{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=373","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=372","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=374","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=380"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":373,"next_page":374,"prev_page":372,"total_pages":380,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":3720,"total_count":3798,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Who's Who In America, 1905/1939","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17"],"id":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c04_c04","parent_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00186","viu_viu00186_c04","viu_viu00186_c04_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Who's Who In America","title_ssm":["Who's Who In America"],"title_tesim":["Who's Who In America"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Who's Who In America, 1905/1939"],"text":["Who's Who In America, 1905/1939","William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files","Box Box 20"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES IV: CORRESPONDENCE OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","Subseries D: Topical Files"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1905/1939"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1905, 1929, 1933-1939"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":179,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 20"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#3/components#16","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:01.121Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00186","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00186.xml","title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"text":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","8990-b","7 ft.","BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\n \n 1875\n Marriage of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n parents \n Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\n \n \n 1876\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n sister, \n Eva Braithwaite\n \n \n 1878\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaitein \n Boston, Massachusettson 6\n December\n \n \n 1885\n Birth of a sister; she dies in \n 1894\n \n \n 1886\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n father\n \n \n 1889\n Map of \n Europedrawn by \n William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n exhibited at the \n Parisfair\n \n \n 1890\n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n Boston)\n \n \n 1898\n William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n a \n Newport, Rhode\n Islandbookstore\n \n \n 1901\n Publishes first novel, \n The Canadian, A Novel\n \n \n 1903\n Marries \n Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n children: \n Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite(Mrs. \n Merrill Carter), \n Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n William J. Arnold), \n William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n Agard), \n Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite\n \n \n 1904\n Publishes \n Lyrics of Life and Love\n \n \n 1906\n Edits \n The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n Boston Author's Clubwith the\n support of \n Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n the \n Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\n \n \n 1907\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n Boston, Massachusettson 17\n December\n \n \n 1908\n Publishes \n The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n \n \n 1909\n Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n The Book of Georgian Verse\n \n \n 1909-1910\n Plans \n \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n \n \n 1910\n Edits \n The Book of Restoration Verse\n \n \n 1912-1914\n Sporadically publishes and edits \n Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n \n \n 1913-1929\n Edits \n Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n \n \n 1915\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n The Poetry Journal, \n \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n New England Poetry Clubwith \n Edward J. O'Brien\n \n \n 1916\n Edits \n Representative American Poetrywith \n Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n The Poetic Year For 1916and \n The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\n \n \n 1916-1917\n Edits \n The Stratford Monthlywith \n Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n \n \n 1917\n Plans a book, \n \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n \n \n 1918\n Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n First Baptist Church, \n Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n meeting of the \n National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n Talladega College; writes\n introduction to \n The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n Georgia D. Johnson\n \n \n 1919\n Publishes \n The Story of The Great War; edits \n Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets; literary criticism published in \n The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n The Book of Modern British Verse\n \n \n 1920\n Publishes \n Our Essayists And Critics Today\n \n \n 1921\n Writes introduction to \n The Beggars' Visionby \n Brookes More; publishes poetry\n volume, \n A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\n \n \n 1921-1927\n Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Companywith \n Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\n \n \n 1922\n William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n Georgia Douglas Johnson\n \n \n 1924\n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Confusionby \n James Gould Cozzens; \n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n The Crisis, and, \n Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n \n \n 1928\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n Frost On The Green Leaf\n \n \n 1931\n Edits \n Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\n \n \n 1934\n Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n Opportunity\n \n \n 1934-1935\n Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n Atlanta University; retires in\n 1945\n \n \n 1935\n Alan F. Peterof the \n Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n 1935 issue of \n Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n \n \n 1936\n William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n introduction to \n We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n Mae V. Cowdery\n \n \n 1937\n Sterling Brown, in \n Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n poetry critic\n \n \n 1938\n William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n on a program committee for the \n Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges(later \n The College Language\n Association)\n \n \n 1939\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n paternal uncle, \n Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n September\n \n \n 1940\n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \n The Years Between 1918-39and \n Poems, New and Selected\n \n \n 1941-1942\n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n autobiography, \n \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\n \n \n 1942\n An M. A. thesis by \n Alma Westine Stoneof \n Atlanta Universityexamines \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n career\n \n \n 1945\n Retires from \n Atlanta Universityand moves to \n Harlem, New York City\n \n \n 1947\n Publishes an article in \n Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n \n \n 1948\n Publishes \n Selected Poems\n \n \n 1950\n Publishes \n The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\n \n \n 1956\n Interviewed by \n Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Officefrom May to June: \n \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\n \n \n 1957\n Literary criticism published in \n Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\n \n \n 1958\n Co-edits 1958 \n Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n Margaret Carpenter, a \n Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n \n \n 1959\n An \n American Poetry Societydinner is\n held in \n William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n in \n New York City; he writes the\n preface to \n A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n Marion Buchman\n \n \n 1962\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n New York City; funeral held on 12\n June","University of Virginia. 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Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["8990-b"],"unitid_tesim":["8990-b"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. 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Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"creators_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift, 1985 Jul 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 ft."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\n \n 1875\n Marriage of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n parents \n Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\n \n \n 1876\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n sister, \n Eva Braithwaite\n \n \n 1878\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaitein \n Boston, Massachusettson 6\n December\n \n \n 1885\n Birth of a sister; she dies in \n 1894\n \n \n 1886\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n father\n \n \n 1889\n Map of \n Europedrawn by \n William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n exhibited at the \n Parisfair\n \n \n 1890\n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n Boston)\n \n \n 1898\n William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n a \n Newport, Rhode\n Islandbookstore\n \n \n 1901\n Publishes first novel, \n The Canadian, A Novel\n \n \n 1903\n Marries \n Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n children: \n Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite(Mrs. \n Merrill Carter), \n Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n William J. Arnold), \n William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n Agard), \n Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite\n \n \n 1904\n Publishes \n Lyrics of Life and Love\n \n \n 1906\n Edits \n The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n Boston Author's Clubwith the\n support of \n Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n the \n Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\n \n \n 1907\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n Boston, Massachusettson 17\n December\n \n \n 1908\n Publishes \n The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n \n \n 1909\n Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n The Book of Georgian Verse\n \n \n 1909-1910\n Plans \n \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n \n \n 1910\n Edits \n The Book of Restoration Verse\n \n \n 1912-1914\n Sporadically publishes and edits \n Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n \n \n 1913-1929\n Edits \n Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n \n \n 1915\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n The Poetry Journal, \n \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n New England Poetry Clubwith \n Edward J. O'Brien\n \n \n 1916\n Edits \n Representative American Poetrywith \n Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n The Poetic Year For 1916and \n The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\n \n \n 1916-1917\n Edits \n The Stratford Monthlywith \n Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n \n \n 1917\n Plans a book, \n \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n \n \n 1918\n Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n First Baptist Church, \n Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n meeting of the \n National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n Talladega College; writes\n introduction to \n The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n Georgia D. Johnson\n \n \n 1919\n Publishes \n The Story of The Great War; edits \n Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets; literary criticism published in \n The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n The Book of Modern British Verse\n \n \n 1920\n Publishes \n Our Essayists And Critics Today\n \n \n 1921\n Writes introduction to \n The Beggars' Visionby \n Brookes More; publishes poetry\n volume, \n A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\n \n \n 1921-1927\n Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Companywith \n Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\n \n \n 1922\n William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n Georgia Douglas Johnson\n \n \n 1924\n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Confusionby \n James Gould Cozzens; \n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n The Crisis, and, \n Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n \n \n 1928\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n Frost On The Green Leaf\n \n \n 1931\n Edits \n Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\n \n \n 1934\n Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n Opportunity\n \n \n 1934-1935\n Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n Atlanta University; retires in\n 1945\n \n \n 1935\n Alan F. Peterof the \n Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n 1935 issue of \n Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n \n \n 1936\n William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n introduction to \n We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n Mae V. Cowdery\n \n \n 1937\n Sterling Brown, in \n Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n poetry critic\n \n \n 1938\n William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n on a program committee for the \n Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges(later \n The College Language\n Association)\n \n \n 1939\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n paternal uncle, \n Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n September\n \n \n 1940\n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \n The Years Between 1918-39and \n Poems, New and Selected\n \n \n 1941-1942\n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n autobiography, \n \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\n \n \n 1942\n An M. A. thesis by \n Alma Westine Stoneof \n Atlanta Universityexamines \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n career\n \n \n 1945\n Retires from \n Atlanta Universityand moves to \n Harlem, New York City\n \n \n 1947\n Publishes an article in \n Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n \n \n 1948\n Publishes \n Selected Poems\n \n \n 1950\n Publishes \n The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\n \n \n 1956\n Interviewed by \n Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Officefrom May to June: \n \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\n \n \n 1957\n Literary criticism published in \n Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\n \n \n 1958\n Co-edits 1958 \n Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n Margaret Carpenter, a \n Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n \n \n 1959\n An \n American Poetry Societydinner is\n held in \n William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n in \n New York City; he writes the\n preface to \n A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n Marion Buchman\n \n \n 1962\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n New York City; funeral held on 12\n June"],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute"],"famname_ssim":["Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"persname_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family","William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:01.121Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMarriage of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n parents \n \u003cpersname\u003eEmma DeWolfe (1860-1928)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1876\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n sister, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEva Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1878\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ein \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 6\n December\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1885\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of a sister; she dies in \n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1894\u003c/date\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1886\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n father\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1889\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMap of \n \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003edrawn by \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eis\n exhibited at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eParis\u003c/geogname\u003efair\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1890\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston\u003c/geogname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1898\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003emanages\n a \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNewport, Rhode\n Island\u003c/geogname\u003ebookstore\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1901\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes first novel, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Canadian, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1903\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMarries \n \u003cpersname\u003eEmma Kelly\u003c/persname\u003eon 30 June; seven\n children: \n \u003cpersname\u003eFiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n \u003cpersname\u003eMerrill Carter\u003c/persname\u003e), \n \u003cpersname\u003eKatherine Keats Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam J. Arnold\u003c/persname\u003e), \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Carman Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs.\n Agard), \n \u003cpersname\u003ePaul Ledoux Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eArnold DeWolfe Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eFrancis Robinson\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1904\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLyrics of Life and Love\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1906\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Elizabethan Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; elected to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eBoston Author's Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith the\n support of \n \u003cpersname\u003eThomas Wentworth Higginson\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJulia Ward Howe\u003c/persname\u003e; begins writing for\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBoston Evening Transcript\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eon 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1907\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Greenleaf Whittier\u003c/persname\u003e, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 17\n December\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1908\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe House of Falling Leaves\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; writes an essay introduction for \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Wounded Eros: Sonnets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby Charles Gibson\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAtlantic Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; also edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Georgian Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909-1910\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePlans \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Book of Victorian Verse\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut it is never published\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1910\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Restoration Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1912-1914\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSporadically publishes and edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil it is taken over by others\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1913-1929\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil 1929\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1915\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eScribners\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"Poetry of The Public\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; he organizes the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNew England Poetry Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdward J. O'Brien\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eRepresentative American Poetry\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schittkind\u003c/persname\u003e; also edits\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetic Year For 1916\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916-1917\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Stratford Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schnittkind\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1917\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePlans a book, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlpha Phi Alpha fraternity\u003c/corpname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1918\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAwarded the Spingarn Medal, \n \u003ccorpname\u003eFirst Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n \u003cgeogname\u003eProvidence, Rhode Island\u003c/geogname\u003e, during a\n meeting of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People\u003c/corpname\u003e(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003efor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eTalladega College\u003c/corpname\u003e; writes\n introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Heart of A Woman And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia D. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1919\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Story of The Great War\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eVictory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Modern British Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1920\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Essayists And Critics Today\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eWrites introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Beggars' Vision\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eBrookes More\u003c/persname\u003e; publishes poetry\n volume, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921-1927\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eFounds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Jackson\u003c/persname\u003eas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1922\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eedits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Massachusetts Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; \n \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBronze: A Book of Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia Douglas Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eConfusion\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Gould Cozzens\u003c/persname\u003e; \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, and, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGoing Over Tindal, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1928\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eFrost On The Green Leaf\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1931\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOpportunity\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934-1935\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAppointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003e; retires in\n 1945\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1935\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eAlan F. Peter\u003c/persname\u003eof the \n \u003ccorpname\u003ePoetry Digest Association\u003c/corpname\u003eplans a\n 1935 issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand offers \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ewrites\n introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWe Lift Our Voices And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eMae V. Cowdery\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1937\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eSterling Brown\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Poetry \u0026amp; Drama\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, praises \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eas a\n poetry critic\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1938\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eserves\n on a program committee for the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAssociation of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges\u003c/corpname\u003e(later \n \u003ccorpname\u003eThe College Language\n Association\u003c/corpname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1939\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n paternal uncle, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdward John Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age 85, in\n September\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1940\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Years Between 1918-39\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoems, New and Selected\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1941-1942\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n autobiography, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The House Under Acturus\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eis serialized in five installments in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1942\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAn M. A. thesis by \n \u003cpersname\u003eAlma Westine Stone\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eexamines \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n career\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1945\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eRetires from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eand moves to \n \u003cgeogname\u003eHarlem, New York City\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1947\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes an article in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Digest\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1948\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSelected Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1956\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eInterviewed by \n \u003ccorpname\u003eColumbia University's Oral History Research\n Office\u003c/corpname\u003efrom May to June: \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1957\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1958\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eCo-edits 1958 \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eMargaret Carpenter\u003c/persname\u003e, a \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNorfolk, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1959\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAn \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Poetry Society\u003c/corpname\u003edinner is\n held in \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's honor\n in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; he writes the\n preface to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Voice In Ramah: Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eMarion Buchman\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1962\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; funeral held on 12\n June\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c04_c04_c17"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53","parent_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)","title_ssm":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)"],"title_tesim":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941"],"text":["Wilkinson, Lucy Meade (Allen), 1905/1941","Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy","Box 9","Folder 6"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Wi-Wy"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1905/1941"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ante 1905 - post 1941"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":551,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"containers_ssim":["Box 9","Folder 6"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#52/components#1","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:41.108Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9298.