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Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","An item from this folder has been scanned as a JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","copy in Photographs addenda","copy in Series 6.1","The Papers of the MVLA is divided into six series, one of which has been further split into two subseries. The majority of material is organized alphabetically, however each series has an arrangement note to explain unique caveats to the organizational structure. The series and subseries are arranged as follows:","Series 1. Committee Files\nSeries 2. Council Files\nSeries 3. Minutes of the Council, original\nSeries 4. Regent's Files\nSeries 5. Papers of the Vice Regents\nSeries 6. Vice Regents Files","Series 6.1. General","Series 6.2. Alphabetical","Alphabetically by committee and folder title, then chronologically.","Chronologically by Council date, then alphabetically by folder title.","Chronological.","Chronologically by Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.","Alphabetically by Vice Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.","Subseries \n6.1 Vice Regents Files – General \n6.2 Vice Regents Files – Alphabetical","Alphabetically by Vice Regent.","An addition with multiple accession numbers was processed in 2023 following the same series order, and is described in full at the end of the collection. Further additions may be processed separately and will include born digital files.","The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham. The purpose of the Association was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to visitors and admirers who desired to see Washington's house and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, saw the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two women of like mind together to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858 he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000. \nThe MVLA is the owner and executive board of Mount Vernon. Membership is made up of one Regent and 20-30 Vice Regents, each from a different state. All MVLA members assemble twice a year in April and October for Council, where they hear motions and reports concerning projects or issues at the estate. The Vice Regents also divide into committees focused on different functions and operations, and rotate members every few years. Today the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization dedicated to historic preservation in the United States, and as innovators in the field of preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of Mount Vernon, and educating people all over the world about George Washington's life and legacy. Mount Vernon is open to visitors 365 days a year. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion and tomb of Washington, but restored gardens, outbuildings, Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and orientation center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, food pavilion, and the Mount Vernon Inn restaurant. \nList of Regents of the MVLA: \n•\tAnn Pamela Cunningham, 1853-1874 resigned 1874, died 1875\n•\tLily Macalester Berghmans Laughton, 1874-1891, died 1891\n•\tJustine Van Rensselaer Townsend, 1891-1909, died 1912\n•\tHarriet Clayton Comegys, 1909-1927, died 1927\n•\tAlice Haliburton King Richards, 1927-1936, died 1936\n•\tHarriet Cole Towner, 1937-1942, died 1942\n•\tMary Vilas Hanks, 1943-1948, died 1959\n•\tHope Hodgman Harkness (formerly Hope H. Powel), 1948-1958, died 1974\n•\tRosamond Harding Randall Beirne, 1958-1968, died 1968\n•\tElizabeth Throckmorton Cooke, 1968-1976, died 1993\n•\tFrances Claiborne Guy, Jr., 1976-1982\n•\tHelen Sharp Anderson, 1982-1986, died 2013\n•\tEugenia Ayer Merrill Seamans, Jr., 1986-1990, died 2010\n•\tMabel Alleyne Livingstone Bishop, 1990-1993, died 2007\n•\tLaura Vaughan Inge Morrissette, 1993-1996\n•\tJane Carew Lee, 1996-1999\n•\tEllen Carroll Walton, 1999-2004\n•\tGay Hart Gaines, 2004-2007\n•\tBoyce Lineberger Ansley, 2007-2010, died 2016\n•\tAnn Haunschild Bookout III, 2010-2013\n•\tBarbara Bourgeois Lucas II, 2013-2016\n•\tSarah Miller Coulson, 2016-","Mrs. John Vanneman Abrahams","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. William Ames","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Edward Clifford Anderson","Mrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson","Mrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson","Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews","Mrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley","Mrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley","Mrs. Andrew W. Armour IV","Mrs. John Karl Aurell","Mrs. James McNair Baker","Mrs. William Balfour","Mrs. Charles Burgess Ball","Mrs. Joseph K. Barnes","Mrs. William Francis Barret","Mrs. Mason Brown Barret","Mrs. William Barry","Mrs. Thomas B. Battle","Mrs. Thomas B. Battle","Mrs. Thomas Francis","Mrs. Thomas Francis Bayard","Mrs. Francis Foulke Beirne","Mrs. John Mirza Bennett","Mrs. Harold Lee Berry","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clifton McCausland Bockstoce","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Kenyon Castle Bolton","Mrs. William Harold Borthwick","Mrs. David L. Bowlin","Mrs. David Bradford","Mrs. Willard Hall","Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell","Mrs. Charles Brockett","Mrs. Charles Brockett","Mrs. James Brooks","Mrs. John Carter Brown II","Mrs. Horace Brown","Mrs. Aaron Venable Brown","Mrs. Sam Buchanan","Mrs. Charles Lalor Burdick","Mrs. Charles Lalor Burdick","Mrs. Morris Williams Bush","Mrs. Richard Cabot","Mrs. Samuel Cabot","Mrs. Tyler R. Cain","Mrs. Richard W. Call","Mrs. Robert Campbell","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. Everett B. Carson","Mrs. James Chesnut","Mrs. Frank Anderson Chisholm","Mrs. Robert Goodloe Harper Clarkson","Mrs. Thomas LeRoy Collins","Mrs. Francis Stevens Conover","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. William Ruffin Cox","Mrs. James F. Crumpacker","Mrs. Beaufort Barnwell Cubbedge","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. William Lipscomb Davis","Mrs. Lockwood De Forest","Mrs. Lockwood De Forest","Mrs. Thomas Palmer Denham","Mrs. Arthur J. Dewey, Jr.","Mrs. Platt Ketcham Dickinson","Mrs. John Forest Dillon","Mrs. William Hemsley Emory","Mrs. William Joseph Eve","Mrs. J. Hap Fauth","Mrs. Graham Newell Fitch","Mrs. Francis Brinley Fogg","Mrs. Antoine Lentilhon Foster","Mrs. George Russell Freeman","Mrs. Charles Eliot Furness","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stewart Gammill III","Mrs. Stewart Gammill III","Mrs. Stewart J. Gilchrist","Mrs. George Robins Goldsborough","Mrs. Samuel Griswold Goodrich","Mrs. Benjamin Brown Graham","Mrs. Horatio Greenough","Mrs. Randolph Hobson Guthrie","Mrs. John Henry Guy","Mrs. John Henry Guy","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Benjamin Ambler Hagood","Mrs. Walter Newman Haldeman","Mrs. Salma Hale","Mrs. Nathaniel Norris Halsted","Later Mrs. George Lee Schuyler","Mrs. F. Woodson Hancock, Jr.","Mrs. William Vilas Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Preston Hampton Haskell","Mrs. George Hearst","Mrs. George Hearst","Mrs. Frank X. Henke III","Mrs. Nathaniel Peter Hill","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Arthur John Holden","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Henry Hollenberg","Mrs. Daniel Walker Hollis","Mrs. William Henry Hudson","Mrs. Wilson Price Hunt","later Mrs. Seabrook W. Sydnor","Mrs. Lewis M. Irwin","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Alexander Jeffrey","Mrs. Robert Ward Johnson","Mrs. Robert Daniel Johnston","Mrs. John Witherspoon Labouisse","Mrs. Thomas Stilwell Branscombe","Mrs. Charles G. Lane","Mrs. John Scott Laughton, previously Mme. Alfred Berghmans","Mrs Robert W. Lawson III","Mrs. John Leary","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Levi Zeigler Leiter","Mrs. Henry S. Le Vert","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Charles Jacob","Mrs. John Cunningham Lobb","Mrs. Earl King Lord","Mrs. Earl King Lord","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. Stanley David Lyle","Mrs. John F. Mars","Later Mrs. Edwin Holland Terrell","Mrs. Thomas Sheldon Maxey","Mrs. J. Craig McIlvain","Mrs. William McWillie","Mrs. William Robert Mercer, Jr.","Mrs. Alexander Mitchell","Mrs. P. William Moore, Jr.","Mrs. Benjamin Allston Moore","Mrs. Hiram Taylor Morrissette","Mrs. Isaac Edward Morse","Mme. Achille Murat","Mrs. Charles Nagel","Mrs. Donald J. Nalty","Mrs. James T. Neal","Mrs. Robert Neill, Jr.","Mrs. Phillip B. Newman III","Mrs. Carl J. Olander, Vice Regent for Kansas 1970-1986, Vice Regent for Colorado 1986-1995","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Edward Horatio Parker","Later Mrs. John Rutledge Abney","Mrs. Benjamin Franklin Pepper","Mrs. Celsus Price Perrie","Mrs. David A. Pfaelzer","Mrs. Francis Wilkinson Pickens","Mrs. Alex Pirtle, Jr.","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Horton Pope","Mrs. John Julius Pringle","Mrs. Joshua Henry Rathbone","Mrs. James Gore King Richards","Mrs. Tobias Gibson Richardson","Mrs. Benjamin Sherrod Ricks","Mrs. William Foushee Ritchie","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Philip Schuyler","Mrs. Charles Gordon Scott","Mrs. Douglas Seaman","Mrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)","Mrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)","Mrs. Lloyd A. Semple","Mrs. John Reynolds Shelton. Mistakenly written as Harriet Handy Shelton in multiple publications, but Harriet Shelton was John Shelton's first wife who died in 1922. Clara Francis Shelton, his second wife, was the MVLA Vice Regent.","Mrs. Nelson Turner Shields III","Mrs. William Ewen Shipp","Mrs. Henry Hastings Sibley","Mrs. Richard R. Simplot","Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr.","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Richard H. Streeter","Mrs. John Lawrence Sullivan","Mrs. Lorenzo de Medici Sweat","Mrs. Thomas Seddon Taliaferro, Jr.","Mrs. Russell Story Tarr","Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer III","Mrs. De Courcy Wright Thom","Mrs. Augustine Jaquelin Todd","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Howard Townsend","Mrs. Alexander C. Troup","Mrs. Verplanck Van Antwerp","Mrs. Horace Van Deventer","Mrs. William Loring Vaughan","Mrs. Benjamin Doolittle Walcott","Mrs. William Richmond Walker","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. Milan Lester Ward","Mrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren","Mrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren","Mrs. Lewis William Washington","Mrs. W. Temple Webber, Jr.","Mrs. Charles D. Weller","Mrs. Stephen K. West","Mrs. Frederick H. West","Mrs. Charles Stetson Wheeler","Mrs. Calhoun W. Wick","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Erskine Phelps Wilder, Jr.","Mrs. Joseph John Wilder","Mrs. Douglas Williams","Mrs. Williams A. Winder","Mrs. Gordon Woodbury","Mrs. Gordon Woodbury","Mrs. George Washington Woodward","Mrs. David Levy Yulee","A letter from this file is available digitally - DA_000262\n(Letter from Esther S. Fraser to Charles C. Wall concerning wallpaper, August 1, 1934)","Accession number 2015-A-074","1 letter from this folder is available digitally - DA_000202","Letter from the Superintendent to Mrs. Bradford concerning a grey silk needlework","Items from this folder are available digitally - DA_000261\n(Letter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Mrs. John Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, concerning the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and Washington's tomb, March 13, 1920. Also includes a news clipping showing the Prince at the tomb with a guard and Mr. Dodge.)","Digital copies of some items in this folder are available - DA_000201","RL-6497","Gold lettering on cover reads \"Mount Vernon, from the American Bible Society.\"","RP-691, Misc. 4845 and RP-692, Misc. 4846.","RM-949, MS-5501","Includes program for awards dinner.","Small leather book.","Includes news clippings, extracts from letters, and notes. Scrapbook of clippings compiled by Vice Regent Mrs. Sweat, 1850s-1898. RL-474.","RL-474.","Fragile.","RL-1108","2016-A-015","An item in this scrapbook is available digitally - DA_000225\n(1 black and white photograph showing the opening remarks taken during the premiere; MVLA Regent Mrs. Cook, President Ford, and French President d'Estaing are visible in the image, 1976)","Gift of Elizabeth Barry, Vice Regent from Illinois.","Presented to the MVLA. Framed, 14 ¾\" x 17 ¾\"","Signed by the Governor. Framed, 15\" x 20 ¼\".","Commemorative medal – large bronze medal with relief sculpture of Stenton Mansion on the front; reverse reads \"The Garden Club of America Preservation of Historic Gardens and Buildings,\" with engraving that reads \"Mount Vernon Ladies Association, 2010.\" 2006 Medallic Art Co., Dayton, NV","Provenance unknown.","Waterbury Button Co., Conn. (provenance unknown)","Used in publications.","Designs and images include Washington's swords, carriage, coat of arms, tools, Mount Vernon cornerstone, etc.","Notepad given away as a gift bag item for the Grand Opening of the Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center, 2006. Images of the George Washington wax figures and the Savage painting appear on the sides of the notepad.","Provenance unknown.","some unlabeled","This certificate has a fragile wax seal. Please do not place folders on top of this one.","Many of these files, especially from the earlier years of the MVLA, were previously arranged in filing cabinets in the old Mount Vernon Library in the basement of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building. When possible, the original order of these files and their file names were kept during arrangement and description in this finding aid. All series in this collection are currently open-ended and small accruals will be added from time to time. Series 6 is especially fluid, as single items are often added to a specific Vice Regent's folder (such as an obituary or retirement tribute).","For original minutes dated 1860-1887, please see Box 91, 92, or 100. These minutes were located and added to the collection after initial processing.","These photographs were removed from folders within the collection for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn photographs.","These photographs were loose and/or were not part of, or removed from, another folder in the collection.","disassembled scrapbook","Note: These items were removed from folders within the collection because of size and for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn items.","(Received from the Curatorial department, 1992)","- Publications of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Papers of the Superintendent and Resident Director, 1850-1996\n- Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\n- Papers of James Rees","This collection documents the care and management of Mount Vernon through the work of the MVLA. Types of material include correspondence, reports, memos, notes, personal and biographical information, news clippings, meeting agendas, photographs, scrapbooks, and ephemera. Several highlights of the collection include the original minutes of Council meetings, scrapbooks and ledgers created by Vice Regents, and early correspondence with Regents and Vice Regents. While the library's collection \"Early Records of the MVLA\" documents the founding and early years of the organization, the Papers of the MVLA continues where that collection ended and preserves the ongoing story of these women and the fulfillment of their mission. Creators of the collection are largely the board members themselves, along with staff and employees who worked directly with them. Scope notes have been added before the content list of each series to better describe its specific provenance and content. The bulk of the collection dates from the 1950s to the 1990s, however there is a very wide range represented overall, 1858-2016.","This series contains records created and collected by various committees within the MVLA. Correspondence, reports, and meeting agendas make up the majority of material.","Letter (copy) from Esther S. Fraser, Hall Tavern in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to assistant superintendent Charles Cecil Wall, August 1, 1934. Regarding analysis of Mount Vernon's wallpaper.","During the early 1980s, MVLA members agreed the process and procedures of Council needed to be updated. One suggestion made by Resident Director John Castellani was to create a notebook for each Council organized by schedule and activity. This resulted in the organized collection of reports, itineraries, minutes, and event plans for every Council, represented in these files. This practice continues, to some degree, up to the present time.","Original minutes taken for Council meetings, 1887-1994. The earliest versions were handwritten. Later copies were cleaned up and typed for preparation to be printed. Most of the minutes are loose papers in folders, but the years 1912 through 1927 are in bound/book form. Years 1928 through 1936 are in both formats, loose and bound.","A large majority of the Regent's Files contain correspondence to and from the Regent, sometimes organized by subject. Files for more recent Regents often contain event programs or invitations, speeches, clippings, reports, printed material, and other miscellaneous items. Letters to or from VIP guests or dignitaries have been noted when possible.","Includes RM-1024, MS-5652","This series contains records that were donated or transferred to the Library by a Vice Regent or their family members. These papers were often created by individual Vice Regents during the course of their duties as MVLA members, but were not held in files at Mount Vernon. Some folders may contain personal papers. A wide range of material is represented including correspondence, subject research files, reports, articles, printed material, memos, speeches, programs, invitations, memorabilia, and ephemera. Vice Regents often collected papers concerning specific projects or committees on which they worked.","Includes letters concerning Dodge's memoirs and the tree planted by the Prince of Wales.","Includes letters concerning the Anti-Fee Association and the Powel Coach.","Includes clippings on a Mount Vernon replica in New York and a visit to Mount Vernon by a British man.","Includes a Standard Guide map of Washington, D.C., \"Washington Visits to Rhode Island,\" \"George Washington and Rhode Island,\" and \"Autograph Letters and Documents of George Washington Now in Rhode Island Collections.\"","These files were kept by staff members at Mount Vernon, most often by the Secretary to the Board, to document the lives and work of individual Vice Regents. Some items were given directly by the Vice Regents to be placed in their files, while other documents were located or collected by staff and interfiled at a later time. Types of material include mostly correspondence, clippings, obituaries, resumes, tributes and memorials, notes, memos, and ephemera.","Biographical notes dated 1952 and 1954","George Washington Biography Lesson, 1995-2005","Questionnaire for the Records, correspondence 1979-1989, play written for George Washington's birthday","Skit or play performed for a Washington birthday event, written by Captain and Hope Powel Alexander, the Vice Regent for Rhode Island, February 22, 1988.","Correspondence, 1990-1999","Correspondence, 1990-1999, booklet- George Washington in Rhode Island, Words of Washington during the Revolution","Oral history interview by Sandra Robinette","Obituary, 1904; Biographical letter by her daughter; Invitation for subscription to the Peace Dance","Biographical information, Garden Club of America, obituaries for Mr. and Mrs. Anderson","Correspondence, 1967-1979, opening remarks to Mount Vernon film, 1976","Correspondence, 1980-1989, Mount Vernon, The Texas Connection","Correspondence, 1990-1999, The Mount Vernon File, Memorabilia of Washington County's Second County Seat, Questionnaire for the Records","Correspondence 1948-1960, Mount Vernon in Virginia list","Correspondence, 1919-1939","Signed by the Regent, Harriet Comegys.","Biographical note on the service of Anne Page Wilder Anderson in the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.","Correspondence 1940-1954","Correspondence, photographs","Obituaries, 2016","Correspondence, clippings, biographical and memorial information, Questionnaire for the Records","Correspondence, biographical information","Correspondence (Includes correspondence with U.S. Senator Bob Graham), biographical information","Obituary; descriptions of Florida Vice Regents","Biographical information; diary from 1863; census information; photograph of painting of Mrs. Balfour","Biographical information; Memorial tribute; Letter from the Governor of Virginia concerning a daguerreotype of Mrs. Ball; Copyright certificate for a Mount Vernon publication; Article about Mount Vernon","Obituary; minutes of Council from 1912 announcing her death","\"In Memoriam\" from Council Minutes; genealogy","Correspondence 1938-1955, obituaries, memorial from the minutes","Booklet, biographical information and memorial from minutes","Correspondence; gift annuity agreement; Questionnaire for the Records","Summary of Auction Activities, 1997","Correspondence, 1937-1942","Correspondence and biographical information, 1943-1975; list of gifts to Mount Vernon","Correspondence, biographical and genealogical information, and clippings, resolution to Council on her death, listing of her descendants, Questionnaire","Biographical information, obituaries, and correspondence (Includes letter from Mamie D. Eisenhower), Questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes some poetry and other writings, and a list of \"Association Papers Returned to Mount Vernon\"), Obituary, list of committee assignments, in memoriam, listing of Maine bedroom furniture","Correspondence, 1927-1954","Articles about house tour, obituary, Questionnaire, correspondence, tribute to her","Correspondence 1977-1989, Questionnaire, 1982 GW's 250th birthday calendar done by Oregon school children","Correspondence as Regent (Includes photocopies of letters from President and First Lady Bush), articles","Correspondence (Includes Memorial booklet, 2007; List \"Shingles – For Mrs. Bishop\")","Publications concerning Mount Vernon visit of Queen Elizabeth, 1991","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial","In memoriam; articles; questionnaire; correspondence","Clippings, biographical information, memorial information; Guide to Mrs. Bolton's Papers (Western Reserve Historical Society)","Clippings, Laminated notebook of news clippings","Congressional newsletters by Mrs. Bolton, Campaign material","Congressional Records, September 1965 and March 1977; Booklet – \"Letters from Africa\"; Newsletters to constituents","Correspondence 1938-1960, Questionnaire, biographical data","Correspondence 1961-1977","Questionnaire, correspondence","Correspondence, email 2004-2005","Correspondence and biographical information","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and memorial information, 1925-1942","Letter from the assistant superintendent, James Young, to Mary Bradford, Vice Regent for New Jersey, April 2, 1931. In regards to a grey silk needlework bag reported to have been given by Martha Washington to Mrs. Peale.","Newspaper obituary","Correspondence, 1955-1994; Booklet, \"Annals of Iowa,\" (info on Vice Regents from Iowa), condolence letter","Questionnaire, correspondence, husband's obituary, Annals of Iowa book","Biographical information, magazine article copies","Correspondence, articles","Letter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Anne Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, March 13, 1920. Mentions the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and encloses a clipping with a photograph of the Prince, superintendent Harrison Dodge, and Tomb guard Charles Simms at Washington's Tomb. Evarts also discusses the recent death of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for New York, and the poor health of Elizabeth Pringle, Vice Regent for South Carolina.","Correspondence","Obituary, wedding announcement","Questionnaire, correspondence, articles","Questionnaire, correspondence, note cards","Correspondence, death announcement","Correspondence, clippings, Questionnaire, death announcement","Correspondence, certificate as Vice Regent","Correspondence 1942-1955","Correspondence, obituaries","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence 1960-1969, Memorial information and booklet","Letter from Samuel Cabot, son of Nancy Cabot, Vice Regent for Massachusetts, to Hope Harkness, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, June 10, 1969. Gives biographical information about his mother after her passing.","Correspondence, Questionnaire","L.A. Alive Magazine; correspondence; Questionnaire","Articles, Campbell House Museum info","Correspondence, Certificate of appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence; Article, \"The Regents of Mount Vernon\"; Watercolor of Mount Vernon by Marie Blanke; Bylaws of the MVLA","Correspondence and \"Reminiscences\"","\"Returned Papers\" of Mrs. Carpenter, correspondence and MVLA publications","Resume; correspondence","Prospective form; correspondence; Questionnaire; Organizational Capacity Survey, and biographical information","Biographical information; letter verifying she met Washington","Questionnaire; correspondence","Biographical note","Correspondence and clippings, articles about husband's political campaigns","Clippings, manuscript and paper copy of article on the origin of the MVLA, correspondence","Biographical sketch and personal details, excerpts of state reports and letters","In Memoriam booklet and obituary, 1914; Reference letter from MV Librarian","Correspondence 1946-1953","Correspondence 1954-1959","Correspondence; articles; paper on the traditions of the MVLA","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac and letter from Pat Nixon); Program on commissioning ship Mount Vernon","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and list of donors from New Jersey)","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and family history for the Throckmortons)","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign)","Correspondence and memorial information","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence","Note about her death","Prospective form; correspondence; Questionnaire","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence, includes letter by Governor Colgate Darden of Virginia","Newspaper clippings; manuscript of speech; resignation letter; reminiscences; in memoriam; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent; biographical piece; correspondence after her resignation","Questionnaire; correspondence; letter of resignation; notes written in tribute to her","Correspondence","Obituaries; tributes; correspondence; Questionnaire","List of MVLA history; correspondence; copy of photograph","Questionnaire; correspondence; tribute on her resignation","Biographical information","Biographical information; memoir written by her husband","Resume; correspondence; in memoriam","Article on the history of Detroit, biographical information","Correspondence; news clippings","Biographical information; article about her life","Obituary or memorial for the first MVLA Vice Regent for Georgia, Philoclea Eve. Typed on December 23, 1952 for her file. Note the appointment date at the top is incorrect. Eve was appointed Vice Regent in 1858.","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence, news clippings, biographical article","Correspondence, biographical information, committee work, research on former Minnesota Vice Regents; prospective Vice Regent form; copy of historical magazine of MN; development information","Biographical information","Biographical information","Correspondence; list of MVLA service","Memo, bio note","Clippings, biographical and memorial information","Correspondence; memorials; Questionnaire; report on outbuildings","Memorial information","Correspondence and memorial information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information","Correspondence as Regent","Correspondence to Mrs. Gaines as Regent","Biographical information; tributes to her service; correspondence; Questionnaire","Correspondence; letter from Sen. Trent Lott; biographical sketch; notes for talk","Obituary; correspondence; Questionnaire","News clippings","Biography of her husband; research on her as first VR from Connecticut","Biographical information, correspondence","Transcription of letter, 1858","Correspondence, Questionnaire, resume","Questionnaire, correspondence, tributes","Correspondence","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, memorial service info, Questionnaire","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial service info","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, description of dinner for The Washington Antique Show; description of reception at French Embassy; other special events invitations; obituary","Correspondence and clippings","Correspondence, Donation of Willard scrapbook","Correspondence","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and Memorial information","Booklet, \"In Memory of Sarah King Hale\" and biographical information","Obituary, letter to Mr. Townley Esq., and transcription of letter (RM 1206)","Biographical information and transcriptions of letters, correspondence","Correspondence; prospective Vice Regent form","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial info","Correspondence; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1940-1949; List of documents acquired at the sale of the Armstrong Collections","Correspondence","Obituary","Correspondence and biographical information","Letters from correspondence file of Hetty Harrison, Vice Regent for Virginia, including letters to and from, date range 1924-1936. Letters mostly concern Mansion furnishings, wallpaper, and similar topics.","Correspondence","Correspondence, article","Correspondence; questionnaire; obituary; memorials","Photocopies of correspondence, Bancroft Library material, University of California at Berkeley","Research file with biographical and legacy information; clippings; List of gifts to Mount Vernon; correspondence; obituaries and tributes","Questionnaire; prospective Vice Regent form; correspondence, includes 2018-A-020","Biography; obituary","Correspondence, 1937-1955; Accession lists, 1949-1951; Descriptions for Mount Vernon slides","Correspondence, 1955-1966; Library reports and accessions","Correspondence, 1966-1970; Library reports and accessions","Correspondence and Memorial information, 1971-1979; clippings","Correspondence; program from commissioning of US Ship Mount Vernon; Questionnaire","Correspondence","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and memorial information, 1963-1971; clippings","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Booklet, \"Washington's House\" by Mrs. Hudson; Biographical note, 1980; Correspondence (Connecticut Room), correspondence with Mrs. Hudson's niece Miss Carmalt (RM-1132); photographs (copies) of Susan Hudson and her husband, photograph of a portrait of William Dunlap and note by descendant.","Biographical information","Biographical and Memorial information; \"Notes for Talks on Mount Vernon,\" correspondence","Biographical information; transcript of letter from APC appointing her; obituary","Biographical note on Ella Hutchins Sydnor, the first Vice Regent for Texas, with accompanying transcription and news clipping.","One sheet reference to an MVLA book she is listed in","Correspondence; blueprint of traffic circle from Virginia Electric","Correspondence and clippings (Includes correspondence with Congressmen and Letitia Baldridge, First Lady Jackie Kennedy's secretary, concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)","Correspondence, 1966-1990; Script to slide presentation on Washington's china","Clipping of poem about Washington by Mrs. Jeffrey","Correspondence (includes two letters by William Taft)","Correspondence (includes two letters by William Taft)","Correspondence, 1938-1939; Letter concerning Miss Jennings from President William H. Taft, 1914; Memorial information; Booklet – \"Seabury Society for the Preservation of the Glebe House\"","Obituary","Correspondence, 1925-1932; Memorial information and booklet, 1934; Biographical information","Letter from Elizabeth Johnston, Vice Regent for Alabama, to her children. Written to be opened upon her death, reflecting on her life. Circa 1934.","Correspondence; memorial info, obituary of her sister, Grace King","Correspondence, 1944-1985; Family history; Memorial information; Questionnaire","Correspondence; list of committees; tribute; obituary","Prayer for Council 2006","Obituaries and news clippings","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence, 1925-1933; Information on Mount Vernon replica; clippings; information from NSDAR about Rainier chapter house; and obituaries","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, biographical and memorial information","Oral history transcript","Photocopies of letters and obituary","Biography; copy of poem for her by Poe; sketch; poem in tribute; Copy of Mobile Bay magazine, January 2024 issue with article \"Saving Washington's Mount Vernon,\" by Mount Vernon staff member Breck Pappas.","Correspondence, 1942-1951","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1955-1959; Clippings and information on Mr. Wilmarth Lewis; Memorial booklet; CD with content from the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University; transcript of interview recording of Mrs. Lewis; Two copies of booklet for the exhibition \"Dancing on a sunny plain: The life of Annie Burr Auchincloss Lewis\" by Yale University.","Correspondence","Correspondence; article about proposed sewer project near MV","Correspondence to and from Miss Longfellow; Letters from family concerning Miss Longfellow; Postcards of Longfellow House; Clippings; Paper \"The Shrine of Mount Vernon\"","Letter from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana to the Vice Regent for Connecticut, Annie Burr Jennings, January 31, 1930. Thanks her for the copy she sent of the MVLA Annual Report, speaks of his aunt Alice Longfellow who recently died, and mentions other MVLA matters.","Correspondence (Includes letter from U.S. Senator Arthur Capper)","Correspondence and obituaries","Correspondence, 1932-1941; Pamphlets on Historic Restoration in Arkansas","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1951-1963; Clippings and obituaries; Reminiscences from a trip to the Soviet Union; Information on Historic Preservation work in Arkansas","Correspondence; biography; obituary","Correspondence, biographical information, and retirement tributes","Biographical information","Correspondence, 1896-1954; Clippings; \"Washington's First Defeat\"; Biographical information; certificate of appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire","List of items from the Early Records Collection, Biography, listing of MV activities","Correspondence, Portrait information (MFA Boston)","Letter from Martha Mercer, Vice Regent for Pennsylvania, to Harrison Dodge, superintendent, undated (October 7). She has received the tree report and thinks he must be very happy with it. The next step is to do the work. Autograph letter signed.","Biographical information; List of items from Early Records Collection","Correspondence, resume, prospective VR form, Questionnaire","Questionnaire, correspondence","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire, letter from Senator Bob Graham, FL","Biographical information, original certificate of appointment signed by Ann Pamela Cunningham","Biographical information","Correspondence","Correspondence, tributes, Questionnaire, customs and practices of the MVLA","Questionnaire, correspondence, measured drawing of walkway to administration building by Dean Norton, 1985, tribute to her service","Correspondence and clippings, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","List of items in the Early Records Collection; Biographical information","Questionnaire, correspondence, resignation letter, articles","Correspondence","Correspondence, biographical information","Correspondence, 1980-1990, Clippings, Publication, \"The Ghost Ranch Story\" by Arthur Pack, Questionnaire","Letter to her mother (with letter of provenance, 1937)","Photostats from a Cincinnati Enquirer story about her family (with letter of provenance, 1964)","Correspondence, obituary","Obituary, 1938 (retrieved 2022)","Correspondence, obituary","Correspondence, articles, and other writings, Questionnaire","Biographical information; Clippings; Confederate 100 dollar note with her likeness; Booklet – \"Charleston, S.C. and Mount Vernon\"","Correspondence, obituary, memorial","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence with Charles C. Wall","Memorial information, clippings, and writings","Speeches and presentations","Correspondence","Correspondence, memorial","Clippings and biographical information","Writings on Mount Vernon; Booklets, \"The Mount Vernon Society of Detroit Michigan,\" and \"What Michigan Has Done for Mount Vernon\"","Letter regarding visit of dignitaries to Mount Vernon, 1917; Clipping regarding the visit of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt","Memoir written one day after the event of the French and British missions visit to Mount Vernon on April 29, 1917. Written by the Vice Regent for Maine (later Regent), Alice Richards.","Memorial booklet printed after the death of MVLA Regent Alice Richards. Gives details and information about her life and work.","Certificate as Vice Regent, clippings","Correspondence, biographical information, events, remarks, articles, photobook","Letter written about her in 1952","Letter from Miss Riggs to Mrs. Towner, undated; Letter informing of the death of Miss Riggs, 1930; List of items in the Early Records Collection","Biographical information and clippings; Thesis \"Anna Cora Mowatt and Her Audience,\" by Imogene McCarthy","Correspondence and biographical information","Correspondence, 1915-1918","Correspondence, 1918-1925","Correspondence, 1926-1931","Correspondence, memorial information","Genealogical information","Obituary, 1910, retrieved 2022","Correspondence, clippings, paper read by her at Colonial Dames meeting","Correspondence; copy of letter from Barbara Bush; Customs and Practice of MVLA, April 1986; questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes letters from President George Bush, Sr., Barbara Bush, Richard Nixon, and Sandra Day O'Connor)","Program with menu, event information, and itinerary for a dinner on Washington's birthday for the benefit of the MVLA.","Personal memoir of her trip to Paris for the bicentennial of the French Revolution and loan of the key to the Bastille, July 1989.","Memorandum by Eugenia Seamans, Regent, to the Vice Regents and staff thanking them for contributing to the success of their commemoration of the bicentennial of George Washington's inauguration.","A thank you letter from President Richard Nixon to Eugenia Seamans, Regent, May 9, 1989. Autograph letter signed.","A thank you letter from President Bush to the Regent for his tour of Mount Vernon with King Hussein. Autograph letter signed.","The First Lady thanks the Regent for coming to tea with the other Vice Regents at the White House. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, Tribute","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Biographical information; List and photocopies of items from the Early Records Collection","Prospective form, tribute, Questionnaire, correspondence","Questionnaire, correspondence, tribute, articles about Washington","Correspondence, Questionnaire, Garden Committee reports","Correspondence 1970-1979, Garden Committee reports, Articles, committee assignments, letter of resignation","Correspondence, remarks","Correspondence, donations, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches, Questionnaire, resume","Correspondence, Memorial information, Questionnaire, obituaries","Transcriptions of letters, 1877; Correspondence, 1898-1900; Paper – \"A Chapter in the History of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association,\" 1905; Address – \"The National University and the George Washington Memorial\"","Correspondence and biographical information (Includes letters from Wyoming Senators and Congressmen)","Correspondence, Questionnaire, articles, and Memorial information","Correspondence","Would like him to send information on fire protection at Mount Vernon. Discusses Washington's books with the Boston Athenaeum. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence and biographical information","Questionnaire, correspondence, obituary","Articles and other writings; Clippings; Memorial information","Correspondence (Includes letters to and from President Franklin Roosevelt), publication about Mount Vernon written by Mrs. Towner","Personal notebooks on Mount Vernon and bookplates","Obituary","Biographical information; Transcriptions of letters","Correspondence","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the 100th Anniversary Committee; Memorial information; Personal inscribed copy of \"Mount Vernon China\"); Questionnaire","Correspondence, appeal, \"Washington Portraits,\" calling cards","Correspondence, 1919-1956, paper detailing Tennessee involvement with Mount Vernon, obituary, Questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes letters on the donation of the Vaughan journal and manuscripts), Questionnaire","Tells her she has been elected as a Vice Regent for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Gives information about being a Vice Regent. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence","Obituary, 1908; Biographical note","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information","Oral history transcript, 2009","Booklet, \"Bit of Mount Vernon History: Taken from the Records of Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Brought before Council of 1898 by Record Committee and Ordered Printed,\" by Mrs. Ward, 1899; Appeal to Teachers and Students of the Schools of Kansas to donate to Mount Vernon, undated; Obituary","Correspondence","Committee assignments; biography; correspondence; obituary","Journal; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent, signed by APC; obituary","Correspondence, speech, etc.","Correspondence; prospective VR form; articles","Correspondence, events programs, obituary, Questionnaire","Questionnaire, resume, prospective VR form, correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence and resume","Questionnaire, memorial information","Correspondence 1964-1970","Correspondence, 1971-1977","Correspondence, 1978-1982; Article \"George Washington, The Man, Creator of Mount Vernon, Farmer, Family Man, Christian, Ecumenist\"","Correspondence, 1983-1993; Memorial information","Correspondence as Corresponding Secretary","Correspondence, committee listings, funeral program, Questionnaire","Biographical note, Letter accepting position as Vice Regent","Letter from Georgia Wilder, Vice Regent for Georgia, to Lily Laughton, Regent, May 27, 1891. Wilder accepts her appointment as Vice Regent for Georgia in the MVLA. Autograph letter signed.","Signed by the Regent, Justine Townsend with note, \"appointed by the previous Regent Mrs. L.L.M. Laughton who was prevented by illness from signing this certificate.\"","Biographical note or obituary about Georgia Page King Smith Wilder, d. 1914, who served as the Vice Regent for Georgia 1891-1914.","Questionnaire, correspondence","Small journal with information on gifts to Mount Vernon, 1891-1896; Certificate as Vice Regent","Correspondence, 1931-1940","Correspondence, 1941-1959; Obituary","Articles, biographical information","Biographical information, mostly about her service as VR","An addition was made in August 2023, containing material given by Vice Regents and the Board Secretary in recent years.","Correspondence and biographical info, letters about Mount Vernon miniature","Correspondence","Biographical info, articles, tribute, correspondence, nomination info","Correspondence and memorial information","Biographical info, article","Correspondence, biographical info, remarks","Correspondence, Questionnaire, bio info","Correspondence, Questionnaire, photographs, bio info, Tribute","Biographical info, nomination info, correspondence","Black and white photograph showing several MVLA members greeting the Governor of Virginia in the New Room of the Mansion during an event, 1953 (2183-F)","Black and white photograph showing the restoration of the outside of the Mansion, circa 1956; Two black and white photos showing work being done to an outbuilding/colonnade, 1955","Two black and white photographs showing horses preparing a field at Mount Vernon, 1939","Black and white photograph postcard of a garden bench, no date","Series of color and black and white photographs showing the construction of Mount Vernon's sanitary sewer system, 1972","Black and white photographs on scrapbook pages taken by Charles Goodwin, February 1911. Caption on one page reads \"Trip to Washington and Mt. Vernon, George Senior with Charles and Spencer Goodwin, Photos by C.A.G. Feb. 1911.\" Photos include images of the exterior of Mount Vernon mansion, outbuildings, and scenic views.","1 black and white photograph of a wall sconce (probably in the Mansion); three identical black and white photos of the entrance door and step to an estate building, no dates","10 black and white photograph prints showing the State Dinner event. President Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, Mrs. Beirne, and other are seen in the images","Color photograph of the East Lawn with men dressed as Revolutionary War soldiers posed with flags, ca. 1970; Color photograph of a fireplace with a portrait painting of Ann Pamela Cunningham over the hearth, ca. 1971","Black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting an award to the Honorable John Taylor","One color photograph showing Mrs. Cooke at the White House posed with the French ambassador, President Richard Nixon, Mrs. Anne Armstrong (Counsellor to the President) and Mr. John W. Warner (Administrator, American Revolution Bicentennial Administration), July 10, 1974","1 color photograph of George Washington's coach or carriage, 1971","1 color photograph of Mrs. Pack in the flight deck of a Boeing 727","1 artist's rendition in color of new administrative buildings, 1980s","One color photograph print of a furniture detail from the Mount Vernon in Miniature project; one slide and several lengths of negatives showing the miniature details, 1994.","6 black and white photographs showing restoration work done to the Ice House Vault, 1939 and the Stable Underpinning 1938-1939; 5 black and white photographs showing the cottage at the West Gate including \"View from the gate,\" \"Construction details,\" \"New site before development,\" \"In transit,\" and \"The abandoned site\"","6 black and white photos showing an area of dug-up earth and two cars, 1938","5 photograph prints from Neg. 2903-1, 2903-2, 2903-3, 2904-1, 2904-2 – all views of the Family Kitchen – rear of fireplace and oven, 1950, taken by Robert Fisher; Black and white photograph showing two areas of different texture (labeled A and B) on the wall of the Family Kitchen, ca 1950","4 black and white photograph prints of Neg. 2930-2, 2930-3, 2930-5, 2930-7 relating to the brick foundations of the Greenhouse","1 black and white photograph of the ruined wall of the Greenhouse and slave quarters","1 black and white photograph of the Summer House","Strip of 5 black and white photographs labeled \"Wash House, Stove foundation and flue connection, June 1945\"","2 black and white photographs taped to board with descriptions; shows the fireplace in Washington's Bedroom after the removal of the wood paneling; Black and white photographs taped to two boards with description; shows the North Closet section of Washington's Bedroom during restoration","Black and white photograph of the Well House with a woman inside at the well with a bucket. Reverse side reads Neg. #2260 from a photograph by Fr. B. Johnston circa 1890","1 black and white photograph print on thin paper of a man, possible John Carter Brown, with notation on the reverse, \"J.C.B. June 11, '96, 1:30 p.m., 12 Benevolent St.\" Also, 1 black and white photo print with notation on the reverse, \"Lake Tahoe taken from the California side of the Lake. June 9, 1940.\"","2 black and white photographs of an MVLA sideboard with its measurements on the back","1 black and white photograph of people looking at Mount Vernon's view of the Potomac from the East Lawn, ca. 1965; 1 drawing of the Potomac River by Mount Vernon and the Piscataway Bay, ca. 1965","Black and white photographs with captions from \"Washington's Mount Vernon\"","2 color photographs of an historic oak tree at Mount Vernon; 1 shows a little boy by the tree, the other shows the stump after it had been cut down because of disease, 1983","2 color photographs of an information kiosk at the front entrance of Mount Vernon, 1967","1 black and white photograph of the wreath-laying ceremony at the grave of Ann Pamela Cunningham with Regent Mrs. Cooke, Mr. Wall, and Mrs. Hollis, 1975","4 color Polaroid photographs showing the Gift Shop salesroom, 1979","1 black and white photograph of a fireplace in the Mansion with the \"GW\" script","3 small color photographs of different rooms in the Mansion, 1961","1 black and white photograph of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association members in front of Mount Vernon; 2 small color photographs of the painting \"The West Front\" attributed to Edward Savage; 2 black and white photographs of a bedroom in the Mansion, no date","1 black and white photograph of the Upper Garden with covers over the beds","Color photograph of Mrs. Labouisse and Mrs. Bolton in front of the Mansion, 1953. In a card holder inscribed by Mrs.Powel.","1 black and white photograph of the Small Dining Room in the Mansion, no date","1 color slide labeled \"Page Platt – Natl Col Farm Oct 1978 Admin Bldg. Barn\"","Color print photograph of First Lady Barbara Bush and Mrs. Smith, group Council photographs from 1985-1989, and two photos (one signed to Mrs. Smith) from an event at Mount Vernon, undated.","Series of color Polaroid photographs showing the construction of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building and complex, 1982","Color photograph of Mrs. Sullivan on the piazza of the Mansion with the Vice Regents from Arizona and Maine, May 1983","Two black and white photographs of a chair with a reproduction chair cushion, 1966","Two black and white photographs of members of the MVLA welcoming guests to the reception in the New Room or Large Dining Room, 1953","Color photographs of Mrs. Sullivan with other MVLA Vice Regents, 1965, 1967; Black and white photographs showing different views of Mount Vernon","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a parade event at Mount Vernon, no date","1 black and white proof sheet with photographs of a Ford fire engine; 2 color Polaroid photographs of the Ford fire engine, one with two men; 7 color 8\" x 10\" of Ford Motor Company's visit to Mount Vernon to donate a fire engine, August 1981.","2 color photograph prints showing Vice Regents Emerita at Mount Vernon, c. 2000s","5 black and white photographs of Mrs. Anderson and other MVLA members on the piazza of the Mansion, ca 1940s","2 black and white photographs of Mrs. Beirne with Superintendent Charles Wall and another woman","19 color photographs of an Honorary Dinner for Mrs. Billups in 1961 with other Ladies of the Council (identified on the reverse of several prints) – some are duplicates","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of Mr. Thomas D. Taylor","1 black and white photograph of the 1970 Council on the lawn in front of the Mansion; 1 black and white photograph of several Ladies with Mount Vernon employees, 1972; 1 color photograph in the original holder showing Mrs. Bolton and Mrs. Labouisse in front of the Mansion","Two Christmas cards with color photographs, one showing Mrs. Bolton, ca. 1980s","2 small color photograph prints of Vice Regent Nancy Call, undated","Two color Polaroids of a framed certificate; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting at the Sound and Light show with President Ford and French President D'Estaing; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke standing by portraits of George and Martha Washington, ca. 1970s","Formal presentation of the Bicentennial gift of the French Republic to the United States at Mount Vernon - a sound and light production recounting some of the memorable events of the Revolution, from Patrick Henry's speech to the Battle of Yorktown as recollected by General Washington reflecting on the past after his retirement to Mount Vernon. French President d'Estaing presents the gift to President Ford who in turn gifted the production to Mount Vernon accepted by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Regent Mrs. Cooke. The program debuted that evening to hundreds of special guests in attendance for the outdoor event.","8\" x 10\" color photograph of Mrs. Cooke with a United States Flag, ca. 1990s","Color photograph print of Mrs. Crumpacker with James Crumpacker and Elizabeth Swindells, undated","1 black and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Cubbedge, 1964","3 color photograph prints showing Mrs. Davis and her family, various dates","1 color photograph print on a Christmas card showing Mrs. Gaines with her husband and grandchildren, 2004","1 black and white photograph of Vice Regent Beatrice Guthrie","1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Haldeman","Color photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies","5 color photographs of the US Navy ceremony for the USS Mount Vernon, Mrs. Holden is in attendance, May 13, 1972","1 black and white photograph of the MVLA Board posed in front of the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, no date; 1 black and white photograph of an aerial view of the Mount Vernon estate, no date; 2 black and white prints on paper showing the small dining room in the Mansion","1 color photograph print with original negative of Mrs. Lee in front of the Mansion; one page with two color photograph prints of Mrs. Lee's family adhered as a Christmas card, 1997","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a portrait painting of Mme. Le Vert","Five color postcards of different views of Mount Vernon, c. 1934 MVLA","3 black and white photographs, and 3 sepia tinted photographs of Mrs. Loughborough and different scenes and items at Mount Vernon estate","1 color portrait-style photograph print of Adrienne Mars","6 color photographs of an event at Mount Vernon with a Pipe and Drum band, no date","1 black and white matted photograph captioned \"The Ave. of Oaks planted by our dear Father at Retreat\" no date; 2 identical black and white postcard photographs of Page Randolph Anderson (later Platt) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1910; 2 sepia photograph cabinet cards of Page Wilder (later Anderson) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1885","1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Seamans","Series of color photographs showing a tree-planting event at Mount Vernon with three Vice Regents and others, ca. 1980s","Color photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies","Series of color portrait-style photographs of Mrs. Walton, ca. 2000","One black and white photo of Mrs. West, 6 color photos of her visit to Sulgrave Manor featuring Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher","Black and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Wiener, ca 1960s in original holder","Set of color prints taken from the ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Also includes one print photo of Jim Rees, Lynn Gammill, and Gay Gaines, undated.","Also includes 3 Council photographs, New Room, undated","Architectural drawing – Key to the Upper Garden plantings, 1980 by Dean Norton","1 blueprint titled Sketch Showing Progressive Development of Plan of Green House at Mount Vernon, Virginia, Walter Macomber; 2 architectural drawings concerning the Greenhouse: 1 showing the Elevations of the Proposed Service Greenhouse, October 1950; 1 titled Plan for Greenhouse, Nursery Area, October, 1950","1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault Restoration, 1938; 1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault – Measured Drawing, 1938; Blueprint titled Proposed Restoration of Ice House Vault, Cleverdon, Varney \u0026 Pike Consulting Engineers, 1938","Blueprint titled Heating Tunnel Layout, Drawing 101, 1935 by Geo. A. Weschler, Consulting Engineer; Blueprint titled Section of Tunnel, no date","2 blueprints – 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Alterations to End Sections of Building, 1936; 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Radiator Locations, 1936","5 blueprints: Sheet A – Stable Explorations, Plan and Sections Showing Extent of Excavated Trenches and Evidence of an Older Stable, 1939; Sheet B – Stable Measurements, 1936; Sheet C – Stable Measurements, Plan of Barn and Mule Stable, 1936; Sheet D – Stable Measurements, Rafter Plan and Details, 1936; Sheet E – Stable Excavations –Trenches D and F","1 architectural drawing titles \"Sketch Showing Hot Water Stove Restoration for Wash House\"","Drawing – Flower Garden detail, Area in front of Greenhouse, 1952; Drawing – Sketch Showing Re-arrangement of Designs in East and West Parterres in Flower Garden, Walter Macomber, no date; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, West End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, East End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Grouping of 17 small blueprints – Flower gardens, 1938","Architectural drawings, blueprints – Scale Detail Garden Wall Palisade, 1962; Elevation of a hood for the Director's House, 1963; Office building, no date; Interior Elevation, Main Gate, Mount Vernon, 1964; Blueprint, Elevation of Wall from Stable Yard \u0026 Laundry Yard, Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, December 12, 1955","Drawing of the bed hangings and curtains for the Lafayette Bedchamber, August 1975, Ethel Pilson Warren Interior Planning","Sketched architectural diagrams showing possible floor plans for the proposed new Administration Building, 1978","1 architectural drawing of the Interior Elevation of the Main Gate (Texas Gate) at Mount Vernon, by Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, October 22, 1964; 1 architectural drawing of the Grounds Section Facility, no date","Includes Mrs. Sweat's annotations, sketches, and inserts.","Statement to reactivate the Second Continental Light Dragoons in celebration of Washington's 279th birthday.","Award certificate to the MVLA.","Also includes printed list of members and RSVP mailing.","Includes letter from President Bush, news clippings, and bound manuscript copy of the remarks by David McCullough, \"The Ties that Bind: America and France.\"","Includes clippings, printed material, and correspondence.","Compiled engravings, photos, and prints including a cabinet card photograph of Nellie Custis Lewis. Several images from the collection of Vice Regent Annie Jennings of Connecticut","Empty of photographs","A note dated 1937 inside the portfolio by Vice Regent Helen Sargent states that the portfolio belonged to MVLA Regent Alice Richards.","Signed by several Congressmen including Robert Byrd and Thomas Foley. Possible signature of President Bill Clinton. Framed, 10 ¾\" x 15 ¾\"","Belonged to Helen Louise Sargent, Vice Regent for the District of Columbia, undated. Matted but not framed. 13 ½\" x 17 ¼\"","Tributes included are for James Rees, Mount Vernon employees, and Gay Hart Gaines.","Signed list of Rhode Island Vice Regents on the front inside page. The S.S. Teacher's Edition of the Holy Bible. Oxford University Press: London. Book cover reads \"Mount Vernon, Rhode Island Room 1898.\" Several inserts and annotations.","Signed on front inside page \"Pro Deo et Patria! The gift of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for the State of New York, For the use of Vice Regents of the State of New York. March 29, 1900.\" The Holy Bible, The American Bible Society: New York, 1897. One insert.","Bound volume listing subscriptions or donations to Mount Vernon's fund to rebuild the \"servant's quarters\" destroyed by fire in 1835. The Vice Regent of Kansas, Jennie Ward, reported she raised enough by fundraising in Kansas schools ($1,000) The reconstruction was \"rebuilt along the lines of the old ruin,\" and in what was believed to be the original location.  It was completed in 1891.","Certificate of membership for Justine Van Resselaer Townsend for membership in the Daughters of the Cincinnati. Also signed by Townsend as President of the organization.","Wood panel with painted coat of arms; reverse reads \"A facsimile of a bronze tablet on the monument to Ann Pamela Cunningham in Columbia, S. Carolina, A.J. Robertson, May 1904\"","Objects related to the Dedication of the 16-Sided Barn, September 27, 1996. Includes souvenir satchel pouch with fact sheets and information, American flags on tissue paper, programs, and guest lists","Tabletop decoration used for the Bicentennial of the Inauguration of Washington dinner, 1989.","With bust of Washington, from the North Carolina Museum of History","Includes MVLA seal.","Labeled \"Cyndi Invest.\" and \"Bob's Invest.\" and numbered 1-3. Two are unlabeled but thought to be from the same series. Most likely recorded by Cyndi Lints, Administrative Assistant, and Bob McCarthy, Controller.","With management consultant Edie Seashore","At least one tape may have contributions by management consultant, Edie Seashore.","Meeting with management consultant Edie Seashore.","Time 5:40, produced by Goettler Associates, Inc. Columbus, Ohio","C-SPAN Archives, Tape 1 – 118 min., Tape 2 – 84 min. Copyright restricted","Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Black Women United for Action","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Guy, Frances Claiborne, 1921-2016","Anderson, Helen Sharp, 1916-2013","Seamans, Eugenia Merrill, 1922-2010","Bishop, Mabel Livingstone, 1925-2007","Morrissette, Laura Vaughan Inge, 1933-","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Walton, Ellen Carroll","Gaines, Gay Hart","Ansley, Boyce Lineberger, 1946-2016","Bookout, Ann Haunschild","Lucas, Barbara Bourgeois","Allison, Margaret Appleton","Berry, Violetta Lansdale, 1883-1971","Bolton, Mary Peters","Brown, Anne Crawford Allen, 1848-1936","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Coolidge, Mary Abigail Parsons, 1878-1964","Cubbedge, Margaret Ellis, 1896-1985","Gammill, Lynn Crosby, 1936-","Hagner, Adlumia Sterrett, 1916-2007","Herbert, Leila","Holderness, Eunice Jackson, 1917-2007","Hollis, Margaret Belser, 1924-2015","Labouisse, Sally (Sarah Cameron), 1903-1985","Fisher, Robert B.","Morse, Frank","Neal, Anne D.","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Rathbone, Elizabeth Adams, 1837-1923","Richardson, Melody Sawyer","Smith, Gene Smith","Strachan, Rose Forsyth, 1915-2000","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Symmes, Harrison M., 1921-2010","Woodbury, Charlotte, 1873-1966","Todd, Frances Packette, 1901-1987","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Wiener, Ellanore Brown","Abrahams, Meliora Hambleton","Alexander, Hope Powel, 1925-2019","Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","Anderson, Isabel Scott, 1899-1994","Anderson, Anne Page Wilder, 1873-1956","Andrews, Julia Johnston, 1846-1915","Armour, Mary Gooch, 1942-","Aurell, Jane Collins","Baker, Fannie Gilchrist, 1838-1901","Balfour, Emma Harrison Warren, 1818-1887","Ball, Emma R., 1838-1918","Barnes, Mary Fauntleroy, 1824-1912","Barret, Margaretta Mason Brown, 1839-1920","Barret, Rosa Robinson, 1881-1955","Barry, Elizabeth Willard, 1814-1883","Battle, Charlotte Timberlake","Bayard, Elizabeth du Pont, 1880-1975","Bennett, Jamie Armstrong, 1881-1963","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Blackburn, Alpha Coles","Bockstoce, Elizabeth Roberts, 1918-1995","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Borthwick, Maribeth Armstrong","Bowlin, Ruth Price","Bradford, Helen MacKay, 1940-2004","Bradford, Mary Conover","Young , James","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Brockett, Marcella Powell Gibson","Brooks, Mary Cunningham Randolph, 1816-1882","Evarts, Mary, 1854-1928","Brown, Caroline Hinman Clement","Brown, Cynthia Pillow Saunders, 1810-1892","Buchanan, Frances Rogers","Bush, Margaret Gage","Butler, Sarah Duncan","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Cain, Talbot deButts, 1941-2013","Call, Nancy Banning","Campbell, Virginia Kyle, 1822-1882","Carson, Dana Porter","Chapin, Betsy (Elizabeth M.)","Chesnut, Mary, 1775-1864","Chisholm, Katherine Crutcher, 1929-2016","Collins, Mary Call Darby, 1911-2009","Comegys, Margaret Douglass, 1816-1888","Conover, Helen Field, 1833-1914","Cox, Katherine Cabell Claiborne, 1854-1925","Crumpacker, Anne Finkbeiner (Elizabeth Anne Finkbeiner)","Danforth, Edwine Evans, 1863-1961","Davis, Florence Stumb","De Forest, Elizabeth Kellam","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Dewey, Ruth Harrington, 1918-2016","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Dillon, Anna Price, 1835-1898","Du Pont, Elizabeth N.","Emory, Matilda Bache, 1819-1900","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Fauth, Geren Watson","Fitch, Harriet Satterlee","Fogg, Francis B., Mrs., 1800-1872","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Freeman, Margaret Walthall","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Furness, Marion Ramsey, 1853-1935","Gilchrist, Gene Robin","Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","Goodrich, Mary Boott, 1807-1868","Graham, Christine Blair, 1852-1915","Greenough, Louisa Ingersoll, 1813-1891","Guthrie, Beatrice Holden","Hagood, Derrill Maybank","Haldeman, Jane Norton, 1909-1984","Hale, Sarah King, 1798-1865","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Schuyler, Mary Morris Hamilton, 1818-1877","McAdoo, Mary Cheston (formerly Mary Hancock)","Hanks, Lorelai Jackson, 1929-2006","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Harrison, Hetty Cary, 1871-1943","Haskell, Mary Rushton, 1903-1971","Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, 1842-1919","Henke, Bonnie Creekmore (Mary Elizabeth)","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Hitz, Elizabeth Holliday, 1894-1979","Holden, Polly Bullard, 1906-2004","Hollenberg, Josephine Heiskell Harrison (Deanie), 1915-2011","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Hunt, Anne Lucas, 1796-1879","Huntress, Harriet Lane, 1860-1922","Sydnor, Ella Hutchins, 1844-1913","Irwin, Alice Dandridge, 1855-1916","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Jeffrey, Rosa Vertner, 1828-1894","Jennings, Annie Burr, 1855-1939","Johnson, Sarah Smith, -1862","Johnston, Elizabeth Johnston Evans, 1851-1934","King, Annie Ragan, 1856-1933","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Lane, Virginia Dawson","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Lawson, Priscilla Plumb","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Le Vert, Octavia Walton, 1810-1877","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Livingood, Lily Foster","Lobb, Mary Montgomery, 1915-2005","Longfellow, Alice M. (Alice Mary), 1850-1928","Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1881-1950","Lord, Bertha Dunlap, 1880-1956","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Lyle, Margaret Vilas","Mars, Adrienne Bevis","Terrell, Mary Maverick, 1851-1891","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","McIlvain, Janet Hattan","McWillie, Catherine Anderson, 1812-1873","Mercer, Martha Dana, 1872-1960","Mitchell, Martha Reed, 1818-1902","Moore, Lisa Rosenberger","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Morse, Margaretta Wederstrandt, 1816-1893","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Nagel, Anne Shepley","Nalty, Elizabeth Shaw","Neal, Georgianne Davis","Neill, Nancy","Newman, Eleanor Tarrant, 1934-2017","Ogden, Phebe Ann, 1790-1865","Olander, Eileen Maloney","Pack, Phoebe Finley, 1907-2000","Parker, Eleanor Carroll Lyster, 1871-1924","Pendleton, Mary Alicia Key, 1824-1886","Pepper, Rebecca Willing, 1882-1955","Perrie, Alice Johnson","Peterkin, Constance Lee, 1872-1948","Pfaelzer, Marianne Henry","Pickens, Lucy Petaway Holcombe","Pirtle, Mary Hall, 1922-2012","Pope, Nancy Lucas Turner, 1870-1950","Porcher, Virginia Leigh, 1866-1940","Pringle, Elizabeth W. Allston (Elizabeth Waties Allston), 1845-1921","Richardson, Ida Ann Slocomb, 1830-1910","Ricks, Fanny Jones, 1852-1918","Riggs, Janet Shedden, 1815-1871","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Rogers, Frances Dennis","Sargent, Helen Louise","Schuyler, Harriet Lowndes Langdon, 1838-1915","Scott, Caroline Drennen, 1827-1910","Scott, Mary Mason, 1867-1934","Seaman, Eleanor Remick","Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Bush, Barbara, 1925-2018","Semple, Cynthia Taylor","Shelton, Clara Francis (died 1936)","Shields, Jeanne Otis","Shipp, Margaret Busbee, 1871-1936","Sibley, Sarah Steele, 1823-1869","Simplot, Adelia Garro","Streeter, Lucille Anderson","Sweat, Margaret J.M. (Margaret Jane Mussey), 1823-1908","Taliaferro, Lucy Ramsay, 1871-1953","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Thom, Mary Keyser Stewart, 1874-1963","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Troup, Elsie De Cou","Van Antwerp, Jane Yates, 1815-1870","Van Deventer, Mary Finley","Vaughan, Margaret Driggs, 1917-2003","Walcott, Mary Newcomer","Walker, Letitia Morehead, 1823-1908","Ward, Jennie Meeker (Sarah Jane), 1833-1910","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Washington, Ella Bassett, 1834-1898","Webber, Barbara Chase","Weller, Lucy Ireland","West, Ann Wick, 1930-2020","West, Constance F.","Wheeler, Lillian Marsh, 1863-1952","Wick, Ann Dugdale","Wilder, Caryl Casselberry, 1923-2005","Wilder, Georgia King Smith, 1833-1914","Williams, Priscilla de Forest","Winder, Abbie Rice Goodwin, 1829-1906","Woodward, Eliza Brand Macalester, 1811-1897","Yulee, Nancy Wickliffe, 1822-1885","Coulson, Sarah Miller","Mauran, Elizabeth Rollins","Sahin, Andrea Notman","Scott, Ann Cady","Amundsen, Claudia Puig","Grant, Judith Wilson","Holdsworth, Elizabeth Lawson Whitesides","Reeder, Susan Stevens","Sherrill, Jean Armfield","West, Gail Berry, 1942-","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 1816-1875","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946- ","Carter, Rosalynn","Swann, Don, 1889-1954","Pickup, Ernest A. (Ernest Alexander), 1887-1970","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A.MVLA","/repositories/2/resources/46"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["72 Linear Feet 99 containers plus 14 oversize items, approx. 72 linear feet"],"extent_tesim":["72 Linear Feet 99 containers plus 14 oversize items, approx. 72 linear feet"],"date_range_isim":[1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes."],"accruals_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes accession (accrual) 2019-A-030. \"Mt. Vernon gingerbread\" recipe. Also includes 2021-A-009 with letters concerning a visit by Major George Scapini and descendant Julian Washington.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accruals_heading_ssm":["Accruals"],"accruals_tesim":["Includes accession (accrual) 2019-A-030. \"Mt. Vernon gingerbread\" recipe. Also includes 2021-A-009 with letters concerning a visit by Major George Scapini and descendant Julian Washington."],"altformavail_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eContent from this item has been scanned as JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. 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Please contact library staff for more details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSome items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecopy in Photographs addenda\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ecopy in Series 6.1\u003c/p\u003e"],"altformavail_heading_ssm":["Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies","Existence and Location of Copies"],"altformavail_tesim":["Content from this item has been scanned as JPG. 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Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned in PDF or JPG. Please ask library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","An item from this folder has been scanned as a PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","An item in this folder has been scanned as a PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Several items in Mrs. Coolidge's files have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Several items from Mrs. Coolidge's files have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Several items from Mrs. Coolidge's files have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","Some items in this collection have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been digitized as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","An item from this folder has been scanned as a JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items from this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in Mrs. Walton's folders have been scanned as JPG or PDF. Please contact library staff for more details.","Some items in this folder have been scanned as PDF or JPG. Please contact library staff for details.","copy in Photographs addenda","copy in Series 6.1"],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Papers of the MVLA is divided into six series, one of which has been further split into two subseries. The majority of material is organized alphabetically, however each series has an arrangement note to explain unique caveats to the organizational structure. The series and subseries are arranged as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1. Committee Files\nSeries 2. Council Files\nSeries 3. Minutes of the Council, original\nSeries 4. Regent's Files\nSeries 5. Papers of the Vice Regents\nSeries 6. Vice Regents Files\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6.1. General\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6.2. Alphabetical\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetically by committee and folder title, then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChronologically by Council date, then alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChronological.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eChronologically by Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetically by Vice Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSubseries \n6.1 Vice Regents Files – General \n6.2 Vice Regents Files – Alphabetical\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlphabetically by Vice Regent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn addition with multiple accession numbers was processed in 2023 following the same series order, and is described in full at the end of the collection. Further additions may be processed separately and will include born digital files.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement","Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Papers of the MVLA is divided into six series, one of which has been further split into two subseries. The majority of material is organized alphabetically, however each series has an arrangement note to explain unique caveats to the organizational structure. The series and subseries are arranged as follows:","Series 1. Committee Files\nSeries 2. Council Files\nSeries 3. Minutes of the Council, original\nSeries 4. Regent's Files\nSeries 5. Papers of the Vice Regents\nSeries 6. Vice Regents Files","Series 6.1. General","Series 6.2. Alphabetical","Alphabetically by committee and folder title, then chronologically.","Chronologically by Council date, then alphabetically by folder title.","Chronological.","Chronologically by Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.","Alphabetically by Vice Regent, then alphabetically by folder title.","Subseries \n6.1 Vice Regents Files – General \n6.2 Vice Regents Files – Alphabetical","Alphabetically by Vice Regent.","An addition with multiple accession numbers was processed in 2023 following the same series order, and is described in full at the end of the collection. Further additions may be processed separately and will include born digital files."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham. The purpose of the Association was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to visitors and admirers who desired to see Washington's house and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, saw the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two women of like mind together to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858 he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000. \nThe MVLA is the owner and executive board of Mount Vernon. Membership is made up of one Regent and 20-30 Vice Regents, each from a different state. All MVLA members assemble twice a year in April and October for Council, where they hear motions and reports concerning projects or issues at the estate. The Vice Regents also divide into committees focused on different functions and operations, and rotate members every few years. Today the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization dedicated to historic preservation in the United States, and as innovators in the field of preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of Mount Vernon, and educating people all over the world about George Washington's life and legacy. Mount Vernon is open to visitors 365 days a year. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion and tomb of Washington, but restored gardens, outbuildings, Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and orientation center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, food pavilion, and the Mount Vernon Inn restaurant. \nList of Regents of the MVLA: \n•\tAnn Pamela Cunningham, 1853-1874 resigned 1874, died 1875\n•\tLily Macalester Berghmans Laughton, 1874-1891, died 1891\n•\tJustine Van Rensselaer Townsend, 1891-1909, died 1912\n•\tHarriet Clayton Comegys, 1909-1927, died 1927\n•\tAlice Haliburton King Richards, 1927-1936, died 1936\n•\tHarriet Cole Towner, 1937-1942, died 1942\n•\tMary Vilas Hanks, 1943-1948, died 1959\n•\tHope Hodgman Harkness (formerly Hope H. Powel), 1948-1958, died 1974\n•\tRosamond Harding Randall Beirne, 1958-1968, died 1968\n•\tElizabeth Throckmorton Cooke, 1968-1976, died 1993\n•\tFrances Claiborne Guy, Jr., 1976-1982\n•\tHelen Sharp Anderson, 1982-1986, died 2013\n•\tEugenia Ayer Merrill Seamans, Jr., 1986-1990, died 2010\n•\tMabel Alleyne Livingstone Bishop, 1990-1993, died 2007\n•\tLaura Vaughan Inge Morrissette, 1993-1996\n•\tJane Carew Lee, 1996-1999\n•\tEllen Carroll Walton, 1999-2004\n•\tGay Hart Gaines, 2004-2007\n•\tBoyce Lineberger Ansley, 2007-2010, died 2016\n•\tAnn Haunschild Bookout III, 2010-2013\n•\tBarbara Bourgeois Lucas II, 2013-2016\n•\tSarah Miller Coulson, 2016-\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Vanneman Abrahams\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard C. Alexander\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard C. Alexander\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard C. Alexander\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard C. Alexander\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard C. Alexander\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Ames\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Edward Clifford Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Andrew W. Armour IV\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Karl Aurell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James McNair Baker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Balfour\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Burgess Ball\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Joseph K. Barnes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Francis Barret\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Mason Brown Barret\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Barry\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas B. Battle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas B. Battle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Francis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Francis Bayard\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Francis Foulke Beirne\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Mirza Bennett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Harold Lee Berry\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Clifton McCausland Bockstoce\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Chester Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Kenyon Castle Bolton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Harold Borthwick\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. David L. Bowlin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. David Bradford\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Willard Hall\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Samuel J. Broadwell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Brockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Brockett\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Brooks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Carter Brown II\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horace Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Aaron Venable Brown\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Sam Buchanan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Lalor Burdick\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Lalor Burdick\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Morris Williams Bush\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard Cabot\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Samuel Cabot\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Tyler R. Cain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard W. Call\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Campbell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Albert Carpenter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Albert Carpenter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Albert Carpenter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Albert Carpenter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Everett B. Carson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Chesnut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank Anderson Chisholm\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Goodloe Harper Clarkson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas LeRoy Collins\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Francis Stevens Conover\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Turner Cooke\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Templeman Coolidge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Templeman Coolidge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Templeman Coolidge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Ruffin Cox\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James F. Crumpacker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Beaufort Barnwell Cubbedge\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Gold Danforth\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Gold Danforth\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Gold Danforth\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Gold Danforth\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Lipscomb Davis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lockwood De Forest\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lockwood De Forest\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Palmer Denham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Arthur J. Dewey, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Platt Ketcham Dickinson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Forest Dillon\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Hemsley Emory\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Joseph Eve\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. J. Hap Fauth\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Graham Newell Fitch\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Francis Brinley Fogg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Antoine Lentilhon Foster\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Russell Freeman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Eliot Furness\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stewart Gammill III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stewart Gammill III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stewart J. Gilchrist\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Robins Goldsborough\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Samuel Griswold Goodrich\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Brown Graham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horatio Greenough\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randolph Hobson Guthrie\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Henry Guy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Henry Guy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Randall H. Hagner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Ambler Hagood\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Walter Newman Haldeman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Salma Hale\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Nathaniel Norris Halsted\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLater Mrs. George Lee Schuyler\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. F. Woodson Hancock, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Vilas Hanks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lucien Mason Hanks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lucien Mason Hanks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lucien Mason Hanks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lucien Mason Hanks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Fairfax Harrison\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Fairfax Harrison\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Fairfax Harrison\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Preston Hampton Haskell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Hearst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Hearst\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank X. Henke III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Nathaniel Peter Hill\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Arthur John Holden\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Marvin Early Holderness\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Marvin Early Holderness\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Marvin Early Holderness\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Hollenberg\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Daniel Walker Hollis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Henry Hudson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Wilson Price Hunt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003elater Mrs. Seabrook W. Sydnor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lewis M. Irwin\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Porter Isham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Porter Isham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Porter Isham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Porter Isham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Jeffrey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Ward Johnson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Daniel Johnston\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Witherspoon Labouisse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Stilwell Branscombe\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles G. Lane\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Scott Laughton, previously Mme. Alfred Berghmans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs Robert W. Lawson III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Leary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Levi Zeigler Leiter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry S. Le Vert\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Jacob\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Cunningham Lobb\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Earl King Lord\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Earl King Lord\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Fairfax Loughborough\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Fairfax Loughborough\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Fairfax Loughborough\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stanley David Lyle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John F. Mars\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLater Mrs. Edwin Holland Terrell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Sheldon Maxey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. J. Craig McIlvain\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William McWillie\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Robert Mercer, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Mitchell\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. P. William Moore, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Allston Moore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Hiram Taylor Morrissette\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Isaac Edward Morse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMme. Achille Murat\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Nagel\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Donald J. Nalty\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James T. Neal\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Neill, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Phillip B. Newman III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Carl J. Olander, Vice Regent for Kansas 1970-1986, Vice Regent for Colorado 1986-1995\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Arthur Newton Pack\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Arthur Newton Pack\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Arthur Newton Pack\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Edward Horatio Parker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLater Mrs. John Rutledge Abney\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Franklin Pepper\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Celsus Price Perrie\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. David A. Pfaelzer\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Francis Wilkinson Pickens\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alex Pirtle, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Norris Platt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Norris Platt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Norris Platt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Norris Platt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Norris Platt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horton Pope\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Julius Pringle\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Joshua Henry Rathbone\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James Gore King Richards\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Tobias Gibson Richardson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Sherrod Ricks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Foushee Ritchie\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Woodward Rogers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Woodward Rogers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Woodward Rogers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Woodward Rogers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Philip Schuyler\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Gordon Scott\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Douglas Seaman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lloyd A. Semple\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Reynolds Shelton. Mistakenly written as Harriet Handy Shelton in multiple publications, but Harriet Shelton was John Shelton's first wife who died in 1922. Clara Francis Shelton, his second wife, was the MVLA Vice Regent.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Nelson Turner Shields III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Ewen Shipp\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Henry Hastings Sibley\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard R. Simplot\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank Garden Strachan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank Garden Strachan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank Garden Strachan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frank Garden Strachan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Richard H. Streeter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. John Lawrence Sullivan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lorenzo de Medici Sweat\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Thomas Seddon Taliaferro, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Russell Story Tarr\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Nathaniel Thayer III\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. De Courcy Wright Thom\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Augustine Jaquelin Todd\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horace Mann Towner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horace Mann Towner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horace Mann Towner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Howard Townsend\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander C. Troup\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Verplanck Van Antwerp\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Horace Van Deventer\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Loring Vaughan\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Doolittle Walcott\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. William Richmond Walker\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James M. Walton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James M. Walton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. James M. Walton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Milan Lester Ward\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Lewis William Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. W. Temple Webber, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles D. Weller\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Stephen K. West\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Frederick H. West\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Charles Stetson Wheeler\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Calhoun W. Wick\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Alexander Loder Wiener\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Erskine Phelps Wilder, Jr.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Joseph John Wilder\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Douglas Williams\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Williams A. Winder\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Gordon Woodbury\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. Gordon Woodbury\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. George Washington Woodward\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMrs. David Levy Yulee\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical 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Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical","Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union was founded in 1853 by Ann Pamela Cunningham. The purpose of the Association was to purchase Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, in order to restore the property and open the grounds to visitors and admirers who desired to see Washington's house and tomb. Ann Pamela Cunningham became interested in the preservation of Mount Vernon when her mother, traveling down the Potomac River in 1853, saw the house in its neglected and dilapidated state and wrote to her daughter of its condition. Both women thought it shameful to allow the first President's home to fall into ruin. A determined Ann Pamela Cunningham assembled twenty-two women of like mind together to raise money to purchase the property, pay off all debt, and return the gardens and grounds to the condition in which they were left by Washington himself. John Augustine Washington III, George Washington's great-grandnephew and the owner of Mount Vernon at the time, delayed several years in selling the home to the Ladies' Association. He preferred a sale to the State of Virginia or the federal government, both of which declined purchase. In 1858 he finally agreed to sell Mount Vernon to Ann Pamela Cunningham and the MVLA for $200,000. \nThe MVLA is the owner and executive board of Mount Vernon. Membership is made up of one Regent and 20-30 Vice Regents, each from a different state. All MVLA members assemble twice a year in April and October for Council, where they hear motions and reports concerning projects or issues at the estate. The Vice Regents also divide into committees focused on different functions and operations, and rotate members every few years. Today the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association is remembered as the first organization dedicated to historic preservation in the United States, and as innovators in the field of preservation. The Association remains loyal to its original goals, the restoration and care of Mount Vernon, and educating people all over the world about George Washington's life and legacy. Mount Vernon is open to visitors 365 days a year. The estate now consists of not only the Mansion and tomb of Washington, but restored gardens, outbuildings, Pioneer Farm, Gristmill, Distillery, museum and orientation center, the National Library for the Study of George Washington, gift shops, food pavilion, and the Mount Vernon Inn restaurant. \nList of Regents of the MVLA: \n•\tAnn Pamela Cunningham, 1853-1874 resigned 1874, died 1875\n•\tLily Macalester Berghmans Laughton, 1874-1891, died 1891\n•\tJustine Van Rensselaer Townsend, 1891-1909, died 1912\n•\tHarriet Clayton Comegys, 1909-1927, died 1927\n•\tAlice Haliburton King Richards, 1927-1936, died 1936\n•\tHarriet Cole Towner, 1937-1942, died 1942\n•\tMary Vilas Hanks, 1943-1948, died 1959\n•\tHope Hodgman Harkness (formerly Hope H. Powel), 1948-1958, died 1974\n•\tRosamond Harding Randall Beirne, 1958-1968, died 1968\n•\tElizabeth Throckmorton Cooke, 1968-1976, died 1993\n•\tFrances Claiborne Guy, Jr., 1976-1982\n•\tHelen Sharp Anderson, 1982-1986, died 2013\n•\tEugenia Ayer Merrill Seamans, Jr., 1986-1990, died 2010\n•\tMabel Alleyne Livingstone Bishop, 1990-1993, died 2007\n•\tLaura Vaughan Inge Morrissette, 1993-1996\n•\tJane Carew Lee, 1996-1999\n•\tEllen Carroll Walton, 1999-2004\n•\tGay Hart Gaines, 2004-2007\n•\tBoyce Lineberger Ansley, 2007-2010, died 2016\n•\tAnn Haunschild Bookout III, 2010-2013\n•\tBarbara Bourgeois Lucas II, 2013-2016\n•\tSarah Miller Coulson, 2016-","Mrs. John Vanneman Abrahams","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. Richard C. Alexander","Mrs. William Ames","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Thomas Dunaway Anderson","Mrs. Edward Clifford Anderson","Mrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson","Mrs. Jefferson Randolph Anderson","Mrs. Alexander Boyd Andrews","Mrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley","Mrs. Shepard Bryan Ansley","Mrs. Andrew W. Armour IV","Mrs. John Karl Aurell","Mrs. James McNair Baker","Mrs. William Balfour","Mrs. Charles Burgess Ball","Mrs. Joseph K. Barnes","Mrs. William Francis Barret","Mrs. Mason Brown Barret","Mrs. William Barry","Mrs. Thomas B. Battle","Mrs. Thomas B. Battle","Mrs. Thomas Francis","Mrs. Thomas Francis Bayard","Mrs. Francis Foulke Beirne","Mrs. John Mirza Bennett","Mrs. Harold Lee Berry","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clarence Morton Bishop, Jr.","Mrs. Clifton McCausland Bockstoce","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Chester Castle Bolton","Mrs. Kenyon Castle Bolton","Mrs. William Harold Borthwick","Mrs. David L. Bowlin","Mrs. David Bradford","Mrs. Willard Hall","Mrs. Samuel J. Broadwell","Mrs. Charles Brockett","Mrs. Charles Brockett","Mrs. James Brooks","Mrs. John Carter Brown II","Mrs. Horace Brown","Mrs. Aaron Venable Brown","Mrs. Sam Buchanan","Mrs. Charles Lalor Burdick","Mrs. Charles Lalor Burdick","Mrs. Morris Williams Bush","Mrs. Richard Cabot","Mrs. Samuel Cabot","Mrs. Tyler R. Cain","Mrs. Richard W. Call","Mrs. Robert Campbell","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. George Albert Carpenter","Mrs. Everett B. Carson","Mrs. James Chesnut","Mrs. Frank Anderson Chisholm","Mrs. Robert Goodloe Harper Clarkson","Mrs. Thomas LeRoy Collins","Mrs. Francis Stevens Conover","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. Thomas Turner Cooke","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. John Templeman Coolidge","Mrs. William Ruffin Cox","Mrs. James F. Crumpacker","Mrs. Beaufort Barnwell Cubbedge","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. Henry Gold Danforth","Mrs. William Lipscomb Davis","Mrs. Lockwood De Forest","Mrs. Lockwood De Forest","Mrs. Thomas Palmer Denham","Mrs. Arthur J. Dewey, Jr.","Mrs. Platt Ketcham Dickinson","Mrs. John Forest Dillon","Mrs. William Hemsley Emory","Mrs. William Joseph Eve","Mrs. J. Hap Fauth","Mrs. Graham Newell Fitch","Mrs. Francis Brinley Fogg","Mrs. Antoine Lentilhon Foster","Mrs. George Russell Freeman","Mrs. Charles Eliot Furness","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stanley Noyes Gaines","Mrs. Stewart Gammill III","Mrs. Stewart Gammill III","Mrs. Stewart J. Gilchrist","Mrs. George Robins Goldsborough","Mrs. Samuel Griswold Goodrich","Mrs. Benjamin Brown Graham","Mrs. Horatio Greenough","Mrs. Randolph Hobson Guthrie","Mrs. John Henry Guy","Mrs. John Henry Guy","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Randall H. Hagner","Mrs. Benjamin Ambler Hagood","Mrs. Walter Newman Haldeman","Mrs. Salma Hale","Mrs. Nathaniel Norris Halsted","Later Mrs. George Lee Schuyler","Mrs. F. Woodson Hancock, Jr.","Mrs. William Vilas Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Lucien Mason Hanks","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Albert Harkness, previously Mrs. Thomas Ives Hare Powel","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Fairfax Harrison","Mrs. Preston Hampton Haskell","Mrs. George Hearst","Mrs. George Hearst","Mrs. Frank X. Henke III","Mrs. Nathaniel Peter Hill","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Benjamin Dickson Hitz","Mrs. Arthur John Holden","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Marvin Early Holderness","Mrs. Henry Hollenberg","Mrs. Daniel Walker Hollis","Mrs. William Henry Hudson","Mrs. Wilson Price Hunt","later Mrs. Seabrook W. Sydnor","Mrs. Lewis M. Irwin","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Henry Porter Isham","Mrs. Alexander Jeffrey","Mrs. Robert Ward Johnson","Mrs. Robert Daniel Johnston","Mrs. John Witherspoon Labouisse","Mrs. Thomas Stilwell Branscombe","Mrs. Charles G. Lane","Mrs. John Scott Laughton, previously Mme. Alfred Berghmans","Mrs Robert W. Lawson III","Mrs. John Leary","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Robert E. Lee IV, previously Mrs. Cotton Rice","Mrs. Levi Zeigler Leiter","Mrs. Henry S. Le Vert","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis","Mrs. Charles Jacob","Mrs. John Cunningham Lobb","Mrs. Earl King Lord","Mrs. Earl King Lord","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. James Fairfax Loughborough","Mrs. Stanley David Lyle","Mrs. John F. Mars","Later Mrs. Edwin Holland Terrell","Mrs. Thomas Sheldon Maxey","Mrs. J. Craig McIlvain","Mrs. William McWillie","Mrs. William Robert Mercer, Jr.","Mrs. Alexander Mitchell","Mrs. P. William Moore, Jr.","Mrs. Benjamin Allston Moore","Mrs. Hiram Taylor Morrissette","Mrs. Isaac Edward Morse","Mme. Achille Murat","Mrs. Charles Nagel","Mrs. Donald J. Nalty","Mrs. James T. Neal","Mrs. Robert Neill, Jr.","Mrs. Phillip B. Newman III","Mrs. Carl J. Olander, Vice Regent for Kansas 1970-1986, Vice Regent for Colorado 1986-1995","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Arthur Newton Pack","Mrs. Edward Horatio Parker","Later Mrs. John Rutledge Abney","Mrs. Benjamin Franklin Pepper","Mrs. Celsus Price Perrie","Mrs. David A. Pfaelzer","Mrs. Francis Wilkinson Pickens","Mrs. Alex Pirtle, Jr.","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Henry Norris Platt","Mrs. Horton Pope","Mrs. John Julius Pringle","Mrs. Joshua Henry Rathbone","Mrs. James Gore King Richards","Mrs. Tobias Gibson Richardson","Mrs. Benjamin Sherrod Ricks","Mrs. William Foushee Ritchie","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Henry Woodward Rogers","Mrs. Philip Schuyler","Mrs. Charles Gordon Scott","Mrs. Douglas Seaman","Mrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)","Mrs. Robert Seamans (Dr. Robert Channing Seamans, Jr.)","Mrs. Lloyd A. Semple","Mrs. John Reynolds Shelton. Mistakenly written as Harriet Handy Shelton in multiple publications, but Harriet Shelton was John Shelton's first wife who died in 1922. Clara Francis Shelton, his second wife, was the MVLA Vice Regent.","Mrs. Nelson Turner Shields III","Mrs. William Ewen Shipp","Mrs. Henry Hastings Sibley","Mrs. Richard R. Simplot","Mrs. Tom K. Smith, Jr.","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Frank Garden Strachan","Mrs. Richard H. Streeter","Mrs. John Lawrence Sullivan","Mrs. Lorenzo de Medici Sweat","Mrs. Thomas Seddon Taliaferro, Jr.","Mrs. Russell Story Tarr","Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer III","Mrs. De Courcy Wright Thom","Mrs. Augustine Jaquelin Todd","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Horace Mann Towner","Mrs. Howard Townsend","Mrs. Alexander C. Troup","Mrs. Verplanck Van Antwerp","Mrs. Horace Van Deventer","Mrs. William Loring Vaughan","Mrs. Benjamin Doolittle Walcott","Mrs. William Richmond Walker","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. James M. Walton","Mrs. Milan Lester Ward","Mrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren","Mrs. Benjamin Streeter Warren","Mrs. Lewis William Washington","Mrs. W. Temple Webber, Jr.","Mrs. Charles D. Weller","Mrs. Stephen K. West","Mrs. Frederick H. West","Mrs. Charles Stetson Wheeler","Mrs. Calhoun W. Wick","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Alexander Loder Wiener","Mrs. Erskine Phelps Wilder, Jr.","Mrs. Joseph John Wilder","Mrs. Douglas Williams","Mrs. Williams A. Winder","Mrs. Gordon Woodbury","Mrs. Gordon Woodbury","Mrs. George Washington Woodward","Mrs. David Levy Yulee"],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA letter from this file is available digitally - DA_000262\n(Letter from Esther S. Fraser to Charles C. Wall concerning wallpaper, August 1, 1934)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAccession number 2015-A-074\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 letter from this folder is available digitally - DA_000202\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLetter from the Superintendent to Mrs. Bradford concerning a grey silk needlework\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eItems from this folder are available digitally - DA_000261\n(Letter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Mrs. John Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, concerning the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and Washington's tomb, March 13, 1920. Also includes a news clipping showing the Prince at the tomb with a guard and Mr. Dodge.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDigital copies of some items in this folder are available - DA_000201\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRL-6497\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGold lettering on cover reads \"Mount Vernon, from the American Bible Society.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRP-691, Misc. 4845 and RP-692, Misc. 4846.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRM-949, MS-5501\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes program for awards dinner.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall leather book.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes news clippings, extracts from letters, and notes. Scrapbook of clippings compiled by Vice Regent Mrs. Sweat, 1850s-1898. RL-474.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRL-474.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFragile.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRL-1108\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2016-A-015\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn item in this scrapbook is available digitally - DA_000225\n(1 black and white photograph showing the opening remarks taken during the premiere; MVLA Regent Mrs. Cook, President Ford, and French President d'Estaing are visible in the image, 1976)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGift of Elizabeth Barry, Vice Regent from Illinois.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePresented to the MVLA. Framed, 14 ¾\" x 17 ¾\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned by the Governor. Framed, 15\" x 20 ¼\".\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommemorative medal – large bronze medal with relief sculpture of Stenton Mansion on the front; reverse reads \"The Garden Club of America Preservation of Historic Gardens and Buildings,\" with engraving that reads \"Mount Vernon Ladies Association, 2010.\" 2006 Medallic Art Co., Dayton, NV\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvenance unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWaterbury Button Co., Conn. (provenance unknown)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eUsed in publications.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDesigns and images include Washington's swords, carriage, coat of arms, tools, Mount Vernon cornerstone, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNotepad given away as a gift bag item for the Grand Opening of the Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center, 2006. Images of the George Washington wax figures and the Savage painting appear on the sides of the notepad.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProvenance unknown.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003esome unlabeled\u003c/p\u003e"],"odd_heading_ssm":["General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General","General"],"odd_tesim":["A letter from this file is available digitally - DA_000262\n(Letter from Esther S. Fraser to Charles C. Wall concerning wallpaper, August 1, 1934)","Accession number 2015-A-074","1 letter from this folder is available digitally - DA_000202","Letter from the Superintendent to Mrs. Bradford concerning a grey silk needlework","Items from this folder are available digitally - DA_000261\n(Letter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Mrs. John Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, concerning the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and Washington's tomb, March 13, 1920. Also includes a news clipping showing the Prince at the tomb with a guard and Mr. Dodge.)","Digital copies of some items in this folder are available - DA_000201","RL-6497","Gold lettering on cover reads \"Mount Vernon, from the American Bible Society.\"","RP-691, Misc. 4845 and RP-692, Misc. 4846.","RM-949, MS-5501","Includes program for awards dinner.","Small leather book.","Includes news clippings, extracts from letters, and notes. Scrapbook of clippings compiled by Vice Regent Mrs. Sweat, 1850s-1898. RL-474.","RL-474.","Fragile.","RL-1108","2016-A-015","An item in this scrapbook is available digitally - DA_000225\n(1 black and white photograph showing the opening remarks taken during the premiere; MVLA Regent Mrs. Cook, President Ford, and French President d'Estaing are visible in the image, 1976)","Gift of Elizabeth Barry, Vice Regent from Illinois.","Presented to the MVLA. Framed, 14 ¾\" x 17 ¾\"","Signed by the Governor. Framed, 15\" x 20 ¼\".","Commemorative medal – large bronze medal with relief sculpture of Stenton Mansion on the front; reverse reads \"The Garden Club of America Preservation of Historic Gardens and Buildings,\" with engraving that reads \"Mount Vernon Ladies Association, 2010.\" 2006 Medallic Art Co., Dayton, NV","Provenance unknown.","Waterbury Button Co., Conn. (provenance unknown)","Used in publications.","Designs and images include Washington's swords, carriage, coat of arms, tools, Mount Vernon cornerstone, etc.","Notepad given away as a gift bag item for the Grand Opening of the Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center, 2006. Images of the George Washington wax figures and the Savage painting appear on the sides of the notepad.","Provenance unknown.","some unlabeled"],"phystech_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis certificate has a fragile wax seal. Please do not place folders on top of this one.\u003c/p\u003e"],"phystech_heading_ssm":["Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements"],"phystech_tesim":["This certificate has a fragile wax seal. Please do not place folders on top of this one."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Papers of the MVLA, [Series, Folder], Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSee the Chicago Manual of Style for additional examples. \u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Papers of the MVLA, [Series, Folder], Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia ","See the Chicago Manual of Style for additional examples. "],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMany of these files, especially from the earlier years of the MVLA, were previously arranged in filing cabinets in the old Mount Vernon Library in the basement of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building. When possible, the original order of these files and their file names were kept during arrangement and description in this finding aid. All series in this collection are currently open-ended and small accruals will be added from time to time. Series 6 is especially fluid, as single items are often added to a specific Vice Regent's folder (such as an obituary or retirement tribute).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFor original minutes dated 1860-1887, please see Box 91, 92, or 100. These minutes were located and added to the collection after initial processing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese photographs were removed from folders within the collection for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese photographs were loose and/or were not part of, or removed from, another folder in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003edisassembled scrapbook\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote: These items were removed from folders within the collection because of size and for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e(Received from the Curatorial department, 1992)\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information","Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Many of these files, especially from the earlier years of the MVLA, were previously arranged in filing cabinets in the old Mount Vernon Library in the basement of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building. When possible, the original order of these files and their file names were kept during arrangement and description in this finding aid. All series in this collection are currently open-ended and small accruals will be added from time to time. Series 6 is especially fluid, as single items are often added to a specific Vice Regent's folder (such as an obituary or retirement tribute).","For original minutes dated 1860-1887, please see Box 91, 92, or 100. These minutes were located and added to the collection after initial processing.","These photographs were removed from folders within the collection for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn photographs.","These photographs were loose and/or were not part of, or removed from, another folder in the collection.","disassembled scrapbook","Note: These items were removed from folders within the collection because of size and for preservation purposes. Removal slips have been placed in their exact location within the folder to mark their withdrawal. Folder titles in this section correspond to the files with withdrawn items.","(Received from the Curatorial department, 1992)"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e- Publications of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Papers of the Superintendent and Resident Director, 1850-1996\n- Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\n- Papers of James Rees\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["- Publications of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Early Records of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association\n- Papers of the Superintendent and Resident Director, 1850-1996\n- Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\n- Papers of James Rees"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection documents the care and management of Mount Vernon through the work of the MVLA. Types of material include correspondence, reports, memos, notes, personal and biographical information, news clippings, meeting agendas, photographs, scrapbooks, and ephemera. Several highlights of the collection include the original minutes of Council meetings, scrapbooks and ledgers created by Vice Regents, and early correspondence with Regents and Vice Regents. While the library's collection \"Early Records of the MVLA\" documents the founding and early years of the organization, the Papers of the MVLA continues where that collection ended and preserves the ongoing story of these women and the fulfillment of their mission. Creators of the collection are largely the board members themselves, along with staff and employees who worked directly with them. Scope notes have been added before the content list of each series to better describe its specific provenance and content. The bulk of the collection dates from the 1950s to the 1990s, however there is a very wide range represented overall, 1858-2016.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains records created and collected by various committees within the MVLA. Correspondence, reports, and meeting agendas make up the majority of material.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter (copy) from Esther S. Fraser, Hall Tavern in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to assistant superintendent Charles Cecil Wall, August 1, 1934. Regarding analysis of Mount Vernon's wallpaper.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDuring the early 1980s, MVLA members agreed the process and procedures of Council needed to be updated. One suggestion made by Resident Director John Castellani was to create a notebook for each Council organized by schedule and activity. This resulted in the organized collection of reports, itineraries, minutes, and event plans for every Council, represented in these files. This practice continues, to some degree, up to the present time.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOriginal minutes taken for Council meetings, 1887-1994. The earliest versions were handwritten. Later copies were cleaned up and typed for preparation to be printed. Most of the minutes are loose papers in folders, but the years 1912 through 1927 are in bound/book form. Years 1928 through 1936 are in both formats, loose and bound.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA large majority of the Regent's Files contain correspondence to and from the Regent, sometimes organized by subject. Files for more recent Regents often contain event programs or invitations, speeches, clippings, reports, printed material, and other miscellaneous items. Letters to or from VIP guests or dignitaries have been noted when possible.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes RM-1024, MS-5652\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains records that were donated or transferred to the Library by a Vice Regent or their family members. These papers were often created by individual Vice Regents during the course of their duties as MVLA members, but were not held in files at Mount Vernon. Some folders may contain personal papers. A wide range of material is represented including correspondence, subject research files, reports, articles, printed material, memos, speeches, programs, invitations, memorabilia, and ephemera. Vice Regents often collected papers concerning specific projects or committees on which they worked.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters concerning Dodge's memoirs and the tree planted by the Prince of Wales.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letters concerning the Anti-Fee Association and the Powel Coach.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes clippings on a Mount Vernon replica in New York and a visit to Mount Vernon by a British man.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes a Standard Guide map of Washington, D.C., \"Washington Visits to Rhode Island,\" \"George Washington and Rhode Island,\" and \"Autograph Letters and Documents of George Washington Now in Rhode Island Collections.