{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1916\u0026page=2102\u0026view=compact","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1916\u0026page=2101\u0026view=compact","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1916\u0026page=2103\u0026view=compact","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1916\u0026page=2106\u0026view=compact"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":2102,"next_page":2103,"prev_page":2101,"total_pages":2106,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":21010,"total_count":21055,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31"],"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02","parent_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers","Personal Material"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers","Personal Material"],"text":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers","Personal Material","Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School","box 15"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School","title_ssm":["Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School"],"title_tesim":["Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1916"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1916"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbook: Jennie Ellett's School"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":107,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open for use without restrictions."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1916],"containers_ssim":["box 15"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#30","timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:39:44.631Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","_root_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_5_resources_117","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_5_resources_117.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-cab/vircu00042.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Bocock, Elisabeth Scott, papers","title_ssm":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers"],"title_tesim":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1928-1985"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1928-1985"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["M 260","/repositories/5/resources/117"],"text":["M 260","/repositories/5/resources/117","Elisabeth Scott Bocock papers","Women civic leaders -- Virginia -- Richmond","Historic preservation -- Virginia -- Richmond","Collection is open for use without restrictions.","Materials arranged alphabetically and chronologically therein. Series I--Issues and Organizations (n.d. 1936-1985)Series II-- Personal Material (1928-1985)Series III--Oversized Material [architectural drawings] (n.d., 1902-1980)Series IV: Serials (1979-1984)Series V--Photographs","Elisabeth Scott Bocock (1901-1985) was born in Richmond to Mr. and Mrs. Frederic Scott in 1901. A few years later the Scotts built a home at 909 West Franklin Street, a house Mrs. Bocock was to share with the Junior League's Senior Center and later with Virginia Commonwealth University, which used the front of the house first as dormitory space and then for administrative offices.Mrs. Bocock attended Jennie Ellett's School in Richmond and graduated from St. Timothy's School in Catonsville, Maryland. In 1928 she married John Holmes Bocock, a Richmond lawyer. Shortly after his death in 1958, Mrs. Bocock began coursework at the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women. Over the next ten years she attended several other schools, including Mary Baldwin College and the University of Virginia, before receiving a liberal arts degree from Virginia Commonwealth University. During her lifetime she was recognized by VCU, the Junior League, and the Federated Arts Council for her commitment to the city, its people, and its culture. Mrs. Bocock herself lent her energies and talents to a variety of causes. She was a founder of the Richmond Symphony, the William Byrd Branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the Historic Richmond Foundation, the Early Virginia Vehicular Museum, the Hand Workshop, and Richmond-on-the-James. Most prominent were her efforts to preserve Richmond's architecture and historic character. Through her volunteering, her financial contributions, and the individual restorations which she herself undertook, she was largely responsible for setting in motion the city's agenda for historic preservation. In keeping with her interest in Richmond's past, she collected some 60 horse-drawn carriages which comprised a lendable Vehicular Museum until she gave them to Maymont Foundation in 1977. At her death in 1985 she was busy promoting the downtown revival of a distinctively Richmond vehicle, the electric trolley.","The collection contains personal correspondence, diaries, articles, and scrapbooks; architectural plans; and correspondence, minutes, and other information pertaining to organizations that promote historic preservation, the arts, conservation, and the city of Richmond. Nearly all of the material dates from 1958 onward, with the bulk of the collection dating from the 1970's. Several issues of Revitalization News and Historic Richmond Foundation News have been integrated into the Special Collections' Serials and University publications. The entire series of photographs has been removed and may be found in Box 20 of University Photographs RG60.","There are no restrictions.","VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Virginia Commonwealth University -- Alumni and alumnae","Bocock, Elisabeth Scott, 1901-1985","English \n.    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Series I--Issues and Organizations (n.d. 1936-1985)Series II-- Personal Material (1928-1985)Series III--Oversized Material [architectural drawings] (n.d., 1902-1980)Series IV: Serials (1979-1984)Series V--Photographs\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Materials arranged alphabetically and chronologically therein. Series I--Issues and Organizations (n.d. 1936-1985)Series II-- Personal Material (1928-1985)Series III--Oversized Material [architectural drawings] (n.d., 1902-1980)Series IV: Serials (1979-1984)Series V--Photographs"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eElisabeth Scott Bocock (1901-1985) was born in Richmond to Mr. and Mrs. Frederic Scott in 1901. A few years later the Scotts built a home at 909 West Franklin Street, a house Mrs. Bocock was to share with the Junior League's Senior Center and later with Virginia Commonwealth University, which used the front of the house first as dormitory space and then for administrative offices.Mrs. Bocock attended Jennie Ellett's School in Richmond and graduated from St. Timothy's School in Catonsville, Maryland. In 1928 she married John Holmes Bocock, a Richmond lawyer. Shortly after his death in 1958, Mrs. Bocock began coursework at the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women. Over the next ten years she attended several other schools, including Mary Baldwin College and the University of Virginia, before receiving a liberal arts degree from Virginia Commonwealth University. During her lifetime she was recognized by VCU, the Junior League, and the Federated Arts Council for her commitment to the city, its people, and its culture. Mrs. Bocock herself lent her energies and talents to a variety of causes. She was a founder of the Richmond Symphony, the William Byrd Branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the Historic Richmond Foundation, the Early Virginia Vehicular Museum, the Hand Workshop, and Richmond-on-the-James. Most prominent were her efforts to preserve Richmond's architecture and historic character. Through her volunteering, her financial contributions, and the individual restorations which she herself undertook, she was largely responsible for setting in motion the city's agenda for historic preservation. In keeping with her interest in Richmond's past, she collected some 60 horse-drawn carriages which comprised a lendable Vehicular Museum until she gave them to Maymont Foundation in 1977. At her death in 1985 she was busy promoting the downtown revival of a distinctively Richmond vehicle, the electric trolley.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Elisabeth Scott Bocock (1901-1985) was born in Richmond to Mr. and Mrs. Frederic Scott in 1901. A few years later the Scotts built a home at 909 West Franklin Street, a house Mrs. Bocock was to share with the Junior League's Senior Center and later with Virginia Commonwealth University, which used the front of the house first as dormitory space and then for administrative offices.Mrs. Bocock attended Jennie Ellett's School in Richmond and graduated from St. Timothy's School in Catonsville, Maryland. In 1928 she married John Holmes Bocock, a Richmond lawyer. Shortly after his death in 1958, Mrs. Bocock began coursework at the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women. Over the next ten years she attended several other schools, including Mary Baldwin College and the University of Virginia, before receiving a liberal arts degree from Virginia Commonwealth University. During her lifetime she was recognized by VCU, the Junior League, and the Federated Arts Council for her commitment to the city, its people, and its culture. Mrs. Bocock herself lent her energies and talents to a variety of causes. She was a founder of the Richmond Symphony, the William Byrd Branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the Historic Richmond Foundation, the Early Virginia Vehicular Museum, the Hand Workshop, and Richmond-on-the-James. Most prominent were her efforts to preserve Richmond's architecture and historic character. Through her volunteering, her financial contributions, and the individual restorations which she herself undertook, she was largely responsible for setting in motion the city's agenda for historic preservation. In keeping with her interest in Richmond's past, she collected some 60 horse-drawn carriages which comprised a lendable Vehicular Museum until she gave them to Maymont Foundation in 1977. At her death in 1985 she was busy promoting the downtown revival of a distinctively Richmond vehicle, the electric trolley."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBox/folder, Elisabeth Scott Bocock Papers, M 260, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Box/folder, Elisabeth Scott Bocock Papers, M 260, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection contains personal correspondence, diaries, articles, and scrapbooks; architectural plans; and correspondence, minutes, and other information pertaining to organizations that promote historic preservation, the arts, conservation, and the city of Richmond. Nearly all of the material dates from 1958 onward, with the bulk of the collection dating from the 1970's. Several issues of Revitalization News and Historic Richmond Foundation News have been integrated into the Special Collections' Serials and University publications. The entire series of photographs has been removed and may be found in Box 20 of University Photographs RG60.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection contains personal correspondence, diaries, articles, and scrapbooks; architectural plans; and correspondence, minutes, and other information pertaining to organizations that promote historic preservation, the arts, conservation, and the city of Richmond. Nearly all of the material dates from 1958 onward, with the bulk of the collection dating from the 1970's. Several issues of Revitalization News and Historic Richmond Foundation News have been integrated into the Special Collections' Serials and University publications. The entire series of photographs has been removed and may be found in Box 20 of University Photographs RG60."