{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=332","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=334","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=365"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":333,"next_page":334,"prev_page":332,"total_pages":365,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":3320,"total_count":3647,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00040_c02_c11","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story, 1928","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00040_c02_c11#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00040_c02_c11","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00040_c02_c11"],"id":"viu_viu00040_c02_c11","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00040","_root_":"viu_viu00040","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00040_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00040_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00040","viu_viu00040_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story","title_ssm":["\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story"],"title_tesim":["\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story, 1928"],"text":["\"The Blue Dress\"-\n published short story, 1928","Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts","box Box 11"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1928"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["[1928]"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":211,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1928],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#10","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:15.948Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00040","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00040","_root_":"viu_viu00040","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00040","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00040.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"title_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"text":["Papers of Mary Johnston","3588","This collection consists of ca. 4000 items.","There are no restrictions.","The correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels.","Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.","The family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.","Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n Prisoner of Hope,which appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n To Have and To Hold,Audrey,Sir Mortimer,Lewis Rand,and \n The Long Roll were the most\n popular--one play, \n The Goddess of Reason; one\n historical work, \n The Pioneers of the Old\n South; and numerous short stories.","In addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm.","The Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["3588"],"unitid_tesim":["3588"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Papers of Mary Johnston were deposited by Elizabeth Johnston\n November 1, 1960and became the property of the\n University of Virginia when she\n died."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection consists of ca. 4000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\n Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePrisoner of Hope,\u003c/title\u003ewhich appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTo Have and To Hold,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eAudrey,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eSir Mortimer,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eLewis Rand,\u003c/title\u003eand \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Long Roll\u003c/title\u003e were the most\n popular--one play, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Goddess of Reason;\u003c/title\u003e one\n historical work, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Pioneers of the Old\n South;\u003c/title\u003e and numerous short stories.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.","The family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.","Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n Prisoner of Hope,which appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n To Have and To Hold,Audrey,Sir Mortimer,Lewis Rand,and \n The Long Roll were the most\n popular--one play, \n The Goddess of Reason; one\n historical work, \n The Pioneers of the Old\n South; and numerous short stories.","In addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Mary Johnston, Accession #3588, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston, Accession #3588, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":423,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:15.948Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00040_c02_c11"}},{"id":"viu_viu00186_c01_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items, 1906/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c01_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c01_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00186_c01_c04"],"id":"viu_viu00186_c01_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00186_c01","parent_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES I: MANUSCRIPTS OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00186","viu_viu00186_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items","title_ssm":["The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items"],"title_tesim":["The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items, 1906/1935"],"text":["The Book of Elizabethan Verse: Letters and related items, 1906/1935","William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES I: MANUSCRIPTS OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","Box Box 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES I: MANUSCRIPTS OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","SERIES I: MANUSCRIPTS OF \n WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1906/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1906-1907, 1910 \u0026 1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":5,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00186","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00186","_root_":"viu_viu00186","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00186","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00186.xml","title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"text":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970","8990-b","7 ft.","Collection is open to research.","BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\n \n 1875\n Marriage of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n parents \n Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\n \n \n 1876\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n sister, \n Eva Braithwaite\n \n \n 1878\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaitein \n Boston, Massachusettson 6\n December\n \n \n 1885\n Birth of a sister; she dies in \n 1894\n \n \n 1886\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n father\n \n \n 1889\n Map of \n Europedrawn by \n William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n exhibited at the \n Parisfair\n \n \n 1890\n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n Boston)\n \n \n 1898\n William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n a \n Newport, Rhode\n Islandbookstore\n \n \n 1901\n Publishes first novel, \n The Canadian, A Novel\n \n \n 1903\n Marries \n Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n children: \n Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite(Mrs. \n Merrill Carter), \n Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n William J. Arnold), \n William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n Agard), \n Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite\n \n \n 1904\n Publishes \n Lyrics of Life and Love\n \n \n 1906\n Edits \n The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n Boston Author's Clubwith the\n support of \n Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n the \n Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\n \n \n 1907\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n Boston, Massachusettson 17\n December\n \n \n 1908\n Publishes \n The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n \n \n 1909\n Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n The Book of Georgian Verse\n \n \n 1909-1910\n Plans \n \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n \n \n 1910\n Edits \n The Book of Restoration Verse\n \n \n 1912-1914\n Sporadically publishes and edits \n Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n \n \n 1913-1929\n Edits \n Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n \n \n 1915\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n The Poetry Journal, \n \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n New England Poetry Clubwith \n Edward J. O'Brien\n \n \n 1916\n Edits \n Representative American Poetrywith \n Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n The Poetic Year For 1916and \n The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\n \n \n 1916-1917\n Edits \n The Stratford Monthlywith \n Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n \n \n 1917\n Plans a book, \n \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n \n \n 1918\n Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n First Baptist Church, \n Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n meeting of the \n National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n Talladega College; writes\n introduction to \n The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n Georgia D. Johnson\n \n \n 1919\n Publishes \n The Story of The Great War; edits \n Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets; literary criticism published in \n The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n The Book of Modern British Verse\n \n \n 1920\n Publishes \n Our Essayists And Critics Today\n \n \n 1921\n Writes introduction to \n The Beggars' Visionby \n Brookes More; publishes poetry\n volume, \n A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\n \n \n 1921-1927\n Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Companywith \n Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\n \n \n 1922\n William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n Georgia Douglas Johnson\n \n \n 1924\n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Confusionby \n James Gould Cozzens; \n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n The Crisis, and, \n Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n \n \n 1928\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n Frost On The Green Leaf\n \n \n 1931\n Edits \n Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\n \n \n 1934\n Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n Opportunity\n \n \n 1934-1935\n Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n Atlanta University; retires in\n 1945\n \n \n 1935\n Alan F. Peterof the \n Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n 1935 issue of \n Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n \n \n 1936\n William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n introduction to \n We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n Mae V. Cowdery\n \n \n 1937\n Sterling Brown, in \n Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n poetry critic\n \n \n 1938\n William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n on a program committee for the \n Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges(later \n The College Language\n Association)\n \n \n 1939\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n paternal uncle, \n Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n September\n \n \n 1940\n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \n The Years Between 1918-39and \n Poems, New and Selected\n \n \n 1941-1942\n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n autobiography, \n \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\n \n \n 1942\n An M. A. thesis by \n Alma Westine Stoneof \n Atlanta Universityexamines \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n career\n \n \n 1945\n Retires from \n Atlanta Universityand moves to \n Harlem, New York City\n \n \n 1947\n Publishes an article in \n Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n \n \n 1948\n Publishes \n Selected Poems\n \n \n 1950\n Publishes \n The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\n \n \n 1956\n Interviewed by \n Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Officefrom May to June: \n \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\n \n \n 1957\n Literary criticism published in \n Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\n \n \n 1958\n Co-edits 1958 \n Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n Margaret Carpenter, a \n Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n \n \n 1959\n An \n American Poetry Societydinner is\n held in \n William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n in \n New York City; he writes the\n preface to \n A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n Marion Buchman\n \n \n 1962\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n New York City; funeral held on 12\n June","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family","William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"collection_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite Papers \n 1882-1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["8990-b"],"unitid_tesim":["8990-b"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"creators_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift, 1985 Jul 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["7 ft."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biography"],"bioghist_tesim":["BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\n \n 1875\n Marriage of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n parents \n Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)and \n William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\n \n \n 1876\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n sister, \n Eva Braithwaite\n \n \n 1878\n Birth of \n William Stanley Braithwaitein \n Boston, Massachusettson 6\n December\n \n \n 1885\n Birth of a sister; she dies in \n 1894\n \n \n 1886\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n father\n \n \n 1889\n Map of \n Europedrawn by \n William Stanley Braithwaiteis\n exhibited at the \n Parisfair\n \n \n 1890\n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n Boston)\n \n \n 1898\n William Stanley Braithwaitemanages\n a \n Newport, Rhode\n Islandbookstore\n \n \n 1901\n Publishes first novel, \n The Canadian, A Novel\n \n \n 1903\n Marries \n Emma Kellyon 30 June; seven\n children: \n Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite(Mrs. \n Merrill Carter), \n Katherine Keats Braithwaite(Mrs. \n William J. Arnold), \n William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr., \n Edith Carman Braithwaite(Mrs.\n Agard), \n Paul Ledoux Braithwaite, \n Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite, \n Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite\n \n \n 1904\n Publishes \n Lyrics of Life and Love\n \n \n 1906\n Edits \n The Book of Elizabethan Verse; elected to the \n Boston Author's Clubwith the\n support of \n Thomas Wentworth Higginsonand \n Julia Ward Howe; begins writing for\n the \n Boston Evening Transcripton 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\n \n \n 1907\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n John Greenleaf Whittier, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n Boston, Massachusettson 17\n December\n \n \n 1908\n Publishes \n The House of Falling Leaves; writes an essay introduction for \n The Wounded Eros: Sonnetsby Charles Gibson\n \n \n 1909\n Publishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n Atlantic Monthly; also edits \n The Book of Georgian Verse\n \n \n 1909-1910\n Plans \n \"The Book of Victorian Verse\"but it is never published\n \n \n 1910\n Edits \n The Book of Restoration Verse\n \n \n 1912-1914\n Sporadically publishes and edits \n Poetry Journaluntil it is taken over by others\n \n \n 1913-1929\n Edits \n Anthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .until 1929\n \n \n 1915\n William Stanley Braithwaitepoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n Scribners; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n The Poetry Journal, \n \"Poetry of The Public\"; he organizes the \n New England Poetry Clubwith \n Edward J. O'Brien\n \n \n 1916\n Edits \n Representative American Poetrywith \n Henry Thomas Schittkind; also edits\n The Poetic Year For 1916and \n The Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\n \n \n 1916-1917\n Edits \n The Stratford Monthlywith \n Henry Thomas Schnittkind\n \n \n 1917\n Plans a book, \n \"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"but does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity\n \n \n 1918\n Awarded the Spingarn Medal, \n First Baptist Church, \n Providence, Rhode Island, during a\n meeting of the \n National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n The Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n Atlanta Universityfor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n Talladega College; writes\n introduction to \n The Heart of A Woman And Other Poemsby \n Georgia D. Johnson\n \n \n 1919\n Publishes \n The Story of The Great War; edits \n Victory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets; literary criticism published in \n The Crisis, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n The Book of Modern British Verse\n \n \n 1920\n Publishes \n Our Essayists And Critics Today\n \n \n 1921\n Writes introduction to \n The Beggars' Visionby \n Brookes More; publishes poetry\n volume, \n A Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\n \n \n 1921-1927\n Founds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Companywith \n Winifred Jacksonas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\n \n \n 1922\n William Stanley Braithwaiteedits \n Anthology of Massachusetts Poets; \n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Bronze: A Book of Verseby \n Georgia Douglas Johnson\n \n \n 1924\n B. J. Brimmerpublishes \n Confusionby \n James Gould Cozzens; \n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n The Crisis, and, \n Going Over Tindal, A Novel\n \n \n 1928\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n Frost On The Green Leaf\n \n \n 1931\n Edits \n Our Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\n \n \n 1934\n Literary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n Opportunity\n \n \n 1934-1935\n Appointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n Atlanta University; retires in\n 1945\n \n \n 1935\n Alan F. Peterof the \n Poetry Digest Associationplans a\n 1935 issue of \n Anthology of Magazine Verseand offers \n William Stanley Braithwaitethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\n \n \n 1936\n William Stanley Braithwaitewrites\n introduction to \n We Lift Our Voices And Other Poemsby \n Mae V. Cowdery\n \n \n 1937\n Sterling Brown, in \n Negro Poetry \u0026 Drama, praises \n William Stanley Braithwaiteas a\n poetry critic\n \n \n 1938\n William Stanley Braithwaiteserves\n on a program committee for the \n Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges(later \n The College Language\n Association)\n \n \n 1939\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n paternal uncle, \n Edward John Braithwaite, age 85, in\n September\n \n \n 1940\n William Stanley\n Braithwaitepublishes \n The Years Between 1918-39and \n Poems, New and Selected\n \n \n 1941-1942\n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n autobiography, \n \"The House Under Acturus\"is serialized in five installments in \n Phylonduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\n \n \n 1942\n An M. A. thesis by \n Alma Westine Stoneof \n Atlanta Universityexamines \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n career\n \n \n 1945\n Retires from \n Atlanta Universityand moves to \n Harlem, New York City\n \n \n 1947\n Publishes an article in \n Negro Digest, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\n \n \n 1948\n Publishes \n Selected Poems\n \n \n 1950\n Publishes \n The Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\n \n \n 1956\n Interviewed by \n Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Officefrom May to June: \n \"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\n \n \n 1957\n Literary criticism published in \n Phylon, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\n \n \n 1958\n Co-edits 1958 \n Anthology of Magazine Versewith \n Margaret Carpenter, a \n Norfolk, Virginia, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n William Stanley Braithwaite's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\n \n \n 1959\n An \n American Poetry Societydinner is\n held in \n William Stanley Braithwaite's honor\n in \n New York City; he writes the\n preface to \n A Voice In Ramah: Poemsby \n Marion Buchman\n \n \n 1962\n Death of \n William Stanley Braithwaite, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n New York City; funeral held on 12\n June"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\n Papers, Accession 8990-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["William Stanley Braithwaite\n Papers, Accession 8990-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute"],"famname_ssim":["Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family"],"persname_ssim":["William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","Boston Author's Club","New England Poetry Club","Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","First Baptist Church","National Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People","Atlanta University","Talladega College","B. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company","B. J. Brimmer","Poetry Digest Association","Association of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges","The College Language\n Association","Columbia University's Oral History Research\n Office","American Poetry Society","Columbia University, Oral History Research\n Office","B. J. BRIMMER COMPANY","B. J. Brimmer Co.","Poetry Society","Author's League of America","New England Poetry\n Club","Brentano's","Order of Bookfellows","Peabody Master Printers","Poetry Society of America","Small, Maynard \u0026\n Company","Delta Phi Delta","Brimmer Books","Hampton Institute","Braithwaite Family","Braithwaite\n Family","William Stanley Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe (1860-1928)","William Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)","Eva Braithwaite","Emma Kelly","Fiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite","Merrill Carter","Katherine Keats Braithwaite","William J. Arnold","William Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.","Edith Carman Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Thomas Wentworth Higginson","Julia Ward Howe","John Greenleaf Whittier","Edward J. O'Brien","Henry Thomas Schittkind","Henry Thomas Schnittkind","Georgia D. Johnson","Brookes More","Winifred Jackson","Georgia Douglas Johnson","James Gould Cozzens","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Alan F. Peter","Mae V. Cowdery","Sterling Brown","Edward John Braithwaite","Alma Westine Stone","Margaret Carpenter","Marion Buchman","WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Walt Whitman","Emma E. Colley","Winifred Davidson","Elizabeth Weston Timlow","Lewis Carroll","Evelyn H. Watson","Bella Flaccus","George H. P. Gannaway","William Stanley\n Braithwaite","Edmund Clarence Stedman","Leonora Speyer","Mark Van Doren","Vachel Lindsay","Arnold\n Braithwaite","Arnold DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Edith Carman\n Braithwaite","Edward John\n Braithwaite","Emma DeWolfe\n Braithwaite","Emma Kelly\n Braithwaite","W. E. B. Du Bois","Stanley Braithwaite","Fiona Lydia\n Braithwaite","Francis Robinson\n Braithwaite","Katherine Keats\n Braithwaite","Paul Ledoux\n Braithwaite","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","William Stanley Braithwaite,\n Jr.","Lillian K. Coleman","Lillian\n Valentine","Sadie De Wolfe\n (Braithwaite)","Sally Kelly","Lucy Williams","Richard G. Badger","Maurine Boie","Witter Bynner","Bliss Carman","Margaret\n Carpenter","Joy Gerbaulet Clairmonte","Ruby Rose Drake","Sophie Hagemann Duckworth","George Elliston","Eva Knox Evans","Ernst B. Filsinger","Elizabeth Hollister Frost","Marion P. Gale","Iva L. Handy","Henry E. Harman","John Hughes","Mitchell Kennerly","Helen Kent","Frederic Lawrence Knowles","Mary Sinton Leitch","Francis Mason","Edith Mirick","Winifred V.\n Jackson","Edwin Arlington Robinson","Edna Davis Romig","Lew Sarett","Sara Teasdale","Eunice Tietjens","Mary Pollard Tynes","Louis Untermeyer","Arthur Upson","Henry Van Dyke","Harold Vinal","Ovid","Clinton Scollard","Caroline Giltinan","Clive Bell","William Thackeray","William Dean Howells","Louis Hubert Guyol"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":214,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cchronlist\u003e\n \u003chead\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL CHRONOLOGY OF WILLIAM STANLEY\n BRAITHWAITE\u003c/head\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1875\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMarriage of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n parents \n \u003cpersname\u003eEmma DeWolfe (1860-1928)\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Smith Braithwaite\n (1853-1886)\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1876\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n sister, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEva Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1878\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ein \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 6\n December\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1885\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eBirth of a sister; she dies in \n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1894\u003c/date\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1886\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n father\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1889\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMap of \n \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003edrawn by \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eis\n exhibited at the \n \u003cgeogname\u003eParis\u003c/geogname\u003efair\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1890\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n 12, obtains first job (selling newspapers in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston\u003c/geogname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1898\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003emanages\n a \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNewport, Rhode\n Island\u003c/geogname\u003ebookstore\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1901\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes first novel, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Canadian, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1903\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eMarries \n \u003cpersname\u003eEmma Kelly\u003c/persname\u003eon 30 June; seven\n children: \n \u003cpersname\u003eFiona Lydia Rossetti\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n \u003cpersname\u003eMerrill Carter\u003c/persname\u003e), \n \u003cpersname\u003eKatherine Keats Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam J. Arnold\u003c/persname\u003e), \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Carman Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs.\n Agard), \n \u003cpersname\u003ePaul Ledoux Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eArnold DeWolfe Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, \n \u003cpersname\u003eFrancis Robinson\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1904\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLyrics of Life and Love\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1906\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Elizabethan Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; elected to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eBoston Author's Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith the\n support of \n \u003cpersname\u003eThomas Wentworth Higginson\u003c/persname\u003eand \n \u003cpersname\u003eJulia Ward Howe\u003c/persname\u003e; begins writing for\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBoston Evening Transcript\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eon 14 February; he reviews American poetry and\n poets and writes essays\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1907\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n \"White Magic\", honoring \n \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Greenleaf Whittier\u003c/persname\u003e, is read by\n Braithwaite at Faneuil Hall, \n \u003cgeogname\u003eBoston, Massachusetts\u003c/geogname\u003eon 17\n December\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1908\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe House of Falling Leaves\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; writes an essay introduction for \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Wounded Eros: Sonnets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby Charles Gibson\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes poem \"Sandy Star\" in the July issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAtlantic Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; also edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Georgian Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1909-1910\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePlans \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Book of Victorian Verse\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut it is never published\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1910\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Restoration Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1912-1914\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eSporadically publishes and edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil it is taken over by others\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1913-1929\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse and Yearbook of\n American Poetry For The Year . . .