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThese files were kept by staff members at Mount Vernon, most often by the Secretary to the Board, to document the lives and work of individual Vice Regents. Some items were given directly by the Vice Regents to be placed in their files, while other documents were located or collected by staff and interfiled at a later time. Types of material include mostly correspondence, clippings, obituaries, resumes, tributes and memorials, notes, memos, and ephemera.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical notes dated 1952 and 1954\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGeorge Washington Biography Lesson, 1995-2005\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire for the Records, correspondence 1979-1989, play written for George Washington's birthday\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSkit or play performed for a Washington birthday event, written by Captain and Hope Powel Alexander, the Vice Regent for Rhode Island, February 22, 1988.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1990-1999\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1990-1999, booklet- George Washington in Rhode Island, Words of Washington during the Revolution\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history interview by Sandra Robinette\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, 1904; Biographical letter by her daughter; Invitation for subscription to the Peace Dance\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, Garden Club of America, obituaries for Mr. and Mrs. Anderson\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1967-1979, opening remarks to Mount Vernon film, 1976\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1980-1989, Mount Vernon, The Texas Connection\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1990-1999, The Mount Vernon File, Memorabilia of Washington County's Second County Seat, Questionnaire for the Records\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1948-1960, Mount Vernon in Virginia list\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1919-1939\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned by the Regent, Harriet Comegys.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical note on the service of Anne Page Wilder Anderson in the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1940-1954\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituaries, 2016\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, biographical and memorial information, Questionnaire for the Records\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes correspondence with U.S. Senator Bob Graham), biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary; descriptions of Florida Vice Regents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; diary from 1863; census information; photograph of painting of Mrs. Balfour\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; Memorial tribute; Letter from the Governor of Virginia concerning a daguerreotype of Mrs. Ball; Copyright certificate for a Mount Vernon publication; Article about Mount Vernon\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary; minutes of Council from 1912 announcing her death\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"In Memoriam\" from Council Minutes; genealogy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1938-1955, obituaries, memorial from the minutes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooklet, biographical information and memorial from minutes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; gift annuity agreement; Questionnaire for the Records\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSummary of Auction Activities, 1997\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1937-1942\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, 1943-1975; list of gifts to Mount Vernon\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical and genealogical information, and clippings, resolution to Council on her death, listing of her descendants, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, obituaries, and correspondence (Includes letter from Mamie D. Eisenhower), Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes some poetry and other writings, and a list of \"Association Papers Returned to Mount Vernon\"), Obituary, list of committee assignments, in memoriam, listing of Maine bedroom furniture\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1927-1954\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArticles about house tour, obituary, Questionnaire, correspondence, tribute to her\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1977-1989, Questionnaire, 1982 GW's 250th birthday calendar done by Oregon school children\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence as Regent (Includes photocopies of letters from President and First Lady Bush), articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes Memorial booklet, 2007; List \"Shingles – For Mrs. Bishop\")\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublications concerning Mount Vernon visit of Queen Elizabeth, 1991\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn memoriam; articles; questionnaire; correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClippings, biographical information, memorial information; Guide to Mrs. Bolton's Papers (Western Reserve Historical Society)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClippings, Laminated notebook of news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCongressional newsletters by Mrs. Bolton, Campaign material\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCongressional Records, September 1965 and March 1977; Booklet – \"Letters from Africa\"; Newsletters to constituents\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1938-1960, Questionnaire, biographical data\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1961-1977\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, email 2004-2005\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and memorial information, 1925-1942\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from the assistant superintendent, James Young, to Mary Bradford, Vice Regent for New Jersey, April 2, 1931. In regards to a grey silk needlework bag reported to have been given by Martha Washington to Mrs. Peale.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1955-1994; Booklet, \"Annals of Iowa,\" (info on Vice Regents from Iowa), condolence letter\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, husband's obituary, Annals of Iowa book\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, magazine article copies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Anne Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, March 13, 1920. Mentions the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and encloses a clipping with a photograph of the Prince, superintendent Harrison Dodge, and Tomb guard Charles Simms at Washington's Tomb. Evarts also discusses the recent death of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for New York, and the poor health of Elizabeth Pringle, Vice Regent for South Carolina.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, wedding announcement\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, note cards\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, death announcement\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, Questionnaire, death announcement\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, certificate as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1942-1955\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, obituaries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1960-1969, Memorial information and booklet\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Samuel Cabot, son of Nancy Cabot, Vice Regent for Massachusetts, to Hope Harkness, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, June 10, 1969. Gives biographical information about his mother after her passing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eL.A. Alive Magazine; correspondence; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArticles, Campbell House Museum info\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Certificate of appointment as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; Article, \"The Regents of Mount Vernon\"; Watercolor of Mount Vernon by Marie Blanke; Bylaws of the MVLA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and \"Reminiscences\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\"Returned Papers\" of Mrs. Carpenter, correspondence and MVLA publications\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResume; correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProspective form; correspondence; Questionnaire; Organizational Capacity Survey, and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; letter verifying she met Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire; correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical note\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and clippings, articles about husband's political campaigns\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClippings, manuscript and paper copy of article on the origin of the MVLA, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical sketch and personal details, excerpts of state reports and letters\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn Memoriam booklet and obituary, 1914; Reference letter from MV Librarian\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1946-1953\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1954-1959\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; articles; paper on the traditions of the MVLA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac and letter from Pat Nixon); Program on commissioning ship Mount Vernon\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and list of donors from New Jersey)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and family history for the Throckmortons)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNote about her death\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProspective form; correspondence; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, includes letter by Governor Colgate Darden of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNewspaper clippings; manuscript of speech; resignation letter; reminiscences; in memoriam; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent; biographical piece; correspondence after her resignation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire; correspondence; letter of resignation; notes written in tribute to her\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituaries; tributes; correspondence; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList of MVLA history; correspondence; copy of photograph\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire; correspondence; tribute on her resignation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; memoir written by her husband\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResume; correspondence; in memoriam\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArticle on the history of Detroit, biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; article about her life\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary or memorial for the first MVLA Vice Regent for Georgia, Philoclea Eve. Typed on December 23, 1952 for her file. Note the appointment date at the top is incorrect. Eve was appointed Vice Regent in 1858.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, news clippings, biographical article\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical information, committee work, research on former Minnesota Vice Regents; prospective Vice Regent form; copy of historical magazine of MN; development information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; list of MVLA service\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemo, bio note\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClippings, biographical and memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; memorials; Questionnaire; report on outbuildings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence as Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to Mrs. Gaines as Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; tributes to her service; correspondence; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; letter from Sen. Trent Lott; biographical sketch; notes for talk\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary; correspondence; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNews clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiography of her husband; research on her as first VR from Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTranscription of letter, 1858\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire, resume\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, tributes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, memorial service info, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial service info\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, description of dinner for The Washington Antique Show; description of reception at French Embassy; other special events invitations; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Donation of Willard scrapbook\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooklet, \"In Memory of Sarah King Hale\" and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, letter to Mr. Townley Esq., and transcription of letter (RM 1206)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information and transcriptions of letters, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; prospective Vice Regent form\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial info\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1940-1949; List of documents acquired at the sale of the Armstrong Collections\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters from correspondence file of Hetty Harrison, Vice Regent for Virginia, including letters to and from, date range 1924-1936. Letters mostly concern Mansion furnishings, wallpaper, and similar topics.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, article\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; questionnaire; obituary; memorials\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of correspondence, Bancroft Library material, University of California at Berkeley\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResearch file with biographical and legacy information; clippings; List of gifts to Mount Vernon; correspondence; obituaries and tributes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire; prospective Vice Regent form; correspondence, includes 2018-A-020\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiography; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1937-1955; Accession lists, 1949-1951; Descriptions for Mount Vernon slides\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1955-1966; Library reports and accessions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1966-1970; Library reports and accessions\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and Memorial information, 1971-1979; clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; program from commissioning of US Ship Mount Vernon; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and memorial information, 1963-1971; clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooklet, \"Washington's House\" by Mrs. Hudson; Biographical note, 1980; Correspondence (Connecticut Room), correspondence with Mrs. Hudson's niece Miss Carmalt (RM-1132); photographs (copies) of Susan Hudson and her husband, photograph of a portrait of William Dunlap and note by descendant.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical and Memorial information; \"Notes for Talks on Mount Vernon,\" correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; transcript of letter from APC appointing her; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical note on Ella Hutchins Sydnor, the first Vice Regent for Texas, with accompanying transcription and news clipping.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne sheet reference to an MVLA book she is listed in\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; blueprint of traffic circle from Virginia Electric\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and clippings (Includes correspondence with Congressmen and Letitia Baldridge, First Lady Jackie Kennedy's secretary, concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1966-1990; Script to slide presentation on Washington's china\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClipping of poem about Washington by Mrs. Jeffrey\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (includes two letters by William Taft)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (includes two letters by William Taft)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1938-1939; Letter concerning Miss Jennings from President William H. Taft, 1914; Memorial information; Booklet – \"Seabury Society for the Preservation of the Glebe House\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1925-1932; Memorial information and booklet, 1934; Biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Elizabeth Johnston, Vice Regent for Alabama, to her children. Written to be opened upon her death, reflecting on her life. Circa 1934.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; memorial info, obituary of her sister, Grace King\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1944-1985; Family history; Memorial information; Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; list of committees; tribute; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrayer for Council 2006\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituaries and news clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1925-1933; Information on Mount Vernon replica; clippings; information from NSDAR about Rainier chapter house; and obituaries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, biographical and memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history transcript\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotocopies of letters and obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiography; copy of poem for her by Poe; sketch; poem in tribute; Copy of Mobile Bay magazine, January 2024 issue with article \"Saving Washington's Mount Vernon,\" by Mount Vernon staff member Breck Pappas.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1942-1951\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1955-1959; Clippings and information on Mr. Wilmarth Lewis; Memorial booklet; CD with content from the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University; transcript of interview recording of Mrs. Lewis; Two copies of booklet for the exhibition \"Dancing on a sunny plain: The life of Annie Burr Auchincloss Lewis\" by Yale University.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; article about proposed sewer project near MV\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to and from Miss Longfellow; Letters from family concerning Miss Longfellow; Postcards of Longfellow House; Clippings; Paper \"The Shrine of Mount Vernon\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana to the Vice Regent for Connecticut, Annie Burr Jennings, January 31, 1930. Thanks her for the copy she sent of the MVLA Annual Report, speaks of his aunt Alice Longfellow who recently died, and mentions other MVLA matters.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes letter from U.S. Senator Arthur Capper)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and obituaries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1932-1941; Pamphlets on Historic Restoration in Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1951-1963; Clippings and obituaries; Reminiscences from a trip to the Soviet Union; Information on Historic Preservation work in Arkansas\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; biography; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical information, and retirement tributes\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1896-1954; Clippings; \"Washington's First Defeat\"; Biographical information; certificate of appointment as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList of items from the Early Records Collection, Biography, listing of MV activities\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Portrait information (MFA Boston)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Martha Mercer, Vice Regent for Pennsylvania, to Harrison Dodge, superintendent, undated (October 7). She has received the tree report and thinks he must be very happy with it. The next step is to do the work. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; List of items from Early Records Collection\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, resume, prospective VR form, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire, letter from Senator Bob Graham, FL\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, original certificate of appointment signed by Ann Pamela Cunningham\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, tributes, Questionnaire, customs and practices of the MVLA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, measured drawing of walkway to administration building by Dean Norton, 1985, tribute to her service\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and clippings, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eList of items in the Early Records Collection; Biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, resignation letter, articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1980-1990, Clippings, Publication, \"The Ghost Ranch Story\" by Arthur Pack, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter to her mother (with letter of provenance, 1937)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotostats from a Cincinnati Enquirer story about her family (with letter of provenance, 1964)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, 1938 (retrieved 2022)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, articles, and other writings, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; Clippings; Confederate 100 dollar note with her likeness; Booklet – \"Charleston, S.C. and Mount Vernon\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, obituary, memorial\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence with Charles C. Wall\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorial information, clippings, and writings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSpeeches and presentations\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, memorial\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eClippings and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWritings on Mount Vernon; Booklets, \"The Mount Vernon Society of Detroit Michigan,\" and \"What Michigan Has Done for Mount Vernon\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter regarding visit of dignitaries to Mount Vernon, 1917; Clipping regarding the visit of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemoir written one day after the event of the French and British missions visit to Mount Vernon on April 29, 1917. Written by the Vice Regent for Maine (later Regent), Alice Richards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorial booklet printed after the death of MVLA Regent Alice Richards. Gives details and information about her life and work.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCertificate as Vice Regent, clippings\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical information, events, remarks, articles, photobook\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter written about her in 1952\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Miss Riggs to Mrs. Towner, undated; Letter informing of the death of Miss Riggs, 1930; List of items in the Early Records Collection\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information and clippings; Thesis \"Anna Cora Mowatt and Her Audience,\" by Imogene McCarthy\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1915-1918\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1918-1925\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1926-1931\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGenealogical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, 1910, retrieved 2022\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, clippings, paper read by her at Colonial Dames meeting\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; copy of letter from Barbara Bush; Customs and Practice of MVLA, April 1986; questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes letters from President George Bush, Sr., Barbara Bush, Richard Nixon, and Sandra Day O'Connor)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProgram with menu, event information, and itinerary for a dinner on Washington's birthday for the benefit of the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal memoir of her trip to Paris for the bicentennial of the French Revolution and loan of the key to the Bastille, July 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMemorandum by Eugenia Seamans, Regent, to the Vice Regents and staff thanking them for contributing to the success of their commemoration of the bicentennial of George Washington's inauguration.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA thank you letter from President Richard Nixon to Eugenia Seamans, Regent, May 9, 1989. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA thank you letter from President Bush to the Regent for his tour of Mount Vernon with King Hussein. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe First Lady thanks the Regent for coming to tea with the other Vice Regents at the White House. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, Tribute\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; List and photocopies of items from the Early Records Collection\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProspective form, tribute, Questionnaire, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, tribute, articles about Washington\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire, Garden Committee reports\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1970-1979, Garden Committee reports, Articles, committee assignments, letter of resignation\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, remarks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, donations, and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speeches, Questionnaire, resume\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Memorial information, Questionnaire, obituaries\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTranscriptions of letters, 1877; Correspondence, 1898-1900; Paper – \"A Chapter in the History of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association,\" 1905; Address – \"The National University and the George Washington Memorial\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information (Includes letters from Wyoming Senators and Congressmen)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire, articles, and Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWould like him to send information on fire protection at Mount Vernon. Discusses Washington's books with the Boston Athenaeum. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence, obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArticles and other writings; Clippings; Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes letters to and from President Franklin Roosevelt), publication about Mount Vernon written by Mrs. Towner\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePersonal notebooks on Mount Vernon and bookplates\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information; Transcriptions of letters\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes correspondence concerning the 100th Anniversary Committee; Memorial information; Personal inscribed copy of \"Mount Vernon China\"); Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, appeal, \"Washington Portraits,\" calling cards\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1919-1956, paper detailing Tennessee involvement with Mount Vernon, obituary, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence (Includes letters on the donation of the Vaughan journal and manuscripts), Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTells her she has been elected as a Vice Regent for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Gives information about being a Vice Regent. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObituary, 1908; Biographical note\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOral history transcript, 2009\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBooklet, \"Bit of Mount Vernon History: Taken from the Records of Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Brought before Council of 1898 by Record Committee and Ordered Printed,\" by Mrs. Ward, 1899; Appeal to Teachers and Students of the Schools of Kansas to donate to Mount Vernon, undated; Obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCommittee assignments; biography; correspondence; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJournal; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent, signed by APC; obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, speech, etc.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence; prospective VR form; articles\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, events programs, obituary, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, resume, prospective VR form, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and resume\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence 1964-1970\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1971-1977\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1978-1982; Article \"George Washington, The Man, Creator of Mount Vernon, Farmer, Family Man, Christian, Ecumenist\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1983-1993; Memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence as Corresponding Secretary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, committee listings, funeral program, Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical note, Letter accepting position as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Georgia Wilder, Vice Regent for Georgia, to Lily Laughton, Regent, May 27, 1891. Wilder accepts her appointment as Vice Regent for Georgia in the MVLA. Autograph letter signed.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned by the Regent, Justine Townsend with note, \"appointed by the previous Regent Mrs. L.L.M. Laughton who was prevented by illness from signing this certificate.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical note or obituary about Georgia Page King Smith Wilder, d. 1914, who served as the Vice Regent for Georgia 1891-1914.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmall journal with information on gifts to Mount Vernon, 1891-1896; Certificate as Vice Regent\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1931-1940\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, 1941-1959; Obituary\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArticles, biographical information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical information, mostly about her service as VR\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn addition was made in August 2023, containing material given by Vice Regents and the Board Secretary in recent years.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and biographical info, letters about Mount Vernon miniature\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical info, articles, tribute, correspondence, nomination info\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and memorial information\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical info, article\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, biographical info, remarks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire, bio info\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence, Questionnaire, photographs, bio info, Tribute\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBiographical info, nomination info, correspondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photograph showing several MVLA members greeting the Governor of Virginia in the New Room of the Mansion during an event, 1953 (2183-F)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photograph showing the restoration of the outside of the Mansion, circa 1956; Two black and white photos showing work being done to an outbuilding/colonnade, 1955\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo black and white photographs showing horses preparing a field at Mount Vernon, 1939\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photograph postcard of a garden bench, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of color and black and white photographs showing the construction of Mount Vernon's sanitary sewer system, 1972\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographs on scrapbook pages taken by Charles Goodwin, February 1911. Caption on one page reads \"Trip to Washington and Mt. Vernon, George Senior with Charles and Spencer Goodwin, Photos by C.A.G. Feb. 1911.\" Photos include images of the exterior of Mount Vernon mansion, outbuildings, and scenic views.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of a wall sconce (probably in the Mansion); three identical black and white photos of the entrance door and step to an estate building, no dates\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e10 black and white photograph prints showing the State Dinner event. President Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, Mrs. Beirne, and other are seen in the images\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph of the East Lawn with men dressed as Revolutionary War soldiers posed with flags, ca. 1970; Color photograph of a fireplace with a portrait painting of Ann Pamela Cunningham over the hearth, ca. 1971\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting an award to the Honorable John Taylor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne color photograph showing Mrs. Cooke at the White House posed with the French ambassador, President Richard Nixon, Mrs. Anne Armstrong (Counsellor to the President) and Mr. John W. Warner (Administrator, American Revolution Bicentennial Administration), July 10, 1974\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color photograph of George Washington's coach or carriage, 1971\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color photograph of Mrs. Pack in the flight deck of a Boeing 727\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 artist's rendition in color of new administrative buildings, 1980s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne color photograph print of a furniture detail from the Mount Vernon in Miniature project; one slide and several lengths of negatives showing the miniature details, 1994.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 black and white photographs showing restoration work done to the Ice House Vault, 1939 and the Stable Underpinning 1938-1939; 5 black and white photographs showing the cottage at the West Gate including \"View from the gate,\" \"Construction details,\" \"New site before development,\" \"In transit,\" and \"The abandoned site\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 black and white photos showing an area of dug-up earth and two cars, 1938\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 photograph prints from Neg. 2903-1, 2903-2, 2903-3, 2904-1, 2904-2 – all views of the Family Kitchen – rear of fireplace and oven, 1950, taken by Robert Fisher; Black and white photograph showing two areas of different texture (labeled A and B) on the wall of the Family Kitchen, ca 1950\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 black and white photograph prints of Neg. 2930-2, 2930-3, 2930-5, 2930-7 relating to the brick foundations of the Greenhouse\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the ruined wall of the Greenhouse and slave quarters\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the Summer House\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStrip of 5 black and white photographs labeled \"Wash House, Stove foundation and flue connection, June 1945\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 black and white photographs taped to board with descriptions; shows the fireplace in Washington's Bedroom after the removal of the wood paneling; Black and white photographs taped to two boards with description; shows the North Closet section of Washington's Bedroom during restoration\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photograph of the Well House with a woman inside at the well with a bucket. Reverse side reads Neg. #2260 from a photograph by Fr. B. Johnston circa 1890\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph print on thin paper of a man, possible John Carter Brown, with notation on the reverse, \"J.C.B. June 11, '96, 1:30 p.m., 12 Benevolent St.\" Also, 1 black and white photo print with notation on the reverse, \"Lake Tahoe taken from the California side of the Lake. June 9, 1940.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 black and white photographs of an MVLA sideboard with its measurements on the back\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of people looking at Mount Vernon's view of the Potomac from the East Lawn, ca. 1965; 1 drawing of the Potomac River by Mount Vernon and the Piscataway Bay, ca. 1965\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white photographs with captions from \"Washington's Mount Vernon\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 color photographs of an historic oak tree at Mount Vernon; 1 shows a little boy by the tree, the other shows the stump after it had been cut down because of disease, 1983\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 color photographs of an information kiosk at the front entrance of Mount Vernon, 1967\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the wreath-laying ceremony at the grave of Ann Pamela Cunningham with Regent Mrs. Cooke, Mr. Wall, and Mrs. Hollis, 1975\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e4 color Polaroid photographs showing the Gift Shop salesroom, 1979\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of a fireplace in the Mansion with the \"GW\" script\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 small color photographs of different rooms in the Mansion, 1961\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association members in front of Mount Vernon; 2 small color photographs of the painting \"The West Front\" attributed to Edward Savage; 2 black and white photographs of a bedroom in the Mansion, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the Upper Garden with covers over the beds\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph of Mrs. Labouisse and Mrs. Bolton in front of the Mansion, 1953. In a card holder inscribed by Mrs.Powel.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the Small Dining Room in the Mansion, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color slide labeled \"Page Platt – Natl Col Farm Oct 1978 Admin Bldg. Barn\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor print photograph of First Lady Barbara Bush and Mrs. Smith, group Council photographs from 1985-1989, and two photos (one signed to Mrs. Smith) from an event at Mount Vernon, undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of color Polaroid photographs showing the construction of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building and complex, 1982\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph of Mrs. Sullivan on the piazza of the Mansion with the Vice Regents from Arizona and Maine, May 1983\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo black and white photographs of a chair with a reproduction chair cushion, 1966\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo black and white photographs of members of the MVLA welcoming guests to the reception in the New Room or Large Dining Room, 1953\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photographs of Mrs. Sullivan with other MVLA Vice Regents, 1965, 1967; Black and white photographs showing different views of Mount Vernon\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a parade event at Mount Vernon, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white proof sheet with photographs of a Ford fire engine; 2 color Polaroid photographs of the Ford fire engine, one with two men; 7 color 8\" x 10\" of Ford Motor Company's visit to Mount Vernon to donate a fire engine, August 1981.