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler Family Papers, Group D","title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1951"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1951"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1951"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"text":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298","Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility.","Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.","See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"creators_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["W\u0026amp;M Special Collections Research Center began acquiring and collecting Tyler family papers in 1922 and the collection has grown considerably since. The vast majority of this collection was donated by generous family and friends of the Tyler family between 1922 and 2002, with the bulk of the collection being donated to in 1949 by Mrs. Sue Ruffin Tyler and in 1955 by the children of Lyon G. Tyler. Some materials in this collection were purchased by W\u0026M Libraries, Special Collections Research Center."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026amp; Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Women of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tyler family"],"persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":678,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:41.108Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c53_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury, 1898/1942","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06"],"id":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c01_c01","parent_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n Papers","Correspondence"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01005","viu_viu01005_c01","viu_viu01005_c01_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury","title_ssm":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury"],"title_tesim":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury, 1898/1942"],"text":["William Allan Perkins to Anne \"Nannie\"\n Henderson (Perkins) and Henry Lowndes\n Maury, 1898/1942","Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n Papers","Correspondence","Box Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n Papers","Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","I. Maury and Perkins Family\n Papers","Correspondence"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1942"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1898-1942"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":8,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0/components#5","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:37.384Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01005","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01005.xml","title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"text":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","10492-c","ca. 550 items","This material, assembled by \n Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n and Recordsand \n Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n includes original letters and papers of the \n Mauryand \n Perkinsfamilies as\n well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n children and spouses, \n Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n wife \n Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n also letters from \n Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Mauryin \n Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n Perkins from \n Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n wife, in \n Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n November 18, 1898, from \n Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n events in \n Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n 1901 with news of \n Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n 23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n iron bridge, \n Holladay House, and \n Woolen Mills. There are also several\n letters mentioning persons associated with the \n University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n and October 16, 1933, \n John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n February 13, 1933, \n Frank Abbott's death and \n John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n 1934, \n John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n trip from \n Butte, Montanato her home in \n Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n Nannie, after her marriage to \n Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n and their subsequent departure to \n Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n Clayberg and Corbettand with \n Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n of the \n Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n 1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n University of Virginiaprofessor,\n successful visit to \n Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n William Allan Perkins, describing a\n fishing trip that took him across \n West Virginiaand \n Ohioto a camp near \n Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n from her aunt, \n Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n of \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Mauryand \n Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n from \n Charlottesvilleto various places in \n Virginiaand \n New York, and \n Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n vividly. In July 1910, \n Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n Charlottesvilleto \n Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n from various repositories concerning the \n Maury, \n Perkins, \n Watson, \n Norris, and related families. There is much\n material pertaining to \n Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n within is in chronological order.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris","Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["10492-c"],"unitid_tesim":["10492-c"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n Skeels"],"creator_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n Skeels"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"creators_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Library by Lydia\n Lowndes Maury Skeels of Storrs, Connecticut, on July 24,\n 1987."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 550 items"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material, assembled by \n \u003cpersname\u003eLydia Lowndes Maury Skeels\u003c/persname\u003efor her books, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOne American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n and Records\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSome Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n includes original letters and papers of the \n \u003cfamname normal=\"Maury family\"\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003eand \n \u003cfamname normal=\"Perkins family\"\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003efamilies as\n well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n repositories.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\u003c/persname\u003e(1844-1936) and \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1846-1918) and their\n children and spouses, \n \u003cpersname\u003eHay Watson (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1873-19 ) and \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Rust Bedinger Michie\u003c/persname\u003e(1870-19 ), \n \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1874-1960) and \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1875-1959), and \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1880-19 ) and his\n wife \n \u003cpersname\u003eHazlehurst Bolton\u003c/persname\u003e(1882-19 ). There are\n also letters from \n \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1838-19 ), \n \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's sister; letters from \n \u003cpersname\u003eNannie Jessie Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e) to her son, \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes\u003c/persname\u003e; and, a farm book of \n \u003cpersname\u003eEgbert Reed Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1810-1887), \n \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's father.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the original letters are written to \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Anne Perkins Maury\"\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury\u003c/persname\u003ein \n \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003efrom her family in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand contain much\n personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n Perkins from \n \u003cpersname\u003eBessie P. Woods\u003c/persname\u003e, a missionary doctor's\n wife, in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eTsing Kiang, China\u003c/geogname\u003e, describes the\n customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n November 18, 1898, from \n \u003cpersname\u003eEllen Maury Slayden\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eSan Antonio, Texas\u003c/geogname\u003e, enlightens Nannie on\n living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Eliza Watson Perkins\"\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ewrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n events in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e. There are two letters in\n 1901 with news of \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e: April 15, concerning the\n election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n 23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n iron bridge, \n \u003ccorpname\u003eHolladay House\u003c/corpname\u003e, and \n \u003ccorpname\u003eWoolen Mills\u003c/corpname\u003e. There are also several\n letters mentioning persons associated with the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e: November 28, 1932\n and October 16, 1933, \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Lloyd Newcomb\u003c/persname\u003e's tea for Lord and\n Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n February 13, 1933, \n \u003cpersname\u003eFrank Abbott\u003c/persname\u003e's death and \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Staige Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' illness; and, July 16,\n 1934, \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn W. Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' speech at the Institute of\n Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n trip from \n \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto her home in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ealso wrote to his daughter,\n Nannie, after her marriage to \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003eon November 22, 1898\n and their subsequent departure to \n \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003e. While he wrote personal\n letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n \u003ccorpname\u003eClayberg and Corbett\u003c/corpname\u003eand with \n \u003ccorpname\u003ePemberton and Maury\u003c/corpname\u003e(August 25 and\n September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eBar Association in Butte\u003c/corpname\u003e(December 19,\n 1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n \u003cpersname\u003eCharles Alphonso Smith\u003c/persname\u003e(1864-1924), a \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eprofessor,\n successful visit to \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBerlin\u003c/geogname\u003e, including a lunch with Kaiser\n Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n \u003cgeogname\u003ePotsdam\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOther letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e, describing a\n fishing trip that took him across \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWest Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n \u003cgeogname\u003eOhio\u003c/geogname\u003eto a camp near \n \u003cgeogname\u003eSault Ste. Marie\u003c/geogname\u003e; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n from her aunt, \n \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e, mentioning the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia Base Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003eand\n occurrences during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n of \n \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson) Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e. During\n July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n from \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto various places in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e, describing the sites\n vividly. In July 1910, \n \u003cpersname\u003eLizzie Perkins\u003c/persname\u003etravelled from \n \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto \n \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto visit her daughter and\n her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n from various repositories concerning the \n \u003cfamname\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003e, \n \u003cfamname\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003e, \n \u003cfamname\u003eWatson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n \u003cfamname\u003eNorris\u003c/famname\u003e, and related families. There is much\n material pertaining to \n \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1806-1873), the\n first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n series.