\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003euntil 1929\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1915\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epoem\n \"The Mystery\" is published in the October issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eScribners\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism by Braithwaite is\n published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetry Journal\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"Poetry of The Public\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; he organizes the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNew England Poetry Club\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdward J. O'Brien\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eRepresentative American Poetry\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schittkind\u003c/persname\u003e; also edits\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poetic Year For 1916\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Poets of The Future: A College Anthology\n of 1915/16\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1916-1917\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Stratford Monthly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Thomas Schnittkind\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1917\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePlans a book, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Seven Wisdoms of Grainne\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ebut does not complete it; accepts honorary\n membership in \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlpha Phi Alpha fraternity\u003c/corpname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1918\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAwarded the Spingarn Medal, \n \u003ccorpname\u003eFirst Baptist Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n \u003cgeogname\u003eProvidence, Rhode Island\u003c/geogname\u003e, during a\n meeting of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Association For The Advancement of\n Colored People\u003c/corpname\u003e(NAACP) on 3 May for\n \"distinguished achievement in literature\"; edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Golden Treasury of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; awarded an honorary A. M. (Masters) degree\n from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003efor his poetry\n and a Litt.D. from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eTalladega College\u003c/corpname\u003e; writes\n introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Heart of A Woman And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia D. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1919\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Story of The Great War\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eVictory! Celebrated By Thirty-eight American\n Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; literary criticism published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Some Contemporary Poets of The Negro Race\";\n edits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Book of Modern British Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1920\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Essayists And Critics Today\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eWrites introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Beggars' Vision\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eBrookes More\u003c/persname\u003e; publishes poetry\n volume, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Tale Of A Walled Town And Other\n Verses\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1921-1927\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eFounds and becomes editor-in-chief of \n \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer Publishing\n Company\u003c/corpname\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Jackson\u003c/persname\u003eas a partner and\n company treasurer; she buys the company in 1925, the\n same year of its bankruptcy(?) (Several documents in the\n collection indicate the company may have remained\n solvent until 1929.)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1922\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eedits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Massachusetts Poets\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; \n \u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBronze: A Book of Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eGeorgia Douglas Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1924\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003ccorpname\u003eB. J. Brimmer\u003c/corpname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eConfusion\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eJames Gould Cozzens\u003c/persname\u003e; \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \"The New Negro In\n Literature\" in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Crisis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, and, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGoing Over Tindal, A Novel\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1928\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n mother; he publishes a book of stories, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eFrost On The Green Leaf\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1931\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eEdits \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOur Lady's Choir: A Contemporary Anthology of\n Verses By Catholic Sisters\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism, \"The Novels of Jessie Faust,\"\n published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOpportunity\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1934-1935\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAppointed Professor of Creative Literature at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003e; retires in\n 1945\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1935\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eAlan F. Peter\u003c/persname\u003eof the \n \u003ccorpname\u003ePoetry Digest Association\u003c/corpname\u003eplans a\n 1935 issue of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand offers \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ethe\n opportunity of providing editorial assistance\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1936\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003ewrites\n introduction to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWe Lift Our Voices And Other Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eMae V. Cowdery\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1937\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eSterling Brown\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Poetry \u0026amp; Drama\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, praises \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eas a\n poetry critic\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1938\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003eserves\n on a program committee for the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAssociation of Teachers of English in Negro\n Colleges\u003c/corpname\u003e(later \n \u003ccorpname\u003eThe College Language\n Association\u003c/corpname\u003e)\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1939\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n paternal uncle, \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdward John Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age 85, in\n September\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1940\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley\n Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003epublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Years Between 1918-39\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePoems, New and Selected\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1941-1942\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n autobiography, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The House Under Acturus\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eis serialized in five installments in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eduring 1942; it tells the story of his life up\n to the publication of his first book of poems in\n 1904\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1942\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAn M. A. thesis by \n \u003cpersname\u003eAlma Westine Stone\u003c/persname\u003eof \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eexamines \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n career\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1945\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eRetires from \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAtlanta University\u003c/corpname\u003eand moves to \n \u003cgeogname\u003eHarlem, New York City\u003c/geogname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1947\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes an article in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNegro Digest\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Negro America's First Magazine\"\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1948\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSelected Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1950\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003ePublishes \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Bewitched Parsonage: The Story of The\n Brontes\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1956\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eInterviewed by \n \u003ccorpname\u003eColumbia University's Oral History Research\n Office\u003c/corpname\u003efrom May to June: \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\"The Reminiscences of William S.