{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026page=2286\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026page=2285\u0026view=compact","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026page=2287\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026page=2305\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2286,"next_page":2287,"prev_page":2285,"total_pages":2305,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":22850,"total_count":23047,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Workers in a Tailor Shop","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236","vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236","vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01"],"text":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01","Workers in a Tailor Shop","box 01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Workers in a Tailor Shop","title_ssm":["Workers in a Tailor Shop"],"title_tesim":["Workers in a Tailor Shop"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1919 November"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Workers in a Tailor Shop"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":46,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1919],"containers_ssim":["box 01"],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|0fa11392-4272-415b-84e5-0910defb5e1e/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["Workers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#44","timestamp":"2026-05-20T20:27:53.240Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_236.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/236   ","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk 1919","title_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1919 November","Date acquired: 11/21/1988"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1919 November","Date acquired: 11/21/1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236"],"text":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236","Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity.","Due to the fragile nature of the photographs, researchers are encouraged to use the online images in the Old Dominion Univeristy Libraries Digital Collections.","This collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","A portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder.","ODU Community Collections","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of David E. Johnson, Associate Professor of History","Gift. Accession #A88-5"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Linear Feet","1 photograph box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Linear Feet","1 photograph box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1919,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|52304204-52c4-424e-bae7-e088603d9fad/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|4dc11848-bd70-46a9-ba31-4697abf51bce/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|2d540ba9-7ff7-4c10-b3c1-a3cfd91008bd/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|f2033651-0740-43c1-8d72-be403451cf35/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca 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the Old Dominion Univeristy Libraries Digital Collections."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOwner in Front of Cleopatra Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in Front of Tagliavia Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in an Apothecary Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Bicycle Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Cigar Shop/Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Hosiery/Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Men's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in a Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Harness Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in Front of the Maryland Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in Front of Fruit Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customers in the New York Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Cigar Store with Pool Hall and Shoeshine Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Pastry/Candy Shop and Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Large Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNorfolk in Nineteen Nineteen Research Study, 1988, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Owner in Front of Cleopatra Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in Front of Tagliavia Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in an Apothecary Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Bicycle Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Cigar Shop/Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Hosiery/Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Men's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in a Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Harness Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in Front of the Maryland Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in Front of Fruit Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customers in the New York Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Cigar Store with Pool Hall and Shoeshine Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Pastry/Candy Shop and Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Large Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk in Nineteen Nineteen Research Study, 1988, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_52304204-52c4-424e-bae7-e088603d9fad/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_69880ae0e722bdba24a77f1abfd83cea\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eA portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T20:27:53.240Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c45"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Workers in a Women's Clothing Store","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236","vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_236","vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01"],"text":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Box 01","Workers in a Women's Clothing Store","box 01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Workers in a Women's Clothing Store","title_ssm":["Workers in a Women's Clothing Store"],"title_tesim":["Workers in a Women's Clothing Store"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1919 November"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Workers in a Women's Clothing Store"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":45,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1919],"containers_ssim":["box 01"],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|5b08869b-ca21-438a-982d-90e155b01e6a/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e"],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Related Digital Material"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["ODU Digital Collections"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["Workers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#43","timestamp":"2026-05-20T20:27:53.240Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_236","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_236.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/236   ","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk 1919","title_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1919 November","Date acquired: 11/21/1988"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1919 November","Date acquired: 11/21/1988"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236"],"text":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236","Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection","Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century","Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity.","Due to the fragile nature of the photographs, researchers are encouraged to use the online images in the Old Dominion Univeristy Libraries Digital Collections.","This collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","A portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder.","ODU Community Collections","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 69","/repositories/5/resources/236"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"geogname_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"places_ssim":["Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift of David E. Johnson, Associate Professor of History","Gift. Accession #A88-5"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Businesses--Virginia--Norfolk"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.6 Linear Feet","1 photograph box boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.6 Linear Feet","1 photograph box boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1919,1988],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The photographs presented here show some of the people and businesses of Norfolk, Virginia about one year after war ended on the western front in 1918. The anonymous photographer was clearly interested in certain kinds of businesses as the pictures feature scenes that other observers tended to miss. Rather than portraying the political leaders and the finest homes in Norfolk, the unknown photographer depicted small shop owners and employees, along with a few of their customers. The folks portrayed in this fashion look reasonably normal, but neither the nation nor Norfolk were experiencing normal times when the pictures were taken.\nThe Norfolk of 1919 differed considerably from the city of the 1980s. Then, as now, there were distinct districts within the city, but these varied drastically from any current configuration. Between Water Street (now Waterside Drive) and the river were warehouses amid steamship and railroad terminals. Main Street presented an appearance entirely different from that of today. East Main Street, which commenced at Granby and ended at the large Union Station featured dozens of small shops, many of which appear in the collection of photographs. The eleven or twelve blocks contained some brothels for which this part of the city became notorious, but in 1919 it also held at least twelve lunch counters or restaurants, an equal number of tailor shops or garment makers, several groceries, shoe stores, and emporiums of various descriptions.\nOf the handful of photographs that have been identified, all were taken of the small businesses on East Main or nearby streets. The Boston Cafe, managed by Hop Sing and Joe Eng, stood at 711 East Main while the New York Lunch Room was located just a few doors down across the street, at 728. Demetrious Feleros, the proprietor of the latter establishment, may be the fellow standing behind the lunch counter at the New York Lunch Room. The address on one of the menus, 1115 East Main, confirms the presence of the Olympic Restaurant in the collection while the Maryland Fruit Store and Cleopatra's can be identified by the signs on their store fronts. The local directory fails to confirm the existence of these places in Norfolk or Portsmouth, but Cleopatra's neighbor, Brown's which sold breakfasts, stood near the ferry slip. Many of these establishments appear quite tiny and of questionable longevity."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|52304204-52c4-424e-bae7-e088603d9fad/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|4dc11848-bd70-46a9-ba31-4697abf51bce/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|2d540ba9-7ff7-4c10-b3c1-a3cfd91008bd/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/archive/sdb%3AdeliverableUnit|f2033651-0740-43c1-8d72-be403451cf35/\"\u003eODU Digital Collections\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca 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Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related Digital Material","Related 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the Old Dominion Univeristy Libraries Digital Collections."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOwner in Front of Cleopatra Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in Front of Tagliavia Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in an Apothecary Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Bicycle Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Cigar Shop/Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Hosiery/Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Men's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in a Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Harness Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in Front of the Maryland Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker in Front of Fruit Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customers in the New York Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMen in a Cigar Store with Pool Hall and Shoeshine Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Pastry/Candy Shop and Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Large Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorker and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers and Customers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorkers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNorfolk in Nineteen Nineteen Research Study, 1988, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Owner in Front of Cleopatra Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in Front of Tagliavia Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in an Apothecary Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Bicycle Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Cigar Shop/Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers Behind the Counter in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Hosiery/Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Men's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in a Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Harness Repair Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Shoe Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in Front of the Maryland Fruit Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker in Front of Fruit Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Pool Hall, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customers in the New York Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Men in a Cigar Store with Pool Hall and Shoeshine Stand, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Kitchen, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Pastry/Candy Shop and Soda Fountain, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Large Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Worker and Customer in a Grocery Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customer in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers and Customers in a Barber Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Women's Clothing Store, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Tailor Shop, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Workers in a Lunch Room, 1919 November, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Norfolk in Nineteen Nineteen Research Study, 1988, Box 1, Norfolk 1919 Photograph Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the \u003ca href=\"https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_52304204-52c4-424e-bae7-e088603d9fad/\"\u003eOld Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection is a portfolio of 46 prints, each were contact printed from the original 6.5\" X 8.5\" glass plate negative. These photographs were taken in November of 1919 by an anonymous photographer. Most of the businesses depicted in the photographs appear to have been located in the area of East Main Street between Commercial Place and Union Station in Norfolk. The collection has been digitized and is available in the  Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_69880ae0e722bdba24a77f1abfd83cea\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eA portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["A portfolio of 46 prints that depict small shop owners and employees of businesses in Norfolk, Virginia in 1919. Also, includes a study written by Dr. Peter Stewart, an Old Dominion University History Professor and local historian, that examines what Norfolk was like in 1919. This study is located in the collection's control folder."],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":48,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T20:27:53.240Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_236_c01_c44"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c02_c288","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Workmen's Compensation Law","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c02_c288#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c02_c288","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c02_c288"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c02_c288","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c02","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers","Workmen's Compensation Law","box Box 455"],"title_filing_ssi":"Workmen's Compensation Law","title_ssm":["Workmen's Compensation Law"],"title_tesim":["Workmen's Compensation Law"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1918 March -1919"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1918/1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Workmen's Compensation Law"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":1880,"date_range_isim":[1918,1919],"containers_ssim":["box Box 455"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#287","timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:16:02.259Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"text":["382","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.","Biography of Edward L. Stone Edward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company The Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n             Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n             This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n             Yours very truly, \n             L. E. Armentrout, \n             Manager \n            ","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n             We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n             Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n          Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia, gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n             My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n             For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company The Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n          the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products. Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n          We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n             But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n             If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n             Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n             I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n             Very Sincerely, \n             Edward L. Stone \n             Chairman of the Board Clearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n            Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n            purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n            fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n            Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n            private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n            was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n            remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n            negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n            sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n            purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n            Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n            correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n            extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n            The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n            twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n            Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Biography of Edward L. Stone Edward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company The Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n             Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n             This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n             Yours very truly, \n             L. E. Armentrout, \n             Manager \n            ","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n             We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n             Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n          Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia, gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n             My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n             For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company The Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n          the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products. Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n          We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n             But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n             If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n             Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n             I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n             Very Sincerely, \n             Edward L. Stone \n             Chairman of the Board Clearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:16:02.259Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c02_c288"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"World War I","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_572"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_572"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"text":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers","World War I","English","World War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron."],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I","title_ssm":["World War I"],"title_tesim":["World War I"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1916-1922"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1916/1922"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"extent_ssm":["0.018 Cubic Feet 6 Folders."],"extent_tesim":["0.018 Cubic Feet 6 Folders."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":6,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":47,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"date_range_isim":[1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"language_ssim":["English"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["World War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:23:27.213Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_572","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_572.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/495","title_filing_ssi":"Curtis, Marvin Kent, papers","title_ssm":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"title_tesim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1910-1959"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1910-1959"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 15719","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/572"],"text":["MSS 15719","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/572","Marvin Kent Curtis papers","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is arranged into five series: \nSeries 1. Correspondence, \nSeries 2. World War I, \nSeries 3. Teaching and Counseling, \nSeries 4. Illustrations and Writing, \nSeries 5. Miscellaneous and Personal.","Marvin Kent Curtis was an American novelist, teacher, illustrator, composer, and yachtsman. He served in World War I as an aviator with the Royal Air Force, was shot down, reported dead, and held prisoner of war until the war's end. He was born in Wichita, Kansas in 1890 to Charles E. Curtis and Grace Emily Kent. He was named for his famous great-grandfather Marvin Kent, for whom Kent, Ohio was named. Also Kent State University was founded on land donated by William S. Kent, the brother of Curtis' grandfather. ","Kent Curtis graduated in 1909 from Lake View High School (Chicago, Illinois), and completed his college preparatory work at Tome School for Boys in Port Deposit, Maryland. He entered Amherst College in 1910 as a member of the Class of 1914. There he contributed to the Amherst Olio and served as Editor-in-Chief of the Amherst Four Leaf Clover. He left the college without graduating. Kent enlisted as a private in the Aviation Section, Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Army at Fort Omaha, Nebraska, on June 7, 1917. After graduation from the School of Military Aeronautics at the University of Illinois on August 25, 1917, he was ordered to Oxford, England, where he completed flight training with the British Royal Flying Corps. Curtis' unusual behavior in machine gun class was described in \"War Birds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator\". Commissioned 1st Lieutenant on May 30, 1918, he was assigned to the American 148th Aero Squadron and reported for duty on the British front in France July 4, 1918. Curtis' first attack on enemy targets was a bombing that took place over Croisilles, France, on August 22, 1918. From his open cockpit biplane, he dropped 4 bombs and fired 200 rounds at enemy targets. During the Second Battle of Bapaume, he undertook a similar mission over Bapaume, France, dropping 4 bombs and returning safely to base on August 23. On Saturday, August 24, 1918, Curtis piloted his Sopwith Camel #B7869 on his third mission in three days, for another bombing over Bapaume. He would not return. The Adjutant General, War Department, wired the family that Curtis had been killed in action. Cleveland newspapers carried reports of his death. In fact Curtis' plane was shot down behind enemy lines but he survived the crash and was taken prisoner by the Germans. He remained in German prison camps until December 1, 1918, nearly a month after the November 11 Armistice ending the war.","Curtis was part of the \"Lost Generation,\" of Americans who were born in the 1890s and came of age during World War I. He lived intermittently in Paris during the 1920s. Curtis published primarily boys' adventure stories set in the places where he lived: the North Woods of Minnesota and the islands off the Florida coast.","It was while teaching at the Snyder Outdoor School for Boys in 1922, Curtis won second place and $1,000 in a national writing competition for his scenario \"The Quinn Millions for Millions of Quinns.