{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1923\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=500","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1923\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=499","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1923\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=501","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1923\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=University+of+Virginia%2C+Special+Collections+Dept.\u0026page=505"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":500,"next_page":501,"prev_page":499,"total_pages":505,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":4990,"total_count":5041,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1112","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"William R. Stackhouse, 1921/1924","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c1112#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1112","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c01_c1112"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c1112","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William R. Stackhouse","title_ssm":["William R. Stackhouse"],"title_tesim":["William R. Stackhouse"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William R. Stackhouse, 1921/1924"],"text":["William R. Stackhouse, 1921/1924","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers","box Box 321"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1921/1924"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1921 -1924"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":1113,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 321"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1921,1922,1923,1924],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1111","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","382","This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.","Biography of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n            Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n            purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n            fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n            Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n            private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n            was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n            remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n            negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n            sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n            purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n            Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n            correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n            extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n            The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n            twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n            Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Biography of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n    ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          ","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n          "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:15.613Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c1112"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"William Samuel Burnley, 1877/1939","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04","parent_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Personal papers, 1913/1922"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_271","viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Samuel Burnley","title_ssm":["William Samuel Burnley"],"title_tesim":["William Samuel Burnley"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Samuel Burnley, 1877/1939"],"text":["William Samuel Burnley, 1877/1939","Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Personal papers, 1913/1922","box 1 [X030899269]","folder 19","English"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Personal papers, 1913/1922"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Personal papers, 1913/1922"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1877/1939"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1877-1939"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":24,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One folder."],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One folder."],"containers_ssim":["box 1 [X030899269]","folder 19"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#2","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_271.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/138141","title_filing_ssi":"Burnley Family papers","title_ssm":["Burnley Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Burnley Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1808-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1808-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1808/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"text":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271","There are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924","The Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia.","Nathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.","Nathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley).","Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts.","Originals temporarily removed by preservation.","Other Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902","This collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news.","Also included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.","Correspondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.","Legal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"","Military papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.","Personal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.","Also included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield.","There are no restrictions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"collection_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet Burnley family correspondence, school records, military, legal papers, and receipts in cloth files"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet Burnley family correspondence, school records, military, legal papers, and receipts in cloth files"],"physfacet_tesim":["3 legal size document boxes and oversize cloth apron with original receipts"],"date_range_isim":[1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["There are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSamuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia.","Nathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.","Nathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley).","Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginals temporarily removed by preservation.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Originals temporarily removed by preservation."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15926, Burnley Family papers, 1839-1964, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15926, Burnley Family papers, 1839-1964, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Other Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eLegal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitary papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news.","Also included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.","Correspondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.","Legal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"","Military papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.","Personal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.","Also included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c04_c03"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley, 1914/1928","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01","parent_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Correspondence, 1842/1964"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_271","viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley","title_ssm":["William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley"],"title_tesim":["William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley, 1914/1928"],"text":["William Samuel Burnley correspondence with his wife Lula Payne Burnley, 1914/1928","Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Correspondence, 1842/1964","box 1 [X030899269]","folder 10","English"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Correspondence, 1842/1964"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","Correspondence, 1842/1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1914/1928"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1914-1928"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":10,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"extent_ssm":["0.04 Cubic Feet One folder."],"extent_tesim":["0.04 Cubic Feet One folder."],"containers_ssim":["box 1 [X030899269]","folder 10"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#8","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_271","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_271.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/138141","title_filing_ssi":"Burnley Family papers","title_ssm":["Burnley Family papers"],"title_tesim":["Burnley Family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1808-1964"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1808-1964"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1808/1964"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"text":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964","MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271","There are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924","The Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia.","Nathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.","Nathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley).","Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts.","Originals temporarily removed by preservation.","Other Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902","This collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news.","Also included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.","Correspondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.","Legal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"","Military papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.","Personal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.","Also included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield.","There are no restrictions.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"collection_ssim":["Burnley Family papers, 1808/1964"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15926","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/271"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet Burnley family correspondence, school records, military, legal papers, and receipts in cloth files"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet Burnley family correspondence, school records, military, legal papers, and receipts in cloth files"],"physfacet_tesim":["3 legal size document boxes and oversize cloth apron with original receipts"],"date_range_isim":[1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["There are four series for this collection, Series 1. Correspondence 1842-1964, Series 2. Legal 1808-1816, Series 3. Military 1862-1864, Series 4. Personal 1913-1924"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\nSamuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Burnleys were a well-known family in nineteenth-century Albemarle County, Virginia. Nathaniel Burnley (1786-1860) owned the Hydraulic Mills complex as well as Rio Mills on the South Fork of the Rivanna River. The Burnley family may have originally descended from [John Burnley 1760-1810 of England] who bought land in Albemarle County, Virginia.","Nathaniel Burnley (the patriarch-great grandfather in this collection) married Sarah (Sallie) Sutton Drury Wood(1795-1879) in 1811. They lived near Stony Point and owned a tavern. In 1829, Nathaniel Burnley and his partner, Rice W. Wood bought the Rio Hydraulic Mills, which was at the junction of Ivy Creek and the South Rivanna River.","Nathaniel and Sarah Burnley's children were Martha Caroline Burnley (1820-1904), Emily (Emma) Garth (1824-1896) (married to Garland Garth), Lucy Vest (1828-1903), Horace Buckner Burnley (1822-1891), Sarah Frances Burnley (1831-1901), Cornelia Rice Railey (1834-1896), Drury Wood Burnley (1826-1906), James Fendall Burnley), Dr. William Rice Burnley (1815-1842), and Mary Jane Garth (1818-1890) (married to Burwell Garth). Martha Caroline Burnley married Samuel Goodman Burnley (1800-1875) (who was a cousin of her father Nathaniel Burnley).","Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley's son, William Henry Burnley (1840-1919) married Emma C. Dyson Burnley. Their son was William Samuel Burnley (1868-1942). William Samuel Burnley was a teacher and writer. He was married to Lula Payne Burnley and their children were Byron, William, James Henry, and John Nathaniel Burnley (1916-1964). Samuel Goodman and Martha Caroline Burnley also had a son named James Nathaniel Burnley (1848-1908). Both James Nathaniel Burnley and Dr. William Rice Burnley attended the University of Virginia. Carrie Cornelia Burnley, Charlottesville school teacher and principal is not in this collection but these are her uncles and aunts."],"originalsloc_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginals temporarily removed by preservation.