Administration and Business Administration at George Washington University.","Cox became Assistant Executive Director of the newly formed Norfolk Housing Authority now known as the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority in 1940. There was regional resistance to the establishment of the Authority but it was overcome by the support of the U.S. Navy who were short of housing, and by the creation of Merrimac Park set aside for U.S. Navy enlisted men and their families. Cox was named Executive Director of the Norfolk Housing Authority on April 1, 1941.","In 1942, Cox became a Bomb Reconnaissance Agent with the Virginia Office of Civilian Defense. Cox was instrumental in the formation of the Virginia Association of Housing Authorities, and served as its president from 1942-43.  When Cox was selected to head the National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials NAHRO in 1948, he became the youngest man in NAHRO history to hold that position. While leading the NAHRO, Cox helped formulate the policies incorporated in the Housing Act of 1949, a landmark document that called for \"a decent home and suitable environment for every American family.\"","During 1949, Cox spent a great deal of time overseas involved in urban planning and rebuilding. He was a member of the American Delegation to the Economic Commission for Europe's International Conference on Building Documentation held in Geneva, Switzerland. He traveled in six European countries on a special study assignment for the State Department and the Housing and Home Finance Agency which dealt with housing and the rebuilding of cities. He also served as a special consultant to the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany and reviewed planning and rebuilding in five German cities. In 1956 and 1957, Cox served the State Department as part of the International Cooperation Administration's study on housing programs in Peru and as a special consultant to Peru's Presidential Commission on Housing and Land Reform. For his service to the nation of Peru, he was designated Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of Peru by President Prado. Cox participated in the International Seminar on Urban Renewal at The Hague, Netherlands in 1958. He also attended the 24th International Congress of Town Planning at Liege, Belgium that same year.","Even while Cox was serving his country internationally, he did not neglect the needs of Norfolk. Cox was the first city official to publicly support a medical school for Norfolk in a 1959 speech to the Norfolk Yacht Club. He reiterated his goal of a medical school for Norfolk during his 1961 speech commemorating the opening of the Medical Tower building, the first of four buildings in the Norfolk Medical Complex. Throughout the 1960's, Cox helped build community support for a medical college in Norfolk, VA. His efforts eventually led to the creation of the Eastern Virginia Medical School EVMS in 1973.","During the 1960s, Mr. Cox lectured extensively at graduate seminars and meetings, both at home and abroad. He addressed the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh in 1961. In 1962, he spent a month lecturing at the Graduate School of Ekistics, Athens Technical Institute in Athens, Greece. Also in 1962, Cox lectured at the International School of Social Studies at The Hague, Netherlands. Cox was also a guest speaker at the American Bar Association's 88th Annual Meeting in Miami, Florida 1965, the University of Cincinnati's Graduate School of Architecture 1967, and the University of Virginia's Graduate School of Planning 1968.","Cox continued his role as Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority NRHA until his appointment as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1969.  He was appointed by President Richard Nixon, and only served in this position until 1970. During this time, he continued as a consultant to urban development, planning, and housing bodies at the federal, state, and local levels. Cox resigned as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in July 1970, amid rumors of misused funds. The allegations were investigated, but Cox was never charged with any wrongdoing.  Cox steadfastly denied that his resignation had anything to do with the rumors.  He cited business concerns for his failing land development corporation in Nansemond County as his reason for leaving.","More legal troubles ensued in 1973 when Cox was brought before a Grand Jury for keeping interests in private enterprises while working for public interests during his time with NRHA. Between 1964 and 1985, Cox was an owner of two successful real estate development firms, one of these being Suffolk's Cedar Point, a residential and golf community. However, the Grand Jury found no criminal misconduct by Cox, but did scold Cox for a breach of ethics.","In 1973, Lawrence Cox was appointed Counselor to the U.S. Conference of Mayors for policy and legislative matters; and from 1976 to 1982, he served on the Board of Commissioners of the Virginia Housing Development Authority. Cox also remained actively involved in real estate development from 1964 until the late 1980s.","In 1990, the Medical College of Hampton Roads and Eastern Virginia Medical School awarded Cox the degree of Doctor of Human Letters, honoris causa. In the early 1990's, he and his wife moved to the Hilton Head Island Retirement Community. After his retirement, Cox had the opportunity to pursue leisure activities. Cox was an avid golfer and a fisherman.  He was interested in history and involved in the Sons of the American Revolution and the Children of the Confederacy. Cox died on November 7, 2002 on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.","Note written by Special Collections Staff"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers., Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. Papers., Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection was further processed by Mona Farrow from January-March 2017.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The collection was further processed by Mona Farrow from January-March 2017."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMason C. Andrews Papers (MG 62), Paul Caplan Papers (MG 78)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Mason C. Andrews Papers (MG 62), Paul Caplan Papers (MG 78)"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection deals primarily with the career of Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. at the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; the Department of Housing and Urban Development; (HUD); and as a private real estate counselor.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese papers document his activities in Washington, D.C. in the early 1930's; in Norfolk from 1940 until 1969; with HUD in 1969 and 1970; and from his home in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Hilton Head Island, in later years. Additionally, this collection contains personal information on his family, retirement, and hobbies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaterials in the archives consist of proposed and enacted legislation at the national and state level; press releases; mailing lists; newsletters; magazines; reports; pamphlets; books; correspondence; newspaper clippings; awards; achievements; resumes; photos; speeches, and various other materials.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection deals primarily with the career of Lawrence M. Cox, Sr. at the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority; the Department of Housing and Urban Development; (HUD); and as a private real estate counselor.","These papers document his activities in Washington, D.C. in the early 1930's; in Norfolk from 1940 until 1969; with HUD in 1969 and 1970; and from his home in Suffolk, Norfolk, and Hilton Head Island, in later years. Additionally, this collection contains personal information on his family, retirement, and hobbies.","Materials in the archives consist of proposed and enacted legislation at the national and state level; press releases; mailing lists; newsletters; magazines; reports; pamphlets; books; correspondence; newspaper clippings; awards; achievements; resumes; photos; speeches, and various other materials."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_90aede5b87e629e179a2d019030ee11a\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eServed as the Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority (NRHA) from 1941-1969 and, thereafter, as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) during Nixon's administration. Collection chiefly consists of the records accumulated during his service with the NRHA and HUD.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["Served as the Executive Director of the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority (NRHA) from 1941-1969 and, thereafter, as Assistant Secretary for Renewal and Housing Assistance in the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) during Nixon's administration. Collection chiefly consists of the records accumulated during his service with the NRHA and HUD."],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development"],"names_coll_ssim":["Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development","Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"persname_ssim":["Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority","Eastern Virginia Medical School","United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development","Cox, Lawrence Morgan, Sr. (1912-2002)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2881,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:33.091Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_260_c04"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":788},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1935\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. Rufus Tonelson Papers, 1922/1975","value":"A. 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