\" Curtis went on to publish boys' adventure stories, including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", and \"The Cameleers\". These three stories were later published together as \"Cruises in the Sun\". He also wrote one historical novel, \"The Tired Captains\" based on pilots in World War I. ","Curtis was an avid sailor. He introduced sailing to Mishawaka Camp and led Canadian canoe trips through the Minnesota boundary waters. He often wintered on Captiva Island, Florida, the subject of his boys' adventure stories. He sailed the length of the Mississippi River and in 1932, he captained his sailboat Marelen II to victory in the St. Petersburg, Florida to Havana, Cuba race.","Source:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Curtis","Marvin Kent Curtis papers (1910-1959; 6 cubic feet) consist of materials relating to his service in World War I, his work as a counselor and co-owner of Camp Mishawaka, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, as an author of boy's adventure stories, and plays, and his competitive sailing in the Florida Keys. Included are his novels including extracts from them in periodicals such as the American Boy, Outers Recreation, and correspondence from F. Scott Fitzgerald. There are four series Correspondence, Teaching and Counseling, Illustrations and Writings, and Personal and Miscellaneous.","Marvin Kent Curtis correspondence containing greeting cards and letters with friends and family from the 1920's to 1957. Also included are Curtis family letters from 1890. Of interest are four letters from F. Scott Fitzgerald about his friendship with Curtis in Paris from 1925-1928 and Fitzgeralds praise for novels by Curtis.","F. Scott Fitzgerald's four letters (1925-1928) to Kent Curtis about his friendship with Curtis in Paris and praise for his novels. Also mentioned are [Robert Boodey Caverly], [Franklin P. Adams], and Zelda Scott Fitzgerald (briefly).","World War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron.","Teaching and Counseling Series III, 1940-1957, 0.018 cubic feet, contains correspondence, diaries, notes, and writings about Camp Mishawaka and briefly Milwaukee University. There is also song recording of Curtis Kent singing \"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"","\"Even Innings\" is a booklet written by Dan Leinbach in [1986] about Camp Mishawaka and Northern Minnesota summers.","\"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"","Illustrations and writings, Series IV, 1905-1959, 0.033 cubic feet, contains original illustrations, diaries, published novels by Curtis, extracts from his novels published in \"American Boy\" and \"Outers Recreation\", book reviews, theater programs, and printed publications of other authors including F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemmingway. ","Also included are manuscript drafts for several of his novels written inside a doctors ledger book from 1827-1831.","Camp Mishawaka calendars drawn by Marvin Kent Curtis","Posters to advertise upcoming drama events.","American Boy contains parts of Marvin Kent Curtis novels including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", \"The Last Wanigan\", \"The Cameleers\", and \"The Million Dollar Donax.\"","Miscellaneous and Personal Series V, 1910-1959, 0.031 cubic feet, contains newspaper clippings, photographs, scrapbooks, personal identification papers, financial papers, awards, travel programs, and school yearbooks. Topics also include sailing and Camp Mishawaka.","There are miscellaneous printed plates from Essins et Peintures D'Afrique.","International Regatta Official Program","Travel programs, ship passenger lists, and menus","25th Year Anniversary","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 15719","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/572"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"collection_ssim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift from Mary Johnston, 7 March 2014 and November 2015."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["6 Cubic Feet 11 document boxes, 3 oversize boxes, and 4 additional oversize folders."],"extent_tesim":["6 Cubic Feet 11 document boxes, 3 oversize boxes, and 4 additional oversize folders."],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is arranged into five series: \nSeries 1. Correspondence, \nSeries 2. World War I, \nSeries 3. Teaching and Counseling, \nSeries 4. Illustrations and Writing, \nSeries 5. Miscellaneous and Personal.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is arranged into five series: \nSeries 1. Correspondence, \nSeries 2. World War I, \nSeries 3. Teaching and Counseling, \nSeries 4. Illustrations and Writing, \nSeries 5. Miscellaneous and Personal."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMarvin Kent Curtis was an American novelist, teacher, illustrator, composer, and yachtsman. He served in World War I as an aviator with the Royal Air Force, was shot down, reported dead, and held prisoner of war until the war's end. He was born in Wichita, Kansas in 1890 to Charles E. Curtis and Grace Emily Kent. He was named for his famous great-grandfather Marvin Kent, for whom Kent, Ohio was named. Also Kent State University was founded on land donated by William S. Kent, the brother of Curtis' grandfather. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eKent Curtis graduated in 1909 from Lake View High School (Chicago, Illinois), and completed his college preparatory work at Tome School for Boys in Port Deposit, Maryland. He entered Amherst College in 1910 as a member of the Class of 1914. There he contributed to the Amherst Olio and served as Editor-in-Chief of the Amherst Four Leaf Clover. He left the college without graduating. Kent enlisted as a private in the Aviation Section, Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Army at Fort Omaha, Nebraska, on June 7, 1917. After graduation from the School of Military Aeronautics at the University of Illinois on August 25, 1917, he was ordered to Oxford, England, where he completed flight training with the British Royal Flying Corps. Curtis' unusual behavior in machine gun class was described in \"War Birds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator\". Commissioned 1st Lieutenant on May 30, 1918, he was assigned to the American 148th Aero Squadron and reported for duty on the British front in France July 4, 1918. Curtis' first attack on enemy targets was a bombing that took place over Croisilles, France, on August 22, 1918. From his open cockpit biplane, he dropped 4 bombs and fired 200 rounds at enemy targets. During the Second Battle of Bapaume, he undertook a similar mission over Bapaume, France, dropping 4 bombs and returning safely to base on August 23. On Saturday, August 24, 1918, Curtis piloted his Sopwith Camel #B7869 on his third mission in three days, for another bombing over Bapaume. He would not return. The Adjutant General, War Department, wired the family that Curtis had been killed in action. Cleveland newspapers carried reports of his death. In fact Curtis' plane was shot down behind enemy lines but he survived the crash and was taken prisoner by the Germans. He remained in German prison camps until December 1, 1918, nearly a month after the November 11 Armistice ending the war.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCurtis was part of the \"Lost Generation,\" of Americans who were born in the 1890s and came of age during World War I. He lived intermittently in Paris during the 1920s. Curtis published primarily boys' adventure stories set in the places where he lived: the North Woods of Minnesota and the islands off the Florida coast.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt was while teaching at the Snyder Outdoor School for Boys in 1922, Curtis won second place and $1,000 in a national writing competition for his scenario \"The Quinn Millions for Millions of Quinns.\" Curtis went on to publish boys' adventure stories, including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", and \"The Cameleers\". These three stories were later published together as \"Cruises in the Sun\". He also wrote one historical novel, \"The Tired Captains\" based on pilots in World War I. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCurtis was an avid sailor. He introduced sailing to Mishawaka Camp and led Canadian canoe trips through the Minnesota boundary waters. He often wintered on Captiva Island, Florida, the subject of his boys' adventure stories. He sailed the length of the Mississippi River and in 1932, he captained his sailboat Marelen II to victory in the St. Petersburg, Florida to Havana, Cuba race.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSource:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Curtis\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Marvin Kent Curtis was an American novelist, teacher, illustrator, composer, and yachtsman. He served in World War I as an aviator with the Royal Air Force, was shot down, reported dead, and held prisoner of war until the war's end. He was born in Wichita, Kansas in 1890 to Charles E. Curtis and Grace Emily Kent. He was named for his famous great-grandfather Marvin Kent, for whom Kent, Ohio was named. Also Kent State University was founded on land donated by William S. Kent, the brother of Curtis' grandfather. ","Kent Curtis graduated in 1909 from Lake View High School (Chicago, Illinois), and completed his college preparatory work at Tome School for Boys in Port Deposit, Maryland. He entered Amherst College in 1910 as a member of the Class of 1914. There he contributed to the Amherst Olio and served as Editor-in-Chief of the Amherst Four Leaf Clover. He left the college without graduating. Kent enlisted as a private in the Aviation Section, Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Army at Fort Omaha, Nebraska, on June 7, 1917. After graduation from the School of Military Aeronautics at the University of Illinois on August 25, 1917, he was ordered to Oxford, England, where he completed flight training with the British Royal Flying Corps. Curtis' unusual behavior in machine gun class was described in \"War Birds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator\". Commissioned 1st Lieutenant on May 30, 1918, he was assigned to the American 148th Aero Squadron and reported for duty on the British front in France July 4, 1918. Curtis' first attack on enemy targets was a bombing that took place over Croisilles, France, on August 22, 1918. From his open cockpit biplane, he dropped 4 bombs and fired 200 rounds at enemy targets. During the Second Battle of Bapaume, he undertook a similar mission over Bapaume, France, dropping 4 bombs and returning safely to base on August 23. On Saturday, August 24, 1918, Curtis piloted his Sopwith Camel #B7869 on his third mission in three days, for another bombing over Bapaume. He would not return. The Adjutant General, War Department, wired the family that Curtis had been killed in action. Cleveland newspapers carried reports of his death. In fact Curtis' plane was shot down behind enemy lines but he survived the crash and was taken prisoner by the Germans. He remained in German prison camps until December 1, 1918, nearly a month after the November 11 Armistice ending the war.","Curtis was part of the \"Lost Generation,\" of Americans who were born in the 1890s and came of age during World War I. He lived intermittently in Paris during the 1920s. Curtis published primarily boys' adventure stories set in the places where he lived: the North Woods of Minnesota and the islands off the Florida coast.","It was while teaching at the Snyder Outdoor School for Boys in 1922, Curtis won second place and $1,000 in a national writing competition for his scenario \"The Quinn Millions for Millions of Quinns.\" Curtis went on to publish boys' adventure stories, including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", and \"The Cameleers\". These three stories were later published together as \"Cruises in the Sun\". He also wrote one historical novel, \"The Tired Captains\" based on pilots in World War I. ","Curtis was an avid sailor. He introduced sailing to Mishawaka Camp and led Canadian canoe trips through the Minnesota boundary waters. He often wintered on Captiva Island, Florida, the subject of his boys' adventure stories. He sailed the length of the Mississippi River and in 1932, he captained his sailboat Marelen II to victory in the St. Petersburg, Florida to Havana, Cuba race.","Source:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Curtis"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 15719 Kent Curtis papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 15719 Kent Curtis papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMarvin Kent Curtis papers (1910-1959; 6 cubic feet) consist of materials relating to his service in World War I, his work as a counselor and co-owner of Camp Mishawaka, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, as an author of boy's adventure stories, and plays, and his competitive sailing in the Florida Keys. Included are his novels including extracts from them in periodicals such as the American Boy, Outers Recreation, and correspondence from F. Scott Fitzgerald. There are four series Correspondence, Teaching and Counseling, Illustrations and Writings, and Personal and Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMarvin Kent Curtis correspondence containing greeting cards and letters with friends and family from the 1920's to 1957. Also included are Curtis family letters from 1890. Of interest are four letters from F. Scott Fitzgerald about his friendship with Curtis in Paris from 1925-1928 and Fitzgeralds praise for novels by Curtis.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eF. Scott Fitzgerald's four letters (1925-1928) to Kent Curtis about his friendship with Curtis in Paris and praise for his novels. Also mentioned are [Robert Boodey Caverly], [Franklin P. Adams], and Zelda Scott Fitzgerald (briefly).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTeaching and Counseling Series III, 1940-1957, 0.018 cubic feet, contains correspondence, diaries, notes, and writings about Camp Mishawaka and briefly Milwaukee University. There is also song recording of Curtis Kent singing \"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Even Innings\" is a booklet written by Dan Leinbach in [1986] about Camp Mishawaka and Northern Minnesota summers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIllustrations and writings, Series IV, 1905-1959, 0.033 cubic feet, contains original illustrations, diaries, published novels by Curtis, extracts from his novels published in \"American Boy\" and \"Outers Recreation\", book reviews, theater programs, and printed publications of other authors including F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemmingway. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAlso included are manuscript drafts for several of his novels written inside a doctors ledger book from 1827-1831.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCamp Mishawaka calendars drawn by Marvin Kent Curtis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePosters to advertise upcoming drama events.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAmerican Boy contains parts of Marvin Kent Curtis novels including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", \"The Last Wanigan\", \"The Cameleers\", and \"The Million Dollar Donax.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous and Personal Series V, 1910-1959, 0.031 cubic feet, contains newspaper clippings, photographs, scrapbooks, personal identification papers, financial papers, awards, travel programs, and school yearbooks. Topics also include sailing and Camp Mishawaka.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are miscellaneous printed plates from Essins et Peintures D'Afrique.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInternational Regatta Official Program\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTravel programs, ship passenger lists, and menus\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e25th Year Anniversary\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Marvin Kent Curtis papers (1910-1959; 6 cubic feet) consist of materials relating to his service in World War I, his work as a counselor and co-owner of Camp Mishawaka, in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, as an author of boy's adventure stories, and plays, and his competitive sailing in the Florida Keys. Included are his novels including extracts from them in periodicals such as the American Boy, Outers Recreation, and correspondence from F. Scott Fitzgerald. There are four series Correspondence, Teaching and Counseling, Illustrations and Writings, and Personal and Miscellaneous.","Marvin Kent Curtis correspondence containing greeting cards and letters with friends and family from the 1920's to 1957. Also included are Curtis family letters from 1890. Of interest are four letters from F. Scott Fitzgerald about his friendship with Curtis in Paris from 1925-1928 and Fitzgeralds praise for novels by Curtis.","F. Scott Fitzgerald's four letters (1925-1928) to Kent Curtis about his friendship with Curtis in Paris and praise for his novels. Also mentioned are [Robert Boodey Caverly], [Franklin P. Adams], and Zelda Scott Fitzgerald (briefly).","World War I Series II, 1916-1922, 0.018 cubic feet, includes family correspondence, letters from the military and friends about Kent Curtis alleged death, flight log books, military papers, photographs, and a publication about the history of the 148th Aero Squadron.","Teaching and Counseling Series III, 1940-1957, 0.018 cubic feet, contains correspondence, diaries, notes, and writings about Camp Mishawaka and briefly Milwaukee University. There is also song recording of Curtis Kent singing \"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"","\"Even Innings\" is a booklet written by Dan Leinbach in [1986] about Camp Mishawaka and Northern Minnesota summers.","\"The Whis-Fish\" and \"The Five Fifteen\"","Illustrations and writings, Series IV, 1905-1959, 0.033 cubic feet, contains original illustrations, diaries, published novels by Curtis, extracts from his novels published in \"American Boy\" and \"Outers Recreation\", book reviews, theater programs, and printed publications of other authors including F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemmingway. ","Also included are manuscript drafts for several of his novels written inside a doctors ledger book from 1827-1831.","Camp Mishawaka calendars drawn by Marvin Kent Curtis","Posters to advertise upcoming drama events.","American Boy contains parts of Marvin Kent Curtis novels including \"The Blushing Camel\", \"Drumbeaters Island\", \"The Last Wanigan\", \"The Cameleers\", and \"The Million Dollar Donax.\"","Miscellaneous and Personal Series V, 1910-1959, 0.031 cubic feet, contains newspaper clippings, photographs, scrapbooks, personal identification papers, financial papers, awards, travel programs, and school yearbooks. Topics also include sailing and Camp Mishawaka.","There are miscellaneous printed plates from Essins et Peintures D'Afrique.","International Regatta Official Program","Travel programs, ship passenger lists, and menus","25th Year Anniversary"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":111,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:23:27.213Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_572_c02"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"World War I","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838","ref_ssm":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838"],"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19","parent_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19","parent_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19"],"parent_ids_ssim":["wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records","Miscellaneous"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records","Miscellaneous"],"text":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records","Miscellaneous","World War I","Box 308"],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I","title_ssm":["World War I"],"title_tesim":["World War I"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["Apr 19 1917-Oct 26 1922"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1922"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"collection_ssim":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1158,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["All of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"containers_ssim":["Box 308"],"_nest_path_":"/components#18/components#837","timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:37:15.841Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_3003.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/211967","title_ssm":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"title_tesim":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864-1989","1867-1920"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1867-1920"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1864-1989"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0690","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3003"],"text":["A\u0026M 0690","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3003","West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records","All of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.","Parts of this collection were microfilmed and are available as A\u0026M 5262, West Virginia University, President's Office Records, held at the WVRHC. The contents list for that collection can be searched to find areas of overlap; some of the boxes in A\u0026M 690 have notes on them indicating that they were microfilmed.","Most of this collection is stored offsite.  The only materials onsite are the 45 volumes and the microfilm reels. Please make an appointment prior to visiting in order to access offsite materials.","690, 3695","Records from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924.","Materials from the Registrar's Office include student registration forms, 1899-1913; class schedules, 1902-1913; class cards and instructors' reports; absence records; examination records; late registration excuses; applications for cadetships, [1897-1924], faculty minutes, 1867-1899; and grades from 1867-1887. Also includes correspondence from the College of Education, 1896-1945; departmental correspondence and student records from the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, 1921-1948; and minute books of various faculty committees, ca. 1900, including graduation, scholarships, examinations, student affairs, entrance requirements, lectures and public exercises, and registration.","Miscellaneous financial records include vouchers and receipts from 1894 to 1914, checks from 1895-1989, and reports from 1887-1913 as well as volumes with check stubs, 1893-1902; drafts, 1897-1899; warrants, 1898-1899; orders, 1897-1900; shipping books, 1897-1904; expenditures, 1896-1902; and general financial information, 1891-1900.","Other volumes include material related to the Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896-1903, and campus plans from the early twentieth century.","The series arrangement reflects legacy description, and materials currently in the miscellaneous series may relate to other series.","Due to reprocessing, there are no boxes labeled 207-212.","Pictures and plans of non-WVU colleges and schools, as well as their buildings.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Records from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924. Box 1A contains a ledger of matriculation records of West Virginia University's first students dating from 1867-1894, including their names, ages, places of residence, and names of parents.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences","West Virginia University","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0690","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/3003"],"normalized_title_ssm":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"collection_ssim":["West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences"],"creator_ssim":["West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences"],"creators_ssim":["West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["187.77 Linear Feet Summary: 187 ft. 9 1/4 in. (318 document cases, 5 in. each); (35 records cartons, 15 in. each); (10 letter file boxes, 3 in. each); (1 large flat storage box, 5 in.); (45 volumes in stacks, 5 ft.); (15 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each); (1 record carton, 17 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["187.77 Linear Feet Summary: 187 ft. 9 1/4 in. (318 document cases, 5 in. each); (35 records cartons, 15 in. each); (10 letter file boxes, 3 in. each); (1 large flat storage box, 5 in.); (45 volumes in stacks, 5 ft.); (15 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each); (1 record carton, 17 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAll of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["All of this collection is stored offsite. Please make an appointment prior to visiting."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eParts of this collection were microfilmed and are available as A\u0026amp;M 5262, West Virginia University, President's Office Records, held at the WVRHC. The contents list for that collection can be searched to find areas of overlap; some of the boxes in A\u0026amp;M 690 have notes on them indicating that they were microfilmed.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Parts of this collection were microfilmed and are available as A\u0026M 5262, West Virginia University, President's Office Records, held at the WVRHC. The contents list for that collection can be searched to find areas of overlap; some of the boxes in A\u0026M 690 have notes on them indicating that they were microfilmed."],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMost of this collection is stored offsite.  The only materials onsite are the 45 volumes and the microfilm reels. Please make an appointment prior to visiting in order to access offsite materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["Most of this collection is stored offsite.  The only materials onsite are the 45 volumes and the microfilm reels. Please make an appointment prior to visiting in order to access offsite materials."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records, A\u0026amp;M 0690, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], West Virginia University, President's Office, Departmental, and Other Records, A\u0026M 0690, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e690, 3695\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["690, 3695"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eRecords from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMaterials from the Registrar's Office include student registration forms, 1899-1913; class schedules, 1902-1913; class cards and instructors' reports; absence records; examination records; late registration excuses; applications for cadetships, [1897-1924], faculty minutes, 1867-1899; and grades from 1867-1887. Also includes correspondence from the College of Education, 1896-1945; departmental correspondence and student records from the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, 1921-1948; and minute books of various faculty committees, ca. 1900, including graduation, scholarships, examinations, student affairs, entrance requirements, lectures and public exercises, and registration.