\u003c/p\u003e"],"originalsloc_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Originals"],"originalsloc_tesim":["Originals temporarily removed by preservation."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15926, Burnley Family papers, 1839-1964, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15926, Burnley Family papers, 1839-1964, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOther Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Other Burnley family members (brother and niece) MSS 7871, MSS 4902"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eLegal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitary papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection of Burnley Family letters, 3 cubic feet,  contain family correspondence and papers of a prominent Albemarle County, Charlottesvile, Virginia family from 1808 to 1964 which include civil war and slave documents, military papers of Company F, 7th Infantry orders, teaching papers of Samuel Goodman Burnley, political letters about Harry Flood Byrd, writings of William Samuel Burnley,  and letters reflecting the turn of the century family life, friends, church services, and family and local news.","Also included is University of Virginia Law professor John B. Minor's advice to student William Samuel Burnley (1890); and a record book  for Rockbridge Academy (1841) and a yearbook for Charlottesville High School, 1924.","Correspondents include Sarah (Sallie) Stoddard Wood Burnley, Samuel Goodman Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley and her siblings, William Henry Burnley, Emma C. Dyson Burnley, James Nathaniel Burnley, William Samuel Burnley, N.B. Early, Byron Burnley, John Nathaniel Burnley, and James Henry Burnley.","Legal papers, 1808-1879, including the sale of Nathaniel Burnley's estate and slaves executed by James F. Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley; Deeds and wills. Horace and Jenny L. Burnley 1873; Samuel G. Burnley and debts to Thomas Gilbert and Ann B. Michie; (James F. Burnley, James H. Burnley, Cornelia Burnley); Land in Albemarle County to James H. and Mildred Jane Burnley, James F. and Amanda Burnley, Drury Wood Burnley, Martha Caroline Burnley 1879; auction of Burnley's property (signed D. R. Goodman), receipts from Henry Mills Burnley as executor of Abner Burnley's estate, token, and coat of arms. One of the terms of sale documents (James Fendall Burnley and Samuel Goodman Burnley selling the estate of Nathaniel Burnley) notes that \"in selling the negroes any defect that is known will be mentioned, but the negroes will not be warranted in any way.\"","Military papers including orders, muster rolls, pay and clothing accounts, ordnance and ordnance stores accounts, morning reports, requests for leave, passes, receipts. Most are signed by or on behalf of Jeremiah Newcomb McMullan.\nOf interest is an 1861 muster roll \"of Captain John B. Magruder's company of light infantry from the County of Albemarle known as Rivanna Guards\" (Co. H., 57th Virginia Infantry). There are many comments about deaths and injuries of soldiers (e.g.\"Killed at Malvern Hill\", \"Badly wounded and captured at Gettysburg\", \"Deserted\", \"Died in hospittle [sic]\", etc.) Also included are several mail sorting bags.","Personal papers of John Nathaniel Burnley include school papers, photograph of John, photograph of Burnley, Vest, and Wingfield family, McGuffey school program for \"Hiawatha\" 1923, newspaper clipping and photograph of John marching in the George Washington re-enactment, and military discharge papers.","Also included are personal and school papers for Byron Burnley. There are also miscellaneous newspaper clippings about Grover Cleveland and an editorial about J. R. Wingfield."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":27,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:59.529Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_271_c01_c09"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1519","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"William Taylor Baskett diaries, 1903/2023","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1519#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of seven diaries that William Taylor Baskett (1884-1972) created to document his life in 1903 and 1904, including his experiences as a University of Virginia School of Law student. It also contains digital copies of the diaries and digital files the donor created while researching Baskett.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_1519#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1519","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1519","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1519","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_1519","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_1519.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/189298","title_ssm":["William Taylor Baskett diaries"],"title_tesim":["William Taylor Baskett diaries"],"unitdate_ssm":["1903-2023"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1903-2023"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1903/2023"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Taylor Baskett diaries, 1903/2023"],"text":["William Taylor Baskett diaries, 1903/2023","MSS.2023.01","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/1519","Student life","University of Virginia. School of Law","The donor has not imposed any restrctions on access to this collection. However, the University of Virginia Law Library prohibits researchers from accessing the original paper diaries, because they are in fragile condition. Digital copies of the diaries may be provided to researchers, and there are no access restrictions on any of the other materials.","William Taylor Baskett (1884-1972) was born in Baghdad, Kentucky, to James Simeon Baskett (1847-1889) and Julia Gwin Taylor Baskett (1855-1909). After his father's death, William moved with his family to Louisville, Kentucky, where he lived for most of his life. In 1903, William graduated from the Louisville Male High School, and in 1905, he graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law.","In 1917, after several years in private practice, William Taylor Baskett was appointed as the second assistant to Louisville's city attorney. He continued to work in Louisville's legal department until 1933, and from 1924 to 1933, he served as the city attorney.","In 1910, William Taylor Baskett married Sibyl Sunbeam Wilds (1887-1974), with whom he had six children. Baskett died on May 31, 1972, in Indianapolis, Indiana.","This collection consists of seven diaries that William Taylor Baskett (1884-1972) created to document his life in 1903 and 1904, including his experiences as a University of Virginia School of Law student. It also contains digital copies of the diaries and digital files the donor created while researching Baskett.","The original diaries are in fair condition. The paper is separating or has already separated from the notebook bindings. It is flaking off in small pieces around the edges, and this deterioration has already led to the loss of some content in the diaries.","These are the original copies of William Taylor Baskett's diaries.","This consists of digital files from the William Taylor Baskett diaries collection, including diary transcripts, research content from the donor, PDF access copies of the diaries and TIFF preservation copies of the diaries.","Any rights (including copyright and related rights to publicity and privacy) held by the donor were transferred to the University of Virginia in 2023. Permission to publish or reproduce materials in this collection must be secured from the University of Virginia Law Library. The diaries will enter the public domain, on June 1, 2042, seventy years after the death of their creator.","Arthur J. 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William Webster"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919/1958"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1919 - 1928, 1958"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":147,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Gordon and Webster family papers, 1870/2001"],"extent_ssm":["29 items"],"extent_tesim":["29 items"],"containers_ssim":["box 15","folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#36","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_18.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/18","title_ssm":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"title_tesim":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1870-2001"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1870-2001"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1870/2001"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Gordon and Webster family papers, 1870/2001"],"text":["Gordon and Webster family papers, 1870/2001","MSS 14573","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/18","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Gordon and Webster family papers, 1870/2001"],"collection_ssim":["Gordon and Webster family papers, 1870/2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 14573","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/18"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 14573","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/18"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["20.5 Cubic Feet 41 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["20.5 Cubic Feet 41 document boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":386,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:28:43.518Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c02_c37"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"William Z. Catterton Estate, 1923","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06","parent_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1920's"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06"],"title_filing_ssi":"William Z. Catterton Estate","title_ssm":["William Z. Catterton Estate"],"title_tesim":["William Z. Catterton Estate"],"normalized_title_ssm":["William Z. Catterton Estate, 1923"],"text":["William Z. Catterton Estate, 1923","Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1920's","box MSS 79-6, Box 69"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1920's"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Case Files, 1874/1955","1920's"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1923"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1923"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":317,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"containers_ssim":["box MSS 79-6, Box 69"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1923],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#5/components#68","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:23.622Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke and Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:23.622Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c03_c06_c69"}},{"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Willowwood, 1910/1994","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01"],"id":"viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897_c03_c04","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01897_c03_c04","parent_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Chamber music with voice"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01897","viu_viu01897_c03","viu_viu01897_c03_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Willowwood","title_ssm":["Willowwood"],"title_tesim":["Willowwood"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Willowwood, 1910/1994"],"text":["Willowwood, 1910/1994","Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Chamber music with voice","(4 folders)","Box Oversize I-17"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Chamber music with voice"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995","Group III: Compositions","Chamber music with voice"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1910/1994"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1910, 1994"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":92,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"physdesc_tesim":["(4 folders)"],"containers_ssim":["Box Oversize I-17"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#3/components#0","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:35:01.921Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01897","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01897","_root_":"viu_viu01897","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01897","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01897.xml","title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"text":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995","12731","ca. 2000 items","Collection is open to research.","Arthur\n         Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n         and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n         Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n         His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n         and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n         instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n         spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n         Munich, Germany attending the \n         Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n         Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n         after studying under such notables in music theory and\n         composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n         returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n         privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n         around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n         pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n         tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n         distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n         tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n         Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n         enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n         musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n         where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n         potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n         himself in the composition of original music, being\n         particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n         the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n         he married \n         Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n         whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n         became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n         While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n         experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n         devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n         possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n         compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n         and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n         his wife and young daughter, \n         Arditha. He\n         established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n         students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n         wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n         that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n         The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n         presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n         his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n         granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n         returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n         and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n         their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n         couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n         beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n         City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n         recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n         took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n         invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n         University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n         to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n         Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n         but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n         and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n         students; gave leadership to the \n         University Glee Cluband presented major\n         concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n         numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n         established the \n         Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n         University of Virginia and the \n         Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n         in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n         and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n         The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n         University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n         accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n         McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n         such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n         Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n         this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n         college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n         Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n         and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n         development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n         workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n         the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n         of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n         California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n         orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n         had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n         the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n         The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n         concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n         The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n         at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n         the \n         Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n         of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n         daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n         and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n         years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n         of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n         close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n         devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n         Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n         by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n         reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n         mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n         particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n         Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n         of the 20th century.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n         2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n         largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n         copies of virtually all of the music that\n         Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n         contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n         personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n         major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n         Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n         that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n         categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n         These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n         special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n         relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n         activities. These include published articles; biographical\n         background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n         his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n         programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n         notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n         development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n         miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n         records of the \n         University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n         friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n         about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n         family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n         master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n         scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n         folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n         in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n         used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n         compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n         works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n         and also William W. Jones, \n         Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n            American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n         Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n         mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n         been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n         University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n         is identified as part of these papers.","(manuscripts, master sheets and prints of musical\n               scores)","Contents: mixed chorus: 1. \n                     Au clair de la lune; 2. \n                     Bonhomme que savez-vous faire?; 3. \n                     J'ai du bon tabac; male chorus: 1. \n                     Vive Henri Quartre; 2. \n                     Charmante Gabrielle; 3. \n                     Malbrouk","Contents: 1. \n                     Kyrie Eleison; 2. \n                     Gloria Tibi; 3. \n                     Gloria Patri; 4. \n                     Benedictus Qui Venit; 5. \n                     Agnus Dei; 6. \n                     Gloria in Excelsis; 7. \n                     Amen; 8. \n                     Nunc Demitis; 9. \n                     Sanctus","Contents: \"Alma Mater\"; \"Come Boys and Join\n                     Together\"; \"Eli Banana: Tilka Song\"; \"Georgetown\n                     is Dying\"; \"Give Us a Song, Boys\"; \"The Good Old\n                     Song\"; \"Ha! Ha! Virginia\"; \"Hike Virginia\"; \"In a\n                     Rose-Tinted Valley\"; \"Just Another Touchdown for\n                     U.Va.\"; \"Now We'll Lick Old Yale\"; \"Oh! Carolina\";\n                     \"Old Virginia\"; \"Orange and Blue\"; \"Virginia,\n                     Hail, All Hail!\"; \"Virginia, Hail, All Hail!\"\n                     (version two); \"Virginia Yell Song\"; \"Virginia's\n                     Banner\"; \"We're the Team from U. Va.\"","Contents: 1. \n                     Abschied, (Farewell); 2. \n                     Bienchen summ herum, (Bees); 3. \n                     Drei Röselein, (Three Rosebuds); 4. \n                     Der holde Mai, (Maytime); 5. \n                     Das Vöglein, (The Messenger); 6. \n                     Frühlingsbotschaft, (Cuckoo); 7. \n                     Gott weiss es, (God knows); 8. \n                     Der Gänsedieb, (The Lusty Robber)","Contents: 1. \n                     Am Abend, (At Evening); 2. \n                     Erster Kuss, (The First Kiss); 3. \n                     Deutung, (Reavealings); 4. \n                     Gefunden, (Found); 5. \n                     Mondnacht, (Moonlight); 6. \n                     Hochsommer, (Midsummer); 7. \n                     Busse, (Penitence). (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 published\n                     as: \n                     Five Compositions for Voice and\n                        Piano)","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts","Arthur\n         Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"collection_ssim":["Arthur Fickénscher Papers \n         ca.\n         1895-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["12731"],"unitid_tesim":["12731"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Arthur\n         Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts"],"creators_ssim":["Arthur\n         Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection is a consolidation of gift acquisitions\n            received in the Manuscript and Special Collections\n            Departments of the University of Virginia over the period\n            1941-1997 from Edith Cruzan Fickénscher, Arditha\n            Fickénscher, William W. Jones, Robert Septimus\n            Pace, Jr., Gordon Rumson and anonymous donors.","The original classification numbers (listed below) of\n            all acquisitions to this collection have been consolidated\n            into a single classification number: 12731.","Previous Classification Numbers: Manuscript numbers:\n            1093; 5121,-a-b; 8815; Record Group numbers: RG-21/31.771\n            (.791) (.871) (.921) (.961) (.962) (.971)."