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University -- Alumni and alumnae","Bocock, Elisabeth Scott, 1901-1985"],"names_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Virginia Commonwealth University -- Alumni and alumnae","Bocock, Elisabeth Scott, 1901-1985"],"corpname_ssim":["VCU James Branch Cabell Library","Virginia Commonwealth University -- Alumni and alumnae"],"persname_ssim":["Bocock, Elisabeth Scott, 1901-1985"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":159,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T04:39:44.631Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_5_resources_117_c02_c31"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearbooks","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02","parent_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Yearbooks"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Yearbooks"],"text":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Yearbooks","Yearbooks","box 4","folder 2"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks","title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1912-1985"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1912/1985"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"collection_ssim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":27,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"date_range_isim":[1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985],"containers_ssim":["box 4","folder 2"],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#0","timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:19:11.086Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_414.xml","title_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"title_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-2016"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414"],"text":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414","National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.","Minutes, 1895-2011 Yearbooks, 1912-2015 Subject Files, 1897-2016 Scrapbooks, 1922-1981","In the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.","It has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens.","Acid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001 .","The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","Series 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.","Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.","Series 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. ","The majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. ","Another portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.","Series 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul).","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414"],"normalized_title_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"collection_ssim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was placed on deposit by contract signed by Mrs. Mildred Onsgard, Regent, on November 6, 1985; additions through 2016. The collection was officially donated to Special Collections in April 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.56 cubic feet 10 Boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.56 cubic feet 10 Boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMinutes, 1895-2011\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eYearbooks, 1912-2015\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubject Files, 1897-2016\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eScrapbooks, 1922-1981\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.","Minutes, 1895-2011 Yearbooks, 1912-2015 Subject Files, 1897-2016 Scrapbooks, 1922-1981"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.","It has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, SC 0076, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, SC 0076, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","Series 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.","Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.","Series 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. ","The majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. ","Another portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.","Series 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_86ae076860205b41afc4eb37f848a434\"\u003eThe National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":80,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:19:11.086Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02_c01"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02","type":"Series","attributes":{"title":"Yearbooks","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. 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Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","parent_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_414"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"text":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Yearbooks","English","Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included."],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearbooks","title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"title_tesim":["Yearbooks"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1912-2015"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1912/2015"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearbooks"],"component_level_isim":[1],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"collection_ssim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":3,"level_ssm":["Series"],"level_ssim":["Series"],"sort_isi":26,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"date_range_isim":[1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015],"language_ssim":["English"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included."],"_nest_path_":"/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:19:11.086Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_414","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_414.xml","title_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"title_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1895-2016"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1895-2016"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414"],"text":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414","National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records","Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.","Minutes, 1895-2011 Yearbooks, 1912-2015 Subject Files, 1897-2016 Scrapbooks, 1922-1981","In the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.","It has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens.","Acid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001 .","The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","Series 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.","Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.","Series 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. ","The majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. ","Another portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.","Series 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul).","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0076","/repositories/4/resources/414"],"normalized_title_ssm":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"collection_ssim":["National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"creator_ssm":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Genealogy","Virginia -- Emigration and immigration","Rockingham County (Va.) -- Genealogy","United States -- Centennial celebrations, etc.","United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783","United States -- Genealogy"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The collection was placed on deposit by contract signed by Mrs. Mildred Onsgard, Regent, on November 6, 1985; additions through 2016. The collection was officially donated to Special Collections in April 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Soldiers -- Virginia -- Rockingham County -- Register","Soldiers -- Virginia -- Biography","Soldiers -- United States -- Registers","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Taverns (Inns) -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","Historic buildings -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","Cemeteries -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","American essays","Flag Day","Festivals -- United States","Holidays -- United States","Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.56 cubic feet 10 Boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.56 cubic feet 10 Boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Minutes (administrative records)","Yearbooks","Letters (correspondence)","Scrapbooks"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eMinutes, 1895-2011\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eYearbooks, 1912-2015\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eSubject Files, 1897-2016\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eScrapbooks, 1922-1981\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1, Series 2, and Series 4 are arranged chronologically. Series 3 is arranged alphabetically by subject.","Minutes, 1895-2011 Yearbooks, 1912-2015 Subject Files, 1897-2016 Scrapbooks, 1922-1981"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIt has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["In the summer of 1895, a group of prominent Harrisonburg and Rockingham County women met to form a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). The group was organized and chartered as the Massanutton Chapter in 1897, with Mrs. John Paul as Regent. The name \"Massanutton\" and its spelling have been a topic of interest on several occasions through the years.","It has been an active chapter, participating and often initiation public celebrations of such annual patriotic remembrances as Flag Day, George Washington's Birthday, and Constitution Week. The chapter contributed to several national war efforts over the decades, as well as to local endeavors such as equipping a room in the Hospital. It has placed several historical markers in the area, and sponsors programs and essay contests in local schools to stimulate an appreciation for American history. In the 1960s and 70s, members compiled several lists of otherwise unnoted county graveyards (A Record of Burial Places in Rockingham County, Va.; Church and Family Cemeteries, Eastern Section, Rockingham County, Va.); produced a unique list of inns titled Ordinaries of Rockingham County and Harrisonburg, Va. 1778-1855; and compiled Revolutionary Soldiers, Rockingham County, Va. These works were sent to the Virginia State Library. Also in recent years, the chapter has held a ceremony after naturalization proceedings to welcome new citizens."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, SC 0076, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of Item], [box #, folder #], National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, SC 0076, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017. \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThis collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acid-free interleaving paper was used extensively in minute books to buffer text from newspaper clippings; archival tape was used to mount loose clippings on bond paper; and the most brittle single sheets were placed into Mylar sleeves. In order to streamline the process of applying collection numbers, Special Collections staff completed a large-scale renumbering campaign in the spring of 2017.  This collection was previously cataloged as SC 2001 ."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAnother portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul).\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1897-2016, consist of ten boxes, approximately 3.56 cubic feet. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject Files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.","Series 1: Minutes, 1895-2011 consists of minute books and loose minutes spanning 1895-2011. The minutes are notations of regular meetings of the Massanutton chapter of the NSDAR. The minutes initially are stored in specific bound notebooks through the 1967-1981 book. Beginning with the 1979-1983, the minutes are written or printed on loose forms of paper rather than being bound. This continues until the end of the series.","Series 2: Yearbooks, 1912-2015 contains yearbooks of the Massanutton NSDAR from 1912-2015 (with gaps). The yearbooks contains names, information, and occasionally portraits of members of the Massanutton chapter. Current chapter, state, and national administrator information is included preceding standard chapter members. The yearbooks also contain up-to-date bylaws and general information on the chapter. Also included are songs important to the organizations, creeds, and pledges that are important for members to know. Historical information on charter members as well as former chapter regents are also included.","Series 3, Subject files, 1897-2016, contains a wide variety of materials, documenting the activities of the chapter. ","The majority of the files represent events and efforts of the Massanutton chapter. Such files include the Cenennial Postage Stamp project in which the Massanutton chapter developed an official postage stamp with the United States Postal Service to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Another example of such public efforts is the restoration of the Lincoln Cemetery in 2010-2016. \nSome files included are administrative in nature, such as awards given by and received by the Massanutton chapter, chapter history, event programs, and regent reports and letters on chapter goals and achievements. ","Another portion of the series is composed of miscellaneous general files originating from the national administration of the NSDAR that were in the possession of the Massanutton chapter. These files include pamphlets and informational mailings spanning 1950-2015.","Series 4: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1897-1981 contains four scrapbooks of clippings and notes related to the Massanutton chapter. Also included in the series is a commemorative ceramic plate honoring the 75th anniversary of the founding of the NSDAR. The plate bears the logo of the organization and was created by J. E. Caldwell Co. in Philadelphia, PA. The official NSDAR Massanutton Chapter charter is also included in the series, dating back to the chapter's founding in 1897. Also in the series is an undated portrait of a NSDAR member Katherine Seymore Green (Mrs. K. Paul)."