\n Braithwaite\"\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1957\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eLiterary criticism published in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePhylon\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, \"Alain Locke's Relationship To The Negro In\n American Literature\"; death of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n brother Arthur on 24 September\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1958\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eCo-edits 1958 \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAnthology of Magazine Verse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith \n \u003cpersname\u003eMargaret Carpenter\u003c/persname\u003e, a \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNorfolk, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, poet and\n admirer; it includes a selection of poetry from the\n previous anthologies; \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's\n efforts are hampered by his failing eyesight\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1959\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eAn \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Poetry Society\u003c/corpname\u003edinner is\n held in \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e's honor\n in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; he writes the\n preface to \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eA Voice In Ramah: Poems\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n \u003cpersname\u003eMarion Buchman\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003cchronitem\u003e\n \u003cdate era=\"ce\" calendar=\"gregorian\"\u003e1962\u003c/date\u003e\n \u003cevent\u003eDeath of \n \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Stanley Braithwaite\u003c/persname\u003e, age\n 83, on 8 June in \n \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York City\u003c/geogname\u003e; funeral held on 12\n June\u003c/event\u003e\n \u003c/chronitem\u003e\n \u003c/chronlist\u003e\n "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00186_c01_c04"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum), 1917/1940","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","parent_ssim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum)","title_ssm":["\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum)"],"title_tesim":["\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum), 1917/1940"],"text":["\"The Book of Ruth\" (photo album of Ruth Eskey Orum), 1917/1940","Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018","Box 3","English."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1940"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1917-1940"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":27,"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"containers_ssim":["Box 3"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"language_ssim":["English."],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940],"_nest_path_":"/components#26","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:11:21.075Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_6472.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/199371","title_ssm":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1746, ca. 1850-1990, 2018"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1746, ca. 1850-1990, 2018"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1746/2018"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"text":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018","A\u0026M 4381","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6472","Sherrard (W. Va.)","No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department.","The Orum family lived in what is now the United States in the early 1700s. The Orum and Eskey families lived in Sherrard, in Marshall County, WV, from the early 1800s through the early 1900s, when some family members moved to the Pittsburgh area. The Orum family farm in Sherrard was sold around 1929. The McCaffery family came to the US in 1851 and settled in Sherrard, where one member married into the Eskey family. Ruth Eskey Rice (nee Orum) was involved in the collection of family history, and her daughter Jane Leigh Rice Lassiter compiled this collection and created many of the notes within it that explain the family history and collection materials.","Family papers of the Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery families of Sherrard, West Virginia. The collection includes books, genealogy pages from Ancestry, tax documents, correspondence, family photographs, realia, etc. Correspondence includes letters from two Eskey family members who served in World War I. Realia (artifacts) includes a three-star blue star service lapel pin from World War I and a knitted mitten. Most of the photographs are labeled with the name(s) of the subject(s).","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"collection_ssim":["Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, 1746/2018"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 4381","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6472"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 4381","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/6472"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Sherrard (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Sherrard (W. Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Sherrard (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"creator_ssim":["Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":[".75 Linear Feet 8 1/2 in. (1 document case, 5 in.); (flat box, 3 1/2 in.)"],"extent_tesim":[".75 Linear Feet 8 1/2 in. (1 document case, 5 in.); (flat box, 3 1/2 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1746,1747,1748,1749,1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the \u003ca href=\"https://westvirginia.libanswers.com/wvrhc\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center reference department\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies.","Researchers may access digitized materials by requesting to view the materials in person by appointment or remotely by contacting the West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center reference department."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Orum family lived in what is now the United States in the early 1700s. The Orum and Eskey families lived in Sherrard, in Marshall County, WV, from the early 1800s through the early 1900s, when some family members moved to the Pittsburgh area. The Orum family farm in Sherrard was sold around 1929. The McCaffery family came to the US in 1851 and settled in Sherrard, where one member married into the Eskey family. Ruth Eskey Rice (nee Orum) was involved in the collection of family history, and her daughter Jane Leigh Rice Lassiter compiled this collection and created many of the notes within it that explain the family history and collection materials.\u003c/p\u003e "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Orum family lived in what is now the United States in the early 1700s. The Orum and Eskey families lived in Sherrard, in Marshall County, WV, from the early 1800s through the early 1900s, when some family members moved to the Pittsburgh area. The Orum family farm in Sherrard was sold around 1929. The McCaffery family came to the US in 1851 and settled in Sherrard, where one member married into the Eskey family. Ruth Eskey Rice (nee Orum) was involved in the collection of family history, and her daughter Jane Leigh Rice Lassiter compiled this collection and created many of the notes within it that explain the family history and collection materials."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, A\u0026amp;M 4381, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery Family Papers, A\u0026M 4381, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFamily papers of the Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery families of Sherrard, West Virginia. The collection includes books, genealogy pages from Ancestry, tax documents, correspondence, family photographs, realia, etc. Correspondence includes letters from two Eskey family members who served in World War I. Realia (artifacts) includes a three-star blue star service lapel pin from World War I and a knitted mitten. Most of the photographs are labeled with the name(s) of the subject(s).\u003c/p\u003e "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Family papers of the Orum, Eskey, and McCaffery families of Sherrard, West Virginia. The collection includes books, genealogy pages from Ancestry, tax documents, correspondence, family photographs, realia, etc. Correspondence includes letters from two Eskey family members who served in World War I. Realia (artifacts) includes a three-star blue star service lapel pin from World War I and a knitted mitten. Most of the photographs are labeled with the name(s) of the subject(s)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_15043a9a48bd568af71714c5d3795836\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\"\u003eWest Virginia \u0026amp; Regional History Center\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536 / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"famname_ssim":["Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Orum family","Eskey family","McCaffery family"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Eskey family","Orum family","McCaffery family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":28,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:11:21.075Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_6472_c27"}},{"id":"viu_viu00040_c02_c13","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story, 1928","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00040_c02_c13#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00040_c02_c13","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00040_c02_c13"],"id":"viu_viu00040_c02_c13","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00040","_root_":"viu_viu00040","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00040_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00040_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00040","viu_viu00040_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story","title_ssm":["\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story"],"title_tesim":["\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story"],"normalized_title_ssm":["\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story, 1928"],"text":["\"The Buccaneer\"-\n published short story, 1928","Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts","box Box 11"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston","Manuscripts"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1928"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1928"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":213,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"extent_ssm":["2"],"extent_tesim":["2"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1928],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#12","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:15.948Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00040","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00040","_root_":"viu_viu00040","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00040","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00040.