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 2000 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname normal=\"Arthur Fickenscher\"\u003eArthur\n         Fickénscher\u003c/persname\u003e, composer, pianist, teacher\n         and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n         Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n         His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n         and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n         instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n         spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n         Munich, Germany attending the \n         \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eHochschule der Musik\u003c/emph\u003eand the Royal\n         Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n         after studying under such notables in music theory and\n         composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n         returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n         privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n         around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n         pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n         tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n         distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n         tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n         Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n         enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n         musical artistry wide recognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n         where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n         potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n         himself in the composition of original music, being\n         particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n         the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n         he married \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEdith Cruzan\u003c/persname\u003e, an opera and concert singer\n         whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n         became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n         While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n         experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n         devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n         possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n         compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n         and Fickénscher's early music works.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n         his wife and young daughter, \n         \u003cpersname normal=\"Arditha Fickenscher\"\u003eArditha\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n         established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n         students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n         wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n         that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAucassin and Nicolete\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n         presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n         his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n         granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAt the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n         returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n         and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n         their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n         couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n         beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n         City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n         recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA major change in Fickénscher's career style\n         took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n         invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville,\n         to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n         Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n         but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n         and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n         students; gave leadership to the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity Glee Club\u003c/corpname\u003eand presented major\n         concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n         numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n         established the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eAlbemarle Choral Club\u003c/corpname\u003e; conducted the\n         University of Virginia and the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eNorfolk Symphony\u003c/corpname\u003eorchestras; participated\n         in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n         and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n         University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n         accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n         \u003ccorpname\u003eMcIntire Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003eprogram which featured\n         such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n         Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n         this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n         college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eChrist Episcopal Church\u003c/corpname\u003ein Charlottesville\n         and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n         development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n         workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n         the octave into 60 tones.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n         of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n         California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n         orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Land East of the Sun\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n         had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n         the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Music Quarterly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n         concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Chamber Blue\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003ewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n         at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n         the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003ePiano Quintet\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n         of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n         daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n         and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n         years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n         of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n         close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n         devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n         Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n         by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n         reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n         mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n         particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n         Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n         of the 20th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Sketch"],"bioghist_tesim":["Arthur\n         Fickénscher, composer, pianist, teacher\n         and inventor, was born to George W. and Elizabeth Wagner\n         Fickénscher on March 9, 1871, in Aurora, Illinois.\n         His musical education began at an early age; learning violin\n         and piano under the tutelage and guidance of his music\n         instructor father, he gave his first recital at age six. He\n         spent his later formative years (1883-1889) as a student in\n         Munich, Germany attending the \n         Hochschule der Musikand the Royal\n         Academy from which he graduated with unprecedented honors\n         after studying under such notables in music theory and\n         composition as Joseph Rheinberger and Ludwig Thuille. Upon\n         returning to Illinois, Fickénscher taught piano\n         privately to students and gave formal concert performances\n         around the Chicago area. His reputation as an accomplished\n         pianist and accompanist led to his participation in concert\n         tours throughout the United States and Mexico with many of the\n         distinguished singers of the day such as the great Wagnerian\n         tenor, Anton Shott; Nikita, soprano of the Russian opera;\n         Materna; David Bispham and Madame Shumann-Heink. These tours\n         enhanced his reputation and allowed his piano mastery and\n         musical artistry wide recognition.","In 1896, Fickénscher settled in San Francisco\n         where he taught and coached young singers and studied the\n         potentialities of the human voice. He also began to immerse\n         himself in the composition of original music, being\n         particularly drawn by the influence of the English poets of\n         the Renaissance, Dante Rossetti and William Morris. In 1901,\n         he married \n         Edith Cruzan, an opera and concert singer\n         whose theatrical and musical talents matched his own as they\n         became an acclaimed recital team throughout the west coast.\n         While living in San Francisco, the Fickénschers\n         experienced the great earthquake of 1906. In the fire that\n         devastated the city, they lost their home and many of their\n         possessions including papers, press clippings, memorabilia and\n         compositional manuscripts relating to their concert activities\n         and Fickénscher's early music works.","In 1911, Fickénscher returned to Germany with\n         his wife and young daughter, \n         Arditha. He\n         established a studio in Berlin providing vocal instruction to\n         students and undertook a series of joint recitals with his\n         wife that introduced them to admiring European audiences. In\n         that period, his choral-orchestral poem, \n         The Chamber Blueand the orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         Aucassin and Nicoletewere performed to positive reviews in concert\n         presentations. Fickénscher also continued to pursue\n         his idea of perfecting a keyboard for pure intonation and was\n         granted a patent for its design in Germany in 1912.","At the outbreak of World War I, the Fickénschers\n         returned to California. They opened a studio in both Oakland\n         and in San Francisco to instruct and train singers, resumed\n         their joint recital programs and lectures and soon became a\n         couple in great demand in the music circles in the area and\n         beyond. That demand induced them in 1917 to move to New York\n         City, to again teach students and to present themselves in\n         recital and concert programs to metropolitan music lovers.","A major change in Fickénscher's career style\n         took place three years later. In 1920 he accepted an\n         invitation from Edwin A. Alderman, then president of the \n         University of Virginiain Charlottesville,\n         to serve as head of the newly established music department.\n         Over the next 14 years he devoted himself in quiet dignity,\n         but tireless energy to the challenge of organizing, developing\n         and directing the administration of the department. He taught\n         students; gave leadership to the \n         University Glee Cluband presented major\n         concerts in Washington, Baltimore, New Orleans, Richmond and\n         numerous other cities and towns throughout Virginia. He\n         established the \n         Albemarle Choral Club; conducted the\n         University of Virginia and the \n         Norfolk Symphonyorchestras; participated\n         in ensemble recitals, every 2 weeks over a period of 11 years\n         and, in 1938, conducted a fully staged mimo-drama of his work,\n         The Chamber Blueat the University. He performed organ recitals in the\n         University's McIntire Amphitheater; provided piano\n         accompaniment to students in vocal programs and instituted the\n         McIntire Concertsprogram which featured\n         such renowned artists as, Barrère, Alda, Novaes,\n         Homer, Casals, Ponselle, Martinelli and Zimbalist. With all\n         this, he still found time to arrange the settings of numerous\n         college football songs; to serve as the regular organist at \n         Christ Episcopal Churchin Charlottesville\n         and to continue work on his music compositions and on the\n         development and construction of the \"Polytone,\" his idea of a\n         workable intonation keyboard which he designed to subdivide\n         the octave into 60 tones.","In 1941, Fickénscher retired from the University\n         of Virginia and returned to Fairfax in Marin County in\n         California. There he worked to complete his major unfinished\n         orchestral-choral symphonic poem, \n         The Land East of the Sunand to publish an article on the Polytone which he\n         had patented in February 1941. The article, \"The Polytone and\n         the Potentialities of a Purer Intonation,\" appeared in \n         The Music Quarterly(July, 1941). In May, 1946, he participated in\n         concert at Florida State Teacher's College, conducting \n         The Chamber Bluewith the Australian-American composer, Percy Grainger\n         at the piano and, as pianist, joining a string quartet to play\n         the \n         Piano Quintet.","In 1947, the Fickénschers relocated to the city\n         of San Francisco to spend their remaining years near their\n         daughter. Edith Fickénscher died on January 9, 1950\n         and Arthur Fickénscher on April, 15, 1954. Some\n         years later, in 1983, their ashes were spread over the grounds\n         of the University of Virginia cemetery near the grave of their\n         close friends, James Southall Wilson and his wife Julia by two\n         devoted former students and lifelong friends and associates,\n         Robert Septimus Pace, Jr. and William W. Jones.","As a composer, Arthur Fickénscher was influenced\n         by Bach, Wagner and César Franck. His work\n         reflected contemporary trends and was cast in a \"sensuous\n         mysticism\" that intrigued many of his musical colleagues,\n         particularly Percy Grainger (1882-1961) who considered\n         Fickénscher to be one of the few musical geniuses\n         of the 20th century."