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_86ae076860205b41afc4eb37f848a434\"\u003eThe National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Massanutton Chapter Records, 1895-2016, consist of ten boxes. It consists of the official papers of the chapter and has been arranged into four series: Minutes, Yearbooks, Subject files, and Scrapbooks and Ephemera."],"names_coll_ssim":["United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)","Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Daughters of the American Revolution. Massanutton Chapter (Harrisonburg, Va.)","United States (Title of work: Constitution.)"],"persname_ssim":["Washington, George, 1732-1799"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":80,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:19:11.086Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_414_c02"}},{"id":"vifgm_standrewssociety_c121","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yearly Schedule,","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_standrewssociety_c121#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_standrewssociety_c121#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vifgm_standrewssociety_c121","ref_ssm":["vifgm_standrewssociety_c121"],"id":"vifgm_standrewssociety_c121","ead_ssi":"vifgm_standrewssociety","_root_":"vifgm_standrewssociety","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_standrewssociety","parent_ssi":"vifgm_standrewssociety","parent_ssim":["vifgm_standrewssociety"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vifgm_standrewssociety"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"text":["Saint Andrew's Society collection","Yearly Schedule,","Box 3","Folder 31",""],"title_filing_ssi":"Yearly Schedule, \n","title_ssm":["Yearly Schedule,"],"title_tesim":["Yearly Schedule,"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["February 1, 1993 - January 29, 1194\n"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1194/1993"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yearly 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3","Folder 31"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp/\u003e"],"scopecontent_tesim":[""],"_nest_path_":"/components#120","timestamp":"2026-05-21T06:25:23.142Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_standrewssociety","ead_ssi":"vifgm_standrewssociety","_root_":"vifgm_standrewssociety","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_standrewssociety","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/gmu/standrewssociety.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://sca.gmu.edu/finging_aids/saintandrews.html","title_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"title_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1995"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1861-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0085"],"text":["C0085","Saint Andrew's Society collection","Account books.","Newsletters.","Collection is open to research.","Organized by record type and chronologically.","The Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent.","The Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair.","The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788.","Processing completed \nby Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the               \n","This collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society. 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3","Folder 31"],"_nest_path_":"/components#120","timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:36:53.241Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","ead_ssi":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_root_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","_nest_parent_":"vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/GMU/repositories_2_resources_582.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Saint Andrew's Society collection","title_ssm":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"title_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1995"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1995"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["C0085","/repositories/2/resources/582"],"text":["C0085","/repositories/2/resources/582","Saint Andrew's Society collection","Scotland","Washington (D.C.)","Account books","Newsletters","Clans -- Scotland","Photographs","Correspondence","There are no access restrictions.","Organized by record type and chronologically.","The Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent."," The Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair."," The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788.","Processing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018.","Special Collections Research Center also holds the ","This collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956.","Pins used in book","The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)","This collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Saint Andrew's Society along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956.","George Mason University. Libraries. 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Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C., is a charitable cultural organization for men of Scottish birth or ancestry that works to continue Scottish traditions and culture, promote social activities among its members, and to provide financial assistance to people of Scottish descent."," The Society sponsors a series of annual events that are open to the public, including the Burns Nicht Dinner (January), Winter Ceilidh (February), Kirkin' o' the Tartan at the National Cathedral (April), Tartan Ball (November), and the Alexandria Scottish Christmas Walk (December). Its members also take part in a number of affiliated events, including the National Tartan Day activities, the Virginia Scottish Games, and the Alexandria Scottish Heritage Fair."," The Saint Andrew's Society was officially founded in 1855 and incorporated in 1908. It succeeds the previous Saint Andrew's society in the Alexandria area of Virginia which had its first documented assembly in 1788."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSaint Andrew's Society collection, C0085, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Saint Andrew's Society collection, C0085, Special Collections Research Center, George Mason University Libraries."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processing completed by Amy Blake in September 2018. EAD markup completed by Amy Blake in September 2018."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSpecial Collections Research Center also holds the \u003cextptr href=\"https://wrlc-gm.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,St.%20Andrew%27s%20Society%20of%20Washington,%20D.C.%20Collection.\u0026amp;tab=Everything\u0026amp;search_scope=MyInst_and_CI\u0026amp;vid=01WRLC_GML:01WRLC_GML\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20rare,1\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20faca,1\u0026amp;mfacet=location_code,include,4105%E2%80%9313707590004105%E2%80%93scrc%20arc,1\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;offset=0\u0026amp;conVoc=false\" title=\"Saint Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C. rare book collection.\" show=\"new\"\u003e\u003c/extptr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Material"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Special Collections Research Center also holds the "],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePins used in book\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains books on Scotland and Scottish clans, and records of the Saint Andrew's Society. Records include newsletters, letters, photographs, pamphlets, schedules, meeting minutes, and ledgers documenting financial transactions between 1861-1956.","Pins used in book"],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright and related rights status of this collection have not been evaluated. (See http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/)"],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_ref3\"\u003eThis collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Saint Andrew's Society along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains records of the Saint Andrew's Society and books on Scotland and Scottish Clans. Records include newsletters, letters and pamphlets about the ongoings of the Saint Andrew's Society along with ledgers documenting the society's financial transactions during the period of 1861-1956."],"names_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"corpname_ssim":["George Mason University. Libraries. Special Collections Research Center","St. Andrew's Society of Washington, D.C"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":166,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-24T23:36:53.241Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vifgm_repositories_2_resources_582_c121"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yellow bedroom","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01","parent_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","Series 1. Buildings"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","Series 1. Buildings"],"text":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","Series 1. Buildings","Yellow bedroom","box 11","folder 9"],"title_filing_ssi":"Yellow bedroom","title_ssm":["Yellow bedroom"],"title_tesim":["Yellow bedroom"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1791-1982"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1791/1982"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yellow bedroom"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":358,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes."],"date_range_isim":[1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982],"containers_ssim":["box 11","folder 9"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#356","timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_2_resources_21.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","title_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"title_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"unitdate_ssm":["1750s-2005","1860s-2005"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1750s-2005","1860s-2005"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21"],"text":["A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21","Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.","The collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports","Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"","Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.","MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports","This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005.","Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A.RST","/repositories/2/resources/21"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"collection_title_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"collection_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14 Cubic Feet 13 cartons, 2 Hollinger boxes"],"extent_tesim":["14 Cubic Feet 13 cartons, 2 Hollinger boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1750,1751,1752,1753,1754,1755,1756,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762,1763,1764,1765,1766,1767,1768,1769,1770,1771,1772,1773,1774,1775,1776,1777,1778,1779,1780,1781,1782,1783,1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\""],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005."],"names_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"corpname_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":478,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c357"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1180.xml","title_ssm":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"title_tesim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1886-1910, 1915-1920, 1926-1930, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1886-1910, 1915-1920, 1926-1930, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.033"],"text":["Ms.1940.033","Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection","Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Collection is open to research.","Images available online .","The Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. ","The resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. ","Easy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. ","With the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. ","The original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. ","The guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024.","The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.","Series I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. ","Series II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. ","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.033"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["A portion of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection was informally donated to Newman Library in 1940. The rest of the collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca actuate=\"onrequest\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Appalachia/Ms1940_033\"\u003eImages available online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Images available online ."