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"title_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"text":["Papers of Mary Johnston","3588","This collection consists of ca. 4000 items.","There are no restrictions.","The correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels.","Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.","The family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.","Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n Prisoner of Hope,which appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n To Have and To Hold,Audrey,Sir Mortimer,Lewis Rand,and \n The Long Roll were the most\n popular--one play, \n The Goddess of Reason; one\n historical work, \n The Pioneers of the Old\n South; and numerous short stories.","In addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm.","The Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of Mary Johnston"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["3588"],"unitid_tesim":["3588"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Papers of Mary Johnston were deposited by Elizabeth Johnston\n November 1, 1960and became the property of the\n University of Virginia when she\n died."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection consists of ca. 4000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The correspondence with family, friends, agents, and\n publishers has been arranged alphabetically by the\n correspondents; this correspondence comprises the first seven\n boxes. The miscellaneous family, suffrage and other\n correspondence is in chronological order and occupies boxes 8-10. Boxes 11-19 contain the manuscripts of stories, novels,\n and dramatic adaptations and have been arranged alphabetically\n by title. The diaries and copies of diaries are arranged\n chronologically in boxes 20 and 21. In boxes 21-22 are are\n rough drafts of the biography compiled by her sister from \n Mary Johnston's diaries and unfinished\n autobiography. Box 23 contains genealogical material, and\n boxes 24-25 contain accounts and cashbooks. In box 26 are\n contracts and other legal papers, as well as photographs. Box\n 27 holds manuscripts of speeches on suffrage, labor, books and\n the Civil War, and box 28 contains miscellaneous personal\n articles. The remainder of box 28 and boxes 29-32 contain\n news-clippings collected by \n John W. Johnston, \n Mary Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; these clippings are\n about local \n Virginia news in the late 1800's, the\n suffrage movement, the peace movement, and \n Mary Johnston's novels."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\n Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003ePrisoner of Hope,\u003c/title\u003ewhich appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eTo Have and To Hold,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eAudrey,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eSir Mortimer,\u003c/title\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eLewis Rand,\u003c/title\u003eand \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Long Roll\u003c/title\u003e were the most\n popular--one play, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Goddess of Reason;\u003c/title\u003e one\n historical work, \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"italic\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Pioneers of the Old\n South;\u003c/title\u003e and numerous short stories.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mary Johnston was born November 21, 1870 in \n Buchanan, Virginia to \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston from \n Moorefield, West Virginia and \n John W. Johnston, lawyer and railway\n executive, of \n Botetourt County, Virginia. \n Mary Johnston, the oldest of six\n children, was followed by \n Eloise Johnston, \n Anne Johnston, \n John Johnston, \n Walter Johnston, and \n Elizabeth Johnston; the first and last\n two siblings lived most of their adult lives with \n Mary Johnston until her death, and they\n are mentioned frequently in these papers.","The family moved to \n Birmingham, Alabama in 1886 and, except\n for a brief period spent in \n New York City around 1893 remained in \n Birmingham until 1902 when they moved to \n Richmond, Virginia. \n Elizabeth Alexander Johnston died in 1889\n soon after the birth of her last child. \n John W. Johnston, a \n Confederate soldier and cousin to General \n Joseph E. Johnston, died in 1905, and\n soon thereafter \n Mary Johnston became critically ill,\n hovering close to death for nearly a year. Although she\n recovered and lived until 1936, she was plagued with horrible\n headaches and ill health most of her life. In 1912 \n Mary Johnston and \n Eloise Johnston bought land and built a\n home, \"Three Hills,\" in \n Warm Springs, Virginia; this remained the\n Johnston family home until \n Elizabeth Johnston's death in the\n 1960's.","Mary Johnston was not formally educated\n but apparently did a great deal of undirected reading in her\n youth, particularly of literature, history, philosophy, and\n science. She loved nature and, as a young adult, travelled\n frequently in \n Europe. She began writing in 1893, and\n her novel, \n Prisoner of Hope,which appeared\n in 1898, was her first publication. \n Houghton, Mifflin and Co. published her\n novels until she changed to \n Harpers in 1918; in 1922 she moved to \n Little-Brown and Co. Her literary agent\n was \n Carl Brandt. \n Mary Johnston published twenty-three\n novels--the earlier ones such as \n To Have and To Hold,Audrey,Sir Mortimer,Lewis Rand,and \n The Long Roll were the most\n popular--one play, \n The Goddess of Reason; one\n historical work, \n The Pioneers of the Old\n South; and numerous short stories.","In addition to her literary and feminist activities, \n Mary Johnston was a self-declared pacifist\n in World War I and worked for peace through various\n organizations. She also had a great interest in socialism,\n although she never joined the \n Socialist Party. In later years she\n studied theosophy with much enthusiasm."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of Mary Johnston, Accession #3588, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of Mary Johnston, Accession #3588, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings.\n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Mary Johnston consists of ca. 4000 items, including correspondence (both personal and professional), literary manuscripts, dramatic adaptations, diaries, accounts and cashbooks, photographs, speeches and news clippings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":423,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:15.948Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00040_c02_c13"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama","title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"title_tesim":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935"],"text":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus","(1-3 of 8 folders)","Box Oversize I-7"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["ca. 1907-1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":78,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(1-3 of 8 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-7"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#2","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n 1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n 1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c03"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama","title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"title_tesim":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935"],"text":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus","(4-5 of 8 folders)","Box Oversize I-8"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["ca. 1907-1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":79,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(4-5 of 8 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-8"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n 1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n 1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c04"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama","title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"title_tesim":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935"],"text":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus","(6 of 8 folders)","Box Oversize I-9"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["ca. 1907-1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":80,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(6 of 8 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-9"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#4","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n 1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n 1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c05"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama","title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"title_tesim":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935"],"text":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus","(7 of 8 folders)","Box Oversize I-10"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["ca. 1907-1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":81,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(7 of 8 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#5","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n 1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n 1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c06"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c02","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama","title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"title_tesim":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama"],"normalized_title_ssm":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935"],"text":["The Chamber Blue. Mimo-drama, 1907/1935","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus","(8 of 8 folders)","Box Oversize I-11"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Orchestra with voice\n and/chorus"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1907/1935"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["ca. 1907-1935"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":82,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(8 of 8 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-11"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1/components#6","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n ca.