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous financial records include vouchers and receipts from 1894 to 1914, checks from 1895-1989, and reports from 1887-1913 as well as volumes with check stubs, 1893-1902; drafts, 1897-1899; warrants, 1898-1899; orders, 1897-1900; shipping books, 1897-1904; expenditures, 1896-1902; and general financial information, 1891-1900.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOther volumes include material related to the Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896-1903, and campus plans from the early twentieth century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe series arrangement reflects legacy description, and materials currently in the miscellaneous series may relate to other series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDue to reprocessing, there are no boxes labeled 207-212.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePictures and plans of non-WVU colleges and schools, as well as their buildings.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Records from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924.","Materials from the Registrar's Office include student registration forms, 1899-1913; class schedules, 1902-1913; class cards and instructors' reports; absence records; examination records; late registration excuses; applications for cadetships, [1897-1924], faculty minutes, 1867-1899; and grades from 1867-1887. Also includes correspondence from the College of Education, 1896-1945; departmental correspondence and student records from the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, 1921-1948; and minute books of various faculty committees, ca. 1900, including graduation, scholarships, examinations, student affairs, entrance requirements, lectures and public exercises, and registration.","Miscellaneous financial records include vouchers and receipts from 1894 to 1914, checks from 1895-1989, and reports from 1887-1913 as well as volumes with check stubs, 1893-1902; drafts, 1897-1899; warrants, 1898-1899; orders, 1897-1900; shipping books, 1897-1904; expenditures, 1896-1902; and general financial information, 1891-1900.","Other volumes include material related to the Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896-1903, and campus plans from the early twentieth century.","The series arrangement reflects legacy description, and materials currently in the miscellaneous series may relate to other series.","Due to reprocessing, there are no boxes labeled 207-212.","Pictures and plans of non-WVU colleges and schools, as well as their buildings."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_0a781cf31ba271920b6dd292bbf3bff4\"\u003eRecords from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924. Box 1A contains a ledger of matriculation records of West Virginia University's first students dating from 1867-1894, including their names, ages, places of residence, and names of parents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Records from various colleges and departments of West Virginia University, including the Agricultural Experiment Station, Board of Regents, College of Education, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, President's Office, Registrar's Office, and general financial records primarily documenting the early history of the University. Most records are from the President's Office, including correspondence and administrative records dating from 1872-1924. Box 1A contains a ledger of matriculation records of West Virginia University's first students dating from 1867-1894, including their names, ages, places of residence, and names of parents."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_6a1d123e8677064e24e304c3ec6b8b87\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["West Virginia University"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences","West Virginia University"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","West Virginia University. College of Arts and Sciences","West Virginia University"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1297,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:37:15.841Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_3003_c19_c838"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"World War I","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eW la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"text":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","World War I","W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross."],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I","title_ssm":["World War I"],"title_tesim":["World War I"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1917-1919"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1917/1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":13,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":416,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1917,1918,1919],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eW la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross."],"_nest_path_":"/components#37","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:34:55.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3151.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","title_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1870s-c. 1960s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1870s-c. 1960s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["VerticalFile.006"],"text":["VerticalFile.006","Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","Blacksburg (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History","The collection is open for research.","Mounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically.","The guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019.","See also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings): Biographical Vertical Files Blacksburg Vertical Files Montgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files Record Group Vertical Files Southwest Virginia Vertical Files","In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.","Ma may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.","Ma 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026 Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026 Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026 Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.","Ma 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.","MAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).","MAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026 Country Ministers.","MAHr 223 may include Weather.","MAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).","MAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","MAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").","Mar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".","Masb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.","MAV may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".","Mbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.","Mcv may include Mall and President's Home.","Mcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).","Mfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026 Horn Club; and Masons.","Mfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mcon may include Community Concert Association.","Mco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.","Mco 57 may include Russian Language Course.","Mda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mde may include Accidents And Deaths.","Mde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.","Mde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.","Mdev may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".","Mdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).","Med 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.","Me may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.","Me 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.","Menr may include Freshmen and Orientation.","Mext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.","Mf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.","Mf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).","ML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).","Mm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.","Mm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.","M may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026 Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026 Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026 Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026 Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026 Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026 No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.","M 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026 Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026 Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.","M 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).","M 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026 Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.","M 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.","M 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026 Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.","M 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.","M 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026 Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","M 829 may include Racial \u0026 Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.","Mla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026 Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).","Mla 367 may include Yells-VPI.","Mo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).","Mo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.","Mo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.","Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.","Mo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026 Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).","Mo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.","Mo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026 Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.","Mo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.","Mo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.","Mo 11 may include Student Publications.","Mo 16 may include Honor System.","Mo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.","Mo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.","Mo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. Alumnus.\nMo 17z29 may include Campus Development Plan.\nMo 17z31 may include Victory Reunion (1946).","Mo 17z101 may include Carillon.","Mo 20 may include Fraternities--Honorary.\nMo 20c, 20f, 20t, 20v, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20z12, 20z40, 20z76, 20z96 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nMo 20g, 20o, 20w, 20y, 20z, 20z40 may include Pi Delta Epsilon (Journalism Honorary).\nMo 20j, 20m, 20o, 20t, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20zl, 20z3, 20z5, 20z95, 20z19, 20z94 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nMo 20q, 20s, 20z5, 20z71 may include Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Business Fraternity).\nMo 20z22, 20z23, 20z32, 20z9, 20z70 may include Gregory Guard.","Mo 20, 20d, 20g2, 20h, 20p, 20r, 20w, 20y, 20zl, 20z2, 20z5, 20z6 may include Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship Honorary).\nMo 20d, 20e, 20f, 20m, 20s may include Alpha Zeta (National Agriculture Society).\nMo 20e may include Scorpions Club.\nMo 20f, 20g may include Beta Tau Epsilon (Engineering).\nMo 20f, 20p, 20z, 20zl, 20z3 may include Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry Honorary).\nMo 20g, 20h, 20j, 20p, 20q, 20r, 20u, 20x, 20z, 20z2, 20z11 may include Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20g2 may include Theta Epsilon Theta (Research Honorary Society).\nMo 20h may include Phi Gamma Nu.\nMo 20h, 20w, 20z2, 20z6, 20z7 may include Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).\nMo 20m, 20n, 20t, 20z, 20z3, 20z6, 20z8 may include Scabbard \u0026 Blade (Honorary Military Society).\nMo 20w, 20x, 20z1, 20z3 may include Pi Tau Sigma (National Honorary, Mechanical Engineering).\nMo 20w, 20z, 20z1 may include Eta Kappa Nu (Ee Honorary).\nMo 20z may include Keramos.\nMo 20z, z2, z3 may include Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20z1 may include Alpha Sigma Mu (Metallurgical Engineering Fraternity).","Mo 20z28, 20z29 may include Sigma Pi Sigma.\nMo 20z27 may include Phi Sigma Society (Biological Sciences Honorary).\nMo 20z48 may include Pi Omega Pi (Business Education Honorary).\nMo 20z60 may include Alpha Phi Omega (National Service Fraternity).","Mo 22 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers and Four-H Alumni Club.\nMo 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22g may include Agronomy Club.","Mo 24 may include \"Skippers\".","Mo27 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association).","Mo 33 may include Chemical Club.","Mo 34 may include Industrial Arts Education Club.","Mo 35 may include Baptist Student Union, Religious Activities, and Wesley Foundation.","Mo 37 may include Engineers and Engineering Exposition.","Mo 42 may include Blacksburg Naval Reserve Research Unit.","Mo 49 may include Circle K (Student Organizatons - Service).","Mo 50 may include Apollo Club (Weightlifting Club, 1954).","Mo 52 may include Aeronautical Clubs - American Institute Of Aeronautics; American Institute Aeronautical Science; American Institute Of Aeronautics \u0026 Astronautics.","Mo 54 may include Burkhart Mining Society.","Mo 60 may include Holden Society (Student Geological Organization).","Mo 61 may include Amateur Radio Association.","Mo 64 may include Chinese Student Association.","Mo 65 may include Distributive Education, Curriculum In.","Mo 67 may include Virginia Educational Association.","Mp 7 may include Rison Bill.\nMp 54 may include Buildings - Burruss Hall.","Mp 164 may include Name Change.","Mra may include Radford University.","Mst may include Cadet Scandal and Student Unrest / Troubles / Protests.","AB may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.","ABB may include Athletics - Wrestling.","AF may include Scrub Football Team.\nAF 1914c may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nAF 1919s may include Silent Drill Company.\nAF 1922L may include Maury Literary Society.\nAF 1923z3 may include Monogram Club and Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nAF 1922z11 may include Dope Book (VPI - Vmi History).\nAF 1924 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAF 1955 may include Sword (Ceremonial; VPI-VMI Game).\nAF 1959z10 may include Television (1959 Homecoming Game - A \"First\").","AG may include Athletics - Intra-Murals; Athletics - Women'S Sports; Athletics, Miscellaneous (Including \"Minor\", Unlisted Sports); and Miscellaneous Sports.","AG 1, 5 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Conference.\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.\nAG 11 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.","AT may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.\nAT 1900, 1903, 1920c may include Field Day.","Mu may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).","MW 14, 23, 34, 27, 37, 53 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["VerticalFile.006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Newman Library staff collected materials for mounted clippings through the 1960s."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["64 Cubic Feet 147 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["64 Cubic Feet 147 boxes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Mounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [number of card], Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [number of card], Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003chead\u003eSee also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings):\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01185.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBiographical Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01042.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlacksburg Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01043.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMontgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01186.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRecord Group Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01044.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSouthwest Virginia Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings): Biographical Vertical Files Blacksburg Vertical Files Montgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files Record Group Vertical Files Southwest Virginia Vertical Files"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.","Ma may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.","Ma 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026 Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026 Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026 Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.","Ma 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.","MAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).","MAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026 Country Ministers.","MAHr 223 may include Weather.","MAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).","MAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","MAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").","Mar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".","Masb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.","MAV may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".","Mbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.","Mcv may include Mall and President's Home.","Mcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).","Mfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026 Horn Club; and Masons.","Mfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mcon may include Community Concert Association.","Mco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.","Mco 57 may include Russian Language Course.","Mda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mde may include Accidents And Deaths.","Mde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.","Mde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.","Mdev may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".","Mdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).","Med 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.","Me may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.","Me 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.","Menr may include Freshmen and Orientation.","Mext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.","Mf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.","Mf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).","ML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).","Mm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.","Mm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.","M may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026 Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026 Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026 Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026 Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026 Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026 No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.","M 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026 Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026 Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.","M 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).","M 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026 Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.","M 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.","M 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026 Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.","M 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.","M 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026 Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","M 829 may include Racial \u0026 Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.","Mla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026 Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).","Mla 367 may include Yells-VPI.","Mo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).","Mo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.","Mo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.","Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.","Mo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026 Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).","Mo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.","Mo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026 Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.","Mo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.","Mo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.","Mo 11 may include Student Publications.","Mo 16 may include Honor System.","Mo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.","Mo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.","Mo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. Alumnus.\nMo 17z29 may include Campus Development Plan.\nMo 17z31 may include Victory Reunion (1946).","Mo 17z101 may include Carillon.","Mo 20 may include Fraternities--Honorary.\nMo 20c, 20f, 20t, 20v, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20z12, 20z40, 20z76, 20z96 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nMo 20g, 20o, 20w, 20y, 20z, 20z40 may include Pi Delta Epsilon (Journalism Honorary).\nMo 20j, 20m, 20o, 20t, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20zl, 20z3, 20z5, 20z95, 20z19, 20z94 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nMo 20q, 20s, 20z5, 20z71 may include Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Business Fraternity).\nMo 20z22, 20z23, 20z32, 20z9, 20z70 may include Gregory Guard.","Mo 20, 20d, 20g2, 20h, 20p, 20r, 20w, 20y, 20zl, 20z2, 20z5, 20z6 may include Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship Honorary).\nMo 20d, 20e, 20f, 20m, 20s may include Alpha Zeta (National Agriculture Society).\nMo 20e may include Scorpions Club.\nMo 20f, 20g may include Beta Tau Epsilon (Engineering).\nMo 20f, 20p, 20z, 20zl, 20z3 may include Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry Honorary).\nMo 20g, 20h, 20j, 20p, 20q, 20r, 20u, 20x, 20z, 20z2, 20z11 may include Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20g2 may include Theta Epsilon Theta (Research Honorary Society).\nMo 20h may include Phi Gamma Nu.\nMo 20h, 20w, 20z2, 20z6, 20z7 may include Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).\nMo 20m, 20n, 20t, 20z, 20z3, 20z6, 20z8 may include Scabbard \u0026 Blade (Honorary Military Society).\nMo 20w, 20x, 20z1, 20z3 may include Pi Tau Sigma (National Honorary, Mechanical Engineering).\nMo 20w, 20z, 20z1 may include Eta Kappa Nu (Ee Honorary).\nMo 20z may include Keramos.\nMo 20z, z2, z3 may include Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20z1 may include Alpha Sigma Mu (Metallurgical Engineering Fraternity).","Mo 20z28, 20z29 may include Sigma Pi Sigma.\nMo 20z27 may include Phi Sigma Society (Biological Sciences Honorary).\nMo 20z48 may include Pi Omega Pi (Business Education Honorary).\nMo 20z60 may include Alpha Phi Omega (National Service Fraternity).","Mo 22 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers and Four-H Alumni Club.\nMo 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22g may include Agronomy Club.","Mo 24 may include \"Skippers\".","Mo27 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association).","Mo 33 may include Chemical Club.","Mo 34 may include Industrial Arts Education Club.","Mo 35 may include Baptist Student Union, Religious Activities, and Wesley Foundation.","Mo 37 may include Engineers and Engineering Exposition.","Mo 42 may include Blacksburg Naval Reserve Research Unit.","Mo 49 may include Circle K (Student Organizatons - Service).","Mo 50 may include Apollo Club (Weightlifting Club, 1954).","Mo 52 may include Aeronautical Clubs - American Institute Of Aeronautics; American Institute Aeronautical Science; American Institute Of Aeronautics \u0026 Astronautics.","Mo 54 may include Burkhart Mining Society.","Mo 60 may include Holden Society (Student Geological Organization).","Mo 61 may include Amateur Radio Association.","Mo 64 may include Chinese Student Association.","Mo 65 may include Distributive Education, Curriculum In.","Mo 67 may include Virginia Educational Association.","Mp 7 may include Rison Bill.\nMp 54 may include Buildings - Burruss Hall.","Mp 164 may include Name Change.","Mra may include Radford University.","Mst may include Cadet Scandal and Student Unrest / Troubles / Protests.","AB may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.","ABB may include Athletics - Wrestling.","AF may include Scrub Football Team.\nAF 1914c may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nAF 1919s may include Silent Drill Company.\nAF 1922L may include Maury Literary Society.\nAF 1923z3 may include Monogram Club and Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nAF 1922z11 may include Dope Book (VPI - Vmi History).\nAF 1924 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAF 1955 may include Sword (Ceremonial; VPI-VMI Game).\nAF 1959z10 may include Television (1959 Homecoming Game - A \"First\").","AG may include Athletics - Intra-Murals; Athletics - Women'S Sports; Athletics, Miscellaneous (Including \"Minor\", Unlisted Sports); and Miscellaneous Sports.","AG 1, 5 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Conference.\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.\nAG 11 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.","AT may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.\nAT 1900, 1903, 1920c may include Field Day.","Mu may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).","MW 14, 23, 34, 27, 37, 53 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2bfd88fb1d82a46fb92b3adac8eb3bf1\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eIn general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":440,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:34:55.437Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026amp; Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026amp; Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026amp; Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026amp; Country Ministers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAHr 223 may include Weather.