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEasy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. ","The resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. ","Easy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. ","With the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. ","The original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection, Ms1940-033, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection, Ms1940-033, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.","Series I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. ","Series II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproductions and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8837228da2d34079d09a8c420abc0640\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:36:07.359Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1180.xml","title_ssm":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"title_tesim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1886-1910, 1915-1920, 1926-1930, n.d."],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1886-1910, 1915-1920, 1926-1930, n.d."],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.033"],"text":["Ms.1940.033","Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection","Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Collection is open to research.","Images available online .","The Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. ","The resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. ","Easy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. ","With the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. ","The original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. ","The guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024.","The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.","Series I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. ","Series II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. ","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.033"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"collection_ssim":["Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["A portion of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection was informally donated to Newman Library in 1940. The rest of the collection was donated to Special Collections and University Archives in 2016."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Montgomery County (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3 Cubic Feet 6 boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003ca actuate=\"onrequest\" show=\"new\" href=\"http://digitalsc.lib.vt.edu/Appalachia/Ms1940_033\"\u003eImages available online\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Images available online ."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eEasy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWith the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs resort, located between the towns of Blacksburg and Christiansburg, Virginia, commenced operation as a health spa in 1810, when David and Nancy Robinson hired Charles Taylor to construct cabins and a sixty-room hotel on their family's property. Known initially as Yellow Springs, the resort benefited from a popular belief in the restorative powers of mineral waters and catered to a new leisure class seeking healthy and entertaining diversions. In doing so, the resort joined such other nearby establishments as the Greenbrier White, Old Sweet, and Montgomery White Sulphur Springs. ","The resort passed through a series of owners (Charles Taylor, 1812; Armistead Forrest, 1842; Foulkes, Gardner and Edmundson, 1853; John and James Wade, 1871) throughout the nineteenth century. In 1852, the resort's name was changed to Yellow Sulphur Springs. The Yellow closed during the Civil War, but re-opened in 1868 to heightened popularity. A second, larger hotel was built in 1871, but was destroyed by fire in 1873. In 1886, Ridgeway Holt acquired the property; he rebuilt the second hotel in 1888. ","Easy access to the nearby Virginia-Tennessee Railroad ensured the springs' success. Though not one of the larger spas, the resort could house as many as 400 guests in its hotel and adjacent cottages. Offering such amenities as a ballroom, a billiard room, a bowling alley, and a gazebo, the resort attracted visitors from throughout the United States and several foreign countries. Former Confederate generals Jubal Early and P. G. T. Beauregard each had rooms permanently reserved for their stays. The hotel became a favorite place for students at Virginia Agricultural and Mechanics College (later Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) after the college's founding in 1872. ","With the advent of the automobile and scientific skepticism of the value of spring baths, however, the popularity of such resorts began to decline by the early twentieth century. The economic panic of 1893 hastened the resort's decline. In 1914, the resort was bought by W.S. Carroll of Lynchburg, who sold it again to W.E. Hazlewood in 1915. Hazlewood owned and operated the resort until about 1923. Many histories report this as the year the resort closed for good, but the property was purchased by a group of African American businessmen from Roanoke, VA in 1926. They reopened the resort the same year and operated it until about 1929. The resort property was reportedly sold by auction in 1929. They operated under the name \"Yellow Sulphur Springs, Inc.\" or \"Yellow Sulphur Springs Company.\" In 1929, after purchasing the property, Charles A. Crumpacker sold much of the personal belongings on the grounds, such as furniture and art. During the Great Depression, the Virginia Transit Bureau leased the resort as a camp for transients, who engaged in restoring the buildings and grounds. In 1943, Charlsie Crumpacker inherited the resort, working on restoring it for 50 years until her death in 1994. ","The original hotel and several other buildings remain standing today (2004), having been placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The buildings have been partially restored, and a guest house and healing arts studio now operate there. "],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection, Ms1940-033, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection, Ms1940-033, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement and description of the Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection commenced and was completed in April 2004. Further processing, arrangement, and description was completed in November 2024."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923. The collection is separated into two series.","Series I: Bound Books, 1886-1930. This series contains all bound materials, including guest registers and ledgers, which include the names of guests, their place of residence, the time of their arrival, and their room numbers. While the resort played host to guests from all areas of the United States--and a few from foreign countries--a number of guests were local residents. Some register pages feature advertisements for a variety of businesses in Lynchburg, Virginia. The registers span multiple hotel owners and operators, including records from 1886 through 1910, 1915 through 1918, and 1926 through 1930. ","Series II: Loose Materials, 1917-1920. This series consists of paper-based materials that have not been bound. All materials in this series are connected to W.E. Hazlewood's time as owner and proprietor of the resort. These papers are largely made up of guest correspondence. Guests would write to the hotel after seeing ads in local newspapers to enquire about rates or reserve a room or cottage. They also include business correspondence such as order forms for supplies or correspondence with potential employees. Also included in the loose materials is personal correspondence between family members. "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproductions and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_8837228da2d34079d09a8c420abc0640\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Yellow Sulphur Springs Hotel Collection is made up of materials related to the Yellow Sulphur Springs resort located near Blacksburg, Virginia. It contains ledgers and guest lists, correspondence with patrons and employees, and personal correspondence related to W.E. Hazlewood, owner and proprietor of the resort from 1915 to about 1923."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:36:07.359Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1180"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880_c02_c805","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Yingling Auto Works vs. W.W. 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The papers concern a broad range of political, social, financial, and legal topics, particularly focusing on J. Hammond Siler, Jr., his parents, J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and Jessie Castleman Siler (residents of the Town of Bath better known as Berkeley Springs). Also includes correspondence and other papers from related families. Subjects include banking, the Civil War, the Episcopal church, secession of Virginia, Virginia Loyalty Oath, women's diaries, and women's letters and papers. A notable item in the collection is the diary of Anne Doyne Wolff Strother, wife of artist and writer David Hunter Strother, documenting a trip with husband and daughter Emily to New Orleans in 1857 (S2/Box 67, folder 1a).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries include:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. J. Hammond Siler, Jr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S1/Box 1-S1/Box 50\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. J. Hammond Siler, Sr. (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S2/Box 1-S2/Box 89\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Jessie Castleman Siler (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S3/Box 1-S3/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. A.C. Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes the personal and business papers and correspondence of J. Hammond Siler, Jr. and his career with the Federal Bank Reserve of Richmond, VA. 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Hammond (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S4/Box 1-S4/Box 4 \nSeries 5. Ann R. Castleman (ca. 1848-1968), boxes S5/Box 1-S5/Box 2 \nSeries 6. Photographs (ca. 1848-1968), box S6/Box 1 \nSeries 7. Wrapped Packages (ca. 1848-1968), Wrapped Packages 1-26 \nSeries 8. Oversize Material (ca. 1848-1968), box S8/Box 1","This series includes the personal and business papers and correspondence of J. Hammond Siler, Jr. and his career with the Federal Bank Reserve of Richmond, VA. Also included are records of various regional and national banking conferences and assorted printed material.","This series includes the personal and legal correspondence and papers of J. Hammond Siler, Sr. and his career as a lawyer in West Virginia. Also included are assorted deeds, ledgers, and pamphlets on various legal and religious topics.","This series includes the personal correspondence of Jessie Castleman Siler, wife of J. Hammond Siler, Sr. Also included is material regarding the Red Cross.","This series includes the personal correspondence of A.C. Hammond. Also included are material regarding Hammond's finances and assorted legal papers.","This series includes the personal correspondence and financial papers of Ann R. Castleman. Also includes the correspondence of other members of the Castleman family and genealogical material for the Hammond, Castleman, and Siler families.","This series includes assorted photographs of the Siler family.","This series includes ledgers for the Hammond \u0026 Siler and John T. Siler \u0026 Son businesses, assorted account books, and family bibles.","This series consists of assorted oversize material, including blueprints, children's books, and sheet music."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_172a403f6611d4a5931c460b0b7692df\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company","Campbell family","Castleman family - Genealogy","Hammond family - Genealogy","Humphries family - Genealogy","Isler family - Genealogy","Shepard family - Genealogy","Seller family - Genealogy","Seiler family","Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company","Seiler family","Campbell family","Castleman family - Genealogy","Hammond family - Genealogy","Humphries family - Genealogy","Isler family - Genealogy","Shepard family - Genealogy","Seller family - Genealogy","Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Institute of Banking","Baltimore Trust Company","Bull and Bear Club","Citizens Trust and Guaranty Company of West Virginia - Bonds.","Emerald Shillelagh Chowder and Marching Society, Inc.","Hammond and Siler General Store.","Virginia. General Assembly. House of Delegates","Montgomery Ward","American Red Cross","Sears, Roebuck and Company","Steel - Hancock Steel Company.","Great Cacapon Silica Sand Company"],"famname_ssim":["Seiler family","Campbell family","Castleman family - Genealogy","Hammond family - Genealogy","Humphries family - Genealogy","Isler family - Genealogy","Shepard family - Genealogy","Seller family - Genealogy"],"persname_ssim":["Armstrong, James D.","Castleman, Ann Rebecca Isler.","Castleman, Estelle.","Castleman, Frank A.","Castleman, Sarah Jane.","Faulkner, Charles James, 1806-1884","Hammond, Allen C.","Hammond, Cadet N.","Hotee, John.","Randolph, Emily Strother.","Rinehart, E. A.","Siler, J. Hammond Jr.","Siler, J. Hammond Sr.","Siler, Jessie Castleman.","Siler, John T.","Strother, Anne Doyne.","Van Gosen, James D.","Whisner, Samuel.","Widmyer, P. S.","Hardin, Moses"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1463,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:52:04.570Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_5880_c02_c805"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c614","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c614#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01_c614","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c01_c614"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c01_c614","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c01","parent_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","Edward