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eArthur Fickénscher\n            Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Arthur Fickénscher\n            Papers, Accession 12731, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n         2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n         largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n         copies of virtually all of the music that\n         Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n         contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n         personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n         major groups:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eGroup I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n         Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n         that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n         categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n         These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n         special interest or subject matter.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eGroup II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n         relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n         activities. These include published articles; biographical\n         background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n         his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n         programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n         notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n         development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n         miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n         records of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts\u003c/corpname\u003e(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n         friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n         about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n         family birth, marriage and burial documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eGroup III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n         master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n         scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n         folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n         in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n         used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n         compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n         works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n         and also William W. Jones, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eLife and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n            American Composer , 1871-1954\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, unpublished, 1992).\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWillowwood\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n         mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n         been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n         University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n         is identified as part of these papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n    ","\u003cp\u003e(manuscripts, master sheets and prints of musical\n               scores)\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eContents: mixed chorus: 1. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAu clair de la lune\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 2. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBonhomme que savez-vous faire?\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 3. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eJ'ai du bon tabac\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; male chorus: 1. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eVive Henri Quartre\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 2. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eCharmante Gabrielle\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 3. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eMalbrouk\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003eContents: 1. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eKyrie Eleison\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 2. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGloria Tibi\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 3. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGloria Patri\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 4. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBenedictus Qui Venit\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 5. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAgnus Dei\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 6. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGloria in Excelsis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 7. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAmen\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 8. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNunc Demitis\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e; 9. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSanctus\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003eContents: \"Alma Mater\"; \"Come Boys and Join\n                     Together\"; \"Eli Banana: Tilka Song\"; \"Georgetown\n                     is Dying\"; \"Give Us a Song, Boys\"; \"The Good Old\n                     Song\"; \"Ha! Ha! Virginia\"; \"Hike Virginia\"; \"In a\n                     Rose-Tinted Valley\"; \"Just Another Touchdown for\n                     U.Va.\"; \"Now We'll Lick Old Yale\"; \"Oh! Carolina\";\n                     \"Old Virginia\"; \"Orange and Blue\"; \"Virginia,\n                     Hail, All Hail!\"; \"Virginia, Hail, All Hail!\"\n                     (version two); \"Virginia Yell Song\"; \"Virginia's\n                     Banner\"; \"We're the Team from U. Va.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003eContents: 1. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAbschied\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Farewell); 2. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBienchen summ herum\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Bees); 3. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eDrei Röselein\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Three Rosebuds); 4. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eDer holde Mai\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Maytime); 5. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eDas Vöglein\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (The Messenger); 6. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eFrühlingsbotschaft\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Cuckoo); 7. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGott weiss es\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (God knows); 8. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eDer Gänsedieb\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (The Lusty Robber)\u003c/p\u003e\n            ","\u003cp\u003eContents: 1. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eAm Abend\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (At Evening); 2. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eErster Kuss\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (The First Kiss); 3. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eDeutung\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Reavealings); 4. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eGefunden\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Found); 5. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eMondnacht\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Moonlight); 6. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eHochsommer\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Midsummer); 7. \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eBusse\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, (Penitence). (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 published\n                     as: \n                     \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eFive Compositions for Voice and\n                        Piano\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n            "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Papers of Arthur Fickénscher contain ca.\n         2,000 items (11 shelf feet) that span the years 1895-1995. The\n         largest portion of the papers, consists of originals and\n         copies of virtually all of the music that\n         Fickénscher produced. The remaining portion\n         contains correspondence and other papers of a professional and\n         personal nature. The collection has been divided into three\n         major groups:","Group I, (Correspondence), contains letters sent to\n         Fickénscher and drafts and second copies of letters\n         that he prepared. The correspondence is subdivided into three\n         categories: (1) General, (2) Named and (3) Polytone Related.\n         These are listed by date or by correspondent name to highlight\n         special interest or subject matter.","Group II, (Professional and Personal), contains items\n         relating to Fickénscher's music and academic career\n         activities. These include published articles; biographical\n         background about his life and work; catalogue descriptions of\n         his music; memorabilia in the form of concert and recital\n         programs; reviews and newspaper clippings; a compilation of\n         notes, drawings and music relating to the evolution and\n         development of the \"Polytone;\" and an assortment of other\n         miscellaneous items consisting of financial and contract\n         records of the \n         University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts(1919-1939); photographs of family and\n         friends; instructor notes for voice lessons; some brochures\n         about musical instruments; name and address notebooks and\n         family birth, marriage and burial documents.","Group III, (Compositions), contains original manuscripts,\n         master sheets for duplication and print copies of musical\n         scores. These items have been consolidated into oversized\n         folders for ease of reference and study and have been arranged\n         in this listing under descriptive categories similar to those\n         used by Fickénscher in describing his own\n         compositions and by others who have catalogued his musical\n         works. (see William W. Jones and Gordon Rumson (Box 1, below)\n         and also William W. Jones, \n         Life and Works of Arthur Fickénscher,\n            American Composer , 1871-1954, unpublished, 1992).","A 33 1/3 rpm recording of \n         Willowwood, (a setting of four sonnets by Rossetti for\n         mezzo-soprano with piano, viola and bassoon accompaniment) has\n         been transferred to the appropriate custodial section of the\n         University of Virginia Special Collections Department where it\n         is identified as part of these papers.","(manuscripts, master sheets and prints of musical\n               scores)","Contents: mixed chorus: 1. \n                     Au clair de la lune; 2. \n                     Bonhomme que savez-vous faire?; 3. \n                     J'ai du bon tabac; male chorus: 1. \n                     Vive Henri Quartre; 2. \n                     Charmante Gabrielle; 3. \n                     Malbrouk","Contents: 1. \n                     Kyrie Eleison; 2. \n                     Gloria Tibi; 3. \n                     Gloria Patri; 4. \n                     Benedictus Qui Venit; 5. \n                     Agnus Dei; 6. \n                     Gloria in Excelsis; 7. \n                     Amen; 8. \n                     Nunc Demitis; 9. \n                     Sanctus","Contents: \"Alma Mater\"; \"Come Boys and Join\n                     Together\"; \"Eli Banana: Tilka Song\"; \"Georgetown\n                     is Dying\"; \"Give Us a Song, Boys\"; \"The Good Old\n                     Song\"; \"Ha! Ha! Virginia\"; \"Hike Virginia\"; \"In a\n                     Rose-Tinted Valley\"; \"Just Another Touchdown for\n                     U.Va.\"; \"Now We'll Lick Old Yale\"; \"Oh! Carolina\";\n                     \"Old Virginia\"; \"Orange and Blue\"; \"Virginia,\n                     Hail, All Hail!\"; \"Virginia, Hail, All Hail!\"\n                     (version two); \"Virginia Yell Song\"; \"Virginia's\n                     Banner\"; \"We're the Team from U. Va.