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 color photograph prints showing Vice Regents Emerita at Mount Vernon, c. 2000s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 black and white photographs of Mrs. Anderson and other MVLA members on the piazza of the Mansion, ca 1940s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 black and white photographs of Mrs. Beirne with Superintendent Charles Wall and another woman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e19 color photographs of an Honorary Dinner for Mrs. Billups in 1961 with other Ladies of the Council (identified on the reverse of several prints) – some are duplicates\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of Mr. Thomas D. Taylor\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the 1970 Council on the lawn in front of the Mansion; 1 black and white photograph of several Ladies with Mount Vernon employees, 1972; 1 color photograph in the original holder showing Mrs. Bolton and Mrs. Labouisse in front of the Mansion\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo Christmas cards with color photographs, one showing Mrs. Bolton, ca. 1980s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 small color photograph prints of Vice Regent Nancy Call, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo color Polaroids of a framed certificate; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting at the Sound and Light show with President Ford and French President D'Estaing; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke standing by portraits of George and Martha Washington, ca. 1970s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFormal presentation of the Bicentennial gift of the French Republic to the United States at Mount Vernon - a sound and light production recounting some of the memorable events of the Revolution, from Patrick Henry's speech to the Battle of Yorktown as recollected by General Washington reflecting on the past after his retirement to Mount Vernon. French President d'Estaing presents the gift to President Ford who in turn gifted the production to Mount Vernon accepted by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Regent Mrs. Cooke. The program debuted that evening to hundreds of special guests in attendance for the outdoor event.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e8\" x 10\" color photograph of Mrs. Cooke with a United States Flag, ca. 1990s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph print of Mrs. Crumpacker with James Crumpacker and Elizabeth Swindells, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Cubbedge, 1964\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 color photograph prints showing Mrs. Davis and her family, various dates\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color photograph print on a Christmas card showing Mrs. Gaines with her husband and grandchildren, 2004\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of Vice Regent Beatrice Guthrie\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Haldeman\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 color photographs of the US Navy ceremony for the USS Mount Vernon, Mrs. Holden is in attendance, May 13, 1972\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of the MVLA Board posed in front of the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, no date; 1 black and white photograph of an aerial view of the Mount Vernon estate, no date; 2 black and white prints on paper showing the small dining room in the Mansion\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color photograph print with original negative of Mrs. Lee in front of the Mansion; one page with two color photograph prints of Mrs. Lee's family adhered as a Christmas card, 1997\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a portrait painting of Mme. Le Vert\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFive color postcards of different views of Mount Vernon, c. 1934 MVLA\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e3 black and white photographs, and 3 sepia tinted photographs of Mrs. Loughborough and different scenes and items at Mount Vernon estate\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 color portrait-style photograph print of Adrienne Mars\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e6 color photographs of an event at Mount Vernon with a Pipe and Drum band, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white matted photograph captioned \"The Ave. of Oaks planted by our dear Father at Retreat\" no date; 2 identical black and white postcard photographs of Page Randolph Anderson (later Platt) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1910; 2 sepia photograph cabinet cards of Page Wilder (later Anderson) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1885\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Seamans\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of color photographs showing a tree-planting event at Mount Vernon with three Vice Regents and others, ca. 1980s\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eColor photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries of color portrait-style photographs of Mrs. Walton, ca. 2000\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eOne black and white photo of Mrs. West, 6 color photos of her visit to Sulgrave Manor featuring Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Wiener, ca 1960s in original holder\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSet of color prints taken from the ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Also includes one print photo of Jim Rees, Lynn Gammill, and Gay Gaines, undated.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes 3 Council photographs, New Room, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchitectural drawing – Key to the Upper Garden plantings, 1980 by Dean Norton\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 blueprint titled Sketch Showing Progressive Development of Plan of Green House at Mount Vernon, Virginia, Walter Macomber; 2 architectural drawings concerning the Greenhouse: 1 showing the Elevations of the Proposed Service Greenhouse, October 1950; 1 titled Plan for Greenhouse, Nursery Area, October, 1950\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault Restoration, 1938; 1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault – Measured Drawing, 1938; Blueprint titled Proposed Restoration of Ice House Vault, Cleverdon, Varney \u0026amp; Pike Consulting Engineers, 1938\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlueprint titled Heating Tunnel Layout, Drawing 101, 1935 by Geo. A. Weschler, Consulting Engineer; Blueprint titled Section of Tunnel, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e2 blueprints – 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Alterations to End Sections of Building, 1936; 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Radiator Locations, 1936\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e5 blueprints: Sheet A – Stable Explorations, Plan and Sections Showing Extent of Excavated Trenches and Evidence of an Older Stable, 1939; Sheet B – Stable Measurements, 1936; Sheet C – Stable Measurements, Plan of Barn and Mule Stable, 1936; Sheet D – Stable Measurements, Rafter Plan and Details, 1936; Sheet E – Stable Excavations –Trenches D and F\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 architectural drawing titles \"Sketch Showing Hot Water Stove Restoration for Wash House\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDrawing – Flower Garden detail, Area in front of Greenhouse, 1952; Drawing – Sketch Showing Re-arrangement of Designs in East and West Parterres in Flower Garden, Walter Macomber, no date; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, West End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, East End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Grouping of 17 small blueprints – Flower gardens, 1938\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eArchitectural drawings, blueprints – Scale Detail Garden Wall Palisade, 1962; Elevation of a hood for the Director's House, 1963; Office building, no date; Interior Elevation, Main Gate, Mount Vernon, 1964; Blueprint, Elevation of Wall from Stable Yard \u0026amp; Laundry Yard, Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, December 12, 1955\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDrawing of the bed hangings and curtains for the Lafayette Bedchamber, August 1975, Ethel Pilson Warren Interior Planning\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSketched architectural diagrams showing possible floor plans for the proposed new Administration Building, 1978\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e1 architectural drawing of the Interior Elevation of the Main Gate (Texas Gate) at Mount Vernon, by Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, October 22, 1964; 1 architectural drawing of the Grounds Section Facility, no date\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes Mrs. Sweat's annotations, sketches, and inserts.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStatement to reactivate the Second Continental Light Dragoons in celebration of Washington's 279th birthday.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAward certificate to the MVLA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAlso includes printed list of members and RSVP mailing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes letter from President Bush, news clippings, and bound manuscript copy of the remarks by David McCullough, \"The Ties that Bind: America and France.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes clippings, printed material, and correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCompiled engravings, photos, and prints including a cabinet card photograph of Nellie Custis Lewis. Several images from the collection of Vice Regent Annie Jennings of Connecticut\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEmpty of photographs\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA note dated 1937 inside the portfolio by Vice Regent Helen Sargent states that the portfolio belonged to MVLA Regent Alice Richards.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned by several Congressmen including Robert Byrd and Thomas Foley. Possible signature of President Bill Clinton. Framed, 10 ¾\" x 15 ¾\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBelonged to Helen Louise Sargent, Vice Regent for the District of Columbia, undated. Matted but not framed. 13 ½\" x 17 ¼\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTributes included are for James Rees, Mount Vernon employees, and Gay Hart Gaines.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned list of Rhode Island Vice Regents on the front inside page. The S.S. Teacher's Edition of the Holy Bible. Oxford University Press: London. Book cover reads \"Mount Vernon, Rhode Island Room 1898.\" Several inserts and annotations.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSigned on front inside page \"Pro Deo et Patria! The gift of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for the State of New York, For the use of Vice Regents of the State of New York. March 29, 1900.\" The Holy Bible, The American Bible Society: New York, 1897. One insert.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBound volume listing subscriptions or donations to Mount Vernon's fund to rebuild the \"servant's quarters\" destroyed by fire in 1835. The Vice Regent of Kansas, Jennie Ward, reported she raised enough by fundraising in Kansas schools ($1,000) The reconstruction was \"rebuilt along the lines of the old ruin,\" and in what was believed to be the original location.  It was completed in 1891.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCertificate of membership for Justine Van Resselaer Townsend for membership in the Daughters of the Cincinnati. Also signed by Townsend as President of the organization.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWood panel with painted coat of arms; reverse reads \"A facsimile of a bronze tablet on the monument to Ann Pamela Cunningham in Columbia, S. Carolina, A.J. Robertson, May 1904\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eObjects related to the Dedication of the 16-Sided Barn, September 27, 1996. Includes souvenir satchel pouch with fact sheets and information, American flags on tissue paper, programs, and guest lists\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTabletop decoration used for the Bicentennial of the Inauguration of Washington dinner, 1989.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith bust of Washington, from the North Carolina Museum of History\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIncludes MVLA seal.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLabeled \"Cyndi Invest.\" and \"Bob's Invest.\" and numbered 1-3. Two are unlabeled but thought to be from the same series. Most likely recorded by Cyndi Lints, Administrative Assistant, and Bob McCarthy, Controller.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWith management consultant Edie Seashore\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt least one tape may have contributions by management consultant, Edie Seashore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeeting with management consultant Edie Seashore.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTime 5:40, produced by Goettler Associates, Inc. Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eC-SPAN Archives, Tape 1 – 118 min., Tape 2 – 84 min. Copyright restricted\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and 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Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection documents the care and management of Mount Vernon through the work of the MVLA. Types of material include correspondence, reports, memos, notes, personal and biographical information, news clippings, meeting agendas, photographs, scrapbooks, and ephemera. Several highlights of the collection include the original minutes of Council meetings, scrapbooks and ledgers created by Vice Regents, and early correspondence with Regents and Vice Regents. While the library's collection \"Early Records of the MVLA\" documents the founding and early years of the organization, the Papers of the MVLA continues where that collection ended and preserves the ongoing story of these women and the fulfillment of their mission. Creators of the collection are largely the board members themselves, along with staff and employees who worked directly with them. Scope notes have been added before the content list of each series to better describe its specific provenance and content. The bulk of the collection dates from the 1950s to the 1990s, however there is a very wide range represented overall, 1858-2016.","This series contains records created and collected by various committees within the MVLA. Correspondence, reports, and meeting agendas make up the majority of material.","Letter (copy) from Esther S. Fraser, Hall Tavern in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to assistant superintendent Charles Cecil Wall, August 1, 1934. Regarding analysis of Mount Vernon's wallpaper.","During the early 1980s, MVLA members agreed the process and procedures of Council needed to be updated. One suggestion made by Resident Director John Castellani was to create a notebook for each Council organized by schedule and activity. This resulted in the organized collection of reports, itineraries, minutes, and event plans for every Council, represented in these files. This practice continues, to some degree, up to the present time.","Original minutes taken for Council meetings, 1887-1994. The earliest versions were handwritten. Later copies were cleaned up and typed for preparation to be printed. Most of the minutes are loose papers in folders, but the years 1912 through 1927 are in bound/book form. Years 1928 through 1936 are in both formats, loose and bound.","A large majority of the Regent's Files contain correspondence to and from the Regent, sometimes organized by subject. Files for more recent Regents often contain event programs or invitations, speeches, clippings, reports, printed material, and other miscellaneous items. Letters to or from VIP guests or dignitaries have been noted when possible.","Includes RM-1024, MS-5652","This series contains records that were donated or transferred to the Library by a Vice Regent or their family members. These papers were often created by individual Vice Regents during the course of their duties as MVLA members, but were not held in files at Mount Vernon. Some folders may contain personal papers. A wide range of material is represented including correspondence, subject research files, reports, articles, printed material, memos, speeches, programs, invitations, memorabilia, and ephemera. Vice Regents often collected papers concerning specific projects or committees on which they worked.","Includes letters concerning Dodge's memoirs and the tree planted by the Prince of Wales.","Includes letters concerning the Anti-Fee Association and the Powel Coach.","Includes clippings on a Mount Vernon replica in New York and a visit to Mount Vernon by a British man.","Includes a Standard Guide map of Washington, D.C., \"Washington Visits to Rhode Island,\" \"George Washington and Rhode Island,\" and \"Autograph Letters and Documents of George Washington Now in Rhode Island Collections.\"","These files were kept by staff members at Mount Vernon, most often by the Secretary to the Board, to document the lives and work of individual Vice Regents. Some items were given directly by the Vice Regents to be placed in their files, while other documents were located or collected by staff and interfiled at a later time. Types of material include mostly correspondence, clippings, obituaries, resumes, tributes and memorials, notes, memos, and ephemera.","Biographical notes dated 1952 and 1954","George Washington Biography Lesson, 1995-2005","Questionnaire for the Records, correspondence 1979-1989, play written for George Washington's birthday","Skit or play performed for a Washington birthday event, written by Captain and Hope Powel Alexander, the Vice Regent for Rhode Island, February 22, 1988.","Correspondence, 1990-1999","Correspondence, 1990-1999, booklet- George Washington in Rhode Island, Words of Washington during the Revolution","Oral history interview by Sandra Robinette","Obituary, 1904; Biographical letter by her daughter; Invitation for subscription to the Peace Dance","Biographical information, Garden Club of America, obituaries for Mr. and Mrs. Anderson","Correspondence, 1967-1979, opening remarks to Mount Vernon film, 1976","Correspondence, 1980-1989, Mount Vernon, The Texas Connection","Correspondence, 1990-1999, The Mount Vernon File, Memorabilia of Washington County's Second County Seat, Questionnaire for the Records","Correspondence 1948-1960, Mount Vernon in Virginia list","Correspondence, 1919-1939","Signed by the Regent, Harriet Comegys.","Biographical note on the service of Anne Page Wilder Anderson in the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association.","Correspondence 1940-1954","Correspondence, photographs","Obituaries, 2016","Correspondence, clippings, biographical and memorial information, Questionnaire for the Records","Correspondence, biographical information","Correspondence (Includes correspondence with U.S. Senator Bob Graham), biographical information","Obituary; descriptions of Florida Vice Regents","Biographical information; diary from 1863; census information; photograph of painting of Mrs. Balfour","Biographical information; Memorial tribute; Letter from the Governor of Virginia concerning a daguerreotype of Mrs. Ball; Copyright certificate for a Mount Vernon publication; Article about Mount Vernon","Obituary; minutes of Council from 1912 announcing her death","\"In Memoriam\" from Council Minutes; genealogy","Correspondence 1938-1955, obituaries, memorial from the minutes","Booklet, biographical information and memorial from minutes","Correspondence; gift annuity agreement; Questionnaire for the Records","Summary of Auction Activities, 1997","Correspondence, 1937-1942","Correspondence and biographical information, 1943-1975; list of gifts to Mount Vernon","Correspondence, biographical and genealogical information, and clippings, resolution to Council on her death, listing of her descendants, Questionnaire","Biographical information, obituaries, and correspondence (Includes letter from Mamie D. Eisenhower), Questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes some poetry and other writings, and a list of \"Association Papers Returned to Mount Vernon\"), Obituary, list of committee assignments, in memoriam, listing of Maine bedroom furniture","Correspondence, 1927-1954","Articles about house tour, obituary, Questionnaire, correspondence, tribute to her","Correspondence 1977-1989, Questionnaire, 1982 GW's 250th birthday calendar done by Oregon school children","Correspondence as Regent (Includes photocopies of letters from President and First Lady Bush), articles","Correspondence (Includes Memorial booklet, 2007; List \"Shingles – For Mrs. Bishop\")","Publications concerning Mount Vernon visit of Queen Elizabeth, 1991","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial","In memoriam; articles; questionnaire; correspondence","Clippings, biographical information, memorial information; Guide to Mrs. Bolton's Papers (Western Reserve Historical Society)","Clippings, Laminated notebook of news clippings","Congressional newsletters by Mrs. Bolton, Campaign material","Congressional Records, September 1965 and March 1977; Booklet – \"Letters from Africa\"; Newsletters to constituents","Correspondence 1938-1960, Questionnaire, biographical data","Correspondence 1961-1977","Questionnaire, correspondence","Correspondence, email 2004-2005","Correspondence and biographical information","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and memorial information, 1925-1942","Letter from the assistant superintendent, James Young, to Mary Bradford, Vice Regent for New Jersey, April 2, 1931. In regards to a grey silk needlework bag reported to have been given by Martha Washington to Mrs. Peale.","Newspaper obituary","Correspondence, 1955-1994; Booklet, \"Annals of Iowa,\" (info on Vice Regents from Iowa), condolence letter","Questionnaire, correspondence, husband's obituary, Annals of Iowa book","Biographical information, magazine article copies","Correspondence, articles","Letter from Mary Evarts, Vice Regent for Vermont, to Anne Brown, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, March 13, 1920. Mentions the visit of the Prince of Wales to Mount Vernon and encloses a clipping with a photograph of the Prince, superintendent Harrison Dodge, and Tomb guard Charles Simms at Washington's Tomb. Evarts also discusses the recent death of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for New York, and the poor health of Elizabeth Pringle, Vice Regent for South Carolina.","Correspondence","Obituary, wedding announcement","Questionnaire, correspondence, articles","Questionnaire, correspondence, note cards","Correspondence, death announcement","Correspondence, clippings, Questionnaire, death announcement","Correspondence, certificate as Vice Regent","Correspondence 1942-1955","Correspondence, obituaries","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence 1960-1969, Memorial information and booklet","Letter from Samuel Cabot, son of Nancy Cabot, Vice Regent for Massachusetts, to Hope Harkness, Vice Regent for Rhode Island, June 10, 1969. Gives biographical information about his mother after her passing.","Correspondence, Questionnaire","L.A. Alive Magazine; correspondence; Questionnaire","Articles, Campbell House Museum info","Correspondence, Certificate of appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence; Article, \"The Regents of Mount Vernon\"; Watercolor of Mount Vernon by Marie Blanke; Bylaws of the MVLA","Correspondence and \"Reminiscences\"","\"Returned Papers\" of Mrs. Carpenter, correspondence and MVLA publications","Resume; correspondence","Prospective form; correspondence; Questionnaire; Organizational Capacity Survey, and biographical information","Biographical information; letter verifying she met Washington","Questionnaire; correspondence","Biographical note","Correspondence and clippings, articles about husband's political campaigns","Clippings, manuscript and paper copy of article on the origin of the MVLA, correspondence","Biographical sketch and personal details, excerpts of state reports and letters","In Memoriam booklet and obituary, 1914; Reference letter from MV Librarian","Correspondence 1946-1953","Correspondence 1954-1959","Correspondence; articles; paper on the traditions of the MVLA","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac and letter from Pat Nixon); Program on commissioning ship Mount Vernon","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and list of donors from New Jersey)","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign and family history for the Throckmortons)","Correspondence (Includes information on donations and contributions for the Capital Campaign)","Correspondence and memorial information","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence","Note about her death","Prospective form; correspondence; Questionnaire","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence, includes letter by Governor Colgate Darden of Virginia","Newspaper clippings; manuscript of speech; resignation letter; reminiscences; in memoriam; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent; biographical piece; correspondence after her resignation","Questionnaire; correspondence; letter of resignation; notes written in tribute to her","Correspondence","Obituaries; tributes; correspondence; Questionnaire","List of MVLA history; correspondence; copy of photograph","Questionnaire; correspondence; tribute on her resignation","Biographical information","Biographical information; memoir written by her husband","Resume; correspondence; in memoriam","Article on the history of Detroit, biographical information","Correspondence; news clippings","Biographical information; article about her life","Obituary or memorial for the first MVLA Vice Regent for Georgia, Philoclea Eve. Typed on December 23, 1952 for her file. Note the appointment date at the top is incorrect. Eve was appointed Vice Regent in 1858.","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence, news clippings, biographical article","Correspondence, biographical information, committee work, research on former Minnesota Vice Regents; prospective Vice Regent form; copy of historical magazine of MN; development information","Biographical information","Biographical information","Correspondence; list of MVLA service","Memo, bio note","Clippings, biographical and memorial information","Correspondence; memorials; Questionnaire; report on outbuildings","Memorial information","Correspondence and memorial information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and Questionnaire/biographical information","Correspondence as Regent","Correspondence to Mrs. Gaines as Regent","Biographical information; tributes to her service; correspondence; Questionnaire","Correspondence; letter from Sen. Trent Lott; biographical sketch; notes for talk","Obituary; correspondence; Questionnaire","News clippings","Biography of her husband; research on her as first VR from Connecticut","Biographical information, correspondence","Transcription of letter, 1858","Correspondence, Questionnaire, resume","Questionnaire, correspondence, tributes","Correspondence","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, memorial service info, Questionnaire","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial service info","Correspondence, Founders Committee minutes, biographical information, description of dinner for The Washington Antique Show; description of reception at French Embassy; other special events invitations; obituary","Correspondence and clippings","Correspondence, Donation of Willard scrapbook","Correspondence","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and Memorial information","Booklet, \"In Memory of Sarah King Hale\" and biographical information","Obituary, letter to Mr. Townley Esq., and transcription of letter (RM 1206)","Biographical information and transcriptions of letters, correspondence","Correspondence; prospective Vice Regent form","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, memorial info","Correspondence; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1940-1949; List of documents acquired at the sale of the Armstrong Collections","Correspondence","Obituary","Correspondence and biographical information","Letters from correspondence file of Hetty Harrison, Vice Regent for Virginia, including letters to and from, date range 1924-1936. Letters mostly concern Mansion furnishings, wallpaper, and similar topics.","Correspondence","Correspondence, article","Correspondence; questionnaire; obituary; memorials","Photocopies of correspondence, Bancroft Library material, University of California at Berkeley","Research file with biographical and legacy information; clippings; List of gifts to Mount Vernon; correspondence; obituaries and tributes","Questionnaire; prospective Vice Regent form; correspondence, includes 2018-A-020","Biography; obituary","Correspondence, 1937-1955; Accession lists, 1949-1951; Descriptions for Mount Vernon slides","Correspondence, 1955-1966; Library reports and accessions","Correspondence, 1966-1970; Library reports and accessions","Correspondence and Memorial information, 1971-1979; clippings","Correspondence; program from commissioning of US Ship Mount Vernon; Questionnaire","Correspondence","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence and memorial information, 1963-1971; clippings","Correspondence, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Booklet, \"Washington's House\" by Mrs. Hudson; Biographical note, 1980; Correspondence (Connecticut Room), correspondence with Mrs. Hudson's niece Miss Carmalt (RM-1132); photographs (copies) of Susan Hudson and her husband, photograph of a portrait of William Dunlap and note by descendant.","Biographical information","Biographical and Memorial information; \"Notes for Talks on Mount Vernon,\" correspondence","Biographical information; transcript of letter from APC appointing her; obituary","Biographical note on Ella Hutchins Sydnor, the first Vice Regent for Texas, with accompanying transcription and news clipping.","One sheet reference to an MVLA book she is listed in","Correspondence; blueprint of traffic circle from Virginia Electric","Correspondence and clippings (Includes correspondence with Congressmen and Letitia Baldridge, First Lady Jackie Kennedy's secretary, concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the preservation of the view of the Potomac River or Operation Overview)","Correspondence, 1966-1990; Script to slide presentation on Washington's china","Clipping of poem about Washington by Mrs. Jeffrey","Correspondence (includes two letters by William Taft)","Correspondence (includes two letters by William Taft)","Correspondence, 1938-1939; Letter concerning Miss Jennings from President William H. Taft, 1914; Memorial information; Booklet – \"Seabury Society for the Preservation of the Glebe House\"","Obituary","Correspondence, 1925-1932; Memorial information and booklet, 1934; Biographical information","Letter from Elizabeth Johnston, Vice Regent for Alabama, to her children. Written to be opened upon her death, reflecting on her life. Circa 1934.","Correspondence; memorial info, obituary of her sister, Grace King","Correspondence, 1944-1985; Family history; Memorial information; Questionnaire","Correspondence; list of committees; tribute; obituary","Prayer for Council 2006","Obituaries and news clippings","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence, 1925-1933; Information on Mount Vernon replica; clippings; information from NSDAR about Rainier chapter house; and obituaries","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, biographical and memorial information","Oral history transcript","Photocopies of letters and obituary","Biography; copy of poem for her by Poe; sketch; poem in tribute; Copy of Mobile Bay magazine, January 2024 issue with article \"Saving Washington's Mount Vernon,\" by Mount Vernon staff member Breck Pappas.","Correspondence, 1942-1951","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1955-1959; Clippings and information on Mr. Wilmarth Lewis; Memorial booklet; CD with content from the Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University; transcript of interview recording of Mrs. Lewis; Two copies of booklet for the exhibition \"Dancing on a sunny plain: The life of Annie Burr Auchincloss Lewis\" by Yale University.","Correspondence","Correspondence; article about proposed sewer project near MV","Correspondence to and from Miss Longfellow; Letters from family concerning Miss Longfellow; Postcards of Longfellow House; Clippings; Paper \"The Shrine of Mount Vernon\"","Letter from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Dana to the Vice Regent for Connecticut, Annie Burr Jennings, January 31, 1930. Thanks her for the copy she sent of the MVLA Annual Report, speaks of his aunt Alice Longfellow who recently died, and mentions other MVLA matters.","Correspondence (Includes letter from U.S. Senator Arthur Capper)","Correspondence and obituaries","Correspondence, 1932-1941; Pamphlets on Historic Restoration in Arkansas","Correspondence","Correspondence, 1951-1963; Clippings and obituaries; Reminiscences from a trip to the Soviet Union; Information on Historic Preservation work in Arkansas","Correspondence; biography; obituary","Correspondence, biographical information, and retirement tributes","Biographical information","Correspondence, 1896-1954; Clippings; \"Washington's First Defeat\"; Biographical information; certificate of appointment as Vice Regent","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire","List of items from the Early Records Collection, Biography, listing of MV activities","Correspondence, Portrait information (MFA Boston)","Letter from Martha Mercer, Vice Regent for Pennsylvania, to Harrison Dodge, superintendent, undated (October 7). She has received the tree report and thinks he must be very happy with it. The next step is to do the work. Autograph letter signed.","Biographical information; List of items from Early Records Collection","Correspondence, resume, prospective VR form, Questionnaire","Questionnaire, correspondence","Correspondence, speeches or remarks, and biographical information, Questionnaire, letter from Senator Bob Graham, FL","Biographical information, original certificate of appointment signed by Ann Pamela Cunningham","Biographical information","Correspondence","Correspondence, tributes, Questionnaire, customs and practices of the MVLA","Questionnaire, correspondence, measured drawing of walkway to administration building by Dean Norton, 1985, tribute to her service","Correspondence and clippings, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","List of items in the Early Records Collection; Biographical information","Questionnaire, correspondence, resignation letter, articles","Correspondence","Correspondence, biographical information","Correspondence, 1980-1990, Clippings, Publication, \"The Ghost Ranch Story\" by Arthur Pack, Questionnaire","Letter to her mother (with letter of provenance, 1937)","Photostats from a Cincinnati Enquirer story about her family (with letter of provenance, 1964)","Correspondence, obituary","Obituary, 1938 (retrieved 2022)","Correspondence, obituary","Correspondence, articles, and other writings, Questionnaire","Biographical information; Clippings; Confederate 100 dollar note with her likeness; Booklet – \"Charleston, S.C. and Mount Vernon\"","Correspondence, obituary, memorial","Correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence with Charles C. Wall","Memorial information, clippings, and writings","Speeches and presentations","Correspondence","Correspondence, memorial","Clippings and biographical information","Writings on Mount Vernon; Booklets, \"The Mount Vernon Society of Detroit Michigan,\" and \"What Michigan Has Done for Mount Vernon\"","Letter regarding visit of dignitaries to Mount Vernon, 1917; Clipping regarding the visit of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt","Memoir written one day after the event of the French and British missions visit to Mount Vernon on April 29, 1917. Written by the Vice Regent for Maine (later Regent), Alice Richards.","Memorial booklet printed after the death of MVLA Regent Alice Richards. Gives details and information about her life and work.","Certificate as Vice Regent, clippings","Correspondence, biographical information, events, remarks, articles, photobook","Letter written about her in 1952","Letter from Miss Riggs to Mrs. Towner, undated; Letter informing of the death of Miss Riggs, 1930; List of items in the Early Records Collection","Biographical information and clippings; Thesis \"Anna Cora Mowatt and Her Audience,\" by Imogene McCarthy","Correspondence and biographical information","Correspondence, 1915-1918","Correspondence, 1918-1925","Correspondence, 1926-1931","Correspondence, memorial information","Genealogical information","Obituary, 1910, retrieved 2022","Correspondence, clippings, paper read by her at Colonial Dames meeting","Correspondence; copy of letter from Barbara Bush; Customs and Practice of MVLA, April 1986; questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes letters from President George Bush, Sr., Barbara Bush, Richard Nixon, and Sandra Day O'Connor)","Program with menu, event information, and itinerary for a dinner on Washington's birthday for the benefit of the MVLA.","Personal memoir of her trip to Paris for the bicentennial of the French Revolution and loan of the key to the Bastille, July 1989.","Memorandum by Eugenia Seamans, Regent, to the Vice Regents and staff thanking them for contributing to the success of their commemoration of the bicentennial of George Washington's inauguration.","A thank you letter from President Richard Nixon to Eugenia Seamans, Regent, May 9, 1989. Autograph letter signed.","A thank you letter from President Bush to the Regent for his tour of Mount Vernon with King Hussein. Autograph letter signed.","The First Lady thanks the Regent for coming to tea with the other Vice Regents at the White House. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire, Tribute","Correspondence and Memorial information","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence","Biographical information; List and photocopies of items from the Early Records Collection","Prospective form, tribute, Questionnaire, correspondence","Questionnaire, correspondence, tribute, articles about Washington","Correspondence, Questionnaire, Garden Committee reports","Correspondence 1970-1979, Garden Committee reports, Articles, committee assignments, letter of resignation","Correspondence, remarks","Correspondence, donations, and biographical information","Correspondence, speeches, Questionnaire, resume","Correspondence, Memorial information, Questionnaire, obituaries","Transcriptions of letters, 1877; Correspondence, 1898-1900; Paper – \"A Chapter in the History of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association,\" 1905; Address – \"The National University and the George Washington Memorial\"","Correspondence and biographical information (Includes letters from Wyoming Senators and Congressmen)","Correspondence, Questionnaire, articles, and Memorial information","Correspondence","Would like him to send information on fire protection at Mount Vernon. Discusses Washington's books with the Boston Athenaeum. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence and biographical information","Questionnaire, correspondence, obituary","Articles and other writings; Clippings; Memorial information","Correspondence (Includes letters to and from President Franklin Roosevelt), publication about Mount Vernon written by Mrs. Towner","Personal notebooks on Mount Vernon and bookplates","Obituary","Biographical information; Transcriptions of letters","Correspondence","Correspondence (Includes correspondence concerning the 100th Anniversary Committee; Memorial information; Personal inscribed copy of \"Mount Vernon China\"); Questionnaire","Correspondence, appeal, \"Washington Portraits,\" calling cards","Correspondence, 1919-1956, paper detailing Tennessee involvement with Mount Vernon, obituary, Questionnaire","Correspondence (Includes letters on the donation of the Vaughan journal and manuscripts), Questionnaire","Tells her she has been elected as a Vice Regent for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Gives information about being a Vice Regent. Autograph letter signed.","Correspondence","Obituary, 1908; Biographical note","Correspondence and biographical information, Questionnaire","Correspondence and biographical information","Oral history transcript, 2009","Booklet, \"Bit of Mount Vernon History: Taken from the Records of Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, Brought before Council of 1898 by Record Committee and Ordered Printed,\" by Mrs. Ward, 1899; Appeal to Teachers and Students of the Schools of Kansas to donate to Mount Vernon, undated; Obituary","Correspondence","Committee assignments; biography; correspondence; obituary","Journal; certificate of her appointment as Vice Regent, signed by APC; obituary","Correspondence, speech, etc.","Correspondence; prospective VR form; articles","Correspondence, events programs, obituary, Questionnaire","Questionnaire, resume, prospective VR form, correspondence","Correspondence","Correspondence and resume","Questionnaire, memorial information","Correspondence 1964-1970","Correspondence, 1971-1977","Correspondence, 1978-1982; Article \"George Washington, The Man, Creator of Mount Vernon, Farmer, Family Man, Christian, Ecumenist\"","Correspondence, 1983-1993; Memorial information","Correspondence as Corresponding Secretary","Correspondence, committee listings, funeral program, Questionnaire","Biographical note, Letter accepting position as Vice Regent","Letter from Georgia Wilder, Vice Regent for Georgia, to Lily Laughton, Regent, May 27, 1891. Wilder accepts her appointment as Vice Regent for Georgia in the MVLA. Autograph letter signed.","Signed by the Regent, Justine Townsend with note, \"appointed by the previous Regent Mrs. L.L.M. Laughton who was prevented by illness from signing this certificate.\"","Biographical note or obituary about Georgia Page King Smith Wilder, d. 1914, who served as the Vice Regent for Georgia 1891-1914.","Questionnaire, correspondence","Small journal with information on gifts to Mount Vernon, 1891-1896; Certificate as Vice Regent","Correspondence, 1931-1940","Correspondence, 1941-1959; Obituary","Articles, biographical information","Biographical information, mostly about her service as VR","An addition was made in August 2023, containing material given by Vice Regents and the Board Secretary in recent years.","Correspondence and biographical info, letters about Mount Vernon miniature","Correspondence","Biographical info, articles, tribute, correspondence, nomination info","Correspondence and memorial information","Biographical info, article","Correspondence, biographical info, remarks","Correspondence, Questionnaire, bio info","Correspondence, Questionnaire, photographs, bio info, Tribute","Biographical info, nomination info, correspondence","Black and white photograph showing several MVLA members greeting the Governor of Virginia in the New Room of the Mansion during an event, 1953 (2183-F)","Black and white photograph showing the restoration of the outside of the Mansion, circa 1956; Two black and white photos showing work being done to an outbuilding/colonnade, 1955","Two black and white photographs showing horses preparing a field at Mount Vernon, 1939","Black and white photograph postcard of a garden bench, no date","Series of color and black and white photographs showing the construction of Mount Vernon's sanitary sewer system, 1972","Black and white photographs on scrapbook pages taken by Charles Goodwin, February 1911. Caption on one page reads \"Trip to Washington and Mt. Vernon, George Senior with Charles and Spencer Goodwin, Photos by C.A.G. Feb. 1911.\" Photos include images of the exterior of Mount Vernon mansion, outbuildings, and scenic views.","1 black and white photograph of a wall sconce (probably in the Mansion); three identical black and white photos of the entrance door and step to an estate building, no dates","10 black and white photograph prints showing the State Dinner event. President Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, Mrs. Beirne, and other are seen in the images","Color photograph of the East Lawn with men dressed as Revolutionary War soldiers posed with flags, ca. 1970; Color photograph of a fireplace with a portrait painting of Ann Pamela Cunningham over the hearth, ca. 1971","Black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting an award to the Honorable John Taylor","One color photograph showing Mrs. Cooke at the White House posed with the French ambassador, President Richard Nixon, Mrs. Anne Armstrong (Counsellor to the President) and Mr. John W. Warner (Administrator, American Revolution Bicentennial Administration), July 10, 1974","1 color photograph of George Washington's coach or carriage, 1971","1 color photograph of Mrs. Pack in the flight deck of a Boeing 727","1 artist's rendition in color of new administrative buildings, 1980s","One color photograph print of a furniture detail from the Mount Vernon in Miniature project; one slide and several lengths of negatives showing the miniature details, 1994.","6 black and white photographs showing restoration work done to the Ice House Vault, 1939 and the Stable Underpinning 1938-1939; 5 black and white photographs showing the cottage at the West Gate including \"View from the gate,\" \"Construction details,\" \"New site before development,\" \"In transit,\" and \"The abandoned site\"","6 black and white photos showing an area of dug-up earth and two cars, 1938","5 photograph prints from Neg. 2903-1, 2903-2, 2903-3, 2904-1, 2904-2 – all views of the Family Kitchen – rear of fireplace and oven, 1950, taken by Robert Fisher; Black and white photograph showing two areas of different texture (labeled A and B) on the wall of the Family Kitchen, ca 1950","4 black and white photograph prints of Neg. 2930-2, 2930-3, 2930-5, 2930-7 relating to the brick foundations of the Greenhouse","1 black and white photograph of the ruined wall of the Greenhouse and slave quarters","1 black and white photograph of the Summer House","Strip of 5 black and white photographs labeled \"Wash House, Stove foundation and flue connection, June 1945\"","2 black and white photographs taped to board with descriptions; shows the fireplace in Washington's Bedroom after the removal of the wood paneling; Black and white photographs taped to two boards with description; shows the North Closet section of Washington's Bedroom during restoration","Black and white photograph of the Well House with a woman inside at the well with a bucket. Reverse side reads Neg. #2260 from a photograph by Fr. B. Johnston circa 1890","1 black and white photograph print on thin paper of a man, possible John Carter Brown, with notation on the reverse, \"J.C.B. June 11, '96, 1:30 p.m., 12 Benevolent St.\" Also, 1 black and white photo print with notation on the reverse, \"Lake Tahoe taken from the California side of the Lake. June 9, 1940.\"","2 black and white photographs of an MVLA sideboard with its measurements on the back","1 black and white photograph of people looking at Mount Vernon's view of the Potomac from the East Lawn, ca. 1965; 1 drawing of the Potomac River by Mount Vernon and the Piscataway Bay, ca. 1965","Black and white photographs with captions from \"Washington's Mount Vernon\"","2 color photographs of an historic oak tree at Mount Vernon; 1 shows a little boy by the tree, the other shows the stump after it had been cut down because of disease, 1983","2 color photographs of an information kiosk at the front entrance of Mount Vernon, 1967","1 black and white photograph of the wreath-laying ceremony at the grave of Ann Pamela Cunningham with Regent Mrs. Cooke, Mr. Wall, and Mrs. Hollis, 1975","4 color Polaroid photographs showing the Gift Shop salesroom, 1979","1 black and white photograph of a fireplace in the Mansion with the \"GW\" script","3 small color photographs of different rooms in the Mansion, 1961","1 black and white photograph of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association members in front of Mount Vernon; 2 small color photographs of the painting \"The West Front\" attributed to Edward Savage; 2 black and white photographs of a bedroom in the Mansion, no date","1 black and white photograph of the Upper Garden with covers over the beds","Color photograph of Mrs. Labouisse and Mrs. Bolton in front of the Mansion, 1953. In a card holder inscribed by Mrs.Powel.","1 black and white photograph of the Small Dining Room in the Mansion, no date","1 color slide labeled \"Page Platt – Natl Col Farm Oct 1978 Admin Bldg. Barn\"","Color print photograph of First Lady Barbara Bush and Mrs. Smith, group Council photographs from 1985-1989, and two photos (one signed to Mrs. Smith) from an event at Mount Vernon, undated.","Series of color Polaroid photographs showing the construction of the Ann Pamela Cunningham Administration Building and complex, 1982","Color photograph of Mrs. Sullivan on the piazza of the Mansion with the Vice Regents from Arizona and Maine, May 1983","Two black and white photographs of a chair with a reproduction chair cushion, 1966","Two black and white photographs of members of the MVLA welcoming guests to the reception in the New Room or Large Dining Room, 1953","Color photographs of Mrs. Sullivan with other MVLA Vice Regents, 1965, 1967; Black and white photographs showing different views of Mount Vernon","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a parade event at Mount Vernon, no date","1 black and white proof sheet with photographs of a Ford fire engine; 2 color Polaroid photographs of the Ford fire engine, one with two men; 7 color 8\" x 10\" of Ford Motor Company's visit to Mount Vernon to donate a fire engine, August 1981.","2 color photograph prints showing Vice Regents Emerita at Mount Vernon, c. 2000s","5 black and white photographs of Mrs. Anderson and other MVLA members on the piazza of the Mansion, ca 1940s","2 black and white photographs of Mrs. Beirne with Superintendent Charles Wall and another woman","19 color photographs of an Honorary Dinner for Mrs. Billups in 1961 with other Ladies of the Council (identified on the reverse of several prints) – some are duplicates","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of Mr. Thomas D. Taylor","1 black and white photograph of the 1970 Council on the lawn in front of the Mansion; 1 black and white photograph of several Ladies with Mount Vernon employees, 1972; 1 color photograph in the original holder showing Mrs. Bolton and Mrs. Labouisse in front of the Mansion","Two Christmas cards with color photographs, one showing Mrs. Bolton, ca. 1980s","2 small color photograph prints of Vice Regent Nancy Call, undated","Two color Polaroids of a framed certificate; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke presenting at the Sound and Light show with President Ford and French President D'Estaing; 1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Cooke standing by portraits of George and Martha Washington, ca. 1970s","Formal presentation of the Bicentennial gift of the French Republic to the United States at Mount Vernon - a sound and light production recounting some of the memorable events of the Revolution, from Patrick Henry's speech to the Battle of Yorktown as recollected by General Washington reflecting on the past after his retirement to Mount Vernon. French President d'Estaing presents the gift to President Ford who in turn gifted the production to Mount Vernon accepted by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association Regent Mrs. Cooke. The program debuted that evening to hundreds of special guests in attendance for the outdoor event.","8\" x 10\" color photograph of Mrs. Cooke with a United States Flag, ca. 1990s","Color photograph print of Mrs. Crumpacker with James Crumpacker and Elizabeth Swindells, undated","1 black and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Cubbedge, 1964","3 color photograph prints showing Mrs. Davis and her family, various dates","1 color photograph print on a Christmas card showing Mrs. Gaines with her husband and grandchildren, 2004","1 black and white photograph of Vice Regent Beatrice Guthrie","1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Haldeman","Color photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies","5 color photographs of the US Navy ceremony for the USS Mount Vernon, Mrs. Holden is in attendance, May 13, 1972","1 black and white photograph of the MVLA Board posed in front of the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, no date; 1 black and white photograph of an aerial view of the Mount Vernon estate, no date; 2 black and white prints on paper showing the small dining room in the Mansion","1 color photograph print with original negative of Mrs. Lee in front of the Mansion; one page with two color photograph prints of Mrs. Lee's family adhered as a Christmas card, 1997","1 black and white 8\" x 10\" photograph of a portrait painting of Mme. Le Vert","Five color postcards of different views of Mount Vernon, c. 1934 MVLA","3 black and white photographs, and 3 sepia tinted photographs of Mrs. Loughborough and different scenes and items at Mount Vernon estate","1 color portrait-style photograph print of Adrienne Mars","6 color photographs of an event at Mount Vernon with a Pipe and Drum band, no date","1 black and white matted photograph captioned \"The Ave. of Oaks planted by our dear Father at Retreat\" no date; 2 identical black and white postcard photographs of Page Randolph Anderson (later Platt) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1910; 2 sepia photograph cabinet cards of Page Wilder (later Anderson) dressed in costume as Martha Washington, 1885","1 black and white photograph of Mrs. Seamans","Series of color photographs showing a tree-planting event at Mount Vernon with three Vice Regents and others, ca. 1980s","Color photograph in paper frame/card of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association medal worn by the Ladies","Series of color portrait-style photographs of Mrs. Walton, ca. 2000","One black and white photo of Mrs. West, 6 color photos of her visit to Sulgrave Manor featuring Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher","Black and white portrait photograph of Mrs. Wiener, ca 1960s in original holder","Set of color prints taken from the ceremony at the Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Also includes one print photo of Jim Rees, Lynn Gammill, and Gay Gaines, undated.","Also includes 3 Council photographs, New Room, undated","Architectural drawing – Key to the Upper Garden plantings, 1980 by Dean Norton","1 blueprint titled Sketch Showing Progressive Development of Plan of Green House at Mount Vernon, Virginia, Walter Macomber; 2 architectural drawings concerning the Greenhouse: 1 showing the Elevations of the Proposed Service Greenhouse, October 1950; 1 titled Plan for Greenhouse, Nursery Area, October, 1950","1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault Restoration, 1938; 1 blueprint titled Ice House Vault – Measured Drawing, 1938; Blueprint titled Proposed Restoration of Ice House Vault, Cleverdon, Varney \u0026 Pike Consulting Engineers, 1938","Blueprint titled Heating Tunnel Layout, Drawing 101, 1935 by Geo. A. Weschler, Consulting Engineer; Blueprint titled Section of Tunnel, no date","2 blueprints – 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Alterations to End Sections of Building, 1936; 1 titled Power Plant and Shops, Mount Vernon, Virginia, Radiator Locations, 1936","5 blueprints: Sheet A – Stable Explorations, Plan and Sections Showing Extent of Excavated Trenches and Evidence of an Older Stable, 1939; Sheet B – Stable Measurements, 1936; Sheet C – Stable Measurements, Plan of Barn and Mule Stable, 1936; Sheet D – Stable Measurements, Rafter Plan and Details, 1936; Sheet E – Stable Excavations –Trenches D and F","1 architectural drawing titles \"Sketch Showing Hot Water Stove Restoration for Wash House\"","Drawing – Flower Garden detail, Area in front of Greenhouse, 1952; Drawing – Sketch Showing Re-arrangement of Designs in East and West Parterres in Flower Garden, Walter Macomber, no date; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, West End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Blueprint – Replanting Plan of the Boxwood Parterre, East End of the Flower Garden, 1947; Grouping of 17 small blueprints – Flower gardens, 1938","Architectural drawings, blueprints – Scale Detail Garden Wall Palisade, 1962; Elevation of a hood for the Director's House, 1963; Office building, no date; Interior Elevation, Main Gate, Mount Vernon, 1964; Blueprint, Elevation of Wall from Stable Yard \u0026 Laundry Yard, Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, December 12, 1955","Drawing of the bed hangings and curtains for the Lafayette Bedchamber, August 1975, Ethel Pilson Warren Interior Planning","Sketched architectural diagrams showing possible floor plans for the proposed new Administration Building, 1978","1 architectural drawing of the Interior Elevation of the Main Gate (Texas Gate) at Mount Vernon, by Walter M. Macomber, Architect for Restoration, October 22, 1964; 1 architectural drawing of the Grounds Section Facility, no date","Includes Mrs. Sweat's annotations, sketches, and inserts.","Statement to reactivate the Second Continental Light Dragoons in celebration of Washington's 279th birthday.","Award certificate to the MVLA.","Also includes printed list of members and RSVP mailing.","Includes letter from President Bush, news clippings, and bound manuscript copy of the remarks by David McCullough, \"The Ties that Bind: America and France.\"","Includes clippings, printed material, and correspondence.","Compiled engravings, photos, and prints including a cabinet card photograph of Nellie Custis Lewis. Several images from the collection of Vice Regent Annie Jennings of Connecticut","Empty of photographs","A note dated 1937 inside the portfolio by Vice Regent Helen Sargent states that the portfolio belonged to MVLA Regent Alice Richards.","Signed by several Congressmen including Robert Byrd and Thomas Foley. Possible signature of President Bill Clinton. Framed, 10 ¾\" x 15 ¾\"","Belonged to Helen Louise Sargent, Vice Regent for the District of Columbia, undated. Matted but not framed. 13 ½\" x 17 ¼\"","Tributes included are for James Rees, Mount Vernon employees, and Gay Hart Gaines.","Signed list of Rhode Island Vice Regents on the front inside page. The S.S. Teacher's Edition of the Holy Bible. Oxford University Press: London. Book cover reads \"Mount Vernon, Rhode Island Room 1898.\" Several inserts and annotations.","Signed on front inside page \"Pro Deo et Patria! The gift of Amy Townsend, Vice Regent for the State of New York, For the use of Vice Regents of the State of New York. March 29, 1900.\" The Holy Bible, The American Bible Society: New York, 1897. One insert.","Bound volume listing subscriptions or donations to Mount Vernon's fund to rebuild the \"servant's quarters\" destroyed by fire in 1835. The Vice Regent of Kansas, Jennie Ward, reported she raised enough by fundraising in Kansas schools ($1,000) The reconstruction was \"rebuilt along the lines of the old ruin,\" and in what was believed to be the original location.  It was completed in 1891.","Certificate of membership for Justine Van Resselaer Townsend for membership in the Daughters of the Cincinnati. Also signed by Townsend as President of the organization.","Wood panel with painted coat of arms; reverse reads \"A facsimile of a bronze tablet on the monument to Ann Pamela Cunningham in Columbia, S. Carolina, A.J. Robertson, May 1904\"","Objects related to the Dedication of the 16-Sided Barn, September 27, 1996. Includes souvenir satchel pouch with fact sheets and information, American flags on tissue paper, programs, and guest lists","Tabletop decoration used for the Bicentennial of the Inauguration of Washington dinner, 1989.","With bust of Washington, from the North Carolina Museum of History","Includes MVLA seal.","Labeled \"Cyndi Invest.\" and \"Bob's Invest.\" and numbered 1-3. Two are unlabeled but thought to be from the same series. Most likely recorded by Cyndi Lints, Administrative Assistant, and Bob McCarthy, Controller.","With management consultant Edie Seashore","At least one tape may have contributions by management consultant, Edie Seashore.","Meeting with management consultant Edie Seashore.","Time 5:40, produced by Goettler Associates, Inc. Columbus, Ohio","C-SPAN Archives, Tape 1 – 118 min., Tape 2 – 84 min. Copyright restricted"],"names_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Black Women United for Action","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Guy, Frances Claiborne, 1921-2016","Anderson, Helen Sharp, 1916-2013","Seamans, Eugenia Merrill, 1922-2010","Bishop, Mabel Livingstone, 1925-2007","Morrissette, Laura Vaughan Inge, 1933-","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Walton, Ellen Carroll","Gaines, Gay Hart","Ansley, Boyce Lineberger, 1946-2016","Bookout, Ann Haunschild","Lucas, Barbara Bourgeois","Allison, Margaret Appleton","Berry, Violetta Lansdale, 1883-1971","Bolton, Mary Peters","Brown, Anne Crawford Allen, 1848-1936","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Coolidge, Mary Abigail Parsons, 1878-1964","Cubbedge, Margaret Ellis, 1896-1985","Gammill, Lynn Crosby, 1936-","Hagner, Adlumia Sterrett, 1916-2007","Herbert, Leila","Holderness, Eunice Jackson, 1917-2007","Hollis, Margaret Belser, 1924-2015","Labouisse, Sally (Sarah Cameron), 1903-1985","Fisher, Robert B.","Morse, Frank","Neal, Anne D.","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Rathbone, Elizabeth Adams, 1837-1923","Richardson, Melody Sawyer","Smith, Gene Smith","Strachan, Rose Forsyth, 1915-2000","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Symmes, Harrison M., 1921-2010","Woodbury, Charlotte, 1873-1966","Todd, Frances Packette, 1901-1987","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Wiener, Ellanore Brown","Abrahams, Meliora Hambleton","Alexander, Hope Powel, 1925-2019","Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","Anderson, Isabel Scott, 1899-1994","Anderson, Anne Page Wilder, 1873-1956","Andrews, Julia Johnston, 1846-1915","Armour, Mary Gooch, 1942-","Aurell, Jane Collins","Baker, Fannie Gilchrist, 1838-1901","Balfour, Emma Harrison Warren, 1818-1887","Ball, Emma R., 1838-1918","Barnes, Mary Fauntleroy, 1824-1912","Barret, Margaretta Mason Brown, 1839-1920","Barret, Rosa Robinson, 1881-1955","Barry, Elizabeth Willard, 1814-1883","Battle, Charlotte Timberlake","Bayard, Elizabeth du Pont, 1880-1975","Bennett, Jamie Armstrong, 1881-1963","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Blackburn, Alpha Coles","Bockstoce, Elizabeth Roberts, 1918-1995","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Borthwick, Maribeth Armstrong","Bowlin, Ruth Price","Bradford, Helen MacKay, 1940-2004","Bradford, Mary Conover","Young , James","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Brockett, Marcella Powell Gibson","Brooks, Mary Cunningham Randolph, 1816-1882","Evarts, Mary, 1854-1928","Brown, Caroline Hinman Clement","Brown, Cynthia Pillow Saunders, 1810-1892","Buchanan, Frances Rogers","Bush, Margaret Gage","Butler, Sarah Duncan","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Cain, Talbot deButts, 1941-2013","Call, Nancy Banning","Campbell, Virginia Kyle, 1822-1882","Carson, Dana Porter","Chapin, Betsy (Elizabeth M.)","Chesnut, Mary, 1775-1864","Chisholm, Katherine Crutcher, 1929-2016","Collins, Mary Call Darby, 1911-2009","Comegys, Margaret Douglass, 1816-1888","Conover, Helen Field, 1833-1914","Cox, Katherine Cabell Claiborne, 1854-1925","Crumpacker, Anne Finkbeiner (Elizabeth Anne Finkbeiner)","Danforth, Edwine Evans, 1863-1961","Davis, Florence Stumb","De Forest, Elizabeth Kellam","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Dewey, Ruth Harrington, 1918-2016","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Dillon, Anna Price, 1835-1898","Du Pont, Elizabeth N.","Emory, Matilda Bache, 1819-1900","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Fauth, Geren Watson","Fitch, Harriet Satterlee","Fogg, Francis B., Mrs., 1800-1872","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Freeman, Margaret Walthall","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Furness, Marion Ramsey, 1853-1935","Gilchrist, Gene Robin","Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","Goodrich, Mary Boott, 1807-1868","Graham, Christine Blair, 1852-1915","Greenough, Louisa Ingersoll, 1813-1891","Guthrie, Beatrice Holden","Hagood, Derrill Maybank","Haldeman, Jane Norton, 1909-1984","Hale, Sarah King, 1798-1865","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Schuyler, Mary Morris Hamilton, 1818-1877","McAdoo, Mary Cheston (formerly Mary Hancock)","Hanks, Lorelai Jackson, 1929-2006","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Harrison, Hetty Cary, 1871-1943","Haskell, Mary Rushton, 1903-1971","Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, 1842-1919","Henke, Bonnie Creekmore (Mary Elizabeth)","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Hitz, Elizabeth Holliday, 1894-1979","Holden, Polly Bullard, 1906-2004","Hollenberg, Josephine Heiskell Harrison (Deanie), 1915-2011","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Hunt, Anne Lucas, 1796-1879","Huntress, Harriet Lane, 1860-1922","Sydnor, Ella Hutchins, 1844-1913","Irwin, Alice Dandridge, 1855-1916","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Jeffrey, Rosa Vertner, 1828-1894","Jennings, Annie Burr, 1855-1939","Johnson, Sarah Smith, -1862","Johnston, Elizabeth Johnston Evans, 1851-1934","King, Annie Ragan, 1856-1933","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Lane, Virginia Dawson","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Lawson, Priscilla Plumb","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Le Vert, Octavia Walton, 1810-1877","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Livingood, Lily Foster","Lobb, Mary Montgomery, 1915-2005","Longfellow, Alice M. (Alice Mary), 1850-1928","Dana, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1881-1950","Lord, Bertha Dunlap, 1880-1956","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Lyle, Margaret Vilas","Mars, Adrienne Bevis","Terrell, Mary Maverick, 1851-1891","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","McIlvain, Janet Hattan","McWillie, Catherine Anderson, 1812-1873","Mercer, Martha Dana, 1872-1960","Mitchell, Martha Reed, 1818-1902","Moore, Lisa Rosenberger","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Morse, Margaretta Wederstrandt, 1816-1893","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Nagel, Anne Shepley","Nalty, Elizabeth Shaw","Neal, Georgianne Davis","Neill, Nancy","Newman, Eleanor Tarrant, 1934-2017","Ogden, Phebe Ann, 1790-1865","Olander, Eileen Maloney","Pack, Phoebe Finley, 1907-2000","Parker, Eleanor Carroll Lyster, 1871-1924","Pendleton, Mary Alicia Key, 1824-1886","Pepper, Rebecca Willing, 1882-1955","Perrie, Alice Johnson","Peterkin, Constance Lee, 1872-1948","Pfaelzer, Marianne Henry","Pickens, Lucy Petaway Holcombe","Pirtle, Mary Hall, 1922-2012","Pope, Nancy Lucas Turner, 1870-1950","Porcher, Virginia Leigh, 1866-1940","Pringle, Elizabeth W. 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There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4831.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198386","title_ssm":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"title_tesim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1888-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1888-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1525","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4831"],"text":["A\u0026M 1525","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4831","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records","Davy.","Mabscott (W. 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There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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SEE ALSO Turnpikes.","Socialism","Transportation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.25 Linear Feet 107 ledgers, 17 ft. 3 in. total"],"extent_tesim":["17.25 Linear Feet 107 ledgers, 17 ft. 3 in. total"],"date_range_isim":[1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records, A\u0026amp;M 1525, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records, A\u0026M 1525, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_382de950f6f3abc751af81188efcdba1\"\u003eThe collection consists of ledgers, journals, and cashbooks of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Co., Greenbrier Coal and Coke Co., Gulf Coal Co., Louisville Coal and Coke Co., Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Co., and the Winding Gulf Colliery Co., with some material on the operation of company stores. There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of ledgers, journals, and cashbooks of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Co., Greenbrier Coal and Coke Co., Gulf Coal Co., Louisville Coal and Coke Co., Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Co., and the Winding Gulf Colliery Co., with some material on the operation of company stores. There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_8733c65f2641deab7e6af01afc002ea0\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:04:13.067Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_4831.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/198386","title_ssm":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"title_tesim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1888-1950"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1888-1950"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 1525","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4831"],"text":["A\u0026M 1525","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4831","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records","Davy.","Mabscott (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Winding Gulf (W. Va.)","Account books","Coal mining - company stores.","Coal mining - disasters.","Coal mining - Labor organization.","Coal mining -- Strikes","Coal mining - Working conditions.","Railroads","Roads. SEE ALSO Turnpikes.","Socialism","Transportation","No special access restriction applies.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","The collection consists of ledgers, journals, and cashbooks of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Co., Greenbrier Coal and Coke Co., Gulf Coal Co., Louisville Coal and Coke Co., Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Co., and the Winding Gulf Colliery Co., with some material on the operation of company stores. There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Colliery Company","English \n.    "],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 1525","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/4831"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"collection_title_tesim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"collection_ssim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Davy.","Mabscott (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Winding Gulf (W. Va.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Davy.","Mabscott (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Winding Gulf (W. Va.)"],"creator_ssm":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc."],"creator_ssim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc."],"creators_ssim":["Winding Gulf Coals, Inc."],"places_ssim":["Davy.","Mabscott (W. Va.)","Raleigh County (W. Va.)","Winding Gulf (W. Va.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Account books","Coal mining - company stores.","Coal mining - disasters.","Coal mining - Labor organization.","Coal mining -- Strikes","Coal mining - Working conditions.","Railroads","Roads. SEE ALSO Turnpikes.","Socialism","Transportation"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Account books","Coal mining - company stores.","Coal mining - disasters.","Coal mining - Labor organization.","Coal mining -- Strikes","Coal mining - Working conditions.","Railroads","Roads. SEE ALSO Turnpikes.","Socialism","Transportation"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["17.25 Linear Feet 107 ledgers, 17 ft. 3 in. total"],"extent_tesim":["17.25 Linear Feet 107 ledgers, 17 ft. 3 in. total"],"date_range_isim":[1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records, A\u0026amp;M 1525, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Winding Gulf Coals, Inc., Records, A\u0026M 1525, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_382de950f6f3abc751af81188efcdba1\"\u003eThe collection consists of ledgers, journals, and cashbooks of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Co., Greenbrier Coal and Coke Co., Gulf Coal Co., Louisville Coal and Coke Co., Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Co., and the Winding Gulf Colliery Co., with some material on the operation of company stores. There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The collection consists of ledgers, journals, and cashbooks of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Co., Greenbrier Coal and Coke Co., Gulf Coal Co., Louisville Coal and Coke Co., Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Co., and the Winding Gulf Colliery Co., with some material on the operation of company stores. There is also correspondence (1911-1915) between the managers of mines at Winding Gulf and Davy, West Virginia, discussing production levels, availability of railroad cars and freight rates, New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization, operating difficulties, labor shortages and working conditions, the Mabscott mine strike and German \"socialists\" at Mabscott, the Bottom Creek explosion at Vivian, the UMWA and a 1915 agreement, and the good roads movement in Raleigh County in 1915."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_8733c65f2641deab7e6af01afc002ea0\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Winding Gulf Coals, Inc.","Goodwill Coal and Coke Company","Greenbrier Coal and Coke Company","Gulf Coal Company","Louisville Coal and Coke Company","New River and Pocahontas Operators Organization","United Mine Workers of America","Winding Gulf Coal and Coke Company","Winding Gulf Colliery Company"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:04:13.067Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_4831"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Window Glass Cutters League of America","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_394.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195009","title_ssm":["Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers"],"title_tesim":["Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1876-1970"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1876-1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 2423","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/394"],"text":["A\u0026M 2423","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/394","Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers","Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization.","No special access restriction applies.","History of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","The history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.","By 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.","The traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.","During the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.","By 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.","In the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.","The other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.","For the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.","Chronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","1865","First glass industry unions formed","1876","Window Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed","LA 300-Window Glass Gatherers","LA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association","LA 307-Window Glass Blowers","1879","Blowers LA 307 merges into LA 300","1880","Cutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners","1894","Cutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America ","1895","Simon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300","1899-1900","Trade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism","1900","Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Association of America formed","1902 ","United Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland","1904","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300","1907-08","Glass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands","1908","National Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry","1909","Strike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry","1911","Imperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry","1916","First local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston","1922","Cutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions","1923","First convention of WGCLA","1924","WGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio","1926","First attempt of a merger of all window glass unions","1930-34","National Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA","1933","Passage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial","1934","Glen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers","1935-37","Federation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO","1937","McCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity","1940s","WGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)","1946","Formation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.","1957","Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine","1958","WGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs","1959","Remaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine","1964","Float glass process introduced in U.S.","1968","Ford Motor Co. begins to market float glass","1971","Merger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee","1974","Merger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail","1975","WGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association","2423, 3911","Introduction:","This collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.","Organizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are:  \nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905) \nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29)  \nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25)  \nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) ","The Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.","The League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.","For historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.","Individual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.","Many files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.","Finally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.","Series Description:","The archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows:  \nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24 \nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5 \nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106 \nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32 \nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm \t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes \nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes","Photographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.","Parts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include:  \nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970)  \nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936)  \nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) ","Series 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24","This series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.","The principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.","The president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.","Series 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5","This series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). ","Series 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106","The Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.","After 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.","Series 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32","Collective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.","The second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.","Series 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm","Included in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.","Career patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.","Series 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes","This series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.","Series 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes","This series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.","More extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.","Less complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.","Finally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Window Glass Cutters League of America","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","National Window Glass Workers of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America","Window Glass Workers Association of America","English \n.    