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMasb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAV may include Future Farmers Of America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv may include Mall and President's Home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026amp; Horn Club; and Masons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcon may include Community Concert Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMco 57 may include Russian Language Course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde may include Accidents And Deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMdev may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMed 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMe may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMe 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMenr may include Freshmen and Orientation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026amp; Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026amp; Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026amp; Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026amp;).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026amp; 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026amp; Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026amp; Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026amp; No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026amp; Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026amp; Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026amp; Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026amp; Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026amp; Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 829 may include Racial \u0026amp; Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026amp; Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMla 367 may include Yells-VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026amp; Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026amp; Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 11 may include Student Publications.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 16 may include Honor System.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. Alumnus.\nMo 17z29 may include Campus Development Plan.\nMo 17z31 may include Victory Reunion (1946).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 17z101 may include Carillon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 20 may include Fraternities--Honorary.\nMo 20c, 20f, 20t, 20v, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20z12, 20z40, 20z76, 20z96 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nMo 20g, 20o, 20w, 20y, 20z, 20z40 may include Pi Delta Epsilon (Journalism Honorary).\nMo 20j, 20m, 20o, 20t, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20zl, 20z3, 20z5, 20z95, 20z19, 20z94 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nMo 20q, 20s, 20z5, 20z71 may include Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Business Fraternity).\nMo 20z22, 20z23, 20z32, 20z9, 20z70 may include Gregory Guard.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 20, 20d, 20g2, 20h, 20p, 20r, 20w, 20y, 20zl, 20z2, 20z5, 20z6 may include Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship Honorary).\nMo 20d, 20e, 20f, 20m, 20s may include Alpha Zeta (National Agriculture Society).\nMo 20e may include Scorpions Club.\nMo 20f, 20g may include Beta Tau Epsilon (Engineering).\nMo 20f, 20p, 20z, 20zl, 20z3 may include Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry Honorary).\nMo 20g, 20h, 20j, 20p, 20q, 20r, 20u, 20x, 20z, 20z2, 20z11 may include Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20g2 may include Theta Epsilon Theta (Research Honorary Society).\nMo 20h may include Phi Gamma Nu.\nMo 20h, 20w, 20z2, 20z6, 20z7 may include Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).\nMo 20m, 20n, 20t, 20z, 20z3, 20z6, 20z8 may include Scabbard \u0026amp; Blade (Honorary Military Society).\nMo 20w, 20x, 20z1, 20z3 may include Pi Tau Sigma (National Honorary, Mechanical Engineering).\nMo 20w, 20z, 20z1 may include Eta Kappa Nu (Ee Honorary).\nMo 20z may include Keramos.\nMo 20z, z2, z3 may include Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20z1 may include Alpha Sigma Mu (Metallurgical Engineering Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 20z28, 20z29 may include Sigma Pi Sigma.\nMo 20z27 may include Phi Sigma Society (Biological Sciences Honorary).\nMo 20z48 may include Pi Omega Pi (Business Education Honorary).\nMo 20z60 may include Alpha Phi Omega (National Service Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 22 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers and Four-H Alumni Club.\nMo 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22g may include Agronomy Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 24 may include \"Skippers\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo27 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 33 may include Chemical Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 34 may include Industrial Arts Education Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 35 may include Baptist Student Union, Religious Activities, and Wesley Foundation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 37 may include Engineers and Engineering Exposition.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 42 may include Blacksburg Naval Reserve Research Unit.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 49 may include Circle K (Student Organizatons - Service).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 50 may include Apollo Club (Weightlifting Club, 1954).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 52 may include Aeronautical Clubs - American Institute Of Aeronautics; American Institute Aeronautical Science; American Institute Of Aeronautics \u0026amp; Astronautics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 54 may include Burkhart Mining Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 60 may include Holden Society (Student Geological Organization).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 61 may include Amateur Radio Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 64 may include Chinese Student Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 65 may include Distributive Education, Curriculum In.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 67 may include Virginia Educational Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMp 7 may include Rison Bill.\nMp 54 may include Buildings - Burruss Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMp 164 may include Name Change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMra may include Radford University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMst may include Cadet Scandal and Student Unrest / Troubles / Protests.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAB may include Athletics - Track \u0026amp; Field.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eABB may include Athletics - Wrestling.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAF may include Scrub Football Team.\nAF 1914c may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nAF 1919s may include Silent Drill Company.\nAF 1922L may include Maury Literary Society.\nAF 1923z3 may include Monogram Club and Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nAF 1922z11 may include Dope Book (VPI - Vmi History).\nAF 1924 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAF 1955 may include Sword (Ceremonial; VPI-VMI Game).\nAF 1959z10 may include Television (1959 Homecoming Game - A \"First\").\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAG may include Athletics - Intra-Murals; Athletics - Women'S Sports; Athletics, Miscellaneous (Including \"Minor\", Unlisted Sports); and Miscellaneous Sports.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAG 1, 5 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Conference.\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.\nAG 11 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAT may include Athletics - Track \u0026amp; Field.\nAT 1900, 1903, 1920c may include Field Day.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMu may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMW 14, 23, 34, 27, 37, 53 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eW la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross.\u003c/p\u003e"]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c38"}},{"id":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"World War I","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01","ref_ssm":["vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01"],"id":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01","ead_ssi":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707","_root_":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707","_nest_parent_":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707","parent_ssi":"vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707","parent_ssim":["vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Soldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Soldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts"],"text":["Soldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts","World War I","Harris, Oliver E.","Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","World War, 1914-1918","United States. Army—American Expeditionary Forces","Great Britain. Army—British Expeditionary Force","Postcards","English","Oliver E. Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.","Richard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916.","The Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. ","The Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  One item details the receipt of medals while the other is a document from King George V recognizing his service."],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I","title_ssm":["World War I"],"title_tesim":["World War I"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1918-1922"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1918/1922"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Military Institute Archives"],"collection_ssim":["Soldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts"],"extent_ssm":["3 items"],"extent_tesim":["3 items"],"creator_ssim":["Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":1,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["There are no restrictions"],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Manuscript collections in the VMI Archives are made available for educational and research use. The VMI Archives should be cited as the source. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any copyright holders. Materials from our collections may \nnot be redistributed, published or reproduced without permission from the VMI Archives. Contact the VMI Archives for additional information."],"date_range_isim":[1918,1919,1920,1921,1922],"names_ssim":["Harris, Oliver E.","Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936"],"persname_ssim":["Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","Harris, Oliver E.","Harris, Oliver E.","Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918","United States. Army—American Expeditionary Forces","Great Britain. Army—British Expeditionary Force","Postcards"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918","United States. Army—American Expeditionary Forces","Great Britain. Army—British Expeditionary Force","Postcards"],"language_ssim":["English"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOliver E. Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRichard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Oliver E. Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.","Richard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  One item details the receipt of medals while the other is a document from King George V recognizing his service.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. ","The Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  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Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.","Richard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916.","First American Troops to Land in France and last to go home","FIRST \nin sector. \nto shoot at Germans. \nto attack. \nto conduct a raid. \nto be raided. \nto capture prisoners. \nto suffer casualties. \nSto be cited singly in general orders. \nin number of division, corps and Army Commanders and General Staff Officers produced from its personnel. \nIn front line 220 days. \nCaptured 163 officers and  6,304  men, 119 pieces of field artillery, 62 trench mortars, 413 machine guns. \nCasualties 21,612. \nKilled and died of wounds 4,411. \nReplacements received 30,206. \nDistinguished service crosses won 356.","This collection consists of documents and printed material dating from World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf War. Most items were donated by  VMI alumni and they represent the types of items retained by returning soldiers.","The Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. ","The Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  One item details the receipt of medals while the other is a document from King George V recognizing his service.","Printed postcard that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces.","Letter from the British government to Richard J. Howard's mother. The letter transmits the Star British War and Victory Medals.","One document from King George V that recognizes Richard J. Howard's service.","This folder consists of two items, including a Military Identification Card (1942) and a printed circular from General Dwight D. Eisenhower distributed to soldiers prior to D-Day, 1944.","This file consists of items related to Richard E. Traver's (VMI Class of 1941) military service, including:\n Letter written in Chinese from the Section of Military Affairs, Department of War, Nanking, China (1937) Christmas card (1944) Flyer (1944) Europe Road Map Series, 1:1,000,000 A.M.S. 6303, First Edition - AMS 1, France, Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army (1944) V-Mail \"Greetings from Britain\" Excerpts of letters exchanged by American and German Commanders at Brest, France","Certificate issued Lieutenant Colonel Philip W. \"Eli\" Root (VMI Class of 1918), 29th Infantry Division, certifying his service from \"D-Day to St. Lo.\" Certificate is signed by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt.","This folder includes:\n A Safe Conduct Pass for Billy M. Seargeant (VMI Class of 1968) Certificates issued by the Vietnamese government (Jan Gray, VMI Class of 1963) Printed material (James M. Warrington, VMI Class of 1948B)","This folder includes:\n Receipt for property given to citizens by United States soldiers Propaganda leaflet dropped on Iraqi troops Card written by schoolchildren to United States soldiers Calendar page (in Arabic) featuring a photo of Saddam Hussein","Manuscript collections in the VMI Archives are made available for educational and research use. The VMI Archives should be cited as the source. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any copyright holders. Materials from our collections may \nnot be redistributed, published or reproduced without permission from the VMI Archives. Contact the VMI Archives for additional information.","Manuscripts stacks","Virginia Military Institute Archives","Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","Snyder, Thomas E. (Thomas Earl)","Traver, Richard E. 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Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRichard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Oliver E. Harris was from Rockbridge County, Virginia. He served in Company H., 18th Infantry, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces.","Richard J. Howard, VMI Class of 1915, was a Second Lieutenant, British Expeditionary Forces, Black Watch. He was killed in action in France on March 17, 1916."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFirst American Troops to Land in France and last to go home\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFIRST\u003cbr\u003e\nin sector.\u003cbr\u003e\nto shoot at Germans.\u003cbr\u003e\nto attack.\u003cbr\u003e\nto conduct a raid.\u003cbr\u003e\nto be raided.\u003cbr\u003e\nto capture prisoners.\u003cbr\u003e\nto suffer casualties.\u003cbr\u003e\nSto be cited singly in general orders.\u003cbr\u003e\nin number of division, corps and Army Commanders and General Staff Officers produced from its personnel.\u003cbr\u003e\nIn front line 220 days.\u003cbr\u003e\nCaptured 163 officers and  6,304  men, 119 pieces of field artillery, 62 trench mortars, 413 machine guns.\u003cbr\u003e\nCasualties 21,612.\u003cbr\u003e\nKilled and died of wounds 4,411.\u003cbr\u003e\nReplacements received 30,206.\u003cbr\u003e\nDistinguished service crosses won 356.\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Transcription"],"odd_tesim":["First American Troops to Land in France and last to go home","FIRST \nin sector. \nto shoot at Germans. \nto attack. \nto conduct a raid. \nto be raided. \nto capture prisoners. \nto suffer casualties. \nSto be cited singly in general orders. \nin number of division, corps and Army Commanders and General Staff Officers produced from its personnel. \nIn front line 220 days. \nCaptured 163 officers and  6,304  men, 119 pieces of field artillery, 62 trench mortars, 413 machine guns. \nCasualties 21,612. \nKilled and died of wounds 4,411. \nReplacements received 30,206. \nDistinguished service crosses won 356."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSoldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts. Manuscript # 0287. Virginia Military Institute Archives\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Soldiers' memorabilia and military service related manuscripts. Manuscript # 0287. Virginia Military Institute Archives"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of documents and printed material dating from World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf War. Most items were donated by  VMI alumni and they represent the types of items retained by returning soldiers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  One item details the receipt of medals while the other is a document from King George V recognizing his service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted postcard that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from the British government to Richard J. Howard's mother. The letter transmits the Star British War and Victory Medals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne document from King George V that recognizes Richard J. Howard's service.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder consists of two items, including a Military Identification Card (1942) and a printed circular from General Dwight D. Eisenhower distributed to soldiers prior to D-Day, 1944.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis file consists of items related to Richard E. Traver's (VMI Class of 1941) military service, including:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLetter written in Chinese from the Section of Military Affairs, Department of War, Nanking, China (1937)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChristmas card (1944)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlyer (1944)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEurope Road Map Series, 1:1,000,000 A.M.S. 6303, First Edition - AMS 1, France, Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army (1944)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV-Mail \"Greetings from Britain\"\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExcerpts of letters exchanged by American and German Commanders at Brest, France\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCertificate issued Lieutenant Colonel Philip W. \"Eli\" Root (VMI Class of 1918), 29th Infantry Division, certifying his service from \"D-Day to St. Lo.\" Certificate is signed by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA Safe Conduct Pass for Billy M. Seargeant (VMI Class of 1968)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCertificates issued by the Vietnamese government (Jan Gray, VMI Class of 1963)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrinted material (James M. Warrington, VMI Class of 1948B)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis folder includes:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReceipt for property given to citizens by United States soldiers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePropaganda leaflet dropped on Iraqi troops\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCard written by schoolchildren to United States soldiers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCalendar page (in Arabic) featuring a photo of Saddam Hussein\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of documents and printed material dating from World War I, World War II, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf War. Most items were donated by  VMI alumni and they represent the types of items retained by returning soldiers.","The Oliver E. Harris material (one item) consists of a printed postcard  that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces. ","The Richard J. Howard material (two items) consists of documents from the British government sent to Howard's mother that relate to his war service.  One item details the receipt of medals while the other is a document from King George V recognizing his service.","Printed postcard that features the achievements of the 1st Division, Allied Expeditionary Forces.","Letter from the British government to Richard J. Howard's mother. The letter transmits the Star British War and Victory Medals.","One document from King George V that recognizes Richard J. Howard's service.","This folder consists of two items, including a Military Identification Card (1942) and a printed circular from General Dwight D. Eisenhower distributed to soldiers prior to D-Day, 1944.","This file consists of items related to Richard E. Traver's (VMI Class of 1941) military service, including:\n Letter written in Chinese from the Section of Military Affairs, Department of War, Nanking, China (1937) Christmas card (1944) Flyer (1944) Europe Road Map Series, 1:1,000,000 A.M.S. 6303, First Edition - AMS 1, France, Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army (1944) V-Mail \"Greetings from Britain\" Excerpts of letters exchanged by American and German Commanders at Brest, France","Certificate issued Lieutenant Colonel Philip W. \"Eli\" Root (VMI Class of 1918), 29th Infantry Division, certifying his service from \"D-Day to St. Lo.\" Certificate is signed by Major General Charles H. Gerhardt.","This folder includes:\n A Safe Conduct Pass for Billy M. Seargeant (VMI Class of 1968) Certificates issued by the Vietnamese government (Jan Gray, VMI Class of 1963) Printed material (James M. Warrington, VMI Class of 1948B)","This folder includes:\n Receipt for property given to citizens by United States soldiers Propaganda leaflet dropped on Iraqi troops Card written by schoolchildren to United States soldiers Calendar page (in Arabic) featuring a photo of Saddam Hussein"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eManuscript collections in the VMI Archives are made available for educational and research use. The VMI Archives should be cited as the source. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any copyright holders. Materials from our collections may \nnot be redistributed, published or reproduced without permission from the VMI Archives. Contact the VMI Archives for additional information.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Manuscript collections in the VMI Archives are made available for educational and research use. The VMI Archives should be cited as the source. The user assumes all responsibility for identifying and satisfying any copyright holders. Materials from our collections may \nnot be redistributed, published or reproduced without permission from the VMI Archives. Contact the VMI Archives for additional information."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_51a910de8c04f5fa5abaa9184f7fe4c1\"\u003eManuscripts stacks\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["Manuscripts stacks"],"names_ssim":["Virginia Military Institute Archives","Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","Snyder, Thomas E. (Thomas Earl)","Traver, Richard E. (Richard Edward)","Gerhardt, Charles H., Major General","Root, Philip W.","Seargeant, Billy M.","Warrington, James M.","Gray, Jan M.","Kowadlo, Keith"],"corpname_ssim":["Virginia Military Institute Archives"],"persname_ssim":["Harris, Oliver E.","Howard, Richard J. (Richard Jackson), ?-1916","George V, King of Great Britain, 1865-1936","Snyder, Thomas E. (Thomas Earl)","Traver, Richard E. (Richard Edward)","Gerhardt, Charles H., Major General","Root, Philip W.","Seargeant, Billy M.","Warrington, James M.","Gray, Jan M.","Kowadlo, Keith"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":10,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-06-10T20:07:07.811Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxv_repositories_3_resources_707_c01"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"World War I and II Panorama Photographs","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_34","vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06","vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_34","vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06","vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers","Series VI: Photographs","Oversize Box 9"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers","Series VI: Photographs","Oversize Box 9"],"text":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers","Series VI: Photographs","Oversize Box 9","World War I and II Panorama Photographs","Oversize Box 09"],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I and II Panorama Photographs","title_ssm":["World War I and II Panorama Photographs"],"title_tesim":["World War I and II Panorama Photographs"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1918-1945"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1918/1945"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I and II Panorama Photographs"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":151,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restriction."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"containers_ssim":["Oversize Box 09"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorld War I and II Panorama Photographs, circa 1918-1945, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["World War I and II Panorama Photographs, circa 1918-1945, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#1/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:17:24.109Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_34","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_34.