\"","Contents: 1. \n                     Abschied, (Farewell); 2. \n                     Bienchen summ herum, (Bees); 3. \n                     Drei Röselein, (Three Rosebuds); 4. \n                     Der holde Mai, (Maytime); 5. \n                     Das Vöglein, (The Messenger); 6. \n                     Frühlingsbotschaft, (Cuckoo); 7. \n                     Gott weiss es, (God knows); 8. \n                     Der Gänsedieb, (The Lusty Robber)","Contents: 1. \n                     Am Abend, (At Evening); 2. \n                     Erster Kuss, (The First Kiss); 3. \n                     Deutung, (Reavealings); 4. \n                     Gefunden, (Found); 5. \n                     Mondnacht, (Moonlight); 6. \n                     Hochsommer, (Midsummer); 7. \n                     Busse, (Penitence). (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 published\n                     as: \n                     Five Compositions for Voice and\n                        Piano)"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts"],"persname_ssim":["Arthur\n         Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","University of Virginia","University Glee Club","Albemarle Choral Club","Norfolk Symphony","McIntire Concerts","Christ Episcopal Church","University of Virginia's McIntire\n         Concerts","Arthur\n         Fickénscher","Edith Cruzan","Arditha"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":133,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:35:01.921Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01897_c03_c04_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Wills, 1894/1925","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20"],"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19","parent_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Legal Documents, 1885/1950","Legal documents re the following:, 1902/1930"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_4_resources_66","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04","viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wills","title_ssm":["Wills"],"title_tesim":["Wills"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wills, 1894/1925"],"text":["Wills, 1894/1925","Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Legal Documents, 1885/1950","Legal documents re the following:, 1902/1930","box MSS 79-6, Box 134"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Legal Documents, 1885/1950","Legal documents re the following:, 1902/1930"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","Legal Documents, 1885/1950","Legal documents re the following:, 1902/1930"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1894/1925"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1894-1925"],"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":1221,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"containers_ssim":["box MSS 79-6, Box 134"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#18/components#19","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:23.622Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_root_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_4_resources_66","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_4_resources_66.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/106865","title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers"],"title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1820 - 1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1820/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"text":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959","MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia","The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.","The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"collection_ssim":["Duke family law firm papers, 1820/1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS.79.6","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/4/resources/66"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"geogname_ssm":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"places_ssim":["Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 19th Century","Charlottesville (Va.) -- History -- 20th century"],"creator_ssm":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"creators_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was a gift of Helen R. Duke in 1979.","The addendum to the papers of the Duke and Duke law firm was donated by William E. Duke and Lucy D. Kinne to the Law Library in October of 1985 after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift."],"access_subjects_ssim":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["practice of law -- Virginia","lawyers -- Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["108.5  Linear Feet 232 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The papers are organized into 8 series: 1st-6th series concern the law practice; 7th series, the insurance business; and the 8th, family business.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material. From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name. The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II. Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) -- From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books. The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III. Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874, but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955. While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned. Since many, but not all, of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder. If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one. The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV. Legal documents (boxes 126-145) -- These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V. Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) -- The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office. They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc., and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950). Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI. General office correspondendence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters. For some reason, certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed. (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively. These have now been merged into one.) This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr., was agent. At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records, dating from the 1880's, provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRichard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWilliam R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSince he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThroughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWalker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIt has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Richard Thomas Walker Duke, son of Richard and Maria Walker Duke, was born 6 June 1822 in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he spent his childhood. After attending private schools, he entered Virginia Military Institute and finished second in the class of 1845. Upon graduating he taught school in Lewisburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), but returned to Charlottesville when his father died in 1849, and began studying law at the University. In 1850, he started his own law practice, and over the next ten years built a law office, was chosen one of Charlottesville's first aldermen, served briefly as mayor, and became commonwealth's attorney. He married Elizabeth Scott Eskridge of Staunton, and they had two sons, William and R. T. W. Jr. (Tom), and a daughter, Mary, all of whom lived to adulthood; two other children died in childhood.","As colonel of the 48th Regiment of the Virginia Volunteers, R. T. W. Duke took an active role in the Civil War. In 1864, he resigned his commission because of a dispute with a superior officer, but re-enlisted thirty days later. He surrendered with his troops at Silas Creek in 1865, and returned to his law practice and position as commonwealth's attorney. From that time on, Duke was known as \"the Colonel,\" and in honor of his service in the recent war, the local camp for the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named for him.","In 1863 Duke bought Sunnyside, a 70-acre tract of land northeast of Charlottesville (on which the Law School is now located), and farmed this property until his death. He was chosen secretary/treasurer of the board of trustees of the Samuel Miller Fund, established in 1869. In 1870, Duke assumed the fifth district's Congressional seat for two terms as a member of the Conservative party. Lobbying for a strong South throughout his term, Duke actively opposed the 14th Amendment. R. T. W. Duke died after a lingering illness in the summer of 1898.","William R. Duke, born in 1849, possessed his father's farming instincts and commitment to political involvement. Together they farmed and resided at Sunnyside, whose ownership William shared with his brother Tom after their father's death. Although William studied law at Virginia, and in 1883 joined his father's law practice, he devoted more energy to farming and such groups as the Virginia Cattlemen's Association. In 1897 he was elected delegate to the Virginia General Assembly. Like his father, William was also involved in local affairs, serving, for example, as clerk of the Miller Fund board of trustees for many years. William died in 1929 and was survived by his sons, William (Billy) and Camman.","Since he was born in 1853, Richard Thomas Walker Duke Jr. (Tom) witnessed the Civil War during his impressionable boyhood years and later wrote about those experiences. A gifted writer and student of languages, Tom studied classics, French, German, and English literature when he entered the University of Virginia in 1870. He was awarded the Thomas Jefferson Prize for the best essay in 1872, and then turned his attention to the study of law in 1873-74. It is likely that he later read law for a time in his father's office before passing the bar. Although the practice of law became his career, Duke wrote prose and poetry the rest of his life, and was published in the New York Herald and such magazines as Century, Lippincott's, and Illustrated American.","Throughout his long career, Tom was active in town, University, and state affairs. Among the organizations in which he held office were the Masons, Zeta Psi fraternity, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the Miller Board, the UVA Alumni Association, and the state Democratic Committee. He served from 1886 to 1901 as judge of the Corporation Court (now called the Circuit Court), as commonwealth's attorney from 1916 to 1920, and as a member of the Committee to Revise the Virginia Code in 1908. In addition, he sat on the boards of a variety of corporations, including the Charlottesville Ice Company, the First National Bank, and a number of Kentucky and West Virginia coal development companies in which his family had invested. From 1907 to 1910, Tom edited the Virginia Law Journal.","Tom Duke married Edith Ridgeway Slaughter in 1884, and they produced six children, of whom five grew to maturity: Mary, R. T. W. III (Walker), John Flavel Slaughter (Jack), William Eskridge, and Helen Risdon. He built a spacious home for his family at 616 Park Street. A frequent traveller because of his practice, Duke also travelled for pleasure. As the children grew up, Edith often accompanied him to New York or Washington to shop, visit friends and attend plays, or she took journeys alone to visit children and other relatives. All the Duke children, as they reached their teens, attended boarding school, and all received at least some college education. Edith Duke died suddenly in 1921, and two years later, Tom married Maymee Richardson Slaughter, his wife's sister-in-law from Lynchburg. In March of 1926 Tom died at the age of 76.","Walker, after a few years in the Navy, joined the Army and became a career officer. Jack served in the Army during World War I, and then began a career in business. In 1917, Eskridge took a law degree at Virginia and joined his father's practice. He was plagued by ill-health throughout his career, and soon after their father's death, his sister Mary, a former social worker, began assisting in the law office. Helen, a librarian, worked in New York and Norfolk for a year or so before moving back to the family home. Eskridge and his wife, Lucy Lee, had three children, of whom two, William Eskridge Jr. (Bill) and Lucy Marshall, grew to adulthood. Jack died in 1933; Eskridge, in 1959; Walker, in 1960; Mary, in 1966; and Helen, in 1984.","The Charlottesville law practice established by R. T. W. Duke in 1850 remained in the family for two succeeding generations. After studying law with John B. Minor at the University of Virginia, Duke practiced alone until 1858, when he built his office at 20 Court House Square and took James D. Jones as a partner. Another lawyer, Louis G. Hanckel, joined the firm in the early seventies and handled insurance business. When Tom finished his legal studies in 1874, he assisted his father, whose partner by then was Stephen V. Southall. In the 1880's the firm was called Duke and Duke, William having joined his father shortly before Tom became judge.","The early work of the firm was limited to real estate, debt collection, and probate work, with an occasional criminal case. In addition, there was ample time for all three lawyers to pursue their assorted outside interests. At the office each man wrote his own letters, Tom switching to a Remington typewriter in 1889, before the days when they could hire a stenographer. The Dukes handled property rentals for some of their clients, the wealthiest and best known of whom was Jefferson Levy, owner of Monticello, the Opera House, and a great deal of other property in town.","With the combination of \"the Colonel's\" death, the social and economic changes in town around the turn of the century, and the energetic leadership of Tom, the workload of the practice increased and became more diverse. Loan and bond operations were added to the civil and criminal work and property management. Around 1917, Eskridge and Clarence E. Gentry joined the firm, now called Duke, Duke and Gentry. The law office was torn down in 1922, and the firm moved to a building shared with other lawyers at the corner of Fifth and Jefferson Streets. The practice flourished, and the Dukes often hired Virginia law students or graduates as clerks or associates, including Elizabeth Tompkins (the first female graduate of the Law School), Bernard Chamberlain, Anna Dinwiddie, and John Yancy.","It has not been determined whether the Dukes sold insurance after Hanckel left, but some time after Eskridge joined the firm in the late teens, the Insurance Agency was established. The title was changed to the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville in 1923, when W. F. Carter Jr. as agent. After Carter misappropriated funds, he was relieved of his job, the agency was incorporated, and the Dukes' interest in the business was eventually bought out by William B. Murphy.","Eskridge carried on the law practice with the assistance of Mary and an occasional associate. In 1937, he wrote that his firm \"is regional and local counsel for a number of insurance companies, Virginia counsel for the Pike Coal Company, and does a general legal business, specializing in insurance, real estate, corporation and probate law, also maintains a collection department.