\n 1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n 1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n 1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n Munich, Germany attending the \n Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n after studying under such notables in music theory and\n composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n himself in the composition of original music, being\n particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n he married \n Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n his wife and young daughter, \n Arditha. He\n established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n students; gave leadership to the \n University Glee Cluband presented major\n concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n established the \n Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n University of Virginia and the \n Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n the \n Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n 2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n copies of virtually all of the music that\n Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n activities. These include published articles; biographical\n background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n records of the \n University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n and also William W. Jones, \n Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n is identified as part of these papers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n Concerts","Arthur\n Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:57:07.540Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c02_c07"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c43","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers, 1926/1929","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c43#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01_c43","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c01_c43"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c43","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers","title_ssm":["the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers"],"title_tesim":["the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers"],"normalized_title_ssm":["the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers, 1926/1929"],"text":["the Chaucer Head - correspondence with\n booksellers, 1926/1929","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers","box Box 33"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1926/1929"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1926 March -1929 Sept"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":44,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 33"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1926,1927,1928,1929],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#42","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:08.243Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","382","This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.","of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.","See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n to another large collection received only a year before, that\n of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n 1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n contained material about his diverse business interests\n outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n successfully that the series should not be separated.\n Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n it was very much a personal operation. There are\n interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n different folders in the same box, and the processors\n correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n when the processors had to complete their work with the\n project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n However, in the container listing which follows the three\n series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n 1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n 1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n gained control of the business and became president of the\n company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n gave money to support French children who had been left\n fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n 1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n 1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n 1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n 1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n 1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n 1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n 1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n 1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n 10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n COAL COMPANY \n Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n This is a free country and this company is not going\n to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n join the Union, but for your information and for the\n information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n one of you will continue in our employ. \n Yours very truly, \n L. E. Armentrout, \n Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n have already remarked that they could not support their\n families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n bed at night when their children were crying for something\n to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n some injunctions against them. \n For your information, please do not place any more\n printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n 1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n 1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n 6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n 1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n 110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n 100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n that the employee would never again leave without asking\n Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n 9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n local union should sign any individual or private contract\n with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n 1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n business that we had last year but the increased\n organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n faith\" that we do not possess. \n If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n bills, would mean disaster. \n Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n resources, in wartime. \n I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n Very Sincerely, \n Edward L. Stone \n Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n principal officer for many years. Because these series\n basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n there are interrelationships between material in one series\n and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n problems."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n \n University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:08.243Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c43"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":457},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","value":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Edgar+Cayce+Foundation"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fairfax County Public Library","value":"Fairfax County Public Library","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Fairfax+County+Public+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":38},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":86},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":25},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":32},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Randolph-Macon College","value":"Randolph-Macon College","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Randolph-Macon+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Shenandoah County Library","value":"Shenandoah County Library","hits":11},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Shenandoah+County+Library"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","value":"A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.S.+Hammack+papers%2C+1864%2F1954\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Academic Departments - Record Group 9","value":"Academic Departments - Record Group 9","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Academic+Departments+-+Record+Group+9\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ackerly Family Papers","value":"Ackerly Family Papers","hits":14},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Ackerly+Family+Papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Additional Henry Hughes Presler\n Papers \n ca.\n 1909-1965","value":"Additional Henry Hughes Presler\n Papers \n ca.\n 1909-1965","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Additional+Henry+Hughes+Presler%0A+Papers+%0A+ca.%0A+1909-1965\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","value":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","hits":131},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Adele+Goodman+Clark+papers%2C+1849%2F1978\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Al Gross Papers, 1909/2000","value":"Al Gross Papers, 1909/2000","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Al+Gross+Papers%2C+1909%2F2000\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert E. Garrett, Jr. scrapbook, 1927/1974","value":"Albert E. Garrett, Jr. scrapbook, 1927/1974","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albert+E.+Garrett%2C+Jr.