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n within is in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material, assembled by \n Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n and Recordsand \n Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n includes original letters and papers of the \n Mauryand \n Perkinsfamilies as\n well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n children and spouses, \n Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n wife \n Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n also letters from \n Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Mauryin \n Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n Perkins from \n Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n wife, in \n Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n November 18, 1898, from \n Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n events in \n Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n 1901 with news of \n Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n 23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n iron bridge, \n Holladay House, and \n Woolen Mills. There are also several\n letters mentioning persons associated with the \n University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n and October 16, 1933, \n John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n February 13, 1933, \n Frank Abbott's death and \n John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n 1934, \n John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n trip from \n Butte, Montanato her home in \n Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n Nannie, after her marriage to \n Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n and their subsequent departure to \n Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n Clayberg and Corbettand with \n Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n of the \n Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n 1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n University of Virginiaprofessor,\n successful visit to \n Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n William Allan Perkins, describing a\n fishing trip that took him across \n West Virginiaand \n Ohioto a camp near \n Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n from her aunt, \n Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n of \n Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Mauryand \n Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n from \n Charlottesvilleto various places in \n Virginiaand \n New York, and \n Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n vividly. In July 1910, \n Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n Charlottesvilleto \n Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n from various repositories concerning the \n Maury, \n Perkins, \n Watson, \n Norris, and related families. There is much\n material pertaining to \n Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n within is in chronological order."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital"],"famname_ssim":["Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"persname_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris","Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:37.384Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01005_c01_c01_c06"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian, 1925/1943","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01_c03","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01","parent_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Furnishings","Household Accessories","Containers For Smoking and Tobacco"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c02_c04_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian","title_ssm":["William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian"],"title_tesim":["William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian, 1925/1943"],"text":["William and Mary Bronze Ashtray with Indian, 1925/1943","University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Furnishings","Household Accessories","Containers For Smoking and Tobacco","Scope and Contents","One bronze ashtray with a Native American relief in the center and a depiction of the Wren Building and yard above his headdress. On the bottom of the ashtray is a \"K\" with an \"\" and \"co.\" inside an \"O.\" The ashtray was made by the Kronheimer Oldenbusch (K O) company. It was once owned by Ethel Blanks Irvine, class of 1931 at the College of William and Mary. It is approximately 4 in. x 3.75 in. It is in fair condition with some corrosion around the left eye and the right side of the Indian's headdress. Located in Dec Obj S2, SS4. UA 2011.242"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Furnishings","Household Accessories","Containers For Smoking and Tobacco"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Furnishings","Household Accessories","Containers For Smoking and Tobacco"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1925/1943"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1925-1943"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":55,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne bronze ashtray with a Native American relief in the center and a depiction of the Wren Building and yard above his headdress. On the bottom of the ashtray is a \"K\" with an \"\" and \"co.\" inside an \"O.\" The ashtray was made by the Kronheimer Oldenbusch (K O) company. It was once owned by Ethel Blanks Irvine, class of 1931 at the College of William and Mary. It is approximately 4 in. x 3.75 in. It is in fair condition with some corrosion around the left eye and the right side of the Indian's headdress. Located in Dec Obj S2, SS4. UA 2011.242\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents","One bronze ashtray with a Native American relief in the center and a depiction of the Wren Building and yard above his headdress. On the bottom of the ashtray is a \"K\" with an \"\" and \"co.\" inside an \"O.\" The ashtray was made by the Kronheimer Oldenbusch (K O) company. It was once owned by Ethel Blanks Irvine, class of 1931 at the College of William and Mary. It is approximately 4 in. x 3.75 in. It is in fair condition with some corrosion around the left eye and the right side of the Indian's headdress. Located in Dec Obj S2, SS4. UA 2011.242"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#3/components#0/components#2","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:49.239Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9382.xml","title_filing_ssi":"University Archives Artifact Collection 1693-[ongoing] 1900-2011","title_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection"],"title_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1693-[ongoing], 1900-2011","1900-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1693-[ongoing], 1900-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1900-2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"text":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382","Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts","This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.","Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series.","The Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).","Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.","Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection.","Accessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member.","Consult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/","The University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.","Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at","http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/","The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.","Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.","The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.","Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary.","English Greek,Ancient(to1453) Hebrew"],"collection_title_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382"],"unitid_tesim":["UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni"],"creator_ssim":["College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Information about acquisitions is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.75 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4.75 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel 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collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series.\u003c/p\u003e "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;quot;\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;lt;/a\u0026amp;gt;.%20%20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History:"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection.\u003c/p\u003e "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History:"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).","Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.","Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member.\u003c/p\u003e "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConsult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/p\u003e "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Consult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\u003c/extref\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.","Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at","http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/","The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.","Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. 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The button was once owned by Martha Virginia Sleet, class of 1928. The top third of the button is gold, the middle third is green, and the bottom third is silver. The button is attached to a green, gold, and silver ribbon. The button is 1.25in. in diameter and the ribbon is approximately 2in. long. The button is in fair condition with rust on the back of it and the ribbon starting to fade and wrinkle. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.","Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. 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Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series.\u003c/p\u003e "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;quot;\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;lt;/a\u0026amp;gt;.%20%20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History:"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection.\u003c/p\u003e "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History:"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).","Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.","Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member.\u003c/p\u003e "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConsult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/p\u003e "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Consult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\u003c/extref\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.","Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at","http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/","The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.","Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.","The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.","Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.\u003c/p\u003e "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials:"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"names_coll_ssim":["College of William and Mary."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"language_ssim":["English Greek,Ancient(to1453) Hebrew"],"total_component_count_is":1606,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:49.239Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c08_c06_c04_c10_c01"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William and Mary Reproduction Map, 1934","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eReproduction colored map of the College of William and Mary and Williamsburg, backed with cardboard. 1934 by M.S. Engelhart.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14","parent_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015","Series 1: Postcard, Ephemera, and Research Collection, 1900/2005","Ephemera","Photographs and Prints, 1934/1946"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03","viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14"],"title_filing_ssi":"William and Mary Reproduction Map","title_ssm":["William and Mary Reproduction Map"],"title_tesim":["William and Mary Reproduction Map"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Mary Reproduction Map, 1934"],"text":["William and Mary Reproduction Map, 1934","Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015","Series 1: Postcard, Ephemera, and Research Collection, 1900/2005","Ephemera","Photographs and Prints, 1934/1946","Box 32","Oversize Folder 1","Reproduction colored map of the College of William and Mary and Williamsburg,  backed with cardboard.  