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/34","title_filing_ssi":"Aison, Howard Bertram","title_ssm":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"title_tesim":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1918-1964, undated","Date acquired: 06/22/1999"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1918-1964, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 06/22/1999"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 61","/repositories/5/resources/34"],"text":["MG 61","/repositories/5/resources/34","Howard Bertram Aison Papers","World War, 1939-1945","Korean War, 1950-1953","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","Korean War, 1950-1953--Veterans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Veterans","Open to researchers without restriction.","The collection is organized into seven series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Military Records; Series III: Student Papers; Series IV: Printed Material; Series V: Maps; Series VI: Photographs; and Series VII: Oversized Materials.","Howard Bertram Aison was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 7, 1920. He served almost his entire life in the United States Army, serving in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. He attended Georgetown University, graduating in 1942 with a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. He also participated in ROTC. On June 4, 1942, Aison was drafted into the United States Army. Although he had taken ROTC courses in college he chose to remain an enlisted man, feeling that he was not prepared to be an officer. He served in the 77th Ordnance Depot Company taking part in the Allied campaigns in North Africa, Italy, Southern France, and Germany.","After the war, Aison returned to civilian life, married, and began working as a salesman. He did not enjoy civilian life, however, and chose to reenlist in the Army, this time as an officer. He was commissioned a second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Department on August 6, 1948. On March 7, 1951, he was promoted to first Lieutenant in the Infantry and, a year later, was ordered to Korea. Aison was first assigned as a United Nations liaison officer with the 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Army. He was responsible for acting as the liaison between the U.S. Division and the United Nations' units serving with it. He then became a platoon leader in a weapons platoon, and then a rifle platoon. On July 6, 1952, he was awarded a Bronze star for actions during a patrol. He was transferred to Civil Assistance in the 2nd Division, where he took an active role in the formation of the \"Friendship Home,\" an orphanage for Korean children. On July 31, 1953 he was promoted to Captain and returned home from Korea in September.","From March 1962 to March 1963, Aison served as senior advisor to the 6th Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, I Corps, Army of the Republic of Vietnam. On October 21, 1963, he was awarded a Bronze star with first Oak Leaf cluster for \"meritorious duty against hostile forces.\" He retired from the United States Army in 1969 as a Lieutenant Colonel. He resided in Virginia Beach where he worked in imports and exports and invested in real estate. In 1974, he separated from his wife, but never divorced. On August 28, 1997, Lt. Colonel Howard Bertram Aison (ret.) died in Virginia Beach.","Note written by Jay Gaidmore","The collection contains correspondence, photographs, military training manuals, orders, diaries, recollections, unit histories, commendations, printed material, artifacts, and maps related to Howard Bertram Aison's service in the United States Army. The bulk of the collection documents his participation in World War II , Korean War, and Vietnam War. Papers accumulated during Aison's years as a student at Georgetown University are also included.","This series contains letters Aison sent his wife while serving in the United States Army. The letters document his experiences training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri (August - December 1951) and Camp Gordon, Georgia (January 1952), and his service in Korea (March 1952 - September 1953). Some of the topics discussed in the letters include training and drilling, a soldier's social life, an assessment of the military situation in Korea in 1952, life at the front, French and British fighting forces, the bombing of enemy lines, bunker construction, interaction with soldiers from the Republic of Korea, supply problems, dealing with guerillas, the black market, Korean National Policemen, and peace talks. A letter dated April 2, 1952 includes surrender leaflets fired into enemy lines. A letter dated July 6, 1952 recounts the patrol for which he was awarded a bronze star including citation, map of patrol, and interrogation of prisoners. A letter dated March 22, 1953 discusses the exploits of Courtney Mansfield, an African-American soldier.","This series contains military records documenting Aison's service in the United States Army. Included in the series are orders, service medals, recollections of his service, and military training material, among others.","This sub-series includes an induction notice, promotion certificates, orders, customs declarations for war trophies, a diary, and recollections from Aison's time in the United States Army during World War II. The diary records his service during the war in 1945. The recollections detail Aison's service in Anzio, Italy and Southern France. Other material of note are instructions for the treatment of the enemy, instructions for the conduct of U.S. troops in North Africa, and a history of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company.","This sub-series includes records from Aison's time in the Korean War. Material found in the sub-series include orders, training bulletins, commendations, recommendations for bravery and promotions, and standard operating procedures for civil affairs. Of note are the training bulletins relating to patrol actions, the combat leaders guide, and general orders for sentinels, and an ID card and pass issued to Korean civilians.","This sub-series contains military records of Aison while in the Vietnam War. Material found in this sub-series include orders issued in 1962, and a certificate for the Bronze Star.","This sub-series includes training material collected from various training schools such as: The U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, and Manpower Control Officers Course at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. Noteworthy is the syllabi, course descriptions, and training manuals from the U.S. Army Special Warfare School.","This sub-series consists of promotion material for Aison while in the United States Army.","This series includes essays and notes relating to courses in international law, and exporting while Aison was at Georgetown University. Of interest are notes pertaining to hypnotism, and a list of the Dewey Decimal System.","This series contains maps and overlays of regions and countries throughout the world. They appear to have been used for military strategic purposes for Division Operations, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (Ft. Leavenworth).","This series contains photographs documenting Aison's service in the military, primarily during World War II and Vietnam. Many of the photographs from World War II are labeled. Of note are two scrapbooks containing photographs of his service in Vietnam. Also of interest are postcards of Paris and Constantine, Algeria, and five panorama photos. Two of the panoramas are from his father's service in World War I.","Includes photographs of landscapes, local Vietnamese citizens, and images of casualties of Vietnam conflict.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, images of casualties of Vietnam conflict, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","This series includes promotional posters for bullfighting events in Spain, a color sketch of a young boy, certificates and diplomas for military training and from schools Aison attended.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Aison was a career Army officer who served in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. This collection primarily relates to his service in these wars. Includes correspondence, photographs, citations, orders, diaries and recollections, unit histories, artifacts, and maps.","ODU Community Collections","United States. Army","Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 61","/repositories/5/resources/34"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Howard Bertram Aison Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"creator_ssim":["Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"creators_ssim":["Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gerald P. Gaidmore","Gift. Accession #A98-5"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1939-1945","Korean War, 1950-1953","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","Korean War, 1950-1953--Veterans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Veterans"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1939-1945","Korean War, 1950-1953","Vietnam War, 1961-1975","World War, 1939-1945--Veterans","Korean War, 1950-1953--Veterans","Vietnam War, 1961-1975--Veterans"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.70 Linear Feet","8 Hollinger document cases and 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.70 Linear Feet","8 Hollinger document cases and 2 oversize boxes boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1999],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restriction.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restriction."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into seven series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Military Records; Series III: Student Papers; Series IV: Printed Material; Series V: Maps; Series VI: Photographs; and Series VII: Oversized Materials.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into seven series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Military Records; Series III: Student Papers; Series IV: Printed Material; Series V: Maps; Series VI: Photographs; and Series VII: Oversized Materials."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eHoward Bertram Aison was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 7, 1920. He served almost his entire life in the United States Army, serving in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. He attended Georgetown University, graduating in 1942 with a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. He also participated in ROTC. On June 4, 1942, Aison was drafted into the United States Army. Although he had taken ROTC courses in college he chose to remain an enlisted man, feeling that he was not prepared to be an officer. He served in the 77th Ordnance Depot Company taking part in the Allied campaigns in North Africa, Italy, Southern France, and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the war, Aison returned to civilian life, married, and began working as a salesman. He did not enjoy civilian life, however, and chose to reenlist in the Army, this time as an officer. He was commissioned a second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Department on August 6, 1948. On March 7, 1951, he was promoted to first Lieutenant in the Infantry and, a year later, was ordered to Korea. Aison was first assigned as a United Nations liaison officer with the 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Army. He was responsible for acting as the liaison between the U.S. Division and the United Nations' units serving with it. He then became a platoon leader in a weapons platoon, and then a rifle platoon. On July 6, 1952, he was awarded a Bronze star for actions during a patrol. He was transferred to Civil Assistance in the 2nd Division, where he took an active role in the formation of the \"Friendship Home,\" an orphanage for Korean children. On July 31, 1953 he was promoted to Captain and returned home from Korea in September.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFrom March 1962 to March 1963, Aison served as senior advisor to the 6th Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, I Corps, Army of the Republic of Vietnam. On October 21, 1963, he was awarded a Bronze star with first Oak Leaf cluster for \"meritorious duty against hostile forces.\" He retired from the United States Army in 1969 as a Lieutenant Colonel. He resided in Virginia Beach where he worked in imports and exports and invested in real estate. In 1974, he separated from his wife, but never divorced. On August 28, 1997, Lt. Colonel Howard Bertram Aison (ret.) died in Virginia Beach.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Jay Gaidmore\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Howard Bertram Aison was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 7, 1920. He served almost his entire life in the United States Army, serving in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. He attended Georgetown University, graduating in 1942 with a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service. He also participated in ROTC. On June 4, 1942, Aison was drafted into the United States Army. Although he had taken ROTC courses in college he chose to remain an enlisted man, feeling that he was not prepared to be an officer. He served in the 77th Ordnance Depot Company taking part in the Allied campaigns in North Africa, Italy, Southern France, and Germany.","After the war, Aison returned to civilian life, married, and began working as a salesman. He did not enjoy civilian life, however, and chose to reenlist in the Army, this time as an officer. He was commissioned a second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Department on August 6, 1948. On March 7, 1951, he was promoted to first Lieutenant in the Infantry and, a year later, was ordered to Korea. Aison was first assigned as a United Nations liaison officer with the 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Army. He was responsible for acting as the liaison between the U.S. Division and the United Nations' units serving with it. He then became a platoon leader in a weapons platoon, and then a rifle platoon. On July 6, 1952, he was awarded a Bronze star for actions during a patrol. He was transferred to Civil Assistance in the 2nd Division, where he took an active role in the formation of the \"Friendship Home,\" an orphanage for Korean children. On July 31, 1953 he was promoted to Captain and returned home from Korea in September.","From March 1962 to March 1963, Aison served as senior advisor to the 6th Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, I Corps, Army of the Republic of Vietnam. On October 21, 1963, he was awarded a Bronze star with first Oak Leaf cluster for \"meritorious duty against hostile forces.\" He retired from the United States Army in 1969 as a Lieutenant Colonel. He resided in Virginia Beach where he worked in imports and exports and invested in real estate. In 1974, he separated from his wife, but never divorced. On August 28, 1997, Lt. Colonel Howard Bertram Aison (ret.) died in Virginia Beach.","Note written by Jay Gaidmore"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 November-December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 November-December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Chinese People's Volunteers Christmas Card, 1951, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Camp Gordon (Georgia), 1952 January 1-15, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Camp Gordon (Georgia), 1952 January 16-31, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Korea, 1952 March, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Korea, 1952 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Korea, 1952 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Korea, 1952 June-July, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Korea, 1952 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Korea, 1952 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Korea, 1952 October, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Korea, 1952 November, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Korea, 1952 December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Korea, 1953 January, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 1, Korea, 1953 February, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 2, Korea, 1953 March, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 3, Korea, 1953 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 4, Korea, 1953 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 5, Korea, 1953 June, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 6, Korea, 1953 July, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 7, Korea, 1953 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 8, Korea, 1953 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 9, Timeline and Notes of Service, 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 10, Draft Induction, Promotion Certificate, FDR Form Letter, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 11, Orders, 1943 February-1944 February, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 12, Diary, 1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 13, Recollections - Anzio, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 14, Recollections - Italy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 15, Recollections - Southern France, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 16, History of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 17, Home Address of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 18, Certificates, Affidavits, and Custom Declarations - War Trophies, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 19, Vital Information on Conduct of U.S. Troops; Instructions for Treatment of Enemy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 20, Orders, 1951-1953, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 21, Recommendations and Commendations for Heroism, Promotion, and Superior Service, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 22, Financial Documents, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 23, 2nd Infantry Division Civil Affairs (I), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 24, 2nd Infantry Division Civil Affairs (II), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 25, Staff Director - 2nd Infantry Division, 1953 September 1, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 26, The Friendship House, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 27, Security Codes, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 28, Training Bulletin, Patrol Plan, 1952, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 29, General Orders for Sentinels, Combat Leaders Guide, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 30, Employee ID Card and Pass (Korean and English Language), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 31, Award of Bronze Star Medal, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 32, Orders, 1962 November 21, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 33, U.S. Army Infantry School - Ft. Benning, Georgia, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 34, Manpower Control Officers Course (I), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 35, Manpower Control Officers Course (II), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 36, Manpower Control Officers Course (III), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 1, Manpower Control Officers Course (IV), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 2, Manpower Control Officers Course (V), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Manpower Control Officers Course (VI), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Manpower Control Officers Course (VII), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 5, Manpower Control Officers Course (VIII), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 6, Manpower Control Officers Course (IX), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 7, Manpower Control Officers Course (X), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 8, U.S. Army Special Warfare School - Syllabi, 1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 9, U.S. Army Special Warefare School - Counterinsurgency Operations Officers Course, 1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, \"Pre-requisites for Resistance Movements and Guerrilla Operations\" Counter Insurgency Dept., U.S. Army Special Warefare School, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, \"Communist Ideology Strategy and Tactics\" Counter Insurgengy Dept., U.S. Army Special Warfare School, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, \"Readings in Guerrilla Warfare\" U.S. Army Special Warfare School (Fort Bragg), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 13, \"Readings in Psychological Operations\" Table of Contents, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 14, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section I \"Famous Propaganda Documents\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 15, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section II \"The Nature of Psychological Operations\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 16, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section III \"Target Analysis\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 17, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section IV \"Psychological Operations Intelligence and Propaganda Analysis\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 18, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section V \"Propaganda Development\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 19, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VI \"Psychological Operations Planning\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 20, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VII \"Propaganda Media\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 21, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VIII \"Communism and Communist Propaganda\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 1, Certificates of Completion, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 2, Promotions, 1948-1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 3, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - International Law, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 4, School of Foreign Service - Georgetown University - Exporting I-304, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 5, Government Export Policies, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 6, Essays (I), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 7, Essays (II), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 8, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - Staple Commodities of World Trade (I), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 9, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - Staple Commodities of World Trade (II), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 10, Notes on Hypnotism, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 11, Dewey Decimal System, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 12, Democracy Faces Communism Series No. 1-10, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 13, Foreign Service Log, Vol. III, No. 1-3, 5-14, 1940 October-1941 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 14, Foreign Service Log, Vol. IV, No. 1, 4-6, 8, 1941 October-1942 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 1, \"Second to None\" A Short History of Second Infantry Division, 1918-1952, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 2, \"Blood and Fire\" Victory in Europe 63rd Infantry Division, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 3, \"Don't Be a Sucker in Germany\" Special Orders for German-American Relations Deutsche Flugzeuge, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 4, \"A Pocket Guide to Italy;\" \"Soldier's Guide to Italy\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 5, \"Russian Language Guide\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 6, \"The Airborne\" - Classbook Airborne Class 12, 1956 June 29, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 1, Alaska, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 2, Austria (Amstetten - Wieselburg), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 3, Austria and Italy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 4, Europe, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 5, Germany (Erfurt - Weissenfels), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 6, Germany (Essen - Bochum), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 7, Germany (Hof - Plauen), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 8, Japan (Chitese - Iwanizawa), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 9, Poland and Germany, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 1, Puerto Rico (Ponce), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 2, South Africa, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 3, Southwestern Asia, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 4, Southwest Asia (Damascus - Moussa Ler), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 5, United States (Oklahoma City - Wichita Falls), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 6, Western United States (Kansas), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 7, Maps and Overlays (No Geographic Distinction), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 8, Item Inventory, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 1, World War II (Numbered with Index), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 2, World War II (Labeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 3, World War II (Labeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 4, World War II (Unlabeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 5, Vietnam (I), circa 1961-1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 6, Vietnam (II), circa 1961-1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 7, Military, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 8, Holiday Greetings, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 9, Postcards - Constantine, Algeria, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 10, Prints - Paris (Labeled), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 11, Prints - Miscellaneous, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 12, Negatives, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I and II Panorama Photographs, circa 1918-1945, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhoto Album - Vietnam, circa 1962-1963, Oversize Box 10, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVietnam War Photo Album, Part I, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 11, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVietnam War Photo Album, Part II, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 11, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eVietnam War Photo Album, Part III, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 12, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1919, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1947, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePromotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1958, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor Sketch of a Young Boy, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMilitary Training Certificates, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBryn Mawr School Certificate, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHirsch High School Diploma, 