\" With his failing health in the late forties, the practice dwindled until 1955, when Duke and Duke closed a little over a hundred years after it began."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.\u003c/p\u003e  ","\u003cp\u003eSeries I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Duke law firm papers include correspondence, case files, legal, insuarance, and financial records, as well as ledgers. The files provide extensive documentation of a small-town family practice. Since the insurance business and the Dukes's family business affairs were handled in the same office as the law practice, these files had remained with the legal files. The family correspondence found with these papers was transferred to Special Collections in Alderman Library.","The Duke papers were transferred from the first Duke office to the second Duke office, finally to their third office on Park Street, where they apparently were shifted more than once. Things were unavoidably jumbled, but the order within the cartons, the types of file boxes and folders, and the dates made it possible to reconstruct the original filing arrangements.","This collection is rich in source material for scholars of legal, social, or local history. The first area of research focuses on the changes in the character of this small-town law practice from the post-Civil War to the post-World War II periods. There are well-documented accounts in the shifts in the type of legal work the law firm handled, the daily office operations over the years, the economic vicissitudes of the practice, and the attitudes of three generations of lawyers. There is information on the political, economic, and social conditions of the Charlottesville area during the time span of the Dukes' law practice.","Series I. Incoming letters (boxes 1-43) -- From 1869 to 1923 (and occasionally through the 1940's) incoming letters were filed separately from other material.  From 1899 to 1923 all incoming letters were stored annually in special file boxes arranged alphabetically by correspondent's name.  The papers in this series are arranged as they were found.","Series II.  Copies of outgoing letters (boxes 44-57) --  From the 1870's through the teens copies of outgoing letters were kept chronologically in letterpress books.  The books are stored in chronological order.","Series III.  Case files (boxes 58-125) -- The case files date back to 1874 but are concentrated between 1920 and 1955.  While the dates of these case files overlap the chronological ones described above, case files were by no means regularly created until the early twenties when the other system was virtually abandoned.  Since many but not all of the case files were numbered, it was impossible to restore them to numerical order. Therefore, they have been grouped into decades and then arranged alphabetically by title found on the original folder.  If the original folder was numbered, that number is noted on the new one.  The cases concern principally the settlement of debts, property and divorce, as well as, for the last few decades, insurance claims.","Series IV.  Legal documents (boxes 126-145) --  These documents, originally stored apart from case files, are organized chronologically according to type of document, the largest groups of which are deeds (1885-1929) and titles (1876-1936). Also included in this series are documents related to specific cases (ca. 1870-1925), to the coal business, and to miscellaneous matters (ca. 1800-1950).","Series V.  Financial papers (boxes 146-167 and oversize) --  The financial papers were likewise apparently filed separately in the office.  They include notes, bonds, collections, accounts, bills, taxes, etc. and are arranged alphabetically (ca. 1870-1950).  Ledgers containing the same sort of financial records are organized by size.","Series VI.  General office correspondence and cases (boxes 168-185) -- This alphabetical file, ca. 1920-1955, was apparently created for routine correspondence concerning clients and office matters.  For some reason certain cases were also incorporated into the alphabetical system, despite the fact that numbered case files continued to be created until the practice closed.  (To complicate matters a bit further, there seem to have been two alphabetical files used consecutively.  These have now been merged into one.)  This series contains correspondence and case files, desk diaries, memoranda, unfiled office papers, and files relating to the insurance companies Eskridge represented.","Series VII. Insurance agency files (boxes 186-217) -- These files of the Insurance Agency of Charlottesville, 1923-1927, cover the period in which W.F. Carter, Jr. was agent.  At the beginning of the series are documents concerning the audit of the agency and the subsequent incorporation.","Series VIII. Family business files, civic material and miscellany (boxes 218-232) -- These records dating from the 1880's provide a good deal of information about the financial affairs of the Charlottesville Dukes as well as their relatives.","This addition to the Duke law firm papers came to the law library after the death of Helen Duke, donor of the original gift, and was given by William E. Duke, Jr. and Lucy D. Kinne.  These papers are principally legal files from the law firm for the years 1904-[1942-1948]-1954 and financial records of the Duke family, and their arrangement follows that of the original gift."],"corpname_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections"],"famname_ssim":["Duke family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898"],"persname_ssim":["Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"names_ssim":["Arthur J. Morris Law Library Special Collections","Duke family","Duke, Richard Thomas Walker (R. T. W.), 1822-1898","Duke, William Eskridge, 1893-1959","Duke, William R., 1849-1929"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1908,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:30:23.622Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_4_resources_66_c04_c19_c20"}},{"id":"viu_viu01005_c02_c02_c15","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Wills (copies), 1830/1936","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu01005_c02_c02_c15#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c02_c02_c15","ref_ssm":["viu_viu01005_c02_c02_c15"],"id":"viu_viu01005_c02_c02_c15","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005_c02_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu01005_c02_c02","parent_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","II. Research Material of Lydia Lowndes Maury\n               Skeels","Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu01005","viu_viu01005_c02","viu_viu01005_c02_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Wills (copies)","title_ssm":["Wills (copies)"],"title_tesim":["Wills (copies)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wills (copies), 1830/1936"],"text":["Wills (copies), 1830/1936","Maury and Perkins Family Papers","II. Research Material of Lydia Lowndes Maury\n               Skeels","Papers","Box Box 4"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","II. Research Material of Lydia Lowndes Maury\n               Skeels","Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","II. Research Material of Lydia Lowndes Maury\n               Skeels","Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1830/1936"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1830-1936"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":40,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 4"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"date_range_isim":[1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1/components#14","timestamp":"2026-06-23T07:33:41.315Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu01005","ead_ssi":"viu_viu01005","_root_":"viu_viu01005","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu01005","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu01005.xml","title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"text":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers","10492-c","ca. 550 items","Collection is open to research.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","This material, assembled by \n         Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n         One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Recordsand \n         Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         Mauryand \n         Perkinsfamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n         George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n         George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n         Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n         William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n         Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n         Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n         Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n         Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n         Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Mauryin \n         Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n         Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n         San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         Holladay House, and \n         Woolen Mills. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         Frank Abbott's death and \n         John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         Butte, Montanato her home in \n         Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         Clayberg and Corbettand with \n         Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n         University of Virginiaprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         William Allan Perkins, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         West Virginiaand \n         Ohioto a camp near \n         Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n         University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n         occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Mauryand \n         Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         Charlottesvilleto various places in \n         Virginiaand \n         New York, and \n         Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n         Charlottesvilleto \n         Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         Maury, \n         Perkins, \n         Watson, \n         Norris, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris","Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Maury and Perkins Family Papers"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["10492-c"],"unitid_tesim":["10492-c"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n         Skeels"],"creator_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury\n         Skeels"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"creators_ssim":["Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeels","Eliza Norris (Watson)","George Perkins","Hay Watson (Perkins)","George Rust Bedinger Michie","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)","Henry Lowndes Maury","William Allan Perkins","Hazlehurst Bolton","Hortensia Hay Watson","Eliza Maury","Nannie Jessie Maury","Matthew Fontaine Maury","Henry Lowndes","Egbert Reed Watson","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury","Bessie P. Woods","Ellen Maury Slayden","Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins","John Lloyd Newcomb","Frank Abbott","John Staige Davis","John W. Davis","Charles Alphonso Smith","Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury","Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins","Lizzie Perkins","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Holladay House","Woolen Mills","University of Virginia","Clayberg and Corbett","Pemberton and Maury","Bar Association in Butte","University of Virginia Base Hospital","Maury","Perkins","Watson","Norris"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Library by Lydia\n            Lowndes Maury Skeels of Storrs, Connecticut, on July 24,\n            1987."