L. Stone Personal Papers","Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information","box Box 178"],"title_filing_ssi":"Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information","title_ssm":["Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information"],"title_tesim":["Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1916 -1918"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1916/1918"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Y.M.C.A. - promotional material and\n                  membership information"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"sort_isi":615,"date_range_isim":[1916,1917,1918],"containers_ssim":["box Box 178"],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#613","timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:16:02.259Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"text":["382","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937","This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.","Biography of Edward L. Stone Edward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company The Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n             Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n             This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n             Yours very truly, \n             L. E. Armentrout, \n             Manager \n            ","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n             We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n             Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n          Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia, gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n             My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n             For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company The Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n          the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products. Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n          We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n             But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n             If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n             Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n             I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n             Very Sincerely, \n             Edward L. Stone \n             Chairman of the Board Clearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n         \n         1895-1937"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n            Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n            purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n            fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n            Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n            private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n            was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n            remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n            negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n            sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n            purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n            Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n            correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n            extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n            The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n            twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n            Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["Biography of Edward L. Stone Edward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company The Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n             Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n             This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n             Yours very truly, \n             L. E. Armentrout, \n             Manager \n            ","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n             We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n             Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n          Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia, gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n             My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n             For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company The Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n          the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products. Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n          We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n             But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n             If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n             Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n             I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n             Very Sincerely, \n             Edward L. Stone \n             Chairman of the Board Clearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAll items listed below are blueprints.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints.","All items listed below are blueprints."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions\n"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n             \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T12:16:02.259Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c01_c614"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02","type":"Subseries","attributes":{"title":"YMCA \u0026 YWCA","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eMo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27_c02","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27","parent_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151_c27"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","Organizations"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","Organizations"],"text":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","Organizations","YMCA \u0026 YWCA","Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization."],"title_filing_ssi":"YMCA \u0026 YWCA","title_ssm":["YMCA \u0026 YWCA"],"title_tesim":["YMCA \u0026 YWCA"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1906-1959"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1906/1959"],"normalized_title_ssm":["YMCA \u0026 YWCA"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":1,"level_ssm":["Subseries"],"level_ssim":["Subseries"],"sort_isi":193,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization."],"_nest_path_":"/components#26/components#1","timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:34:55.437Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_3151","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3151.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","title_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"title_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1870s-c. 1960s"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1870s-c. 1960s"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["VerticalFile.006"],"text":["VerticalFile.006","Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings","Blacksburg (Va.)","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History","The collection is open for research.","Mounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically.","The guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ ).","The processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019.","See also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings): Biographical Vertical Files Blacksburg Vertical Files Montgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files Record Group Vertical Files Southwest Virginia Vertical Files","In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.","Ma may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.","Ma 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026 Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026 Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026 Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.","Ma 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.","MAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).","MAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026 Country Ministers.","MAHr 223 may include Weather.","MAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).","MAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","MAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").","Mar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".","Masb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.","MAV may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".","Mbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.","Mcv may include Mall and President's Home.","Mcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).","Mfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026 Horn Club; and Masons.","Mfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mcon may include Community Concert Association.","Mco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.","Mco 57 may include Russian Language Course.","Mda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mde may include Accidents And Deaths.","Mde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.","Mde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.","Mdev may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".","Mdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).","Med 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.","Me may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.","Me 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.","Menr may include Freshmen and Orientation.","Mext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.","Mf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.","Mf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).","ML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).","Mm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.","Mm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.","M may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026 Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026 Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026 Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026 Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026 Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026 No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.","M 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026 Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026 Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.","M 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).","M 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026 Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.","M 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.","M 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026 Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.","M 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.","M 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026 Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","M 829 may include Racial \u0026 Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.","Mla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026 Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).","Mla 367 may include Yells-VPI.","Mo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).","Mo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.","Mo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.","Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.","Mo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026 Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).","Mo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.","Mo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026 Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.","Mo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.","Mo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.","Mo 11 may include Student Publications.","Mo 16 may include Honor System.","Mo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.","Mo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.","Mo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. Alumnus.\nMo 17z29 may include Campus Development Plan.\nMo 17z31 may include Victory Reunion (1946).","Mo 17z101 may include Carillon.","Mo 20 may include Fraternities--Honorary.\nMo 20c, 20f, 20t, 20v, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20z12, 20z40, 20z76, 20z96 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nMo 20g, 20o, 20w, 20y, 20z, 20z40 may include Pi Delta Epsilon (Journalism Honorary).\nMo 20j, 20m, 20o, 20t, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20zl, 20z3, 20z5, 20z95, 20z19, 20z94 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nMo 20q, 20s, 20z5, 20z71 may include Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Business Fraternity).\nMo 20z22, 20z23, 20z32, 20z9, 20z70 may include Gregory Guard.","Mo 20, 20d, 20g2, 20h, 20p, 20r, 20w, 20y, 20zl, 20z2, 20z5, 20z6 may include Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship Honorary).