1934 by M.S. Engelhart."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015","Series 1: Postcard, Ephemera, and Research Collection, 1900/2005","Ephemera","Photographs and Prints, 1934/1946"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015","Series 1: Postcard, Ephemera, and Research Collection, 1900/2005","Ephemera","Photographs and Prints, 1934/1946"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1934"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1934"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[4],"sort_isi":113,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015"],"containers_ssim":["Box 32","Oversize Folder 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1934],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eReproduction colored map of the College of William and Mary and Williamsburg,  backed with cardboard.  1934 by M.S. Engelhart.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Reproduction colored map of the College of William and Mary and Williamsburg,  backed with cardboard.  1934 by M.S. Engelhart."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#2/components#13/components#5","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:04.561Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_8896","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_8896.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection","title_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection"],"title_tesim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1858-2015"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1858-2015"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1858/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015"],"text":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015","Mss. 1.09","/repositories/2/resources/8896","Charles City County (Va.)--History--20th century","Isle of Wight County (Va.)--History--20th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Smithfield (Va.)--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and Government--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Civic league","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--21st century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Drama","Williamsburg (Va.)--Library","Williamsburg (Va.)--Maps","Williamsburg (Va.)--Newspapers","Williamsburg (Va.)--Photographs","Williamsburg (Va.)--Post Office","Williamsburg (Va.)--Restoration","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.). 300th Anniversary Commission","Yorktown (Va.)","Yorktown (Va.)--History--20th century","Agricultural exhibitions--Virginia--Williamsburg","Agriculture--Virginia--History--19th century","Baptist Church--Virginia--History","College of William and Mary--Presidents","Colonial Williamsburg Foundation--History","Education--Virginia--Williamsburg--19th century","Jamestown Festival (1957)","Land use--Virginia--Williamsburg","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Methodist Church--Virginia--Williamsburg","Postcards--Virginia","Public libraries--Cultural programs","Restaurants--Virginia--Williamsburg","Theater","Transportation--Virginia","Occasion for the Arts","Announcements","Broadsides","Bumper Stickers","Calendars","Clippings (information artifacts)","Editorials","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Invitations","Journals (periodicals)","Maps","Menus","Microfilms","Obituaries","Pamphlets","Photographs","Postcards","Postcards--Virginia--Jamestown","Posters","Prints","Programs","Reports","Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts)","Speeches","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.","Series 1 is a single collection of postcards, ephemera, and research.  In Series 2, the ephemera is divided into subjects, and in Series 3, the ephemera is divided into genre.","Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: .","Accessions starting in 2009 were accessioned and processed by Ute Schechter and Ben Bromley.  Items from the backlog were entered by Anne Johnson in 2008 with further detail added by Alex Dodd in 2009.","In April 2015, the collection was reorganized into subject and genre, removing the associated accession numbers except with Series 2, Sub-series 4, Photographs. The Tatler newsletter was transferred to Rare Books.  Some emphemera material was transferred to existing collections, such as the Woman's Club of Williamsburg.  Newspaper clippings with biographical information about local citizens or of historical interest were kept and filed in the subseries Clippings.  Obituary clippings were removed.","Ephemera and, more generally, printed materials donated through the WHRA are accessible through this Ephemera Collection. Other organizational records and personal papers donated by or through the WHRA are described in separate catalog records with WHRA as added creator. Furthermore, all WHRA records will have at least one subject heading 'Williamsburg (Va.)--History--[century] to facilitate access.","Related Collections include:  Mss. 2006.47 Williamsburg Historic Records Association Organizational Records;  Virginia Cities Williamsburg (Mss. 39.4 V82ci); Virginia Counties James City, York County(Mss. 39.4 V82) and S. F. (Bill) Royall, Jr. Papers (Mss. Acc. 1989.02).","This collection covers the Greater Williamsburg Area, including Williamsburg, Yorktown, Jamestown, James City County, York County and other nearby communities. It includes gifts and purchases whose contents are ephemeral in nature and not well-suited as stand-alone collections.  The items are usually transient documents of everyday life and can include menus, flyers, advertisements, and programs but can also be postcards, games, ticket stubs, and the like.","The majority of materials in Series 2 have been collected and contributed by the Williamsburg Historic Records Association (WHRA).  New items will be added on an ongoing basis. For this reason, the indicated date range is approximate at this point.","Most tourist related ephemera is filed under Series 2, Area Attractions.  The remainder of the ephemera relates to the activities, government and life of the local residents of the Williamsburg area.","Some of the 20th century ephemera was accessioned as gifts from The Williamsburg Press (owner Bill Royal) and the Virginia Gazette but are filed by subject.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)","Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015"],"collection_ssim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Area Ephemera Collection, 1858/2015"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 1.09","/repositories/2/resources/8896"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 1.09","/repositories/2/resources/8896"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Charles City County (Va.)--History--20th century","Isle of Wight County (Va.)--History--20th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Smithfield (Va.)--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and Government--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Civic league","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--21st century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Drama","Williamsburg (Va.)--Library","Williamsburg (Va.)--Maps","Williamsburg (Va.)--Newspapers","Williamsburg (Va.)--Photographs","Williamsburg (Va.)--Post Office","Williamsburg (Va.)--Restoration","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.). 300th Anniversary Commission","Yorktown (Va.)","Yorktown (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charles City County (Va.)--History--20th century","Isle of Wight County (Va.)--History--20th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Smithfield (Va.)--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and Government--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Civic league","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--21st century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Drama","Williamsburg (Va.)--Library","Williamsburg (Va.)--Maps","Williamsburg (Va.)--Newspapers","Williamsburg (Va.)--Photographs","Williamsburg (Va.)--Post Office","Williamsburg (Va.)--Restoration","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.). 300th Anniversary Commission","Yorktown (Va.)","Yorktown (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charles City County (Va.)--History--20th century","Isle of Wight County (Va.)--History--20th century","Jamestown (Va.)--History--20th century","Smithfield (Va.)--History--20th century","Virginia--Politics and Government--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--Civic league","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--18th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--20th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--21st century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Drama","Williamsburg (Va.)--Library","Williamsburg (Va.)--Maps","Williamsburg (Va.)--Newspapers","Williamsburg (Va.)--Photographs","Williamsburg (Va.)--Post Office","Williamsburg (Va.)--Restoration","Williamsburg (Va.)--Social life and customs","Williamsburg (Va.). 300th Anniversary Commission","Yorktown (Va.)","Yorktown (Va.)--History--20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout","Special Collections Research Center","Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Most accessions are gifts via the Williamsburg Historical Records Association. Includes Acc. 1995.52, 1996.37, 1996.10; 1996.26;1996.28; 1998.43; 1999.02; 1999.13; 1999.25; 2000.25;2001.25; 2002.20; 2003.19; 2003.24; 2003.30; 2003.33; 2003.62; 2004.21; 2004.28; 2005.08; 2005.09; 2005.43 2006.20; 2006.83; 2007.07; Acc. 2007.08;  2007.95; 2008.01; 2008.09; 2008.40; 2008.65; 2009.112; 2009.014; 2009.12;0 2009.009 and 2009.330. For information on accession received after May 2009, please consult a staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Agricultural exhibitions--Virginia--Williamsburg","Agriculture--Virginia--History--19th century","Baptist Church--Virginia--History","College of William and Mary--Presidents","Colonial Williamsburg Foundation--History","Education--Virginia--Williamsburg--19th century","Jamestown Festival (1957)","Land use--Virginia--Williamsburg","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Methodist Church--Virginia--Williamsburg","Postcards--Virginia","Public libraries--Cultural programs","Restaurants--Virginia--Williamsburg","Theater","Transportation--Virginia","Occasion for the Arts","Announcements","Broadsides","Bumper Stickers","Calendars","Clippings (information artifacts)","Editorials","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Invitations","Journals (periodicals)","Maps","Menus","Microfilms","Obituaries","Pamphlets","Photographs","Postcards","Postcards--Virginia--Jamestown","Posters","Prints","Programs","Reports","Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts)","Speeches"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Agricultural exhibitions--Virginia--Williamsburg","Agriculture--Virginia--History--19th century","Baptist Church--Virginia--History","College of William and Mary--Presidents","Colonial Williamsburg Foundation--History","Education--Virginia--Williamsburg--19th century","Jamestown Festival (1957)","Land use--Virginia--Williamsburg","Matthew Whaley School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Methodist Church--Virginia--Williamsburg","Postcards--Virginia","Public libraries--Cultural programs","Restaurants--Virginia--Williamsburg","Theater","Transportation--Virginia","Occasion for the Arts","Announcements","Broadsides","Bumper Stickers","Calendars","Clippings (information artifacts)","Editorials","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Invitations","Journals (periodicals)","Maps","Menus","Microfilms","Obituaries","Pamphlets","Photographs","Postcards","Postcards--Virginia--Jamestown","Posters","Prints","Programs","Reports","Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts)","Speeches"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.60 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["14.60 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Announcements","Broadsides","Bumper Stickers","Calendars","Clippings (information artifacts)","Editorials","Fliers (printed matter)","Greeting cards","Invitations","Journals (periodicals)","Maps","Menus","Microfilms","Obituaries","Pamphlets","Photographs","Postcards","Postcards--Virginia--Jamestown","Posters","Prints","Programs","Reports","Signs (declaratory or advertising artifacts)","Speeches"],"date_range_isim":[1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["Additions are being made to this collection on an ongoing basis."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 is a single collection of postcards, ephemera, and research.  In Series 2, the ephemera is divided into subjects, and in Series 3, the ephemera is divided into genre.\u003c/p\u003e "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series 1 is a single collection of postcards, ephemera, and research.  In Series 2, the ephemera is divided into subjects, and in Series 3, the ephemera is divided into genre."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFurther information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Special_Collections_Research_Center\" title=\"Special Collections Research Center\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Further information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliamsburg (Va.) Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["Williamsburg (Va.) Ephemera Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessions starting in 2009 were accessioned and processed by Ute Schechter and Ben Bromley.  