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For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["86.19 Linear Feet Summary: 86 ft. 2 1/4 in. (181 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (3 record cartons, 15 in. each); (2 clamshell boxes, 3 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (28 unboxed ledgers, 61 in.); (5 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["86.19 Linear Feet Summary: 86 ft. 2 1/4 in. (181 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (3 record cartons, 15 in. each); (2 clamshell boxes, 3 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (28 unboxed ledgers, 61 in.); (5 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of the Window Glass Cutters League of America\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eChronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1865\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst glass industry unions formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1876\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWindow Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 300-Window Glass Gatherers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 307-Window Glass Blowers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1879\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlowers LA 307 merges into LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1880\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1894\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1895\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSimon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1899-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTrade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1900\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWindow Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Association of America formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1902 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnited Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1904\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1907-08\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGlass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1908\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1909\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eStrike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1911\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eImperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1916\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1922\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1923\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst convention of WGCLA\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1924\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1926\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst attempt of a merger of all window glass unions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1930-34\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1933\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePassage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1934\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGlen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1935-37\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFederation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1937\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1940s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1946\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFormation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1957\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLibbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1958\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1959\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRemaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFloat glass process introduced in U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1968\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFord Motor Co. begins to market float glass\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1971\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMerger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1974\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMerger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1975\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["History of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","The history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.","By 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.","The traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.","During the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.","By 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.","In the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.","The other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.","For the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.","Chronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","1865","First glass industry unions formed","1876","Window Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed","LA 300-Window Glass Gatherers","LA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association","LA 307-Window Glass Blowers","1879","Blowers LA 307 merges into LA 300","1880","Cutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners","1894","Cutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America ","1895","Simon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300","1899-1900","Trade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism","1900","Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Association of America formed","1902 ","United Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland","1904","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300","1907-08","Glass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands","1908","National Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry","1909","Strike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry","1911","Imperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry","1916","First local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston","1922","Cutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions","1923","First convention of WGCLA","1924","WGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio","1926","First attempt of a merger of all window glass unions","1930-34","National Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA","1933","Passage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial","1934","Glen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers","1935-37","Federation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO","1937","McCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity","1940s","WGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)","1946","Formation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.","1957","Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine","1958","WGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs","1959","Remaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine","1964","Float glass process introduced in U.S.","1968","Ford Motor Co. begins to market float glass","1971","Merger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee","1974","Merger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail","1975","WGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers, A\u0026amp;M 2423, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers, A\u0026M 2423, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e2423, 3911\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["2423, 3911"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOrganizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries Description:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eParts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCollective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIncluded in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCareer patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMore extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLess complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Introduction:","This collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.","Organizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are:  \nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905) \nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29)  \nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25)  \nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) ","The Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.","The League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.","For historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.","Individual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.","Many files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.","Finally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.","Series Description:","The archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows:  \nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24 \nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5 \nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106 \nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32 \nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm \t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes \nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes","Photographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.","Parts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include:  \nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970)  \nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936)  \nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) ","Series 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24","This series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.","The principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.","The president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.","Series 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5","This series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). ","Series 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106","The Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.","After 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.","Series 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32","Collective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.","The second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.","Series 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm","Included in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.","Career patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.","Series 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes","This series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.","Series 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes","This series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.","More extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.","Less complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.","Finally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6178a38e1d410790fa68a44c70fd2b82\"\u003eCorrespondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5b297373e812190a3717103b0d88e094\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","National Window Glass Workers of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America","Window Glass Cutters League of America","Window Glass Workers Association of America"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Window Glass Cutters League of America","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","National Window Glass Workers of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America","Window Glass Workers Association of America"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Window Glass Cutters League of America","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","National Window Glass Workers of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America","Window Glass Workers Association of America"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:08:05.410Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_394","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_394.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195009","title_ssm":["Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers"],"title_tesim":["Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["ca. 1876-1970"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["ca. 1876-1970"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 2423","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/394"],"text":["A\u0026M 2423","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/394","Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers","Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization.","No special access restriction applies.","History of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","The history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.","By 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.","The traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.","During the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.","By 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.","In the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.","The other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.","For the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.","Chronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","1865","First glass industry unions formed","1876","Window Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed","LA 300-Window Glass Gatherers","LA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association","LA 307-Window Glass Blowers","1879","Blowers LA 307 merges into LA 300","1880","Cutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners","1894","Cutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America ","1895","Simon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300","1899-1900","Trade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism","1900","Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Association of America formed","1902 ","United Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland","1904","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300","1907-08","Glass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands","1908","National Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry","1909","Strike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry","1911","Imperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry","1916","First local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston","1922","Cutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions","1923","First convention of WGCLA","1924","WGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio","1926","First attempt of a merger of all window glass unions","1930-34","National Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA","1933","Passage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial","1934","Glen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers","1935-37","Federation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO","1937","McCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity","1940s","WGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)","1946","Formation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.","1957","Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine","1958","WGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs","1959","Remaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine","1964","Float glass process introduced in U.S.","1968","Ford Motor Co. begins to market float glass","1971","Merger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee","1974","Merger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail","1975","WGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association","2423, 3911","Introduction:","This collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.","Organizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are:  \nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905) \nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29)  \nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25)  \nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) ","The Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.","The League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.","For historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.","Individual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.","Many files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.","Finally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.","Series Description:","The archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows:  \nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24 \nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5 \nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106 \nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32 \nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm \t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes \nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes","Photographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.","Parts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include:  \nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970)  \nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936)  \nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) ","Series 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24","This series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.","The principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.","The president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.","Series 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5","This series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). ","Series 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106","The Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.","After 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.","Series 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32","Collective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.","The second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.","Series 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm","Included in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.","Career patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.","Series 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes","This series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.","Series 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes","This series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.","More extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.","Less complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.","Finally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","Correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Window Glass Cutters League of America","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","National Window Glass Workers of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America","Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America","Window Glass Workers Association of America","English \n.    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For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Glass industry.","Union names.","Unions. SEE ALSO Labor organization."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["86.19 Linear Feet Summary: 86 ft. 2 1/4 in. (181 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (3 record cartons, 15 in. each); (2 clamshell boxes, 3 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (28 unboxed ledgers, 61 in.); (5 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"extent_tesim":["86.19 Linear Feet Summary: 86 ft. 2 1/4 in. (181 document cases, 5 in. each); (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.); (3 record cartons, 15 in. each); (2 clamshell boxes, 3 in. each); (2 large flat storage boxes, 3 in. each); (28 unboxed ledgers, 61 in.); (5 reels of microfilm, 1.75 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eHistory of the Window Glass Cutters League of America\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eDuring the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBy 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIn the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eChronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1865\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst glass industry unions formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1876\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWindow Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 300-Window Glass Gatherers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLA 307-Window Glass Blowers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1879\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eBlowers LA 307 merges into LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1880\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1894\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1895\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSimon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1899-1900\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTrade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1900\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWindow Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Association of America formed\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1902 \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eUnited Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1904\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1907-08\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGlass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1908\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1909\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eStrike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1911\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eImperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1916\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1922\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1923\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst convention of WGCLA\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1924\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1926\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFirst attempt of a merger of all window glass unions\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1930-34\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNational Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026amp; Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1933\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePassage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1934\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eGlen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1935-37\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFederation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1937\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMcCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1940s\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1946\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFormation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1957\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLibbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1958\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1959\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eRemaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1964\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFloat glass process introduced in U.S.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1968\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFord Motor Co. begins to market float glass\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1971\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMerger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1974\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMerger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e1975\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eWGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["History of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","The history of unions in the American window glass industry begins with Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. By 1879, LA 300 represented the four major crafts in window glass manufacture -- blowers, gatherers, flatteners, and cutters. For the next two decades, the craftsmen in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana battled with employers largely through the auspices of the Knights, but craft jealousies also led to the formation of separate craft unions.","By 1900, the final attempts to salvage LA 300 as a single union representing all the crafts began to collapse, leading to three decades of rival organizations. The years between 1900 and 1910 witnessed the formation of the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (ca. 1900-1933), the United Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1902-1905), the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1904-08), the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (ca. 1908-36), and the National Window Glass Workers of America (ca. 1903-31). Each of these organizations siphoned off segments of the industry workforce, either on the basis of geography (the United, for instance, was based largely in Cleveland) or by some combination of trades. The various factional splits and jurisdictional conflicts leading to this competition often resulted from struggles with employers and technological changes. Indeed, new labor processes eliminated the need for many of the skills of blowers, gatherers, and flatteners, and employers used these changes to defeat union demands and cause dissension in the ranks of the workers. Into the 1930s, then, as many as five different unions existed for window glass workers.","The traditional craft least affected by technological change was window glass cutting. Shortly after World War I, cutters in Charleston founded the first local of what would become the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Then, in 1922, cutters dissatisfaction with their treatment in other unions generated momentum for a national union of the craft. In 1922-23, Cutters League leaders Harry Kirchbenbower, Oakley Cline, and Harry Osmond began visiting cutters all over the nation, encouraging them to disaffiliate with other unions in the industry and to join the League. In June 1923, the founding convention of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, formally established the union. The following year, the League moved to Columbus, Ohio, where it maintained its headquarters for the next fifty years.","During the next decade, rival unions in the window glass industry slowly disbanded, but the dream of one all-inclusive union in the industry was more resilient. When organized labor turned to organizing unskilled industrial workers following the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, the dynamic president of the WGCLA, Glen McCabe, took charge of recruiting what were called the \"miscellaneous workers\" in the industry. Over the ensuing year, McCabe organized nearly 10,000 new members.","By 1934, the elite cutters feared they would soon be overwhelmed in their own union, as the miscellaneous workers asserted their influence. Consequently, in a mutual parting of the ways, McCabe took his new members and formed the Federation of Flat Glass Workers. When the Committee on Industrial Organization was formed, McCabe became one of its first members, and when the American Federation of Labor expelled the industrial unions, McCabe's Flat Glass Workers affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Again, union rivalry reigned in the window glass industry. Although McCabe would return to the WGCLA in the 1940s (and even return to the presidency in the 1950s), the relationship between the AFL craft union and its CIO counterpart remained contentious for the next three decades.","In the post-World War II years, the WGCLA devoted much of its energy to trying to protect a declining window glass industry. Targeting cheap foreign imports as the principal reason for slumping production, the WGCLA joined with other glass-industry unions in pushing for high tariffs and import restrictions. West Virginia locals of the WGCLA were instrumental in forming the Glass Workers' Protective League which coordinated the lobbying efforts of the various unions.","The other major threat to the proud glass cutters was a new cutting machine introduced in 1955 by the two largest firms in the industry, Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass. Almost immediately, the CIO union instituted a contest to obtain jurisdiction over the newly mechanized work. Although the WGCLA won a National Labor Relations Board case to maintain its jurisdiction, over the next two years the use of the cutting machine by all of the firms in the industry reduced the number of cutters needed for production.","For the ensuing two decades, the WGCLA limped along, its membership dropping well below the 1,000 mark. The once proud craftsmen even ceased taking apprentices in the 1960s due both to the lack of need for new cutters but also to government regulations that opened up apprenticeship to non-family members. What had for centuries been a closed craft fraternity was now passing into oblivion. The final blow for the WGCLA came in 1970s with the introduction of the revolutionary \"float glass\" process which threatened the American window glass industry. As several large companies shut down their plants and the numbers of WGCLA members continued to shrink, the League sought ought and completed a merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers Association in 1975, thus officially ending the history of the WGCLA.","Chronology of the Window Glass Cutters League of America","1865","First glass industry unions formed","1876","Window Glass Assemblies in the Knights of Labor formed","LA 300-Window Glass Gatherers","LA 305-Window Glass Cutters Association","LA 307-Window Glass Blowers","1879","Blowers LA 307 merges into LA 300","1880","Cutters affiliate with LA 300, joined by Flatteners","1894","Cutters and Flatteners secede from LA 300 and form craft unions affiliated with the AF of L, including the first Window Glass Cutters League of America ","1895","Simon Burns elected president of LA 300, forces independent unions back into LA 300","1899-1900","Trade war in industry, reemergence of factionalism","1900","Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Association of America formed","1902 ","United Window Glass Workers formed in Cleveland","1904","Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America formed from remnants of LA 300","1907-08","Glass unions decimated by strike defeat; Amalgamated disbands","1908","National Window Glass Workers becomes major union in the window glass industry","1909","Strike against American Window Glass Company leads to formation of Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Protective Association, 4th union in industry","1911","Imperial Window Glass Co. organized as a selling agency to stabilize the industry","1916","First local of Window Glass Cutters League formed at the Libbey-Owens-Ford plant in South Charleston","1922","Cutters League begins recruiting window glass cutters in other unions","1923","First convention of WGCLA","1924","WGCOLA moves headquarters to Columbus, Ohio","1926","First attempt of a merger of all window glass unions","1930-34","National Window Glass Workers and Window Glass Cutters \u0026 Flatteners Assoc. of America join WGCLA","1933","Passage of N.I.R.A. encourages organizing of industrial","1934","Glen McCabe helps form Federation of Flat Glass Workers","1935-37","Federation joins Committee of Industrial Organization, is expelled from AFL, helps form CIO","1937","McCabe resigns from Federation to preserve unity","1940s","WGCLA wages jurisdictional battles with United Glass and Ceramic Works (CIO)","1946","Formation of Glass Workers' Protective League in W.Va.","1957","Libbey-Owens-Ford and Pittsburgh Plate Glass begin using cutting machine","1958","WGCLA brings NLRB suit to protect cutting jobs","1959","Remaining Window glass firms begin cutting by machine","1964","Float glass process introduced in U.S.","1968","Ford Motor Co. begins to market float glass","1971","Merger talks begin with Stone, Glass, and Clay Coordinating Committee","1974","Merger talks with United Glass and Ceramic Workers fail","1975","WGCLA merges with Glass Bottle Blowers Association"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers, A\u0026amp;M 2423, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Window Glass Cutters League of America Papers, A\u0026M 2423, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e2423, 3911\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["2423, 3911"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eIntroduction:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eOrganizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905)\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFor historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIndividual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMany files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries Description:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePhotographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eParts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include: \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936) \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCollective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eIncluded in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCareer patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eMore extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLess complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eFinally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Introduction:","This collection includes correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the Window Glass Cutters League of America, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the League.","Organizations other than the League whose records are included in this collection are:  \nLocal Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905) \nAmalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-29)  \nWindow Glass Workers Association of America (1902-04)  \nWindow Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-25)  \nNational Window Glass Workers (1914-24) ","The Window Glass Cutters League of America archives consist of the records of the national union from its inception in 1923 until its merger with the Glass Bottle Blowers of America in 1975. In addition, the collection contains records from a number of the League's predecessor organizations dating back to Local Assembly 300 of the Knights of Labor. Comprising approximately 120 linear feet, the nearly complete files of letters, memos, reports, collective bargaining files, transcripts, photos, and publications document in detail the union activities of window glass cutters for approximately a century.","The League's records offer rich source material for many subjects of interest to industrial and labor historians. More than 30 boxes of collective bargaining records document industrial relations, wages, working conditions, and productions changes in the industry. Together with minutes of local meetings in the correspondence files of the secretary-treasurer's office and grievances, arbitration cases, and national labor board cases, these records enable a reconstruction of shop-floor relations in the factories. Furthermore, statistical reports for each of the locals make it possible to chart seasonal changes in the industry, labor turnover, and unemployment for skilled window glass workers.","For historians interested in social history, the League's apprenticeship records dating back to the 1880s enable the study of labor recruitment and training while also making possible the reconstruction of the ethnic and familial character of the workforce. Individual membership cards dating from the early 1920s document geographic mobility and career patterns of the glass cutters. For more institutionally-inclined scholars, detailed minutes of conventions, executive board minutes, and files of the president's and secretary-treasurer's correspondence are particularly revealing for the study of national union administration.","Individual files suggest something of the richness and insularity of the craft-union culture embedded in the trade of window-glass cutting. Contentious relations with glass workers outside the craft are evident in the executive board minutes as well as the records of other unions in the industry. Moreover, craft animosity toward the less-skilled workers certainly permeates the secretary-treasurer's correspondence with local officers after the rise of the CIO union in the 1930s.","Many files document the tensions between fiercely independent craft workers and a union committed to collective action. In the League's attorney files, for example, there are case records covering a suit brought by one glass cutter against the League for its infringement of his patent of a glass-cutting device that the League eventually sold to its members, the complaints of Jehovah's Witnesses who were shunned by their fellow workers and eventually fired in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor for refusing to salute the flat, and the expulsion of a Belgian glass cutter for working in a non-union ship in Belgium when he returned to bring his family to Charleston. Similarly, in the collective bargaining files and the president's files, there is a vivid portrait of the difficulty than an exclusive craft union faced when it confronted the provisions of equal employment opportunity laws.","Finally, files from different series document the long struggle against being technologically displaced and rendered obsolete. The president's correspondence reveals the strategies relating to political action such as lobbying for high tariffs and import restrictions and relating to potential amalgamation with other glass unions. Meanwhile, the collective bargaining files contain the records of jurisdictional battles fought to maintain job security in the face of changes in production methods.","Series Description:","The archives of the Window Glass Cutters League of America have been arranged into seven series, as follows:  \nSeries 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, box 1 - box 24 \nSeries 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, box 1 - box 5 \nSeries 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, box 1 - box 106 \nSeries 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, box 1 - box 32 \nSeries 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, box 1 - box 26 and 5 reels of microfilm \t\nSeries 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, box 1 - box 8 and 15 volumes \nSeries 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, box 1 - box 10 and 17 volumes","Photographs are stored in one large oversized box with the collection. A number of publications were removed from this collection and added to a separate pamphlet collection. A list of them can be found in the control folder for this collection in the manuscripts room.","Parts of series 5 have been microfilmed and are stored in the microfilm reading room. They are on five reels of microfilm and include:  \nSistersville - Local Statistical Reports (1925-1938)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (September 1927-1955)  \nNorwood (Clarksburg) - Local