\nMo 20d, 20e, 20f, 20m, 20s may include Alpha Zeta (National Agriculture Society).\nMo 20e may include Scorpions Club.\nMo 20f, 20g may include Beta Tau Epsilon (Engineering).\nMo 20f, 20p, 20z, 20zl, 20z3 may include Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry Honorary).\nMo 20g, 20h, 20j, 20p, 20q, 20r, 20u, 20x, 20z, 20z2, 20z11 may include Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20g2 may include Theta Epsilon Theta (Research Honorary Society).\nMo 20h may include Phi Gamma Nu.\nMo 20h, 20w, 20z2, 20z6, 20z7 may include Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).\nMo 20m, 20n, 20t, 20z, 20z3, 20z6, 20z8 may include Scabbard \u0026 Blade (Honorary Military Society).\nMo 20w, 20x, 20z1, 20z3 may include Pi Tau Sigma (National Honorary, Mechanical Engineering).\nMo 20w, 20z, 20z1 may include Eta Kappa Nu (Ee Honorary).\nMo 20z may include Keramos.\nMo 20z, z2, z3 may include Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20z1 may include Alpha Sigma Mu (Metallurgical Engineering Fraternity).","Mo 20z28, 20z29 may include Sigma Pi Sigma.\nMo 20z27 may include Phi Sigma Society (Biological Sciences Honorary).\nMo 20z48 may include Pi Omega Pi (Business Education Honorary).\nMo 20z60 may include Alpha Phi Omega (National Service Fraternity).","Mo 22 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers and Four-H Alumni Club.\nMo 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22g may include Agronomy Club.","Mo 24 may include \"Skippers\".","Mo27 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association).","Mo 33 may include Chemical Club.","Mo 34 may include Industrial Arts Education Club.","Mo 35 may include Baptist Student Union, Religious Activities, and Wesley Foundation.","Mo 37 may include Engineers and Engineering Exposition.","Mo 42 may include Blacksburg Naval Reserve Research Unit.","Mo 49 may include Circle K (Student Organizatons - Service).","Mo 50 may include Apollo Club (Weightlifting Club, 1954).","Mo 52 may include Aeronautical Clubs - American Institute Of Aeronautics; American Institute Aeronautical Science; American Institute Of Aeronautics \u0026 Astronautics.","Mo 54 may include Burkhart Mining Society.","Mo 60 may include Holden Society (Student Geological Organization).","Mo 61 may include Amateur Radio Association.","Mo 64 may include Chinese Student Association.","Mo 65 may include Distributive Education, Curriculum In.","Mo 67 may include Virginia Educational Association.","Mp 7 may include Rison Bill.\nMp 54 may include Buildings - Burruss Hall.","Mp 164 may include Name Change.","Mra may include Radford University.","Mst may include Cadet Scandal and Student Unrest / Troubles / Protests.","AB may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.","ABB may include Athletics - Wrestling.","AF may include Scrub Football Team.\nAF 1914c may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nAF 1919s may include Silent Drill Company.\nAF 1922L may include Maury Literary Society.\nAF 1923z3 may include Monogram Club and Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nAF 1922z11 may include Dope Book (VPI - Vmi History).\nAF 1924 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAF 1955 may include Sword (Ceremonial; VPI-VMI Game).\nAF 1959z10 may include Television (1959 Homecoming Game - A \"First\").","AG may include Athletics - Intra-Murals; Athletics - Women'S Sports; Athletics, Miscellaneous (Including \"Minor\", Unlisted Sports); and Miscellaneous Sports.","AG 1, 5 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Conference.\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.\nAG 11 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.","AT may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.\nAT 1900, 1903, 1920c may include Field Day.","Mu may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).","MW 14, 23, 34, 27, 37, 53 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"unitid_tesim":["VerticalFile.006"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"collection_title_tesim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"collection_ssim":["Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"geogname_ssm":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Blacksburg (Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Newman Library staff collected materials for mounted clippings through the 1960s."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Montgomery County (Va.)","University History"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["64 Cubic Feet 147 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["64 Cubic Feet 147 boxes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Mounted Clippings are arranged by subject, primarily alphabetically."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 ( https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/ )."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [number of card], Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [number of card], Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description was completed by Special Collections staff prior to 2015. The finding aid was completed in August 2015. The re-integration of Mo56a-i, Association of Married Students was completed in October 2019."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003clist\u003e\n\u003chead\u003eSee also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings):\u003c/head\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01185.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBiographical Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01042.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlacksburg Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01043.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMontgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01186.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRecord Group Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003citem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv01044.xml\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSouthwest Virginia Vertical Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/item\u003e\n\u003c/list\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Vertical Files (successors to the mounted clippings): Biographical Vertical Files Blacksburg Vertical Files Montgomery County/Christiansburg Vertical Files Record Group Vertical Files Southwest Virginia Vertical Files"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.","Ma may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.","Ma 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026 Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026 Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026 Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.","Ma 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.","MAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).","MAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026 Country Ministers.","MAHr 223 may include Weather.","MAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).","MAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","MAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").","Mar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".","Masb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.","MAV may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.","Mbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".","Mbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.","Mcv may include Mall and President's Home.","Mcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","Mcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).","Mfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026 Horn Club; and Masons.","Mfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mcon may include Community Concert Association.","Mco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.","Mco 57 may include Russian Language Course.","Mda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mde may include Accidents And Deaths.","Mde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.","Mde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.","Mdev may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".","Mdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).","Med 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.","Me may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.","Me 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.","Menr may include Freshmen and Orientation.","Mext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.","Mf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.","Mf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).","ML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).","Mm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.","Mm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.","Mm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.","M may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026 Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026 Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026 Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026 Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026 Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026 Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026 No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.","M 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026 Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026 Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.","M 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).","M 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026 Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.","M 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.","M 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026 Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.","M 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.","M 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026 Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.","M 829 may include Racial \u0026 Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026 Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.","Mla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026 Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).","Mla 367 may include Yells-VPI.","Mo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).","Mo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.","Mo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.","Mo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.","Mo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026 Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).","Mo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.","Mo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.","Mo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026 Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.","Mo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.","Mo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.","Mo 11 may include Student Publications.","Mo 16 may include Honor System.","Mo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.","Mo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.","Mo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. Alumnus.\nMo 17z29 may include Campus Development Plan.\nMo 17z31 may include Victory Reunion (1946).","Mo 17z101 may include Carillon.","Mo 20 may include Fraternities--Honorary.\nMo 20c, 20f, 20t, 20v, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20z12, 20z40, 20z76, 20z96 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nMo 20g, 20o, 20w, 20y, 20z, 20z40 may include Pi Delta Epsilon (Journalism Honorary).\nMo 20j, 20m, 20o, 20t, 20w, 20x, 20z, 20zl, 20z3, 20z5, 20z95, 20z19, 20z94 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nMo 20q, 20s, 20z5, 20z71 may include Alpha Kappa Psi (Professional Business Fraternity).\nMo 20z22, 20z23, 20z32, 20z9, 20z70 may include Gregory Guard.","Mo 20, 20d, 20g2, 20h, 20p, 20r, 20w, 20y, 20zl, 20z2, 20z5, 20z6 may include Phi Kappa Phi (Scholarship Honorary).\nMo 20d, 20e, 20f, 20m, 20s may include Alpha Zeta (National Agriculture Society).\nMo 20e may include Scorpions Club.\nMo 20f, 20g may include Beta Tau Epsilon (Engineering).\nMo 20f, 20p, 20z, 20zl, 20z3 may include Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry Honorary).\nMo 20g, 20h, 20j, 20p, 20q, 20r, 20u, 20x, 20z, 20z2, 20z11 may include Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20g2 may include Theta Epsilon Theta (Research Honorary Society).\nMo 20h may include Phi Gamma Nu.\nMo 20h, 20w, 20z2, 20z6, 20z7 may include Sigma Delta Psi (Athletic Honorary).\nMo 20m, 20n, 20t, 20z, 20z3, 20z6, 20z8 may include Scabbard \u0026 Blade (Honorary Military Society).\nMo 20w, 20x, 20z1, 20z3 may include Pi Tau Sigma (National Honorary, Mechanical Engineering).\nMo 20w, 20z, 20z1 may include Eta Kappa Nu (Ee Honorary).\nMo 20z may include Keramos.\nMo 20z, z2, z3 may include Chi Epsilon (Civil Engineering Honorary).\nMo 20z1 may include Alpha Sigma Mu (Metallurgical Engineering Fraternity).","Mo 20z28, 20z29 may include Sigma Pi Sigma.\nMo 20z27 may include Phi Sigma Society (Biological Sciences Honorary).\nMo 20z48 may include Pi Omega Pi (Business Education Honorary).\nMo 20z60 may include Alpha Phi Omega (National Service Fraternity).","Mo 22 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers and Four-H Alumni Club.