+scrapbook%2C+1927%2F1974\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert Frederick Wilson papers, 1840/1934","value":"Albert Frederick Wilson papers, 1840/1934","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albert+Frederick+Wilson+papers%2C+1840%2F1934\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert Moore Reese, Zoology Professor, Miscellaneous Items, 1900/1970","value":"Albert Moore Reese, Zoology Professor, Miscellaneous Items, 1900/1970","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Albert+Moore+Reese%2C+Zoology+Professor%2C+Miscellaneous+Items%2C+1900%2F1970\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Black Family Reunion Digital Collection, 1937/2005","value":"Alexandria Black Family Reunion Digital Collection, 1937/2005","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Black+Family+Reunion+Digital+Collection%2C+1937%2F2005\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr. Papers \n 1868-1945","value":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr. Papers \n 1868-1945","hits":20},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C+Jr.+Papers+%0A+1868-1945\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"1450","value":"1450","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1450\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1451","value":"1451","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1451\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1452","value":"1452","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1452\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1453","value":"1453","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1453\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1454","value":"1454","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1454\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1455","value":"1455","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1455\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1456","value":"1456","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1456\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1457","value":"1457","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1457\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1458","value":"1458","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1458\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1459","value":"1459","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1459\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1460","value":"1460","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1460\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"American Heating and Ventilating Company","value":"American Heating and Ventilating Company","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=American+Heating+and+Ventilating+Company\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","value":"Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","hits":21},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Baker%2C+Newton+Diehl%2C+1871-1937\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Baker, Reid S.","value":"Baker, Reid S.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Baker%2C+Reid+S.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Beck Engraving Company","value":"Beck Engraving Company","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Beck+Engraving+Company\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","value":"Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Buffalo+Society+of+Natural+Sciences\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","value":"Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","hits":21},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Daniels%2C+Josephus%2C+1862-1948\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Detroit Publishing Co.","value":"Detroit Publishing Co.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Detroit+Publishing+Co.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fall, Albert B. (Albert Bacon), 1861-1944","value":"Fall, Albert B. (Albert Bacon), 1861-1944","hits":21},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Fall%2C+Albert+B.+%28Albert+Bacon%29%2C+1861-1944\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hillers, J.K.","value":"Hillers, J.K.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Hillers%2C+J.K.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","value":"Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Howard%2C+Eleanor+Washington%2C+1856-1937\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Jennings, Annie Burr, 1855-1939","value":"Jennings, Annie Burr, 1855-1939","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Jennings%2C+Annie+Burr%2C+1855-1939\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. Grove Day","value":"A. Grove Day","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+Grove+Day"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A[lexander] Berkman","value":"A[lexander] Berkman","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A%5Blexander%5D+Berkman"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","value":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett,\n Jr.","value":"Alfred C. Garnett,\n Jr.","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C%0A++++++++++++++++++Jr."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr.","value":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr.","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C+Jr."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred Dashiell","value":"Alfred Dashiell","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+Dashiell"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred R[odman]\n Hussey","value":"Alfred R[odman]\n Hussey","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+R%5Bodman%5D%0A++++++++++++++++++Hussey"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aline Bernstein","value":"Aline Bernstein","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aline+Bernstein"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Allie (Graves) Wyatt","value":"Allie (Graves) Wyatt","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Allie+%28Graves%29+Wyatt"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Allmand\n Elliot","value":"Allmand\n Elliot","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Allmand%0A++++++++++++++++++Elliot"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ambler M. Blackford","value":"Ambler M. Blackford","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ambler+M.+Blackford"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Abingdon Plantation","value":"Abingdon Plantation","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Abingdon+Plantation"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Arlington National Cemetery (Arlington, Va.)","value":"Arlington National Cemetery (Arlington, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Arlington+National+Cemetery+%28Arlington%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Blue Room","value":"Blue Room","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Blue+Room"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Chicago (Ill.)","value":"Chicago (Ill.)","hits":21},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Chicago+%28Ill.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Chintz Room","value":"Chintz Room","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Chintz+Room"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Coach House","value":"Coach House","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Coach+House"}},{"attributes":{"label":"East Lawn","value":"East Lawn","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=East+Lawn"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Gardener's House","value":"Gardener's House","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Gardener%27s+House"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Washington Memorial Parkway (Va. and Washington, D.C.)","value":"George Washington Memorial Parkway (Va. and Washington, D.C.)","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=George+Washington+Memorial+Parkway+%28Va.+and+Washington%2C+D.C.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Lafayette Room","value":"Lafayette Room","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Lafayette+Room"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Little Parlor","value":"Little Parlor","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Little+Parlor"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Armed Forces","value":"Armed Forces","hits":22},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Armed+Forces\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Autobiography (genre)","value":"Autobiography (genre)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Autobiography+%28genre%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Banks and banking -- United States","value":"Banks and banking -- United States","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Banks+and+banking+--+United+States\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Buddhism -- Burma","value":"Buddhism -- Burma","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Buddhism+--+Burma\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Business Correspondence","value":"Business Correspondence","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Business+Correspondence\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Card Photographs","value":"Card Photographs","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Card+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Diseases","value":"Diseases","hits":10},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Diseases\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Education","value":"Education","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Education\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edward Bagby Smoot","value":"Edward Bagby Smoot","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Edward+Bagby+Smoot\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Employees","value":"Employees","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Employees\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ethics","value":"Ethics","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Ethics\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Item","value":"Item","hits":3647},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1928\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=333\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}