1938, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorgetown University Diploma, 1942, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCertificate of Confirmation, 1935, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 November-December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Fort Leonard Wood, 1951 November-December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Chinese People's Volunteers Christmas Card, 1951, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Camp Gordon (Georgia), 1952 January 1-15, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Camp Gordon (Georgia), 1952 January 16-31, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Korea, 1952 March, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Korea, 1952 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Korea, 1952 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Korea, 1952 June-July, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Korea, 1952 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Korea, 1952 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Korea, 1952 October, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Korea, 1952 November, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Korea, 1952 December, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Korea, 1953 January, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 1, Korea, 1953 February, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 2, Korea, 1953 March, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 3, Korea, 1953 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 4, Korea, 1953 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 5, Korea, 1953 June, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 6, Korea, 1953 July, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 7, Korea, 1953 August, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 8, Korea, 1953 September, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 9, Timeline and Notes of Service, 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 10, Draft Induction, Promotion Certificate, FDR Form Letter, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 11, Orders, 1943 February-1944 February, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 12, Diary, 1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 13, Recollections - Anzio, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 14, Recollections - Italy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 15, Recollections - Southern France, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 16, History of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 17, Home Address of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 18, Certificates, Affidavits, and Custom Declarations - War Trophies, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 19, Vital Information on Conduct of U.S. Troops; Instructions for Treatment of Enemy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 20, Orders, 1951-1953, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 21, Recommendations and Commendations for Heroism, Promotion, and Superior Service, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 22, Financial Documents, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 23, 2nd Infantry Division Civil Affairs (I), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 24, 2nd Infantry Division Civil Affairs (II), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 25, Staff Director - 2nd Infantry Division, 1953 September 1, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 26, The Friendship House, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 27, Security Codes, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 28, Training Bulletin, Patrol Plan, 1952, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 29, General Orders for Sentinels, Combat Leaders Guide, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 30, Employee ID Card and Pass (Korean and English Language), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 31, Award of Bronze Star Medal, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 32, Orders, 1962 November 21, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 33, U.S. Army Infantry School - Ft. Benning, Georgia, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 34, Manpower Control Officers Course (I), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 35, Manpower Control Officers Course (II), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 36, Manpower Control Officers Course (III), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 1, Manpower Control Officers Course (IV), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 2, Manpower Control Officers Course (V), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Manpower Control Officers Course (VI), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Manpower Control Officers Course (VII), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 5, Manpower Control Officers Course (VIII), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 6, Manpower Control Officers Course (IX), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 7, Manpower Control Officers Course (X), 1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 8, U.S. Army Special Warfare School - Syllabi, 1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 9, U.S. Army Special Warefare School - Counterinsurgency Operations Officers Course, 1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, \"Pre-requisites for Resistance Movements and Guerrilla Operations\" Counter Insurgency Dept., U.S. Army Special Warefare School, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, \"Communist Ideology Strategy and Tactics\" Counter Insurgengy Dept., U.S. Army Special Warfare School, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, \"Readings in Guerrilla Warfare\" U.S. Army Special Warfare School (Fort Bragg), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 13, \"Readings in Psychological Operations\" Table of Contents, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 14, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section I \"Famous Propaganda Documents\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 15, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section II \"The Nature of Psychological Operations\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 16, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section III \"Target Analysis\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 17, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section IV \"Psychological Operations Intelligence and Propaganda Analysis\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 18, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section V \"Propaganda Development\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 19, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VI \"Psychological Operations Planning\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 20, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VII \"Propaganda Media\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 21, \"Readings in Psychological Warfare\" - Section VIII \"Communism and Communist Propaganda\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 1, Certificates of Completion, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 2, Promotions, 1948-1961, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 3, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - International Law, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 4, School of Foreign Service - Georgetown University - Exporting I-304, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 5, Government Export Policies, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 6, Essays (I), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 7, Essays (II), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 8, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - Staple Commodities of World Trade (I), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 9, Georgetown University - School of Foreign Service - Staple Commodities of World Trade (II), circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 10, Notes on Hypnotism, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 11, Dewey Decimal System, circa 1938-1942, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 12, Democracy Faces Communism Series No. 1-10, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 13, Foreign Service Log, Vol. III, No. 1-3, 5-14, 1940 October-1941 May, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 14, Foreign Service Log, Vol. IV, No. 1, 4-6, 8, 1941 October-1942 April, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 1, \"Second to None\" A Short History of Second Infantry Division, 1918-1952, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 2, \"Blood and Fire\" Victory in Europe 63rd Infantry Division, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 3, \"Don't Be a Sucker in Germany\" Special Orders for German-American Relations Deutsche Flugzeuge, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 4, \"A Pocket Guide to Italy;\" \"Soldier's Guide to Italy\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 5, \"Russian Language Guide\", undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 6, \"The Airborne\" - Classbook Airborne Class 12, 1956 June 29, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 1, Alaska, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 2, Austria (Amstetten - Wieselburg), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 3, Austria and Italy, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 4, Europe, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 5, Germany (Erfurt - Weissenfels), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 6, Germany (Essen - Bochum), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 7, Germany (Hof - Plauen), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 8, Japan (Chitese - Iwanizawa), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 9, Poland and Germany, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 1, Puerto Rico (Ponce), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 2, South Africa, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 3, Southwestern Asia, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 4, Southwest Asia (Damascus - Moussa Ler), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 5, United States (Oklahoma City - Wichita Falls), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 6, Western United States (Kansas), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 7, Maps and Overlays (No Geographic Distinction), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 7, Folder 8, Item Inventory, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 1, World War II (Numbered with Index), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 2, World War II (Labeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 3, World War II (Labeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 4, World War II (Unlabeled), circa 1942-1945, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 5, Vietnam (I), circa 1961-1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 6, Vietnam (II), circa 1961-1964, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 7, Military, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 8, Holiday Greetings, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 9, Postcards - Constantine, Algeria, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 10, Prints - Paris (Labeled), undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 11, Prints - Miscellaneous, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 8, Folder 12, Negatives, undated, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I and II Panorama Photographs, circa 1918-1945, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Photo Album - Vietnam, circa 1962-1963, Oversize Box 10, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Vietnam War Photo Album, Part I, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 11, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Vietnam War Photo Album, Part II, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 11, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Vietnam War Photo Album, Part III, circa 1962-1964, Oversize Box 12, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Promotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1919, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Promotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1947, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Promotional Poster for a Bullfighting Event in Spain, 1958, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Color Sketch of a Young Boy, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Military Training Certificates, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Bryn Mawr School Certificate, undated, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Hirsch High School Diploma, 1938, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Georgetown University Diploma, 1942, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Certificate of Confirmation, 1935, Oversize Box 9, Howard Bertram Aison Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains correspondence, photographs, military training manuals, orders, diaries, recollections, unit histories, commendations, printed material, artifacts, and maps related to Howard Bertram Aison's service in the United States Army. The bulk of the collection documents his participation in World War II , Korean War, and Vietnam War. Papers accumulated during Aison's years as a student at Georgetown University are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains letters Aison sent his wife while serving in the United States Army. The letters document his experiences training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri (August - December 1951) and Camp Gordon, Georgia (January 1952), and his service in Korea (March 1952 - September 1953). Some of the topics discussed in the letters include training and drilling, a soldier's social life, an assessment of the military situation in Korea in 1952, life at the front, French and British fighting forces, the bombing of enemy lines, bunker construction, interaction with soldiers from the Republic of Korea, supply problems, dealing with guerillas, the black market, Korean National Policemen, and peace talks. A letter dated April 2, 1952 includes surrender leaflets fired into enemy lines. A letter dated July 6, 1952 recounts the patrol for which he was awarded a bronze star including citation, map of patrol, and interrogation of prisoners. A letter dated March 22, 1953 discusses the exploits of Courtney Mansfield, an African-American soldier.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains military records documenting Aison's service in the United States Army. Included in the series are orders, service medals, recollections of his service, and military training material, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes an induction notice, promotion certificates, orders, customs declarations for war trophies, a diary, and recollections from Aison's time in the United States Army during World War II. The diary records his service during the war in 1945. The recollections detail Aison's service in Anzio, Italy and Southern France. Other material of note are instructions for the treatment of the enemy, instructions for the conduct of U.S. troops in North Africa, and a history of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes records from Aison's time in the Korean War. Material found in the sub-series include orders, training bulletins, commendations, recommendations for bravery and promotions, and standard operating procedures for civil affairs. Of note are the training bulletins relating to patrol actions, the combat leaders guide, and general orders for sentinels, and an ID card and pass issued to Korean civilians.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains military records of Aison while in the Vietnam War. Material found in this sub-series include orders issued in 1962, and a certificate for the Bronze Star.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series includes training material collected from various training schools such as: The U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, and Manpower Control Officers Course at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. Noteworthy is the syllabi, course descriptions, and training manuals from the U.S. Army Special Warfare School.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series consists of promotion material for Aison while in the United States Army.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes essays and notes relating to courses in international law, and exporting while Aison was at Georgetown University. Of interest are notes pertaining to hypnotism, and a list of the Dewey Decimal System.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains maps and overlays of regions and countries throughout the world. They appear to have been used for military strategic purposes for Division Operations, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (Ft. Leavenworth).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains photographs documenting Aison's service in the military, primarily during World War II and Vietnam. Many of the photographs from World War II are labeled. Of note are two scrapbooks containing photographs of his service in Vietnam. Also of interest are postcards of Paris and Constantine, Algeria, and five panorama photos. Two of the panoramas are from his father's service in World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs of landscapes, local Vietnamese citizens, and images of casualties of Vietnam conflict.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhoto album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhoto album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhoto album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, images of casualties of Vietnam conflict, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes promotional posters for bullfighting events in Spain, a color sketch of a young boy, certificates and diplomas for military training and from schools Aison attended.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains correspondence, photographs, military training manuals, orders, diaries, recollections, unit histories, commendations, printed material, artifacts, and maps related to Howard Bertram Aison's service in the United States Army. The bulk of the collection documents his participation in World War II , Korean War, and Vietnam War. Papers accumulated during Aison's years as a student at Georgetown University are also included.","This series contains letters Aison sent his wife while serving in the United States Army. The letters document his experiences training at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri (August - December 1951) and Camp Gordon, Georgia (January 1952), and his service in Korea (March 1952 - September 1953). Some of the topics discussed in the letters include training and drilling, a soldier's social life, an assessment of the military situation in Korea in 1952, life at the front, French and British fighting forces, the bombing of enemy lines, bunker construction, interaction with soldiers from the Republic of Korea, supply problems, dealing with guerillas, the black market, Korean National Policemen, and peace talks. A letter dated April 2, 1952 includes surrender leaflets fired into enemy lines. A letter dated July 6, 1952 recounts the patrol for which he was awarded a bronze star including citation, map of patrol, and interrogation of prisoners. A letter dated March 22, 1953 discusses the exploits of Courtney Mansfield, an African-American soldier.","This series contains military records documenting Aison's service in the United States Army. Included in the series are orders, service medals, recollections of his service, and military training material, among others.","This sub-series includes an induction notice, promotion certificates, orders, customs declarations for war trophies, a diary, and recollections from Aison's time in the United States Army during World War II. The diary records his service during the war in 1945. The recollections detail Aison's service in Anzio, Italy and Southern France. Other material of note are instructions for the treatment of the enemy, instructions for the conduct of U.S. troops in North Africa, and a history of the 77th Ordnance Depot Company.","This sub-series includes records from Aison's time in the Korean War. Material found in the sub-series include orders, training bulletins, commendations, recommendations for bravery and promotions, and standard operating procedures for civil affairs. Of note are the training bulletins relating to patrol actions, the combat leaders guide, and general orders for sentinels, and an ID card and pass issued to Korean civilians.","This sub-series contains military records of Aison while in the Vietnam War. Material found in this sub-series include orders issued in 1962, and a certificate for the Bronze Star.","This sub-series includes training material collected from various training schools such as: The U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, and Manpower Control Officers Course at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. Noteworthy is the syllabi, course descriptions, and training manuals from the U.S. Army Special Warfare School.","This sub-series consists of promotion material for Aison while in the United States Army.","This series includes essays and notes relating to courses in international law, and exporting while Aison was at Georgetown University. Of interest are notes pertaining to hypnotism, and a list of the Dewey Decimal System.","This series contains maps and overlays of regions and countries throughout the world. They appear to have been used for military strategic purposes for Division Operations, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (Ft. Leavenworth).","This series contains photographs documenting Aison's service in the military, primarily during World War II and Vietnam. Many of the photographs from World War II are labeled. Of note are two scrapbooks containing photographs of his service in Vietnam. Also of interest are postcards of Paris and Constantine, Algeria, and five panorama photos. Two of the panoramas are from his father's service in World War I.","Includes photographs of landscapes, local Vietnamese citizens, and images of casualties of Vietnam conflict.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","Photo album featuring daily life of American soldiers in Vietnam, training Vietnamese soldiers, images of casualties of Vietnam conflict, landscapes of Vietnam, military demonstrations, and other images of Vietnamese culture.","This series includes promotional posters for bullfighting events in Spain, a color sketch of a young boy, certificates and diplomas for military training and from schools Aison attended."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_9add06ff95c5acd5ecc0f77a1ca4e0cc\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eAison was a career Army officer who served in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. This collection primarily relates to his service in these wars. Includes correspondence, photographs, citations, orders, diaries and recollections, unit histories, artifacts, and maps.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Aison was a career Army officer who served in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. This collection primarily relates to his service in these wars. Includes correspondence, photographs, citations, orders, diaries and recollections, unit histories, artifacts, and maps."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States. Army","Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)","Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","United States. Army","Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","United States. Army"],"persname_ssim":["Aison, Howard B. (Howard Bertram) (1920-1997)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":169,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:17:24.109Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_34_c06_c02_c01"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"World War I and World War II documents","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_18","viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01","viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_18","viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01","viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Gordon and Webster family papers","I. Armistead Churchill Gordon, Jr.","General Correspondence"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Gordon and Webster family papers","I. Armistead Churchill Gordon, Jr.","General Correspondence"],"text":["Gordon and Webster family papers","I. Armistead Churchill Gordon, Jr.","General Correspondence","World War I and World War II documents","box 10","folder 19"],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I and World War II documents","title_ssm":["World War I and World War II documents"],"title_tesim":["World War I and World War II documents"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1918-1919, 1942"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1918/1942"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I and World War II documents"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"extent_ssm":["7 items"],"extent_tesim":["7 items"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":100,"date_range_isim":[1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942],"containers_ssim":["box 10","folder 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Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/18"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"collection_ssim":["Gordon and Webster family papers"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["20.5 Cubic Feet 41 document boxes"],"extent_tesim":["20.5 Cubic Feet 41 document 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Standard"],"total_component_count_is":386,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:51:30.383Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_18_c01_c02_c81"}},{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"World War I Beret","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eBeret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01","ref_ssm":["vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01"],"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05","parent_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05","parent_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_189","vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06","vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vino_repositories_5_resources_189","vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06","vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers","Series VI: Memorabilia","Box 12"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers","Series VI: Memorabilia","Box 12"],"text":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers","Series VI: Memorabilia","Box 12","World War I Beret","box 12","Beret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I."],"title_filing_ssi":"World War I Beret","title_ssm":["World War I Beret"],"title_tesim":["World War I Beret"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1916-1919"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1916/1919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["World War I Beret"],"component_level_isim":[3],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"collection_ssim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":192,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"date_range_isim":[1916,1917,1918,1919],"containers_ssim":["box 12"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Beret, circa 1916-1919, Box 12, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_heading_ssm":["Preferred Citation"],"prefercite_tesim":["World War I Beret, circa 1916-1919, Box 12, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBeret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Beret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I."],"_nest_path_":"/components#5/components#4/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-20T19:58:23.821Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_189","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_189.