Items from the backlog were entered by Anne Johnson in 2008 with further detail added by Alex Dodd in 2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e In April 2015, the collection was reorganized into subject and genre, removing the associated accession numbers except with Series 2, Sub-series 4, Photographs. The Tatler newsletter was transferred to Rare Books.  Some emphemera material was transferred to existing collections, such as the Woman's Club of Williamsburg.  Newspaper clippings with biographical information about local citizens or of historical interest were kept and filed in the subseries Clippings.  Obituary clippings were removed.\u003c/p\u003e "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessions starting in 2009 were accessioned and processed by Ute Schechter and Ben Bromley.  Items from the backlog were entered by Anne Johnson in 2008 with further detail added by Alex Dodd in 2009.","In April 2015, the collection was reorganized into subject and genre, removing the associated accession numbers except with Series 2, Sub-series 4, Photographs. The Tatler newsletter was transferred to Rare Books.  Some emphemera material was transferred to existing collections, such as the Woman's Club of Williamsburg.  Newspaper clippings with biographical information about local citizens or of historical interest were kept and filed in the subseries Clippings.  Obituary clippings were removed."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEphemera and, more generally, printed materials donated through the WHRA are accessible through this Ephemera Collection. Other organizational records and personal papers donated by or through the WHRA are described in separate catalog records with WHRA as added creator. Furthermore, all WHRA records will have at least one subject heading 'Williamsburg (Va.)--History--[century] to facilitate access.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Related Collections include:  Mss. 2006.47 Williamsburg Historic Records Association Organizational Records;  Virginia Cities Williamsburg (Mss. 39.4 V82ci); Virginia Counties James City, York County(Mss. 39.4 V82) and S. F. (Bill) Royall, Jr. Papers (Mss. Acc. 1989.02).\u003c/p\u003e "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Ephemera and, more generally, printed materials donated through the WHRA are accessible through this Ephemera Collection. Other organizational records and personal papers donated by or through the WHRA are described in separate catalog records with WHRA as added creator. Furthermore, all WHRA records will have at least one subject heading 'Williamsburg (Va.)--History--[century] to facilitate access.","Related Collections include:  Mss. 2006.47 Williamsburg Historic Records Association Organizational Records;  Virginia Cities Williamsburg (Mss. 39.4 V82ci); Virginia Counties James City, York County(Mss. 39.4 V82) and S. F. (Bill) Royall, Jr. Papers (Mss. Acc. 1989.02)."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection covers the Greater Williamsburg Area, including Williamsburg, Yorktown, Jamestown, James City County, York County and other nearby communities. It includes gifts and purchases whose contents are ephemeral in nature and not well-suited as stand-alone collections.  The items are usually transient documents of everyday life and can include menus, flyers, advertisements, and programs but can also be postcards, games, ticket stubs, and the like.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The majority of materials in Series 2 have been collected and contributed by the Williamsburg Historic Records Association (WHRA).  New items will be added on an ongoing basis. For this reason, the indicated date range is approximate at this point.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Most tourist related ephemera is filed under Series 2, Area Attractions.  The remainder of the ephemera relates to the activities, government and life of the local residents of the Williamsburg area.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Some of the 20th century ephemera was accessioned as gifts from The Williamsburg Press (owner Bill Royal) and the Virginia Gazette but are filed by subject.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection covers the Greater Williamsburg Area, including Williamsburg, Yorktown, Jamestown, James City County, York County and other nearby communities. It includes gifts and purchases whose contents are ephemeral in nature and not well-suited as stand-alone collections.  The items are usually transient documents of everyday life and can include menus, flyers, advertisements, and programs but can also be postcards, games, ticket stubs, and the like.","The majority of materials in Series 2 have been collected and contributed by the Williamsburg Historic Records Association (WHRA).  New items will be added on an ongoing basis. For this reason, the indicated date range is approximate at this point.","Most tourist related ephemera is filed under Series 2, Area Attractions.  The remainder of the ephemera relates to the activities, government and life of the local residents of the Williamsburg area.","Some of the 20th century ephemera was accessioned as gifts from The Williamsburg Press (owner Bill Royal) and the Virginia Gazette but are filed by subject."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)"],"names_coll_ssim":["Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)","Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout"],"persname_ssim":["Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Bruton Parish Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Busch Gardens (Williamsburg, Va.)","Educational and Civic Association (Williamsburg, Va.)","Middle Plantation Agricultural Society (Williamsburg, Va.)","Miss Williamsburg Pageant (Va.)","Mt. Ararat Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Peninsula News (Toano, Va.)","Peninsula Transit Corporation","Pulaski Club (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Palace (Williamsburg, Va.)","The Virginia Comedians","Unitarian Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","United States Amateur Ballroom Dancers Association. Chapter #609 (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Gazette (Williamsburg, Va.)","Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission","Virginia Shakespeare Festival","Williamsburg Baptist Church (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Businessmen's Association (Va.)","Williamsburg Community Council (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg High School (Williamsburg, Va.)","Williamsburg Press, Inc","Williamsburg Theater (Williamsburg, Va.)","Mathews, Mary","Miller, Shirley Fout"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":310,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:04.561Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_8896_c01_c03_c14_c06"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William and Mary Swimming Jacket, 1900/1960","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04","parent_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Personal Artifacts","Clothing","Main Garments","Jackets"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05","viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"William and Mary Swimming Jacket","title_ssm":["William and Mary Swimming Jacket"],"title_tesim":["William and Mary Swimming Jacket"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William and Mary Swimming Jacket, 1900/1960"],"text":["William and Mary Swimming Jacket, 1900/1960","University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Personal Artifacts","Clothing","Main Garments","Jackets","Scope and Contents","One green wool button up  jacket  that has two pockets and a breast pocket on the front on the wearer's left. There is a patch on both the breast pocket and bottom pocket on the wearer's left. The bottom patch is gray and is in the shape of an octagon. There is a gold octagonal outline within the patch and inside the gold outline is a gold and red crown with a laurel reef below it. Above the crown \"W\" and \"M\" is stitched in gold. The patch on the breast pocket is gray and in the shape of a seal. There is a gold outline on the inside. Within the gold outline a gold \"W\" and a green \"M\" are intertwined. Below the seal patch is a banner that has \"SWIMMING\" stitched in gold. The jacket also has a tag on the collar that reads \"HELEN Z. STONE/ INCORPORATED/ NEW YORK CITY.\" The jacket is in excellent condition. Transferred from Alumni Association. UA 2014.016.01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Personal Artifacts","Clothing","Main Garments","Jackets"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","Personal Artifacts","Clothing","Main Garments","Jackets"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1900/1960"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1900-1960"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[5],"sort_isi":405,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"date_range_isim":[1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eScope and Contents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne green wool button up  jacket  that has two pockets and a breast pocket on the front on the wearer's left. There is a patch on both the breast pocket and bottom pocket on the wearer's left. The bottom patch is gray and is in the shape of an octagon. There is a gold octagonal outline within the patch and inside the gold outline is a gold and red crown with a laurel reef below it. Above the crown \"W\" and \"M\" is stitched in gold. The patch on the breast pocket is gray and in the shape of a seal. There is a gold outline on the inside. Within the gold outline a gold \"W\" and a green \"M\" are intertwined. Below the seal patch is a banner that has \"SWIMMING\" stitched in gold. The jacket also has a tag on the collar that reads \"HELEN Z. STONE/ INCORPORATED/ NEW YORK CITY.\" The jacket is in excellent condition. Transferred from Alumni Association. UA 2014.016.01\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Scope and Contents","One green wool button up  jacket  that has two pockets and a breast pocket on the front on the wearer's left. There is a patch on both the breast pocket and bottom pocket on the wearer's left. The bottom patch is gray and is in the shape of an octagon. There is a gold octagonal outline within the patch and inside the gold outline is a gold and red crown with a laurel reef below it. Above the crown \"W\" and \"M\" is stitched in gold. The patch on the breast pocket is gray and in the shape of a seal. There is a gold outline on the inside. Within the gold outline a gold \"W\" and a green \"M\" are intertwined. Below the seal patch is a banner that has \"SWIMMING\" stitched in gold. The jacket also has a tag on the collar that reads \"HELEN Z. STONE/ INCORPORATED/ NEW YORK CITY.\" The jacket is in excellent condition. Transferred from Alumni Association. UA 2014.016.01"],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#4/components#3/components#10","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:49.239Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9382","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9382.xml","title_filing_ssi":"University Archives Artifact Collection 1693-[ongoing] 1900-2011","title_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection"],"title_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1693-[ongoing], 1900-2011","1900-2011"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1693-[ongoing], 1900-2011"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1900-2011"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"normalized_title_ssm":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"text":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011","UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382","Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts","This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.","Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series.","The Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).","Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.","Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection.","Accessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member.","Consult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/","The University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.","Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at","http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/","The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.","Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.","The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.","Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary.","English Greek,Ancient(to1453) Hebrew"],"collection_title_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"collection_ssim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, 1693/2014, bulk 1900/2011"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382"],"unitid_tesim":["UA 13","/repositories/2/resources/9382"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni"],"creator_ssim":["College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Information about acquisitions is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Alumni and Alumnae","Athletics","Awards and scholarships","College of William and Mary Anniversaries, etc","Fundraising campaigns","Graduation (School)","Homecoming","Medals","Social","Student Organizations","Students","Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["4.75 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["4.75 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Banners","Beanie cap","Buttons (information artifacts)","Lapel Pins","Pennants","T-shirts"],"date_range_isim":[1693,1694,1695,1696,1697,1698,1699,1700,1701,1702,1703,1704,1705,1706,1707,1708,1709,1710,1711,1712,1713,1714,1715,1716,1717,1718,1719,1720,1721,1722,1723,1724,1725,1726,1727,1728,1729,1730,1731,1732,1733,1734,1735,1736,1737,1738,1739,1740,1741,1742,1743,1744,1745,1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals:"],"accruals_tesim":["The University Archives adds material to this collection on a regular basis as items are transferred by university offices or given by individuals and organizations."