\nMo 22b, 22c, 22d, 22e, 22g may include Agronomy Club.","Mo 24 may include \"Skippers\".","Mo27 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association).","Mo 33 may include Chemical Club.","Mo 34 may include Industrial Arts Education Club.","Mo 35 may include Baptist Student Union, Religious Activities, and Wesley Foundation.","Mo 37 may include Engineers and Engineering Exposition.","Mo 42 may include Blacksburg Naval Reserve Research Unit.","Mo 49 may include Circle K (Student Organizatons - Service).","Mo 50 may include Apollo Club (Weightlifting Club, 1954).","Mo 52 may include Aeronautical Clubs - American Institute Of Aeronautics; American Institute Aeronautical Science; American Institute Of Aeronautics \u0026 Astronautics.","Mo 54 may include Burkhart Mining Society.","Mo 60 may include Holden Society (Student Geological Organization).","Mo 61 may include Amateur Radio Association.","Mo 64 may include Chinese Student Association.","Mo 65 may include Distributive Education, Curriculum In.","Mo 67 may include Virginia Educational Association.","Mp 7 may include Rison Bill.\nMp 54 may include Buildings - Burruss Hall.","Mp 164 may include Name Change.","Mra may include Radford University.","Mst may include Cadet Scandal and Student Unrest / Troubles / Protests.","AB may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.","ABB may include Athletics - Wrestling.","AF may include Scrub Football Team.\nAF 1914c may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026 VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nAF 1919s may include Silent Drill Company.\nAF 1922L may include Maury Literary Society.\nAF 1923z3 may include Monogram Club and Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nAF 1922z11 may include Dope Book (VPI - Vmi History).\nAF 1924 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAF 1955 may include Sword (Ceremonial; VPI-VMI Game).\nAF 1959z10 may include Television (1959 Homecoming Game - A \"First\").","AG may include Athletics - Intra-Murals; Athletics - Women'S Sports; Athletics, Miscellaneous (Including \"Minor\", Unlisted Sports); and Miscellaneous Sports.","AG 1, 5 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Conference.\nAG 5, 6 may include Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association.\nAG 11 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.","AT may include Athletics - Track \u0026 Field.\nAT 1900, 1903, 1920c may include Field Day.","Mu may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).","MW 14, 23, 34, 27, 37, 53 may include Lakes \u0026 Ponds.","W la, 7a, 7c may include American Red Cross."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. ","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form:  http://bit.ly/scuareproduction . Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form:  http://bit.ly/scuapublication . Please contact Special Collections and University Archives ( specref@vt.edu  or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_2bfd88fb1d82a46fb92b3adac8eb3bf1\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eIn general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["In general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university. The collection was primarily collected by library staff through the 1960s."],"names_coll_ssim":["Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872-1896)","Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute (1896-1944)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute (1944-1970)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"total_component_count_is":440,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:34:55.437Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIn general, the Virginia Tech and Local History Mounted Clippings include newspaper clippings, photocopies, ephermera, unpublished and/or informal publications, and other papers relating to a specific subject area. Files in this collection relate to Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, and the activities of members of the community or university.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa may include Agricultural Conference Board and Institute Of Rural Affairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa 1 may include Agricultural Experiment Station \u0026amp; Field Research Stations.\nMa 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16 may include Farmers' Institute.\nMa 3 may include Corn Day Short Course.\nMa 5, 18, 19, 29 may include Farmer'S Winter Short Course.\nMa 11, 24 may include Dairy Cattle At V.P.I.\nMa 18 may include Planters Club.\nMa 19 may include Pure-Bred Sire Campaign.\nMa 22 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\nMa 22 may include Boys \u0026amp; Girls Short Course.\nMa 23 may include Virginia Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.\nMa 23, 24, 59, 61 may include Horticulture Club.\nMa 25, 28 may include Corn Score Card.\nMa 28 may include Dairy Science Club (American Dairy Science Association; Incl. Dairy Clubs).\nMa 30, 65 may include Hoof \u0026amp; Horn Club.\nMa 61 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nMa 65 may include Little International Livestock Show.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMa 221, 223-233, 239 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nMa 222, 224, 226-228, 259, 262, 264 may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 309 may include Alumni Gate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAAg 355 may include Jamestown Centennial Festival (VPI Horticulturists Plant Indian Tobacco).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAEc 8, 264 may include Virginia Summer School For Town \u0026amp; Country Ministers.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAHr 223 may include Weather.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAIn 85, 86 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAM 177, 177a, 835, 208, 230a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nMAM 198, 199, 203-206, 212, 215, 251, 254-260 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nMAM 203, 207, 211, 1957 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAM 264 may include Atoms (Film By VPI \"Infant Giant\").\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMar O1 may include \"Pot Pourri\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMasb 22 may include High School Science Teachers Summer Institute.\nMasb 23 may include Conservation Short Course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMAV may include Future Farmers Of America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl may include Community Concert Association and Earthquakes.\nMbl 1a, 2, 4, 417, 472, 473, 1438, 1441, 1445, 1564, 1592, 1603 may include \"Huckleberry\".\nMbl 5, 1206-1207 may include Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railroad.\nMbl 1052, 1054, 1189 may include Future Farmers Of America.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 4 may include Sham Battle.\nMbl 5 may include American Red Cross.\nMbl 9 may include \"Solitude\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 77 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMbl 1206 may include Lybrook Row.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv may include Mall and President's Home.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv 96 may include Doorways - V.P.I. Buildings.\nMcv 99 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcv 130 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMfi 18 may include Sham Battle.\nMfi 23 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association);  Hoof \u0026amp; Horn Club; and Masons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMfi 74 may include Freshmen.\nMfi 120, 149, 151, 157 may include Kohler Trophy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcon may include Community Concert Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMco 4, 7 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Poultry Science.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMco 57 may include Russian Language Course.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMda 2 may include Lynchburg Club.\nMda 29 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde may include Accidents And Deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde 6 may include Highty-Tighties.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMde 28 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMdev may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture; Campus Development Plan; and \"Pre-Centennial Development Program\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMdev 7 may include Arboretum (Sculpture).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMed 8-12, 17 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMe may include Engineering, College Of, and Geology.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMe 9 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nMe 12 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nMe 72 may include Mall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMenr may include Freshmen and Orientation.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMext may include Branch Colleges Of VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMf 29 may include Wine Faculty Achievement Award.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMf 360, 416 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eML 1 may include Loans To Students.\nML 2, 3, 4, 5 may include Rison Bill.\nML 4 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nML 7, 8, 9, 10 may include Bonds, V.P.I. (To Finance Building Of War Memorial Hall).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm may include Uniforms, Military, Armistice Day, Corps Of Cadets, and  Military Organizations.\nMm 3, 7, 7c, 15, 135 may include Highty-Tighties.\nMm 42, 43, 63, 72, 94, 105, 116, 124, 130, 132, 159, 164 may include Kohler Trophy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm 14, 16 may include Inspection, Military.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMm 21, 22, 23, 24 may include Foch Celebration.\nMM 78 may include Air R.O.T.C.\nMm 92 may include World War I and World War Ii.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM may include Armistice Day; Art, Dept. Of; Arts \u0026amp; Sciences, College Of [Obsolete]; Class Of (Different Years); Concerts \u0026amp; Plays (Not VPI); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (Off-Campus); Conferences, Seminars, Workshops (On-Campus); Engineering Exposition; Engineering, College Of; Enrollment \u0026amp; Registration; Highty-Tighties; Horse Show; and Snow Battle.\nM 10, 119, 802 may include Faculty.\nM 10, 123, 171 may include Engineering Experiment Station.\nM 22, 54, 103, 104, 236, 245 may include Fires--On Campus.\nM 23, 24, 26a, 103, 104 may include Buildings - Field House (1914) (Burned).\nM 23, 31, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Mcbryde Building Of Mechanic Arts (The Shops).\nM 23, 245, 805, 862 may include Trees--V.P.I. Campus.\nM 24, 26, 29, 115, 166, 170a, 195, 214, 218, 222 may include Science Club Obsolete.\nM 25, 31, 112, 118, 120 may include Maury Literary Society.\nM 26, 28, 73 may include Farmer's Winter Short Course.\nM 26, 85, 120, 511 may include Inspection, Military.\nM 29, 30, 134, 135 may include Grounds (Buildings \u0026amp;).\nM 31, 40, 95, 99, 113, 115, 132, 215, 236, 240, 241, 242 may include Rat System.\nM 31, 46, 263 may include Gitt, William G. (\"Uncle Bill\").\nM 54, 113 may include World War I.\nM 66, 69, 70, 534 may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\nM 71, 738, 759 may include Masons.\nM 74, 233, 234 may include Student Volunteer Movement.\nM 77, 134, 139, 275, 369, 371 may include Course Of Study.\nM 82, 87-89, 134, 157, 226 may include Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railroad.\nM 82, 125, 129, 153, 517 may include American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (Asme).\nM 93, 224, 489 may include American Society Of Agricultural Engineers.\nM 97, 107a, 113, 120, 121, 123, 131, 773, 774 may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nM 102, 167, 203 may include Chemical Club / Chemistry Club.\nM 109, 116, 276 may include Home Demonstration.\nM 111, 113, 133, 134, 148, 718, 722, 723, 807 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nM 115, 116, 135, 138, 148, 139, 785, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Patton Hall.\nM 115, 168 may include Shenandoah Valley Club.\nM 122, 182 may include Fertilizer Short Course School M 122, 182.\nM 125, 178, 240, 193 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 127, 138, 176, 194a, 214, 236 may include American Chemical Society (Student Affiliate).\nM 128, 222, 339, 340, 442 may include Virginia Social Science Association.\nM 130, 394, 495, 513, 514 may include American Red Cross.\nM 131, 210, 786, 810, 837 may include Buildings - Academic Buildings 1 \u0026amp; 2.\nM 134, 148, 149, 160, 182, 184, 185, 195, 238, 273, 276, 278, 318, 331, 438, 447, 464, 465, 470, 471, 481, 498, 849 may include Airport (Officially Opened In 1939).\nM 135, 293 may include Stroubles Creek (Strubbles Creek).\nM 135, 330, 356, 398 may include Educators' Conference.\nM 136, 726, 11/1, 18, 31, 152 may include Dining Halls.\nM 138, 148, 738, 739, 755, 757, 763, 802 may include Buildings - Henderson Hall (Infirmary).\nM 140, 141, 147-149, 225, 326, 329, 508 may include Geology.\nM 140, 149, 835 may include Buildings - Power Plant.