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/189","title_filing_ssi":"Switzer, Samuel Leyens","title_ssm":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"title_tesim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1910-1985, undated","Date acquired: 03/20/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1910-1985, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 03/20/1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 37","/repositories/5/resources/189"],"text":["MG 37","/repositories/5/resources/189","Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers","World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Businessmen--Mississippi--Vicksburg","Civic leaders--Mississippi--Vicksburg","World War, 1914-1918","Open to researchers without restrictions.","Last accession August 15, 2005.","The collection is divided into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Literary Productions; Series III: Printed Material; Series IV: Maps; Series V: Photographic Material; and Series VI: Memorabilia.","Samuel Leyens Switzer was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on November 26, 1896. He was a son of Simon and Flora Leyens Switzer. In 1902, Sam's father died, leaving his widow Flora with four children: Louis, Minette, Barbara and Samuel. Samuel Switzer's correspondence begins when he journeyed North in 1911 to complete his secondary education at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. After Exeter, Sam entered Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a member of the class of 1918. Sam's letters home during this period reveal that he was a typical college student interested in fashions, football, girls and grades.","\n    While attending college Samuel Switzer joined Harvard University's Military Reserve Unit. After his sophomore year, in the summer of 1916, Sam attended and successfully completed a United States Army training camp in Plattsburgh, New York. Sam returned to Harvard University in the fall of 1916. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, he spent time training from then until 1918. Switzer eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant.\n    ","After the Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, Lieutenant Switzer traveled through Luxembourg and into Germany. He remained in Kretz and Kruft, Germany, with the American Army of Occupation.At Beaune University he studied French, political science and business law. In May 1919, while still in France, Sam Switzer was awarded his A.B. degree in absentia from Harvard University. He was awarded this degree as a student who had completed three-fourths of the requirements but was unable to complete the entire course due to military service.\n    ","On June 15, 1919, Sam Switzer sailed for home with the St. Aignan Special (Beaune University) Casual Company Number 6438. After his arrival in New York City, Lieutenant Switzer proceeded to Fort Shelby, Mississippi, where he was formally discharged from the United States Army on July 29, 1919.\n    ","As a civilian, Sam Switzer entered the family business in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Switzer family owned The Valley Dry Goods Company, the largest department store in the Mississippi Valley. As president of The Valley, Samuel Switzer remained one of Vicksburg's most eminent businessmen. He was active in all phases of civic life and was a devoted member of Anshe Chesed congregation, having served as congregation president and for a number of years as president of the Young Men's Hebrew Association. He was former chairman of the Jewish Welfare Federation and was a member of B'nai B'rith. Samuel Leyens Switzer died on April 14, 1960, in Vicksburg, Mississippi. His family remembered him as being \" fervently American as a nationality and Jewish as a religion. \"","The collection contains the correspondence, publications, photographs, maps, and memorability of Samuel Leyens Switzer, a soldier who fought in World War I as well as a merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The bulk of the material details Switzer's time as a Lieutenant in World War I. Some of the highlights of the collector include letters chronically the daily life of soldiers, photographs of Switzer and fellow officers, and maps containing detailed battle positions and troop movements.","This series contains letters to and from Switzer from his days as a student at Exeter and Harvard University, to his time as a soldier in World War I, and as a dry goods merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi after the War. The bulk of the letters, written mostly to family members, describe the daily life of being a soldier, first as a member of the Harvard University ROTC, and then as a Lieutenant on the front lines in France and Germany. Of particular note is a letter describing the calm after the armistice in November 1918. The series is arranged in chronological order.","Letter dated 1918 December 26 talks about influenza while Switzer was stationed in Germany.","This series includes an early composition of young Sam Switzer, as well as the syllabus and class notes from a course in Contemporary International Relations. He took this course at the American University in Beaune, France, from March to June in 1919.","This series contains legal documents, publications, newspaper and magazine clippings, and books, among others. Most of the series contains information about military affairs.","This series contains maps of Europe, mostly during the World War I era, and are in French or German. Several maps detail battle positions and troop movements in France and Germany during World War I.","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French. 2 copies","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French and German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German. 2 copies","Written in German","Publsihed by National Geographic Magazine","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","This series includes photographic prints and postcards, mostly from the World War I period. Postcards are filed by country and city. The countries represented include France, Germany, Monaco, Spain, and Italy. Postcard packets of the destruction at Verdun and La Marne are also part of the series.","This series consists of various items such as Switzer's diploma and certificate from Harvard, his diploma from Exeter academy, and his International Dateline certificate from Pan American World Airways.","The series number for the cards is 27. The cards are approximately 2\" x 2\".","Three United States flags kept by Samuel Leyens Switzer while station in France during World War I. One of the flags is torn. These flags were pulled from Series 1, Box 2, Folder 4: Correspondence, September 1918.","Canteen used by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Beret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Legging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Legging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Steel helmet worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","One DVD digitized from the original 8mm film of Sam Switzer's trip around Europe.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Department store owner in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Includes correspondence, literary productions, legal documents, newspaper and magazine clippings, maps, memorabilia and photographs. Collection documents his service as an artillery officer in World War I. Of note are maps of Europe detailing battle positions and troop movements in World War I.","ODU Community Collections","Harvard University","Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 37","/repositories/5/resources/189"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"creator_ssm":["Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"creator_ssim":["Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"creators_ssim":["Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Mrs. Bettie Minette Cooper","Loan. Accession #A80-19"],"access_subjects_ssim":["World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Businessmen--Mississippi--Vicksburg","Civic leaders--Mississippi--Vicksburg","World War, 1914-1918"],"access_subjects_ssm":["World War, 1914-1918--Veterans","Businessmen--Mississippi--Vicksburg","Civic leaders--Mississippi--Vicksburg","World War, 1914-1918"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["13.2 Linear Feet","Five hollinger document cases and three oversize boxes. boxes"],"extent_tesim":["13.2 Linear Feet","Five hollinger document cases and three oversize boxes. boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLast accession August 15, 2005.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals and Additions"],"accruals_tesim":["Last accession August 15, 2005."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Literary Productions; Series III: Printed Material; Series IV: Maps; Series V: Photographic Material; and Series VI: Memorabilia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into six series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Literary Productions; Series III: Printed Material; Series IV: Maps; Series V: Photographic Material; and Series VI: Memorabilia."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSamuel Leyens Switzer was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on November 26, 1896. He was a son of Simon and Flora Leyens Switzer. In 1902, Sam's father died, leaving his widow Flora with four children: Louis, Minette, Barbara and Samuel. Samuel Switzer's correspondence begins when he journeyed North in 1911 to complete his secondary education at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. After Exeter, Sam entered Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a member of the class of 1918. Sam's letters home during this period reveal that he was a typical college student interested in fashions, football, girls and grades.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\n    While attending college Samuel Switzer joined Harvard University's Military Reserve Unit. After his sophomore year, in the summer of 1916, Sam attended and successfully completed a United States Army training camp in Plattsburgh, New York. Sam returned to Harvard University in the fall of 1916. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, he spent time training from then until 1918. Switzer eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant.\n    \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter the Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, Lieutenant Switzer traveled through Luxembourg and into Germany. He remained in Kretz and Kruft, Germany, with the American Army of Occupation.At Beaune University he studied French, political science and business law. In May 1919, while still in France, Sam Switzer was awarded his A.B. degree in absentia from Harvard University. He was awarded this degree as a student who had completed three-fourths of the requirements but was unable to complete the entire course due to military service.\n    \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOn June 15, 1919, Sam Switzer sailed for home with the St. Aignan Special (Beaune University) Casual Company Number 6438. After his arrival in New York City, Lieutenant Switzer proceeded to Fort Shelby, Mississippi, where he was formally discharged from the United States Army on July 29, 1919.\n    \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAs a civilian, Sam Switzer entered the family business in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Switzer family owned The Valley Dry Goods Company, the largest department store in the Mississippi Valley. As president of The Valley, Samuel Switzer remained one of Vicksburg's most eminent businessmen. He was active in all phases of civic life and was a devoted member of Anshe Chesed congregation, having served as congregation president and for a number of years as president of the Young Men's Hebrew Association. He was former chairman of the Jewish Welfare Federation and was a member of B'nai B'rith. Samuel Leyens Switzer died on April 14, 1960, in Vicksburg, Mississippi. His family remembered him as being \" fervently American as a nationality and Jewish as a religion. \"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Samuel Leyens Switzer was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi, on November 26, 1896. He was a son of Simon and Flora Leyens Switzer. In 1902, Sam's father died, leaving his widow Flora with four children: Louis, Minette, Barbara and Samuel. Samuel Switzer's correspondence begins when he journeyed North in 1911 to complete his secondary education at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. After Exeter, Sam entered Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a member of the class of 1918. Sam's letters home during this period reveal that he was a typical college student interested in fashions, football, girls and grades.","\n    While attending college Samuel Switzer joined Harvard University's Military Reserve Unit. After his sophomore year, in the summer of 1916, Sam attended and successfully completed a United States Army training camp in Plattsburgh, New York. Sam returned to Harvard University in the fall of 1916. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, he spent time training from then until 1918. Switzer eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant.\n    ","After the Armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, Lieutenant Switzer traveled through Luxembourg and into Germany. He remained in Kretz and Kruft, Germany, with the American Army of Occupation.At Beaune University he studied French, political science and business law. In May 1919, while still in France, Sam Switzer was awarded his A.B. degree in absentia from Harvard University. He was awarded this degree as a student who had completed three-fourths of the requirements but was unable to complete the entire course due to military service.\n    ","On June 15, 1919, Sam Switzer sailed for home with the St. Aignan Special (Beaune University) Casual Company Number 6438. After his arrival in New York City, Lieutenant Switzer proceeded to Fort Shelby, Mississippi, where he was formally discharged from the United States Army on July 29, 1919.\n    ","As a civilian, Sam Switzer entered the family business in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Switzer family owned The Valley Dry Goods Company, the largest department store in the Mississippi Valley. As president of The Valley, Samuel Switzer remained one of Vicksburg's most eminent businessmen. He was active in all phases of civic life and was a devoted member of Anshe Chesed congregation, having served as congregation president and for a number of years as president of the Young Men's Hebrew Association. He was former chairman of the Jewish Welfare Federation and was a member of B'nai B'rith. Samuel Leyens Switzer died on April 14, 1960, in Vicksburg, Mississippi. His family remembered him as being \" fervently American as a nationality and Jewish as a religion. \""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, 1911 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, circa 1911-1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, 1914 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Military Training: Plattsburgh, New York, 1916 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Military Training: Plattsburgh, New York, 1916 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, New York City, 1916 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 1, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 2, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 3, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 4, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 5, New York City, 1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 6, Sailing to and Arrival in France, 1918 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 7, World War I: France, 1918 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 8, World War I: France, 1918 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 9, World War I: France, 1918 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 10, World War I: France, 1918 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 11, World War I: France, 1918 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 1, World War I: France, 1918 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 2, Occupation Army: Germany, 1918 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 5, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 6, Beaune University: France, 1919 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 7, Beaune University: France, 1919 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 8, Beaune University: France, 1919 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 9, Arrival in America and Discharge from the Army, 1919 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1919 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 13, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 14, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 15, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 16, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 17, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 18, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 19, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 20, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 21, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 23, Vicksburg, Mississippi, April 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 24, Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 25, Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 26, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1925 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 27, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1926 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 28, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1927 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 29, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 30, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 31, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 32, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 33, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 34, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 22, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 1, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 2, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 3, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 4, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 5, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1957 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 6, Address Books--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 7, National Rehabilitation Association--Switzer Scholars, 1985 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 8, Letter Asking for Date with Switzer, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 9, Composition, 1910, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 10, Syllabus and Notes from \"Contemporary International Relations\" Course, 1919 March-June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 11, Legal Documents--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 12, Lists--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 13, Bulletins/Orders, 1916-1921 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 14, Programs, 1910-1928, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 15, Certificates, 1916-1922, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 16, Identification Cards--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 17, Newspaper and Magazine Clippings--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 18, Newspaper and Magazine Clippings Post--World War I, circa 1921-1960, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 19, Newspaper--The Vicksburg Herald (Vicksburg, Mississippi), 1916 May 14, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 20, Newspaper--The Camp News (Plattsburgh, New York), 1916 July 8-August 5, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 21, Newspaper--The Sunday Herald (Boston, Mass.), 1917 May 6, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 22, Newspaper--The Stars and Stripes (Paris, France), 1919 January 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 23, Newspaper--Fourth Corps Flare (Mayen, Germany), 1919 January 25, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 24, List of Officers and Record Book, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 25, Book--Abridged Prayer Book for Jews in the Army and Navy of the United States, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 1, Book--A New World in the Making, 1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 2, A Popular Geography of France, 1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 3, Book--In Flander's Field, circa 1917-1920, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 4, Magazine--Le Pantheon de la Guerre, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 5, Magazine--Mid-Week Pictorial, 1919 September 4, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 6, Journal - The Field Artillery Journal, 1921 March-April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 7, Maps of Germany and France, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 1, Map of the Stand in Northeast France Near Azannes, 1917 November 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 2, Map of Northeast France Near Montmedy, 1916, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 3, Partial Map of a Stand in Eastern France, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 4, Map of Stand in Northeast France Near Mogeville, 1917 November 22, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 5, Map of Northeast France Near Ecurey, 1918 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 6, Fleming's Big Map of the Western Front, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 7, Map of Northeast France Near Consenvoye, 1918 February 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 8, Map of France by A. Taride, circa 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 9, Map of Batteries in Ornes, France, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 10, Map of the Stand at Ornes, Frane, 1917 November 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 11, Map of Belgium, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 12, Map of Batteries in Northern France Near Cuisy, 1918 March 27, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 13, Map of Reported Fire Squadrons in Northeast France Near Gercourt-et-Drillancourt, 1918 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 14, Map of Infantry Positions in Northern France Near Crezancy, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 1, Map of Northern France Near Fere-en-Tardenois, 1918 June 28, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 2, Map of France Near Longuyon, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 3, Map of Batteries in Northeast France Near Fismes, 1918 June 22, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 4, Map of Artillery Divisions in Northeast France Near Bazeilles, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 5, Color Map of the United States Published in National Geographic Magazine, 1940, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 6, Map of Northeast France Near Verdun, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 7, Map of Meaux, France Near Paris, 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 8, Color Map of the Pacific Ocean Published by National Geographic Magazine, 1936, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 9, Map of Romania Near Focsani Buzau, circa 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 10, Map Detailing Resistance Lines, circa 1917-1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 11, Map of Northern France Near Montfaucon, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 12, Map of Paris, France and Surrounding Area, 1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 13, Map of Sovereignty and Mandate Boundary Lines of the Islands of the Pacific, 1921, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 14, Map of the French Frontier Including Luxenbourg and Bastogne, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 15, Map of French Frontier Including Metz and Pont-a-Mousson, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 16, Bicycle and Car Map of Northeast Paris, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 17, Map of the Lorraine Region of France, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 18, Map of Germany Including Frankfurt and Coblenz, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 19, Map of Germany Including Mainz and Mannheim, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 20, Bicycle and Car Map of Northeast France Including Nancy and Chaumont, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 21, Bicycle and Car Map of Southern France Including Nantes and Angers, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 22, Color Map of France by A. Taride, circa 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 8, Positive Prints--Sam Switzer and Family, circa 1910-1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 9, Positive Prints--Harvard Training Camp, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 10, Positive Prints--Camp Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December-1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 11, Positive Prints--World War I, 1918-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 12, Postcards--Camp Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December-1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 13, Postcards--France--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 14, Postcards--France: Verdun, La Marne--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 15, Postcards--France: Lyon, Paris, Dole, Mont-Roland, Dijon, Langres--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 16, Postcards--France: Marseille--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph of Sameul Leyens Switzer in Uniform on Melamine Plate, circa 1918-1919, Oversize Box 9, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 1, Postcards--France: Beaune, Cote D'Or--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 2, Postcards--Germany: The Rhine--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 3, Postcards--Germany: Metz, Kruft, Coblenz, Andernach--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 4, Postcards--Monaco--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 5, Postcards--Gibraltar, Spain--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 6, Postcards--Rome, Italy--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 7, Postcards--Vicksburg, Miss.