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series.\u003c/p\u003e "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["Series include: Textiles, Decorative Objects, Art, Recreational Objects, and Buildings and Grounds. This collection is currently being evaluated by staff and rehoused by series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003ca href=\"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;quot;\u0026gt;http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/College%20of%20William%20and%20Mary\u0026amp;lt;/a\u0026amp;gt;.%20%20\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History:"],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection.\u003c/p\u003e "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History:"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Phi Beta Kappa key received in 1909 by John Stewart Bryan, the small token or charm in the form of a golden football presented to John Stewart Bryan as honorary captain of the William and Mary football team in 1942, and the ODK key presented to John Stewart Bryan in 1934 were a gift received on 5/17/1935 (Mss. Acc. 1946-35).","Acc. 2007.012 gift of Helen Rolfe 06/06/2007; the watch chain was given to her father by Mrs. J. ___ Potts [writing unclear]. See note inside box top.","Acc. 2008.131 was previously part of the University Archives Publications Collection."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUniversity Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["University Archives Artifact Collection, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAccessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member.\u003c/p\u003e "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Accessions from 2008 forward accessioned and described by Steven Bookman, University Archives Specialist. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eConsult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/\u003c/p\u003e "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Consult the collections of university departments, organizations, and individuals for related material. Images of some artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/.","A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.","Information about related materials is available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e \u003cextref linktype=\"simple\" audience=\"external\" show=\"embed\" actuate=\"onrequest\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\"\u003ehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/\u003c/extref\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The University Archives Artifact Collection is an artificial collection of artifacts and memorabilia documenting and related to the College of William and Mary. Artifacts received by the University Archives that are not part of the records of an individual university department or personal papers are made a part of the University Archives Artifact Collection.","Images of a growing number of artifacts are available through the SCRC's Flickr account at","http://www.flickr.com/photos/scrc/sets/72157601972522069/","The University Archives Artifact Collection, from 18th century spectacles to a 20th century plastic frisbee, gives a fascinating tangible view of life and are a rich supplement to the paper records in the SCRC. Most of these highly diverse items are representative of some group or activity at the College, but some are in the SCRC because they were owned by a William and Mary-affiliated person. Most artifacts were donated by alumni or their families.","Twentieth-century materials comprise the bulk of the artifacts collection, including athletic memorabilia, plaques, and general mementos of life as a student. From such items as freshman initiation beanies (\"ducquot; caps) and paddles it is easy to see that students have always been interested in more than just the academic side of college life. Well-represented in the collection is 20th century clothing, including women's gym bloomers, t-shirts, belt buckles, athletic jackets, academic regalia, and baseball uniforms.","The University Archives is also the keeper of such College of William and Mary treasures as the College and Marischal Maces that lead all formal convocations, the Rector's and Chancellor's badges and chains of office, and two of the original stones which marked the boundaries of the College. The maces and badges are usually on display in the SCRC in the Earl Gregg Swem Library.","Acc. 2004.015 The Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects Award of Excellence to Sir Christopher Wren Building, Presentation, Renewal and Replacement, November 10, 2001."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011.\u003c/p\u003e "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials:"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["A photograph of a member of the Queen's Guard was separated from Acc. 2009.274 and transferred to the University Archives Photograph Collection (UA 8) on 6/30/2009.","Two magnets featuring the Spring 2005 and Winter 2006-2007 home game schedules at William and Mary were pulled from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) and added to this collection on 7/27/2011.","Various awards and plaques were taken from the Athletics Department Records (UA 181) , Acc. 2011.535, and were transferred to this collection on 8/15/2011.","Acc. 2011.384-400 and Acc. 2011.718 were previously part of the University Archives Subject File Collection (UA 9) and were added to this collection on 12/20/2011."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"names_coll_ssim":["College of William and Mary."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","College of William and Mary","Society of the Alumni","College of William and Mary."],"language_ssim":["English Greek,Ancient(to1453) Hebrew"],"total_component_count_is":1606,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:52:49.239Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9382_c03_c02_c05_c04_c11"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice), 1934","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13","parent_ssim":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971","Newspaper and magazine clippings, 1895/1971"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice)","title_ssm":["\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice)"],"title_tesim":["\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice), 1934"],"text":["\"William Dye Mount\" (death notice), 1934","Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971","Newspaper and magazine clippings, 1895/1971"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971","Newspaper and magazine clippings, 1895/1971"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971","Newspaper and magazine clippings, 1895/1971"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1934"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1934"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":22,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish material from the Charles M. Perry Papers must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech."],"date_range_isim":[1934],"_nest_path_":"/components#12/components#2","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:17:41.487Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3483.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Perry, Charles M. Papers","title_ssm":["Charles M. Perry Papers"],"title_tesim":["Charles M. Perry Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1891-1971"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1891-1971"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1891/1971"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971"],"text":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971","Ms.2020.002","Saltville (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Collection is open for research.","The collection is arranged by type.","Charles Manchester Perry, son of Edward and Frances Edwards Perry, was born in Providence, Rhode Island on April 17, 1868. Soon after graduating from Brown University with a degree in chemistry, Perry was hired by the Mason, Chapin and Company of Providence. From 1892 to 1898, he served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia, his time there coinciding with the plant site's survey, construction, and the first two years of its operation. Leaving Saltville, Perry returned to Rhode Island in 1898. There he worked in the dye manufacturing industry. He married Bertha M. Tempest (1875-1946) the following year, and the couple would have three daughters. Perry continued to work in dye manufacturing until retiring at age 47. He served at least two terms in the Rhode Island General Assembly, representing Coventry in the House of Representatives (1919-1920) and State Senate (1921-1922). Charles Manchester Perry died on March 18, 1959 and was buried in Swan Point Cemetery, Providence, Rhode Island.","The guide to the Charles M. Perry Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","This collection contains a USB with files that do not currently have online access. Researchers may view the images and documents by visiting the Special Collections and University Archives reading room. You may also contact us for more information about how to request online or remote access to these files.","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Charles M. Perry Papers commenced and was completed in March, 2020.","This collection contains the papers of Charles M. Perry, who served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia from 1892 to 1898. The collection is largely comprised of correspondence and printed materials.","Perry's early correspondence is preserved in two letter copy books. The first of these holds copies of letters commencing on August 28, 1891, while he was working for Mason, Chapin and Company in Johnsonburg, Pennsylvania. Perry's letters from Saltville, Virginia begin on October 23, 1891 and contain both personal and business correspondence; likewise, many of the letters relate both to personal matters and to the establishment and operation of the plant at Saltville. The copied letters end on September 7, 1897. Among Perry's correspondents during this time period was John Howard Appleton, Brown University professor of chemistry. Appleton's letters focus largely on various chemical processes and the chemical business. The collection also contains a large number of letters from William Dye Mount. (Dye worked as an electrical engineer at Mathieson Alkali Works during Perry's time there, became general superintendent in 1898, then moved in 1918 to Lynchburg, Virginia, where he worked as a consulting engineer.) The two men were close friends, so the letters are largely personal in nature but include freqent mentions of the chemical plant's operations. Also among the correspondence is an exchange of letters between Perry and Saltville historian William B. Kent. The letters primarily focus on Perry's recollections of his time in Saltville during the 1890s, mentioning a number of local individuals and homes.","The collection also includes several printed items relating to the history of Saltville, among which are a special anniversary pictorial issue of the Mathieson Alkali Works publication The Alkalite; the company's 1942 annual report; a copy of Kent's A History of Saltville; and several magazine and newspaper clippings.","Accompanying these materials is a USB flash drive containing images of Saltville, including digital copies of about 150 photographs of early Saltville, taken by Charles Perry. Also on the flash drive are files compiled by Virginia Tech professor emeritus and Saltville historian Jim Glanville.","A second copy of the July 1922 special anniversary issue of The Alkalite was removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection.","Permission to publish material from the Charles M. Perry Papers must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech.","Papers of Charles M. Perry, assistant general manager of Mathieson Alkali Works (Saltville, Virginia) from 1892 to 1898. Includes letter copy books of Perry's outgoing correspondence; incoming correspondence; printed materials; and a flash drive of electronic files, most relating to the history of Saltville, Virginia.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Perry, Charles M.","Materials in this collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971"],"collection_ssim":["Charles M. Perry Papers, 1891/1971"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2020.002"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2020.002"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Saltville (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Saltville (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Saltville (Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Perry, Charles M."],"creator_ssim":["Perry, Charles M."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Perry, Charles M."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Perry, Charles M.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish material from the Charles M. Perry Papers must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Charles M. Perry Papers were donataed to Special Collections and University Archives in August, 2019."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.0 Cubic Feet 2 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["1.0 Cubic Feet 2 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged by type.\u003c/p\u003e "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged by type."