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 550 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMaury and Perkins Family\n            Papers, Accession 10492-c, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Maury and Perkins Family\n            Papers, Accession 10492-c, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis material, assembled by \n         \u003cpersname\u003eLydia Lowndes Maury Skeels\u003c/persname\u003efor her books, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eOne American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Records\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eand \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eSome Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         \u003cfamname normal=\"Maury family\"\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003eand \n         \u003cfamname normal=\"Perkins family\"\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003efamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\u003c/persname\u003e(1844-1936) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHay Watson (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1873-19 ) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Rust Bedinger Michie\u003c/persname\u003e(1870-19 ), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)\u003c/persname\u003e(1874-1960) and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1875-1959), and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHazlehurst Bolton\u003c/persname\u003e(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1838-19 ), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's sister; letters from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eNannie Jessie Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. \n         \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e) to her son, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes\u003c/persname\u003e; and, a farm book of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEgbert Reed Watson\u003c/persname\u003e(1810-1887), \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Maury\u003c/persname\u003e's father.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the original letters are written to \n         \u003cpersname normal=\"Anne Perkins Maury\"\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Maury\u003c/persname\u003ein \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003efrom her family in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eBessie P. Woods\u003c/persname\u003e, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eTsing Kiang, China\u003c/geogname\u003e, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEllen Maury Slayden\u003c/persname\u003e, in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSan Antonio, Texas\u003c/geogname\u003e, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         \u003cpersname normal=\"Eliza Watson Perkins\"\u003eEliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ewrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eHolladay House\u003c/corpname\u003e, and \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eWoolen Mills\u003c/corpname\u003e. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Lloyd Newcomb\u003c/persname\u003e's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eFrank Abbott\u003c/persname\u003e's death and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Staige Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eJohn W. Davis\u003c/persname\u003e' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto her home in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Perkins\u003c/persname\u003ealso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Lowndes Maury\u003c/persname\u003eon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003e. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eClayberg and Corbett\u003c/corpname\u003eand with \n         \u003ccorpname\u003ePemberton and Maury\u003c/corpname\u003e(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eBar Association in Butte\u003c/corpname\u003e(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eCharles Alphonso Smith\u003c/persname\u003e(1864-1924), a \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eBerlin\u003c/geogname\u003e, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         \u003cgeogname\u003ePotsdam\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOther letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Allan Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWest Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eOhio\u003c/geogname\u003eto a camp near \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eSault Ste. Marie\u003c/geogname\u003e; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHortensia Hay Watson\u003c/persname\u003e, mentioning the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia Base Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003eand\n         occurrences during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         \u003cpersname\u003eAnne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Maury\u003c/persname\u003eand \n         \u003cpersname\u003eEliza Norris (Watson) Perkins\u003c/persname\u003e. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto various places in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eNew York\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e, describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         \u003cpersname\u003eLizzie Perkins\u003c/persname\u003etravelled from \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCharlottesville\u003c/geogname\u003eto \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eButte, Montana\u003c/geogname\u003eto visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         \u003cfamname\u003eMaury\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003ePerkins\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eWatson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eNorris\u003c/famname\u003e, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         \u003cpersname\u003eMatthew Fontaine Maury\u003c/persname\u003e(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This material, assembled by \n         Lydia Lowndes Maury Skeelsfor her books, \n         One American Family: Some Maury Memories, Legends,\n            and Recordsand \n         Some Distaff Forbears: Perkins, Henderson, Watson,\n            Price, Norris, Opie, Kelly, consists of ca. 550 items, 1767(1883-1955)1985, and\n         includes original letters and papers of the \n         Mauryand \n         Perkinsfamilies as\n         well as Mrs. Skeels' notes and copies of material from various\n         repositories.","The correspondence and other material of the Maury and\n         Perkins family pertain chiefly to the family of \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)(1844-1936) and \n         George Perkins(1846-1918) and their\n         children and spouses, \n         Hay Watson (Perkins)(1873-19 ) and \n         George Rust Bedinger Michie(1870-19 ), \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins)(1874-1960) and \n         Henry Lowndes Maury(1875-1959), and \n         William Allan Perkins(1880-19 ) and his\n         wife \n         Hazlehurst Bolton(1882-19 ). There are\n         also letters from \n         Hortensia Hay Watson(1838-19 ), \n         Eliza Maury's sister; letters from \n         Nannie Jessie Maury(Mrs. \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury) to her son, \n         Henry Lowndes; and, a farm book of \n         Egbert Reed Watson(1810-1887), \n         Eliza Maury's father.","The majority of the original letters are written to \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson\n         (Perkins) Mauryin \n         Butte, Montanafrom her family in \n         Charlottesville, Virginiaand contain much\n         personal news about family members and friends. One letter of\n         interest, dated May 1, 1894, written to Haidee and Nannie\n         Perkins from \n         Bessie P. Woods, a missionary doctor's\n         wife, in \n         Tsing Kiang, China, describes the\n         customs, language, and clothing of the people, and explains\n         the needs for foreign missions. Another interesting letter,\n         November 18, 1898, from \n         Ellen Maury Slayden, in \n         San Antonio, Texas, enlightens Nannie on\n         living out west and describes the \"differences between Eastern\n         and Western people.\" During 1898-1935, \n         Eliza Norris (Watson)\n         Perkinswrote to her daughter, Nannie, discussing\n         news of family and friends in great detail, and mentioning\n         events in \n         Charlottesville. There are two letters in\n         1901 with news of \n         Charlottesville: April 15, concerning the\n         election to the Virginia Constitutional Convention; and, May\n         23, describing the city and surrounding area during a flood\n         caused by heavy rainfall, mentioning such sites as the new\n         iron bridge, \n         Holladay House, and \n         Woolen Mills. There are also several\n         letters mentioning persons associated with the \n         University of Virginia: November 28, 1932\n         and October 16, 1933, \n         John Lloyd Newcomb's tea for Lord and\n         Lady Astor and his appointment as President of the University;\n         February 13, 1933, \n         Frank Abbott's death and \n         John Staige Davis' illness; and, July 16,\n         1934, \n         John W. Davis' speech at the Institute of\n         Public Affairs. A December 13, 1934 letter describes her train\n         trip from \n         Butte, Montanato her home in \n         Charlottesville.","George Perkinsalso wrote to his daughter,\n         Nannie, after her marriage to \n         Henry Lowndes Mauryon November 22, 1898\n         and their subsequent departure to \n         Butte, Montana. While he wrote personal\n         letters to his daughter, he wrote more professional ones to\n         his son-in-law. Many of his letters to Lowndes refer to the\n         latter's legal business, especially his partnerships with \n         Clayberg and Corbettand with \n         Pemberton and Maury(August 25 and\n         September 9, 1899), legal cases, and his being made President\n         of the \n         Bar Association in Butte(December 19,\n         1906). His letters offered support and advice concerning some\n         of these matters. One interesting letter, December 26, 1910,\n         gave a lengthy account of a distant relative's, \n         Charles Alphonso Smith(1864-1924), a \n         University of Virginiaprofessor,\n         successful visit to \n         Berlin, including a lunch with Kaiser\n         Wilhelm and a visit to the palace at \n         Potsdam.","Other letters of interest to Nannie from her family\n         include: September 4, 1899, from her brother, \n         William Allan Perkins, describing a\n         fishing trip that took him across \n         West Virginiaand \n         Ohioto a camp near \n         Sault Ste. Marie; May 9 and June 3, 1918,\n         from her aunt, \n         Hortensia Hay Watson, mentioning the \n         University of Virginia Base Hospitaland\n         occurrences during World War I.","In addition, there are travel journals, with transcripts,\n         of \n         Anne \"Nannie\" Henderson (Perkins)\n         Mauryand \n         Eliza Norris (Watson) Perkins. During\n         July and August 1891, Nannie kept a journal on her travels\n         from \n         Charlottesvilleto various places in \n         Virginiaand \n         New York, and \n         Washington, D.C., describing the sites\n         vividly. In July 1910, \n         Lizzie Perkinstravelled from \n         Charlottesvilleto \n         Butte, Montanato visit her daughter and\n         her family, writing of the trip in a small notebook.","The research material includes Mrs. Skeels' correspondence\n         and notes, biographies and genealogies, and copies of material\n         from various repositories concerning the \n         Maury, \n         Perkins, \n         Watson, \n         Norris, and related families. There is much\n         material pertaining to \n         Matthew Fontaine Maury(1806-1873), the\n         first great American oceanographer. Copies of original family\n         letters, diaries, and papers have been placed in this\n         series.","The material has been organized into three series: I. Maury\n         and Perkins Family Papers; II. Research Material of Lydia\n         Lowndes Maury Skeels; and, III. Oversize Material. Folders in\n         the first two series are arranged alphabetically, and material\n         within is in chronological order."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. 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