--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 18, Memorabilia, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiploma: The Phillips Exeter Academy, 1914 June 22, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDiploma: Harvard University, 1918 June, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCertificate: Harvard University, 1918 June 20, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInternational Dateline Certificate, Pan American World Airways, 1955 November 23, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePiece of Fabric Featuring Stags in the Woods Designed by Rosa Bonheur, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBernhard Dondorf Playing Cards Patience Series, circa 1910, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnited States Flags, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePiece of Floral Textile Kept by Samuel Leyens Switzer, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHarvard Yearbook, 1918, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Canteen, circa 1916-1919, Box 11, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Beret, circa 1916-1919, Box 12, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Legging, circa 1916-1919, Box 13, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Legging, circa 1916-1919, Box 14, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I Steel Helmet, circa 1916-1919, Box 15, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTrip around the World DVD, 1937, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, 1911 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, circa 1911-1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Schooling: Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, 1914 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1914 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1915 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Military Training: Plattsburgh, New York, 1916 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Military Training: Plattsburgh, New York, 1916 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, New York City, 1916 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1916 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, College: Harvard University, Massachusetts, 1917 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Military Training: Harvard's Reserve Unit, 1917 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, Military Training: Leon Springs, Texas, 1917 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 1, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 2, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 3, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 4, Military Training: Douglas, Arizona, 1918 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 5, New York City, 1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 6, Sailing to and Arrival in France, 1918 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 7, World War I: France, 1918 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 8, World War I: France, 1918 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 9, World War I: France, 1918 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 10, World War I: France, 1918 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 2, Folder 11, World War I: France, 1918 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 1, World War I: France, 1918 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 2, Occupation Army: Germany, 1918 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 3, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 4, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 5, Occupation Army: Germany, 1919 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 6, Beaune University: France, 1919 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 7, Beaune University: France, 1919 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 8, Beaune University: France, 1919 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 9, Arrival in America and Discharge from the Army, 1919 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 10, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1919 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 11, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 12, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 13, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1920 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 14, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 15, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 16, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 17, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1921 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 18, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 January, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 19, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 20, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 21, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 23, Vicksburg, Mississippi, April 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 24, Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 25, Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 1923, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 26, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1925 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 27, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1926 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 28, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1927 December, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 29, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 30, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 31, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1928 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 32, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 33, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 March, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 34, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 3, Folder 22, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1922 November, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 1, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 2, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 3, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 September, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 4, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1937 October, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 5, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1957 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 6, Address Books--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 7, National Rehabilitation Association--Switzer Scholars, 1985 May, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 8, Letter Asking for Date with Switzer, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 9, Composition, 1910, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 10, Syllabus and Notes from \"Contemporary International Relations\" Course, 1919 March-June, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 11, Legal Documents--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 12, Lists--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 13, Bulletins/Orders, 1916-1921 August, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 14, Programs, 1910-1928, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 15, Certificates, 1916-1922, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 16, Identification Cards--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 17, Newspaper and Magazine Clippings--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 18, Newspaper and Magazine Clippings Post--World War I, circa 1921-1960, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 19, Newspaper--The Vicksburg Herald (Vicksburg, Mississippi), 1916 May 14, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 20, Newspaper--The Camp News (Plattsburgh, New York), 1916 July 8-August 5, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 21, Newspaper--The Sunday Herald (Boston, Mass.), 1917 May 6, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 22, Newspaper--The Stars and Stripes (Paris, France), 1919 January 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 23, Newspaper--Fourth Corps Flare (Mayen, Germany), 1919 January 25, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 24, List of Officers and Record Book, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 4, Folder 25, Book--Abridged Prayer Book for Jews in the Army and Navy of the United States, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 1, Book--A New World in the Making, 1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 2, A Popular Geography of France, 1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 3, Book--In Flander's Field, circa 1917-1920, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 4, Magazine--Le Pantheon de la Guerre, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 5, Magazine--Mid-Week Pictorial, 1919 September 4, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 6, Journal - The Field Artillery Journal, 1921 March-April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 7, Maps of Germany and France, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 1, Map of the Stand in Northeast France Near Azannes, 1917 November 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 2, Map of Northeast France Near Montmedy, 1916, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 3, Partial Map of a Stand in Eastern France, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 4, Map of Stand in Northeast France Near Mogeville, 1917 November 22, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 5, Map of Northeast France Near Ecurey, 1918 July, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 6, Fleming's Big Map of the Western Front, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 7, Map of Northeast France Near Consenvoye, 1918 February 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 8, Map of France by A. Taride, circa 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 9, Map of Batteries in Ornes, France, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 10, Map of the Stand at Ornes, Frane, 1917 November 17, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 11, Map of Belgium, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 12, Map of Batteries in Northern France Near Cuisy, 1918 March 27, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 13, Map of Reported Fire Squadrons in Northeast France Near Gercourt-et-Drillancourt, 1918 February, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 8, Folder 14, Map of Infantry Positions in Northern France Near Crezancy, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 1, Map of Northern France Near Fere-en-Tardenois, 1918 June 28, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 2, Map of France Near Longuyon, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 3, Map of Batteries in Northeast France Near Fismes, 1918 June 22, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 4, Map of Artillery Divisions in Northeast France Near Bazeilles, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 5, Color Map of the United States Published in National Geographic Magazine, 1940, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 6, Map of Northeast France Near Verdun, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 7, Map of Meaux, France Near Paris, 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 8, Color Map of the Pacific Ocean Published by National Geographic Magazine, 1936, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 9, Map of Romania Near Focsani Buzau, circa 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 10, Map Detailing Resistance Lines, circa 1917-1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 11, Map of Northern France Near Montfaucon, circa 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 12, Map of Paris, France and Surrounding Area, 1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 13, Map of Sovereignty and Mandate Boundary Lines of the Islands of the Pacific, 1921, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 14, Map of the French Frontier Including Luxenbourg and Bastogne, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 15, Map of French Frontier Including Metz and Pont-a-Mousson, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 16, Bicycle and Car Map of Northeast Paris, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 17, Map of the Lorraine Region of France, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 18, Map of Germany Including Frankfurt and Coblenz, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 19, Map of Germany Including Mainz and Mannheim, 1918, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 20, Bicycle and Car Map of Northeast France Including Nancy and Chaumont, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 21, Bicycle and Car Map of Southern France Including Nantes and Angers, undated, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Oversize Box 9, Folder 22, Color Map of France by A. Taride, circa 1912, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 8, Positive Prints--Sam Switzer and Family, circa 1910-1914, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 9, Positive Prints--Harvard Training Camp, 1917, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 10, Positive Prints--Camp Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December-1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 11, Positive Prints--World War I, 1918-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 12, Postcards--Camp Douglas, Arizona, 1917 December-1918 April, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 13, Postcards--France--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 14, Postcards--France: Verdun, La Marne--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 15, Postcards--France: Lyon, Paris, Dole, Mont-Roland, Dijon, Langres--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 5, Folder 16, Postcards--France: Marseille--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Photograph of Sameul Leyens Switzer in Uniform on Melamine Plate, circa 1918-1919, Oversize Box 9, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 1, Postcards--France: Beaune, Cote D'Or--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 2, Postcards--Germany: The Rhine--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 3, Postcards--Germany: Metz, Kruft, Coblenz, Andernach--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 4, Postcards--Monaco--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 5, Postcards--Gibraltar, Spain--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 6, Postcards--Rome, Italy--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 7, Postcards--Vicksburg, Miss.--World War I, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 6, Folder 18, Memorabilia, circa 1917-1919, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Diploma: The Phillips Exeter Academy, 1914 June 22, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Diploma: Harvard University, 1918 June, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Certificate: Harvard University, 1918 June 20, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","International Dateline Certificate, Pan American World Airways, 1955 November 23, Oversize Box 7, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Piece of Fabric Featuring Stags in the Woods Designed by Rosa Bonheur, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Bernhard Dondorf Playing Cards Patience Series, circa 1910, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","United States Flags, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Piece of Floral Textile Kept by Samuel Leyens Switzer, circa 1917-1919, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Harvard Yearbook, 1918, Oversize Box 10, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I Canteen, circa 1916-1919, Box 11, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I Beret, circa 1916-1919, Box 12, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I Legging, circa 1916-1919, Box 13, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I Legging, circa 1916-1919, Box 14, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","World War I Steel Helmet, circa 1916-1919, Box 15, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","Trip around the World DVD, 1937, Samuel Leyens Switzer Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains the correspondence, publications, photographs, maps, and memorability of Samuel Leyens Switzer, a soldier who fought in World War I as well as a merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The bulk of the material details Switzer's time as a Lieutenant in World War I. Some of the highlights of the collector include letters chronically the daily life of soldiers, photographs of Switzer and fellow officers, and maps containing detailed battle positions and troop movements.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains letters to and from Switzer from his days as a student at Exeter and Harvard University, to his time as a soldier in World War I, and as a dry goods merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi after the War. The bulk of the letters, written mostly to family members, describe the daily life of being a soldier, first as a member of the Harvard University ROTC, and then as a Lieutenant on the front lines in France and Germany. Of particular note is a letter describing the calm after the armistice in November 1918. The series is arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter dated 1918 December 26 talks about influenza while Switzer was stationed in Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes an early composition of young Sam Switzer, as well as the syllabus and class notes from a course in Contemporary International Relations. He took this course at the American University in Beaune, France, from March to June in 1919.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains legal documents, publications, newspaper and magazine clippings, and books, among others. Most of the series contains information about military affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains maps of Europe, mostly during the World War I era, and are in French or German. 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Postcards are filed by country and city. The countries represented include France, Germany, Monaco, Spain, and Italy. Postcard packets of the destruction at Verdun and La Marne are also part of the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series consists of various items such as Switzer's diploma and certificate from Harvard, his diploma from Exeter academy, and his International Dateline certificate from Pan American World Airways.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe series number for the cards is 27. The cards are approximately 2\" x 2\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThree United States flags kept by Samuel Leyens Switzer while station in France during World War I. One of the flags is torn. These flags were pulled from Series 1, Box 2, Folder 4: Correspondence, September 1918.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCanteen used by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBeret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLegging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLegging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSteel helmet worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne DVD digitized from the original 8mm film of Sam Switzer's trip around Europe.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains the correspondence, publications, photographs, maps, and memorability of Samuel Leyens Switzer, a soldier who fought in World War I as well as a merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The bulk of the material details Switzer's time as a Lieutenant in World War I. Some of the highlights of the collector include letters chronically the daily life of soldiers, photographs of Switzer and fellow officers, and maps containing detailed battle positions and troop movements.","This series contains letters to and from Switzer from his days as a student at Exeter and Harvard University, to his time as a soldier in World War I, and as a dry goods merchant in Vicksburg, Mississippi after the War. The bulk of the letters, written mostly to family members, describe the daily life of being a soldier, first as a member of the Harvard University ROTC, and then as a Lieutenant on the front lines in France and Germany. Of particular note is a letter describing the calm after the armistice in November 1918. The series is arranged in chronological order.","Letter dated 1918 December 26 talks about influenza while Switzer was stationed in Germany.","This series includes an early composition of young Sam Switzer, as well as the syllabus and class notes from a course in Contemporary International Relations. He took this course at the American University in Beaune, France, from March to June in 1919.","This series contains legal documents, publications, newspaper and magazine clippings, and books, among others. Most of the series contains information about military affairs.","This series contains maps of Europe, mostly during the World War I era, and are in French or German. Several maps detail battle positions and troop movements in France and Germany during World War I.","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German","Written in French. 2 copies","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French and German","Written in German","Written in French","Written in German","Written in German. 2 copies","Written in German","Publsihed by National Geographic Magazine","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","Written in French","This series includes photographic prints and postcards, mostly from the World War I period. Postcards are filed by country and city. The countries represented include France, Germany, Monaco, Spain, and Italy. Postcard packets of the destruction at Verdun and La Marne are also part of the series.","This series consists of various items such as Switzer's diploma and certificate from Harvard, his diploma from Exeter academy, and his International Dateline certificate from Pan American World Airways.","The series number for the cards is 27. The cards are approximately 2\" x 2\".","Three United States flags kept by Samuel Leyens Switzer while station in France during World War I. One of the flags is torn. These flags were pulled from Series 1, Box 2, Folder 4: Correspondence, September 1918.","Canteen used by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Beret worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Legging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Legging worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","Steel helmet worn by Switzer during his tenure in the United States Army during World War I.","One DVD digitized from the original 8mm film of Sam Switzer's trip around Europe."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6ad1a9471c9725dacc79b3cc295c4bbf\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eDepartment store owner in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Includes correspondence, literary productions, legal documents, newspaper and magazine clippings, maps, memorabilia and photographs. Collection documents his service as an artillery officer in World War I. Of note are maps of Europe detailing battle positions and troop movements in World War I.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Department store owner in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Includes correspondence, literary productions, legal documents, newspaper and magazine clippings, maps, memorabilia and photographs. Collection documents his service as an artillery officer in World War I. Of note are maps of Europe detailing battle positions and troop movements in World War I."],"names_coll_ssim":["Harvard University","Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Harvard University","Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Harvard University"],"persname_ssim":["Switzer, Samuel Leyens (1896-1960)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":199,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T19:58:23.821Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_189_c06_c05_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":226},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":3371},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Colonial Williamsburg","value":"Colonial Williamsburg","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Colonial+Williamsburg\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","value":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","hits":23},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Edgar+Cayce+Foundation\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fairfax County Public Library","value":"Fairfax County Public Library","hits":18},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Fairfax+County+Public+Library\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":619},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":75},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":889},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Library of Virginia","value":"Library of Virginia","hits":16},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Library+of+Virginia\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":106},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University\u0026view=compact"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":548},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University\u0026view=compact"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1919\u0026view=compact"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. 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