\nM 140, 312, 460 may include Rural Electrification Short Course.\nM 150, 223, 350, 382, 462, 464 may include Freshmen.\nM 151, 171, 380, 811 may include Quarries.\nM 151, 176 may include Lynchburg Club.\nM 151, 314, 516 may include Lakes \u0026amp; Ponds.\nM 154-1930 to M 347-1937 may include Rural Minister's Short Course.\nM 155, 455, 504, 153 may include Virginia Associated Plumbing, Heating, Contractors.\nM 157, 160, 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Saunders Hall (Dairy Science).\nM 160, 165 may include Engineering, Ceramic.\nM 161, 163, 173, 179, 189, 203, 337 (Civilian Students Union) may include Student Government Association.\nM 161, 170, 174 may include Soil Survey (Virginia).\nM 164, 165, 191, 324 may include Thanksgiving Game.\nM 173, 267, 309, 390, 433, 436, 610 may include Weather.\nM 174, 186, 187, 275, 448 may include Engineering, College Of.\nM 179a, 416 may include Noell Act.\nM 209, 709, 785, 804, 810, 825, 826, 126, 208 may include Buildings - Davidson Hall (Chemical Engineering).\nM 220, 223, 397 may include Future Farmers Of America.\nM 225, 239, 351, 458, 467 may include Home Economics, College Of (Human Resources).\nM 232, 517, 220, 224 may include Engineering, Metallurgical.\nM 235, 389 may include Engineering, Chemical.\nM 271, 886 may include Biology, Dept. Of.\nM 282a, 312 may include Out-Of-School Youth.\nM 295, 352 may include Graham Plan (Re: Athletic Aid).\nM 376, 390, 393, 394, 413, 417, 424, 714, 727, 785, 786, 804, 810, 887, 890, 891 may include Buildings - Owens Dining Hall.\nM 393, 785, 786 may include Buildings - Eggleston Hall (East Stone Dorm).\nM 397, 835a may include Institute Of Rural Affairs.\nM 407, 481 may include Sigma Xi (Honorary Faculty Research Society).\nM 443, 693 may include Treasury, V.P.I.\nM 452, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Holden Hall.\nM 458, 463, 468, 469, 810 may include Buildings - Hillcrest (\"Skirt Barn\").\nM 467, 483, 487, 488, 854, 223 may include Boycotts.\nM 548, 568 may include Cave Club.\nM 637, 835, 836, 837, 844 may include Buildings - Dormitories.\nM 660, 772, 773, 776, 781, 785, 786, 792, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 878 may include Buildings - Williams Hall.\nM 690, 714, 731, 745, 746 may include Rad-Tech.\nM 755, 756, 763, 882, 883, 890 may include Buildings - Greenhouse (Dept. Of Horticulture).\nM 760, 761, 781, 782, 785, 791, 794, 796, 796a, 804, 810, 835, 882, 883, 886, 878, 881 may include Buildings - Randolph Hall.\nM 760, 772, 774, 835 may include Buildings - Meat \u0026amp; Processing Lab.\nM 780, 792, 805, 807, 824, 835 may include Buildings - Livestock \u0026amp; Poultry Disease Lab.\nM 785, 802, 835, 837 may include Buildings - Rasche Hall.\nM 785, 802, 879 may include Buildings - Brodie Hall and Shanks Hall (No. 4 \u0026amp; No. 7 Barracks United).\nM 787, 788, 794, 796, 797, 799-801, 804, 806, 810, 811, 819, 820, 823, 824, 827, 830, 832-834, 834a, 835-836 may include Buildings - Library - Carol M. Newman Library.\nM 810, 815, 868 may include Buildings - Commencement Hall (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 810, 835 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 880-887, 890, 893, 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Robeson Hall.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 12 may include Christmas Card V.P.I. and Class Ticket.\nM 17a may include Virginia Agricultural \u0026amp; Mechanical College (Vamc).\nM 20 may include Pulaski Club.\nM 22, 37 may include Buildings - Preston \u0026amp; Olin Buildings.\nM 23, 24 may include Septic Tank.\nM 30 may include Little International Livestock Show.\nM 55, 76 may include Hikes - Corps.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 68, 69, 78, 109, 123, 137, 139 may include Farmers' Institute.\nM 73 may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nM 80, 137 may include Dismissal.\nM 81, 82, 92, 129 may include American Society Of Civil Engineers.\nM 88 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall).\nM 94 may include Techgram.\nM 95 may include Mail Service (Campus).\nM 95, 96, 97, 108 may include Fires--Fought Off Campus.\nM 108, 155 may include May Day.\nM 115, 117 may include Buildings - University Club Building (Residence).\nM 116 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Horticulture.\nM 116, 117, 120 may include University Club.\nM 117-118 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Dairy Short Course.\nM 118 may include State Crop Pest Commission.\nM 122, 137, 154 may include Electric Meterman's Short Course.\nM 123 may include Hunt House.\nM 125 may include Agricultural Students' Honorary Council.\nM 130 may include United Daughters Of The Confederacy, 1927 Meeting At VPI.\nM 132 may include Coal.\nM 138, 139 may include Male Chorus At VPI.\nM 153 may include Publications, V.P.I.; Sham Battle; and Wine Scholarship.\nM 153, 154, 155 may include Engineer's Day.\nM 157 may include Buildings - Print Shop (Old M. E. Laboratory).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 166, 196, 201, 218, 224 may include \"Technical Topics\" (1931-1941).\nM 167, 168, 171, 175, 188, 192, 215, 218, 231 may include Demolay Club.\nM 169 may include Industrial Surveys.\nM 170a may include Southern Collegian Magazine (1931).\nM 171 may include The Tin Horn (Co-Ed Yearbook, 1929-1931).\nM 176 may include VPI Skipper (Student Humor Magazine).\nM 179a, 180, 181 may include Landscape Design School (Short Course).\nM 180, 205 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall Centennial Celebration (1931).\nM 186, 225 may include American Country Life Association.\nM 188, 203 may include Chemistry, Dept. Of.\nM 189 may include Southern Colonels (Dance Orchestra).\nM 190 may include Roadside Landscaping.\nM 191 may include Lutheran Students' Association (Of America).\nM 195 may include Scorpions Club.\nM 196, 198, 219 may include Rifle Team.\nM 199 may include Prohibition Poll.\nM 203 may include Church Attendance.\nM 205 may include Lonesome Pine Club, Northern Neck Club, and Richmond Club.\nM 208 may include Pittsylvania Club.\nM 212 may include Rappahannock Valley Club and Roanoke Club.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 214, 216, 227 may include Swimming Pool.\nM 215, 230 may include Baptist Student Convention.\nM 220 may include Athletic Department (Formerly Athletic Association).\nM 222, 231, 270 may include Depression \u0026amp; Recovery.\nM 223 may include Bachelor's Club.\nM 228, 239 may include Beer Licenses.\nM 230 may include American Legion.\nM 230, 231 may include Civil Works Project.\nM 230, 232, 240, 242, 285 may include Rescue Squad.\nM 231, 237, 239, 262, 276 may include Buildings - Utilities Building.\nM 234 may include Omicron Delta Kappa (Leadership Fraternity), Alpha Omicron Circle.\nM 234, 236, 236a may include Virginia Association Of International Relations.\nM 237 may include Cancer Research.\nM 241 may include Buildings - Faculty Center.\nM 241, 244, 245 may include Virginia Library Association.\nM 241, 258, 262 may include Federal Emergency Relief Administration.\nM 245 may include Fire Brigade.\nM 258, 262 may include Merchant Marine Officers Training School.\nM 262 may include Reflecting Pool.\nM 268, 275 may include Birds (Study).\nM 275 may include Aeronautical Course.\nM 278 may include Guidon.\nM 295 may include Evening Classes.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 323 may include American Institute Of Chemical Engineers.\nM 338 may include Street Lighting.\nM 352 may include Southern Conference.\nM 356 may include Cooking For Boys.\nM 363, 365 may include Nautical Training School.\nM 363, 387 may include Virginia Educational Association.\nM 382 may include Student Identification Cards.\nM 388 may include Post-Graduate Club.\nM 390 may include Building Layouts.\nM 404 may include Cooperatives.\nM 412, 414 may include League Of Virginia Counties.\nM 417 may include Quadrangle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 433, 434 may include Mining Bureau.\nM 433, 449, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 481, 488, 489, 523 may include World War Ii.\nM 438, 439, 441 may include Training Plane.\nM 438, 443, 452, 459, 470, 483, 485 may include Works Progress Administration (Wpa).\nM 443 may include Association Of College Libraries Of Southwest Virginia.\nM 452 may include Buildings - Seitz Hall (Agricultural Engineering Building).\nM 481 may include Keramos and Rankine, William J. M.\nM 490 may include William \u0026amp; Mary, College Of.\nM 493 may include Recruiting (Military).\nM 513, 519 may include Water Shortage.\nM 520 may include American Institute Of Architects.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 579, 585 may include Nursery School-VPI.\nM 641 may include Napoleonana Collection.\nM 658, 660, 677, 691, 693 may include Sewage Disposal Plant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 709 may include Buildings - R.O.T.C Building (Building 364).\nM 710, 757-760, 763, 771-772 may include Mall.\nM 723 may include Buildings - Mining Engineering Building.\nM 726, 727, 734, 735, 745, 746, 746a, 804 may include Buildings - Femoyer Hall, Monteith Hall, and Thomas Hall.\nM 735, 738, 739, 742, 755, 756, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Smyth Hall (Formerly Known As Natural Science Building).\nM 737, 741 may include Piedmont Research Laboratory (Charlottesville).\nM 738 may include Tomato Clubs.\nM 738, 739, 802, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Agnew Hall.\nM 738, 739, 804, 810 may include Buildings - Price Hall (\"Old Aggie\").\nM 746 may include Winchester Research Laboratory.\nM 752, 786, 794, 780, 781, 785 may include Buildings - Library (Old Chapel Building) (Burned).\nM 755, 756, 757 may include Buildings - Dairy Barn.\nM 757 may include Bear (Wanders Through Campus).\nM 758 may include War Memorial Chapel.\nM 773, 774 may include Radio Station - WUVT.\nM 785, 802 may include Buildings - Lane Hall.\nM 785, 804 may include Buildings - Campbell Hall (West Stone Dorm).\nM 807, 812 may include Buildings - Athletic Plant.\nM 810 may include Buildings - Hutcheson Hall (Formerly New Agricultural Hall) and Performing Arts \u0026amp; Communications Building (Ymca Building, 1899-1936; Old Military Building, 1937-1966; Student Personnel Building, 1966-1972).\nM 815 may include Motion Picture Unit At VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eM 829 may include Racial \u0026amp; Ethnic Minorities (Campus).\nM 835-837, 870 may include Buildings - Pamplin Hall (Commerce Hall 2).\nM 862 may include Buildings - Barns.\nM 868 no. 8 may include Cornerstone Markers (Old Commerce Hall).\nM 881 may include Computing Center.\nM 882, 883 may include Buildings - Swine Center.\nM 886 may include Agriculture \u0026amp; Life Sciences, College Of - Veterinary Science.\nM 890 may include Mccormick, Cyrus Hall.\nM 890, 892 may include Buildings - Norris Hall.\nM 894, 895 may include Name Change.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMla 31 may include Colors, V.P.I. (Orange \u0026amp; Maroon).\nMla 88 may include \"GOBBLERS\" (nickname).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMla 367 may include Yells-VPI.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 13, 17z may include Rankine, William J. M.\nMo 15, 16 may include Student Government Association.\nMo 20z73, 23 may include Sigma Mu Sigma (National College Masonic Service Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 1 may include Lee Literary Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 1a, 1b, 1c, 1c1, 1c2, 1d may include Maury Literary Society.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 2 may include Christian Science Organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 3 may include Fraternities \u0026amp; Sororities--Social.\nMo 3a may include Kappa Sigma.\nMo 3b may include Sigma Alpha.\nMo 3b, 3d may include Pi Kappa Alpha (Social Fraternity).\nMo 3c may include Alpha Phi.\nMo 3c no. 2 may include Beta Theta Pi (Social Fraternity).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 4 may include Music Groups and Tech Minstrels.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 4m may include Songs Of VPI Incl. Moonlight \u0026amp; VPI, Tech Triumph, Ut Prosim.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 6 may include Apple Club; Black Diamond Club; City, County \u0026amp; Sectional Clubs; Lonesome Pine Club; Lynchburg Club; Northern Neck Club; Peanut Club; Pittsylvania Club; Richmond Club; Roanoke Club; and Shenandoah Valley Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 7 may include Tech Players and Thespian Club.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 8 may include Virgnia Polytechnic Societies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 11 may include Student Publications.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 16 may include Honor System.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 16m, 16r may include Highty-Tighties.\nMo 16p may include Kohler Trophy.\nMo 16s may include Company B, Corps Of Cadets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 17z, 31-33, 55, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72 may include War Memorial Chapel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMo 17g, 17m, 17L may include Buildings - War Memorial Gymnasium.\nMo 17h, 17g may include Buildings - Alumni Building.\nMo 17s3, 17s5, 17s7 may include Buildings - Miles Stadium, 1926-1964.\nMo 17t may include V.P.I. 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