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharles Manchester Perry, son of Edward and Frances Edwards Perry, was born in Providence, Rhode Island on April 17, 1868. Soon after graduating from Brown University with a degree in chemistry, Perry was hired by the Mason, Chapin and Company of Providence. From 1892 to 1898, he served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia, his time there coinciding with the plant site's survey, construction, and the first two years of its operation. Leaving Saltville, Perry returned to Rhode Island in 1898. There he worked in the dye manufacturing industry. He married Bertha M. Tempest (1875-1946) the following year, and the couple would have three daughters. Perry continued to work in dye manufacturing until retiring at age 47. He served at least two terms in the Rhode Island General Assembly, representing Coventry in the House of Representatives (1919-1920) and State Senate (1921-1922). Charles Manchester Perry died on March 18, 1959 and was buried in Swan Point Cemetery, Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Charles Manchester Perry, son of Edward and Frances Edwards Perry, was born in Providence, Rhode Island on April 17, 1868. Soon after graduating from Brown University with a degree in chemistry, Perry was hired by the Mason, Chapin and Company of Providence. From 1892 to 1898, he served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia, his time there coinciding with the plant site's survey, construction, and the first two years of its operation. Leaving Saltville, Perry returned to Rhode Island in 1898. There he worked in the dye manufacturing industry. He married Bertha M. Tempest (1875-1946) the following year, and the couple would have three daughters. Perry continued to work in dye manufacturing until retiring at age 47. He served at least two terms in the Rhode Island General Assembly, representing Coventry in the House of Representatives (1919-1920) and State Senate (1921-1922). Charles Manchester Perry died on March 18, 1959 and was buried in Swan Point Cemetery, Providence, Rhode Island."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Charles M. Perry Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Charles M. Perry Papers by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a USB with files that do not currently have online access. Researchers may view the images and documents by visiting the Special Collections and University Archives reading room. You may also contact us for more information about how to request online or remote access to these files.\u003c/p\u003e "],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Technical Access"],"phystech_tesim":["This collection contains a USB with files that do not currently have online access. Researchers may view the images and documents by visiting the Special Collections and University Archives reading room. You may also contact us for more information about how to request online or remote access to these files."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Charles M. Perry Papers Ms2020-002, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: Charles M. Perry Papers Ms2020-002, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Charles M. Perry Papers commenced and was completed in March, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Charles M. Perry Papers commenced and was completed in March, 2020."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains the papers of Charles M. Perry, who served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia from 1892 to 1898. The collection is largely comprised of correspondence and printed materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePerry's early correspondence is preserved in two letter copy books. The first of these holds copies of letters commencing on August 28, 1891, while he was working for Mason, Chapin and Company in Johnsonburg, Pennsylvania. Perry's letters from Saltville, Virginia begin on October 23, 1891 and contain both personal and business correspondence; likewise, many of the letters relate both to personal matters and to the establishment and operation of the plant at Saltville. The copied letters end on September 7, 1897. Among Perry's correspondents during this time period was John Howard Appleton, Brown University professor of chemistry. Appleton's letters focus largely on various chemical processes and the chemical business. The collection also contains a large number of letters from William Dye Mount. (Dye worked as an electrical engineer at Mathieson Alkali Works during Perry's time there, became general superintendent in 1898, then moved in 1918 to Lynchburg, Virginia, where he worked as a consulting engineer.) The two men were close friends, so the letters are largely personal in nature but include freqent mentions of the chemical plant's operations. Also among the correspondence is an exchange of letters between Perry and Saltville historian William B. Kent. The letters primarily focus on Perry's recollections of his time in Saltville during the 1890s, mentioning a number of local individuals and homes. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection also includes several printed items relating to the history of Saltville, among which are a special anniversary pictorial issue of the Mathieson Alkali Works publication \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Alkalite\u003c/title\u003e; the company's 1942 annual report; a copy of Kent's \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eA History of Saltville\u003c/title\u003e; and several magazine and newspaper clippings. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccompanying these materials is a USB flash drive containing images of Saltville, including digital copies of about 150 photographs of early Saltville, taken by Charles Perry. Also on the flash drive are files compiled by Virginia Tech professor emeritus and Saltville historian Jim Glanville.\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains the papers of Charles M. Perry, who served as assistant general superintendent of the Mathieson Alkali Works in Saltville, Virginia from 1892 to 1898. The collection is largely comprised of correspondence and printed materials.","Perry's early correspondence is preserved in two letter copy books. The first of these holds copies of letters commencing on August 28, 1891, while he was working for Mason, Chapin and Company in Johnsonburg, Pennsylvania. Perry's letters from Saltville, Virginia begin on October 23, 1891 and contain both personal and business correspondence; likewise, many of the letters relate both to personal matters and to the establishment and operation of the plant at Saltville. The copied letters end on September 7, 1897. Among Perry's correspondents during this time period was John Howard Appleton, Brown University professor of chemistry. Appleton's letters focus largely on various chemical processes and the chemical business. The collection also contains a large number of letters from William Dye Mount. (Dye worked as an electrical engineer at Mathieson Alkali Works during Perry's time there, became general superintendent in 1898, then moved in 1918 to Lynchburg, Virginia, where he worked as a consulting engineer.) The two men were close friends, so the letters are largely personal in nature but include freqent mentions of the chemical plant's operations. Also among the correspondence is an exchange of letters between Perry and Saltville historian William B. Kent. The letters primarily focus on Perry's recollections of his time in Saltville during the 1890s, mentioning a number of local individuals and homes.","The collection also includes several printed items relating to the history of Saltville, among which are a special anniversary pictorial issue of the Mathieson Alkali Works publication The Alkalite; the company's 1942 annual report; a copy of Kent's A History of Saltville; and several magazine and newspaper clippings.","Accompanying these materials is a USB flash drive containing images of Saltville, including digital copies of about 150 photographs of early Saltville, taken by Charles Perry. Also on the flash drive are files compiled by Virginia Tech professor emeritus and Saltville historian Jim Glanville."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA second copy of the July 1922 special anniversary issue of \u003ctitle render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Alkalite\u003c/title\u003e was removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection.\u003c/p\u003e "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["A second copy of the July 1922 special anniversary issue of The Alkalite was removed from the collection to be cataloged for the rare book collection."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish material from the Charles M. Perry Papers must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech.\u003c/p\u003e "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish material from the Charles M. Perry Papers must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_c93db943922772d23966739635e2583d\"\u003ePapers of Charles M. Perry, assistant general manager of Mathieson Alkali Works (Saltville, Virginia) from 1892 to 1898. Includes letter copy books of Perry's outgoing correspondence; incoming correspondence; printed materials; and a flash drive of electronic files, most relating to the history of Saltville, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n "],"abstract_tesim":["Papers of Charles M. Perry, assistant general manager of Mathieson Alkali Works (Saltville, Virginia) from 1892 to 1898. Includes letter copy books of Perry's outgoing correspondence; incoming correspondence; printed materials; and a flash drive of electronic files, most relating to the history of Saltville, Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Perry, Charles M."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Perry, Charles M."],"language_ssim":["Materials in this collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":34,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:17:41.487Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3483_c13_c03"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c03_c264","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William E. Carson, 1931/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c03_c264#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c03_c264","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c03_c264"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c03_c264","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c03","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c03","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company\n Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"William E. Carson","title_ssm":["William E. Carson"],"title_tesim":["William E. Carson"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William E. Carson, 1931/1935"],"text":["William E. Carson, 1931/1935","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company\n Papers","box Box 418"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company\n Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company\n Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1931/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1931 -1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":2187,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 418"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#263","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:21.688Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","382","This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.","of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:21.688Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c03_c264"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1087","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge, 1930/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c1087#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1087","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c01_c1087"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1087","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge","title_ssm":["William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge"],"title_tesim":["William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge, 1930/1935"],"text":["William Edwin Rudge and Mrs.\n Rudge, 1930/1935","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers","box Box 315"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1930/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1930 -1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":1088,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 315"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1086","timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:21.688Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","382","This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.","of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-07-23T21:43:21.688Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c1087"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":342},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fairfax County Public Library","value":"Fairfax County Public Library","hits":41},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Fairfax+County+Public+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":38},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":36},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":43},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":33},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Shenandoah County Library","value":"Shenandoah County Library","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Shenandoah+County+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":204},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}},{"attributes":{"label":"University of Mary Washington","value":"University of Mary Washington","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Mary+Washington"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1934\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"A Study in Ecology\" by Horace M. 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