Statistical Reports (1956-1970)  \nFairchance, PA. - Statistical Reports (1924-1936)  \nMt. Jewett, PA; Dunbar, WV; Mannington, WV; Torrence, CA - Statistical Reports (1923-1926) ","Series 1. Executive Files, 1921-1975, boxes 1-24","This series is divided into three subseries representing the surviving files of the WGCLA's constitutional conventions, its executive board, and its presidents. Included in the first subseries are printed versions of the League's constitution and by-laws as well as printed copies of the convention proceedings. There are more extensive files, which include correspondence, for the 1960 and 1965 conventions. The first sub-series also contains the proceedings of a proposed merger convention of the League and other unions in the industry in 1926.","The principal decision-making body for the WGCLA was the executive board which was comprised, after 1935, of the president, the secretary-treasurer, and a board member from each of the locals. There are executive board meeting minutes beginning in 1925 and running until the League merged with the Glass Bottle Blowers in 1975. The minutes are indexed; the index to the early years is at the end of the volume, and the later years are indexed separately. The executive board minutes are quite detailed, and provide a fairly comprehensive guide to the major concerns of the League. This subseries also includes two boxes of correspondence. Much of the correspondence is related to the formation of the League in 1922-23, and gives a good accounting of the factionalism characterizing the labor movement in the window glass industry. There are also scattered files around particular issues for the 1930s and 1940s.","The president's files only span the years from 1948 to 1975. They are divided into two groups reflecting a previous arrangement. The first group spans 1948-58, and includes incoming and outgoing letters in the same files. There are five boxes of correspondence with national and local officers, arranged by the name of the local union, and five boxes of correspondence with other organizations or individuals, or on particular subjects. The second group includes a chronological file of outgoing letters spanning 1959-75, and incoming correspondence on particular subjects. Of particular note are the files on Civil Rights, Tariffs, and the Stone, Glass and Clay Coordinating Committee.","Series 2. Legal Matters, 1925-1975, boxes 1-5","This series is comprised of documents, correspondence and other materials relating to the cases of members pursued in the courts rather through collective bargaining mechanisms or national labor boards (which are in Series 4). This series also includes those cases in which members brought charges against the union or in which the union disciplined its members. Notable in this series are the cases of Vital Daspermont (1925), suspended for working in a non-union plant when he returned to Belgium for his family; or the Jehovah's Witnesses who lost their jobs for failing to salute the flag in the days after the attack on Pearl Harbor; the Shuler recall case (1944) which resulted in the dismissal of the League's president; the trials of members in Henryetta, Ok., (1950-56) for refusal to pay League fines; and the George Philippe case (1942-53) in which Philippe sued the League for violating his patent. It is also worth noting how the number of international cases increased dramatically following the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act (1947). ","Series 3. Secretary-Treasurer's Correspondence, 1935-1975, boxes 1-106","The Secretary-Treasurer's files detail the day-to-day administration of the League. For much of the time covered by the files in this series, the Secretary-Treasurer was H.D. Nixon, one of the founders of the League. His correspondence includes both incoming and outgoing letters, and the arrangement of the files is consistent for the years 1935 to 1960. For each year, there are typically four boxes of correspondence arranged in the following manner: correspondence with the president, with the members of the executive board (arranged by the local which the member represented), with the preceptors and secretaries of each local, with other organizations and followed by a general correspondence file arranged alphabetically. The largest bulk of the correspondence is with the officers of each of the locals. Indeed, it is through these files that the relationship of the national and local unions becomes evident. In addition, frequently contained in this correspondence are the minutes of local meetings, transmitted to the national office. Consequently, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are important in illuminating the problems facing locals and the rank and file members.","After 1960, the files become sparser, and the last ten boxes are grouped in two time periods, 1961 to 1965, and 1966 to 1974. In addition, there is a box of minutes of local meetings spanning the years 1965 to 1974. In general, to understand the relations and communication from the national officers to the rank and file, the Secretary-Treasurer's files are key.","Series 4. Collective Bargaining Files, 1918-1975, boxes 1-32","Collective bargaining records are divided into two subseries, Agreements and Contracts, and Contract Maintenance. In the first subseries are the documents concerning the negotiation of wage scales and working rules between the League and the various companies in the industry. There are three boxes of printed contracts arranged chronologically and by company spanning through the years 1918 to 1975. There are also nine boxes of negotiations files which include: minutes of union-company meetings to discuss wages, proposals and counterproposals, correspondence, and the union's files of documents and supporting materials for its proposals. There is also one box of material concerning negotiations over apprenticeship standards. In general, the documentation for later rounds of negotiations is superior to that for earlier years.","The second subseries contains materials relating to the ongoing relationship with the companies in the administration of the collective bargaining agreements. Included are nine boxes of correspondence with the companies spanning the years 1922 to 1970, one box of reports of meetings with company officials on a wide range of issues, and two boxes of arbitration case files. All of these files are arranged by company, and then chronologically. There are also six boxes of documents concerning cases brought before the National War Labor Board and the National Labor Relations Board. Finally, there are three boxes of material relating to grievances filed by members against individual companies. These are arranged by company, and then chronologically.","Series 5. Membership Records, 1906-1975, boxes 1-26 and 5 reels of microfilm","Included in this series are records pertaining to apprenticeships, wages, dues checkoffs, and the career patterns of members of the League. Particularly important is the documentation of nearly every phase of the apprenticeship program. There are six boxes of applications to learn the craft of window-glass cutting; the first box even predates the formation of the League. To be granted an apprenticeship; normally the applicant needed either a brother or a father already in the craft, so the application forms enable the tracing of family relationships in addition to age, ethnicity and other characteristics. There are also tabulations charting applications, approvals, the work progress, and eventual discharge of apprentices.","Career patterns are documented by individual membership cards for all members of the League. These cards indicate the beginning and end dates for each member's work record at the different plans in the industry dating from the 1920s. One box of seniority lists documents age of the workforce at the various plants as well as the continuous time in service from the 1930s to the 1970s. Finally, weekly statistical reports from the locals charting wages and dues comprise thirteen boxes and six reels of microfilm. To reduce the bulk, these statistical reports have been sampled in the following manner: for the Clarksburg plant of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, a continuous run of the reports has been microfilmed; for the Charleston plant of the Libbey-Owens-Ford company, a monthly sample of the original copies have been preserved; for several of the smaller companies that went out of business in the 1930s or 1940s, the entire run was filmed; and for the remaining locals, either a quarterly or biennial sample was saved.","Series 6. Administrative and Financial Files, 1928-1975, boxes 1-8 and 15 volumes","This series contains principally the files relating to the administration of the League's headquarters. Reports of compliance with government regulations (i.e., equal employment opportunities, LM-2 reports following the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, and loyalty affidavits in the wage of the Taft-Hartley Act) comprise one box, while audit reports, monthly financial statements, and IRS reports fill three boxes. Also included are contracts and negotiations files with the union representing the League's office employees. Fifteen volumes of ledgers document in detail the finances of the League from 1931 to 1975. Perhaps the most interesting items in the series, however, are the published issues of The Glass Cutter, the monthly publication of the League. An entire run of the publication survives, but it was interrupted several times. Dates of publication span 1928 to 1932, 1938 to 1958, and 1965 to 1970. Finally, there is a box of memorabilia which includes a memorial album of League members serving in the service during World War II. The album carries the service record and a photo of each member.","Series 7. Related Organizations, 1876-1970, boxes 1-10 and 17 volumes","This series contains the extant records of the predecessor and rival unions in the window glass industry, several of which merged into the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Records for Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor include a two-volume index to the membership rolls (1876-1902), certificates of apprenticeship and initiation, and some scattered issues of by-laws, minutes, convention proceedings, and wage scales, mostly dating from 1895 to 1905. There are a few items for both the United Window Glass Workers of America (1902-04) and the Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08) which were successors to the Local Assembly 300, attempting to represent all the crafts in the industry.","More extensive records exist for the two rival organizations which attempted to unite just the cutters and flatteners. For the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America, there are fairly complete executive board minutes (1904-30), some correspondence, membership records, wage scales and working rules, and two volumes of an apprentices register. A rival organization, the Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1909-36) began as a result of an unsuccessful strike in 1907-08. Its influence was limited pretty much to the Pittsburgh and southwestern Pennsylvania area. Records for the Protective Association include executive board minutes (1910-34), a membership ledger, an apprentice's ledger, wage scales (1916-33), and a scrapbook covering the formation of the Protective Association (1909-12). Of particular note in these records are the files illuminating the antitrust case brought against the companies and the unions in the window glass industry immediately following World War I.","Less complete files exist for the National Window Glass Workers of America (1903-31) and the Federation of Flat Glass Workers of America (1934-70). Both of these unions attempted to organize all workers in the window glass industry. For the National, there are minutes (1916-28), wage scale booklets, some correspondence, president's reports (1918-22), and two volumes of membership rolls (1903-22). For the Federation, which was started by former League president Glen McCabe and which became one of the founding organizations of the CIO, the files relate principally to the early years of the Federation in 1934-37.","Finally, there are seven volumes of scrapbooks and an oversize box of photographs containing historical documents spanning the years 1887 to 1957. They have been placed in this series because rarely do they focus on a single organization. Instead, it appears that window glass workers interested in the history of labor in the industry simply selected interesting items, often in a random fashion, to place in the scrapbooks. Included are letters, membership items, photos, newspaper clippings, and memorabilia documenting selected facets of the history of labor in the window glass industry."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_6178a38e1d410790fa68a44c70fd2b82\"\u003eCorrespondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Correspondence, minute books, financial records, photographs, broadsides, publications, and other materials of the League, and the archives of other defunct craft unions entrusted to the Window Glass Cutters League of America. Organizations other than the League whose records are included are: Local Assembly 300, Knights of Labor (ca.1876-1905); Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America (1904-08); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Association of America (1907-1929); Window Glass Workers Association of America (1902-1904); Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association of America (1911-1925); and the National Window Glass Workers (1914-1924). See the scope and content note for information regarding record series found in this collection. See the control folder in the manuscripts room for a listing of contents."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_5b297373e812190a3717103b0d88e094\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["Amalgamated Window Glass Workers of America.","Knights of Labor. Local Assembly 300","Knights of Labor","Knights of Labor. 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For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_31a61eca444a3e137de19305b003c401\"\u003eUnion materials collected by William J. Jones of Morgantown, West Virginia, including bylaws, constitutions, convention proceedings, and letters.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Union materials collected by William J. Jones of Morgantown, West Virginia, including bylaws, constitutions, convention proceedings, and letters."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_3f4e8be20b8ea8ecd973dbd19d61f456\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. 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Buildings"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","Series 1. Buildings"],"text":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report","Series 1. Buildings","Windows","box 11","folder 7"],"title_filing_ssi":"Windows","title_ssm":["Windows"],"title_tesim":["Windows"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1778-1991"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1778/1991"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Windows"],"component_level_isim":[2],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Restoration Files for the Historic Structures Report"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"level_ssm":["File"],"level_ssim":["File"],"sort_isi":356,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. 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Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.","The collection is divided into 3 series. The first series focuses on the buildings and structures themselves as well as specific features of buildings, and documents details and changes to each location. Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports","Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"","Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.","MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports","This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. 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Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. The library reserves the right to restrict access to items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open to research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. According to the policies of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, certain records in the archives may only be available for research 30 years after creation or file date. 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Series 2 is made up of journal entries, ledgers, and lists that are relevant to different areas on the estate. The last series compiles all reports that aided in the Historic Structures Report, or reports that were built off of the HSR. All series are filed alphabetically by title, then chronologically.\nSeries 1. Buildings\nSeries 2. Journals and Inventories\nSeries 3. Reports"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\"\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Mount Vernon's Restoration Department is responsible for all maintenance and repairs to every historic structure on the estate. Because of the unique and historic nature of the Mansion and all outbuildings, special expertise in historic building methods and structures is necessary to complete all of the necessary restoration work done to Mount Vernon's historic property. While there has always been staff dedicated to these tasks, the goals and demands of the profession have evolved and increased the need for highly skilled experts in the field of restoration. A structural survey of the Mansion was conducted in 1989 and recommended the completion of a historic structures report before any other major renovations were completed. The architectural firm Mesick-Cohen-Waite was hired to compile this report which was finished in 1993. Extensive historic documentation was necessary to complete the report and these Restoration Files are the final product of that work. Mount Vernon Library staff, restoration staff, and volunteers worked for months to collect this information that was vital for the success of the report. Later studies and reports, dated into the 2000s, were added to these files in order to keep the files up-to-date and complete. According to the 1992 Minutes of the MVLA, the Historic Structures Report is invaluable and \"presents for the first time a comprehensive chronology and various interpretations of the development of the Mansion house. It offers a systematic arrangement of the measured drawings collection, condition reports of all Mansion spaces, hardware analysis, recommended repairs, etc.\""],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOriginal order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Original order was kept, however file naming and alphabetical order was \"cleaned-up\" to maintain controlled vocabulary. By request of the Restoration Department no records were discarded."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["MVLA Minutes and Annual Reports, MVLA Publications, Measured drawings, photographs, Papers of the MVLA, Bound Volumes of the Superintendent's Letters, Diaries, and Monthly Reports"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains original records and photocopied documentation that was compiled in the early 1990s to provide necessary assistance for the preparation of the Historic Structures Report.  Original materials include correspondence of Mount Vernon Superintendents, employees, and Vice Regents, accounts and financial documents, reports, photographs, and architectural drawings. Photocopied or printed documents were taken from ledgers, accounts, and correspondence of George Washington and his staff, published primary and secondary sources, and MVLA reports. The dates of original materials range from the 1860s to 2005, however, the date range of information from the files is from the 1750s to 2005."],"names_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"corpname_ssim":["Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mesick Cohen Waite Architects"],"language_ssim":["English \n.    "],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":478,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:46:39.072Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_2_resources_21_c01_c355"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Wine Family Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_511#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Wine family","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_511#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_511#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_511.xml","title_ssm":["Wine Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wine Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1885-2001"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511"],"text":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511","Wine Family Papers","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded.","The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.","Personal Papers, 1885-1977 Photographs, 1897-1986 Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998 Genealogical materials, 1892-2001","Wine, Jacob David.  The Wine Family in America. First Section . Forestville, Va., 1952.","Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.","Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.","Jesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International.","Selected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded.","Wine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.","Series 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.","The materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.","J. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.","Two miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.","Series 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.","Series 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.","Series 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers.","Numerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wine Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wine Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wine Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"creator_ssm":["Wine family","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_ssim":["Wine family","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wine family"],"creators_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased at Laughlin Auctions, Inc.'s October 14, 2017 sale of the personal property from the home of Naomi Zirkle Wine of Woodstock, Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.18 cubic feet 13 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.18 cubic feet 13 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal Note"],"appraisal_tesim":["The nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePersonal Papers, 1885-1977\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhotographs, 1897-1986\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eScrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGenealogical materials, 1892-2001\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.","Personal Papers, 1885-1977 Photographs, 1897-1986 Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998 Genealogical materials, 1892-2001"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWine, Jacob David. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Wine Family in America. First Section\u003c/emph\u003e. Forestville, Va., 1952.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wine, Jacob David.  The Wine Family in America. First Section . Forestville, Va., 1952."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDaniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.","Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.","Jesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, SC 0273, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, SC 0273, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSelected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Selected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Wine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJ. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.","Series 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.","The materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.","J. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.","Two miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.","Series 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.","Series 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.","Series 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNumerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Numerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_68350217315544cb8f516868d3ba22f5\"\u003eThe Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life."],"names_coll_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"famname_ssim":["Wine family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":106,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_511","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_511.xml","title_ssm":["Wine Family Papers"],"title_tesim":["Wine Family Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1885-2001"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1885-2001"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511"],"text":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511","Wine Family Papers","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century","Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded.","The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.","Personal Papers, 1885-1977 Photographs, 1897-1986 Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998 Genealogical materials, 1892-2001","Wine, Jacob David.  The Wine Family in America. First Section . Forestville, Va., 1952.","Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.","Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.","Jesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International.","Selected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded.","Wine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.","The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.","Series 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.","The materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.","J. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.","Two miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.","Series 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.","Series 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.","Series 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers.","Numerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged.","The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0273","/repositories/4/resources/511"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Wine Family Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Wine Family Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Wine Family Papers"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"geogname_ssim":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"creator_ssm":["Wine family","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_ssim":["Wine family","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"creator_famname_ssim":["Wine family"],"creators_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family"],"places_ssim":["Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Genealogy","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Church history","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- Economic conditions","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 19th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 20th century","Shenandoah County (Va.) -- History -- 21st century"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchased at Laughlin Auctions, Inc.'s October 14, 2017 sale of the personal property from the home of Naomi Zirkle Wine of Woodstock, Virginia."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["5.18 cubic feet 13 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["5.18 cubic feet 13 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Letters (correspondence)","Genealogies (histories)","Scrapbooks","Postcards","Photographs","Ledgers (account books)","Diaries","Newsletters","Minute books","School records","Greeting Cards","Family papers"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"appraisal_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"appraisal_heading_ssm":["Appraisal Note"],"appraisal_tesim":["The nature of the auction was such that dissimilar or unrelated materials were bundled together in single lots. As such, these otherwise random materials were weeded and discarded. A large collection of newspaper clippings, comprised primarily of political cartoons, were also discarded. A representative sample of life insurance brochures and pamphlets were retained; duplicates were discarded."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003clist numeration=\"arabic\" type=\"ordered\"\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePersonal Papers, 1885-1977\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003ePhotographs, 1897-1986\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eScrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998\u003c/item\u003e\n      \u003citem\u003eGenealogical materials, 1892-2001\u003c/item\u003e\n    \u003c/list\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in four series. Series 1: Personal Papers is arranged into subseries by creator and further arranged chronologically. Series 2 through 4 are arranged chronologically. Exceptions to this arrangement scheme were made in order to group like materials together and as a result chronological arrangements are approximate.","Personal Papers, 1885-1977 Photographs, 1897-1986 Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998 Genealogical materials, 1892-2001"],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cbibref\u003eWine, Jacob David. \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Wine Family in America. First Section\u003c/emph\u003e. Forestville, Va., 1952.\u003c/bibref\u003e"],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Wine, Jacob David.  The Wine Family in America. First Section . Forestville, Va., 1952."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eDaniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine (1855-1923) lived with his wife, Rebecca Good Wine (1855-1933), and their children on his family's ancestral Forestville, Virginia farm. D. P. Wine was a farmer and served as a minister and elder in the Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. Jacob David Wine and John Eugene Wine acted as executors to their father's estate after his death in 1923. Financial materials in the collection document their activities in settling the estate.","Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine (1881-1968), the eldest child of D. P. Wine and Rebecca Good Wine, attended Bridgewater College and married Kitty Sipe Huffman (1880-1947). He pursued his interests in Sunday school and church work, particularly with local Brethren churches and his home church – Flat Rock Church of the Brethren. J. D. was active in community and civic affairs including schools, roads, temperance, and local government. J. D. Wine, along with his father D. P. Wine, was a member of the Shenandoah County Anti-Saloon League. He also researched and published on local history and genealogy.","Jesse Clayton \"J. C\" Wine (1915-2016) was born to J. D. Wine and Kitty Sipe Huffman Wine of Forestville, Virginia. J.C. Wine married Naomi Catherine Zirkle (b. 1917) on September 4, 1943. During World War II, J. C. served as a civilian tailor at Fort Belvoir in the tailor shop and dry cleaners, later becoming its manager. He went on to sell insurance for the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO) for more than three decades and retired in 1975. Outside of his professional pursuits, J. C. was an accomplished and talented cane maker and served his community as a charter member of the Woodstock Rescue Squad and as a member of the Woodstock United Methodist Church. During at least the early 1950s, J. C. Wine also served as the treasurer of the Mt. Jackson Methodist Charge which was comprised of the Mt. Jackson, Quicksburg, and Mt. Clifton churches. He was also a member of the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, SC 0273, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, SC 0273, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSelected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Selected loose materials were removed from ledgers and other bound volumes and retained in separate folders. Photographs were removed from frames which were subsequently discarded."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eWine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Wine Family. Papers, 1899-1943. Accession 42353, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eJ. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTwo miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content","Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document the personal and business activities of three generations of the Wine family of Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life. Daniel P. \"D. P.\" Wine, Jacob David \"J. D.\" Wine, and Jesse Clayton \"J. C.\" Wine are the predominant creators of the records present in this collection.","Series 1: Personal Papers, 1885-1977, is arranged by creator into four subseries. The D. P. Wine sermon daybook is a bound ledger containing dates and types of sermons or ceremonies performed by Wine. Included are weekly church sermons with Bible verses referenced, funerals preached at by Wine, baptisms performed, and marriages in which Wine acted as the officiant. Loose handwritten obituaries were removed and foldered separately. Financial documents related to D. P. Wine's estate are included.","The materials related to J. D. Wine primarily document his involvement in community organizations – the Lee District Sunday School Association, the Anti-Saloon League of Shenandoah County, and his local church council. His financial activities are documented in a series of ledgers and cashbooks.","J. C. Wine's papers provide a more holistic view of his life and include materials relating to his early schooling, his career with the Union Life Insurance Company (ULICO), his involvement in church activities, and diaries written during the latter part of his life. The two diaries, 1970-1977, by J. C. Wine provide detailed daily accounts of local, national, and international happenings. J. C. documented notable news of the day (Richard Nixon's resignation, Apollo 14 mission), local births and deaths including the New Year babies born at local hospitals, weather reports, and personal and community updates. There are often numerous entries per day and the entries appear to reflect news likely reported in the local newspaper.","Two miscellaneous items, an unidentified time book and a ledger presumably belonging to Samuel Good, are grouped together.","Series 2: Photographs, 1897-1986, is comprised of loose photographs and bound photo albums primarily of Wine family members. The photographs, many of them identified, document Black Water Falls, Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Maryland), Fort Belvoir (Fairfax County, Virginia), Camp Bethel (Fincastle, Virginia), and scenes of daily life. Community members and friends are depicted (including John C. Myers, 1876-1962, of Broadway), as are family pets and animals. Photographs of Naomi Zirkle Wine's father's 90th birthday are included along with a register of the guests. Miscellaneous photographs include scenes of the National Mall in Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy funeral procession, and persons who are likely community members or friends, but are otherwise unidentified. Additionally, a signed headshot of country music singer Roy Acuff and a signed facsimile of country music singers Lee and Juanita Moore and their son Roger Lee are included.","Series 3: Scrapbooks and Ephemera, 1903-1998, includes a large selection of blank postcards, both bound in scrapbooks and loose. The scrapbooks also contain greeting cards, with one documenting the birth of J. D. and Naomi Wine's daughter, Mary Sue Wine, and a second documenting J. C. Wine's various medical procedures and hospital stays during 1967-1972. One scrapbook is comprised of menus, newspaper clippings, programs for local music and theatre performances (New Market Theatre), beauty pageants, local church events, high school commencements (New Market, Triplett, Timberville), and related ephemera. Loose postcards depict local scenes as well as national landmarks and scenes of Washington, DC and New York City. Pamphlets and brochures related to J. C. Wine's involvement with the Masonic Lodge and Shriners International are included.","Series 4: Genealogical Materials, 1892-2001, document the Wine family and the related Myers, Zirkle, and Huffman families. The only correspondence in the collection is filed within this series as it relates strictly to Myers family history and their connection to the Wines. The letters are chiefly from Jennie R. Driver to J. D. Wine. J. D. Wine was a great-great grandson of Barbara Wine Myers and Samuel Myers."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNumerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged.\u003c/p\u003e"],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Numerous books and publications were pulled from the collection, cataloged individually, and added to Special Collections' rare book holdings. A series of Virginia maps were also separated and cataloged."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_68350217315544cb8f516868d3ba22f5\"\u003eThe Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["The Wine Family Papers, 1885-2001, document three generations of the Wine family from Shenandoah County, Virginia. Their participation in civic engagement and community activities is documented through Sunday school minute books, ledgers, and diaries. The collection also comprises photographs, scrapbooks, postcards, and school materials documenting aspects of daily life."],"names_coll_ssim":["Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc.","Wine family"],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Laughlin Auctions, Inc."],"famname_ssim":["Wine family"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":106,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:20:27.499Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_511"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01_c28","type":"File","attributes":{"title":"Winfield Family. Includes many documents relating to the Civil War, business documents, indenture for servitude of a free boy of color","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01_c28#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01_c28","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01_c28"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01_c28","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01","parent_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03","vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_412","vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03","vihart_repositories_4_resources_412_c03_c01"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","Individual/Family Documents","Individual Families"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","Individual/Family Documents","Individual Families"],"text":["Harrisonburg-Rockingham Historical Society Collection","Individual/Family Documents","Individual Families","Winfield Family. Includes many documents relating to the Civil War, business documents, indenture for servitude of a free boy of color","box 4","folder 13"],"title_filing_ssi":"Winfield Family. Includes many documents relating to the Civil War, business documents, indenture for servitude of a free boy of color","title_ssm":["Winfield Family. Includes many documents relating to the Civil War, business documents, indenture for servitude of a free boy of color"],"title_tesim":["Winfield Family. Includes many documents relating to the Civil War, business documents, indenture for servitude of a free boy of color"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1823-1944"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1823/1944"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Winfield Family. 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