{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=24","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=26","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=219"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":25,"next_page":26,"prev_page":24,"total_pages":219,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":240,"total_count":2189,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Booth family: Miscellaneous\n notes and related papers, including copies of\n family letters and documents, 1868/1963","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04"],"id":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00113","_root_":"viu_viu00113","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00113","viu_viu00113_c01","viu_viu00113_c01_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Booth family: Miscellaneous\n                     notes and related papers, including copies of\n                     family letters and documents","title_ssm":["Booth family: Miscellaneous\n notes and related papers, including copies of\n family letters and documents"],"title_tesim":["Booth family: Miscellaneous\n notes and related papers, including copies of\n family letters and documents"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booth family: Miscellaneous\n notes and related papers, including copies of\n family letters and documents, 1868/1963"],"text":["Booth family: Miscellaneous\n notes and related papers, including copies of\n family letters and documents, 1868/1963","Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers","Box Box 1","Booth family"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868/1963"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1868-1963, n.d."],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":20,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"famname_ssim":["Booth family"],"names_ssim":["Booth family"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00113","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00113","_root_":"viu_viu00113","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00113","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00113.xml","title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"text":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad","ca. 53,100 items","Collection is open to research.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup of the \n            CummingPapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        The papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        Edwin Gilliam Boothwas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            Shenstone, \" \n            Nottoway County, to \n            Gilliam Boothand \n            Rebecca (Hicks) Booth. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            Winfield Academyin \n            Dinwiddie County, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            Theodorick Pryor, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            Virginia. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            Oxford, North Carolina; he\n            matriculated at the \n            University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hillin 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            Fredericksburgunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            John Taylor Lomax, a professor at the \n            University of Virginiaand a judge of\n            the \n            Court of Appeals; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            Nottoway Countyto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            Virginia.\n        In 1833, he married \n            Sarah Tanner Jones(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            Archer Jones Booth(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            Sarah Tanner Booth(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            William Travis Booth(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\n        Booth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            Nottoway Church. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            Virginia Legislaturefor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            Virginia. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            Abraham Lincolnto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            National Centennial Exhibitionin \n            Fairmont Park, Philadelphia.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr., passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            Philadelphia.\n        More information on Booth may be found in \n            The Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Boothby \n            Henry Edwin Dwight(F230.B74).\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            Nottoway Countyto \n            Edwin Gilliam Boothand \n            Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth. He\n            attended \n            Winfield Academy, \n            Dinwiddie County, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            David Comfort, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            Hampton-Sydney Collegefor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            University of Virginiabefore enrolling\n            in the \n            University of Pennsylvaniaat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\n        During the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            Confederate Armyas a member of the \n            Nottoway Cavalryin the G and E\n            companies of the \n            Third Virginia Regiment. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            Big Bethelon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            Confederate Navy, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            Mobile Bay, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            Pensacola, and later released on\n            parole.\n        After the war he visited \n            Europe, then returned to live at \" \n            Shenstone\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            Carter's Grove, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            Clara Haxall Thomsonof \n            Jefferson County, West Virginia; they\n            had the following children: \n            Lucy Almira Booth(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            Henrietta Edwina Booth(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, III(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            Clara Thomson Booth(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            John Thomson Booth(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            William Harris Booth(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\n        In 1907, he settled in the old \n            George Wythehome at \n            Williamsburg, and was a member of the \n            Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary. He died at home on January 5, 1922.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        See entries from: \n            Who Was Who In America, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            Who's Who in America, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            National Cyclopedia of American Biography, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.from the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\"","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","GENERAL DESCRIPTION\n        The \n            Cumming Familypapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            Hugh Smithand \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            Winifred Burney West, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            Booth Family.\n        Dr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            U. S. Public Health Servicefrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            Europeand \n            Indonesiafrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\n        The majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\n        The collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            Booth FamilyPapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr., and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.There are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\n        SUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            Booth family, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            Booth family; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            Boothand allied families such as \n            Armistead, \n            Thomson, \n            Throckmorton, \n            Gilliam, \n            Rootes, \n            Bernard, and \n            Terry.\n        Correspondents include \n            Rebecca Hicks Booth, \n            Robert Henry Booth, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, and the latter's\n            children, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, \n            Archer Jones Booth, \n            Francis Rebecca Booth, and \n            Sarah Tanner Booth, as well as \n            Clara Haxall Thomson Booth, \n            Lucy Almira Booth, \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, \n            Charles J. Cabaniss, and \n            William Cabell Rives.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            Virginia. \n            Archer Jones Boothwrote to his father\n            from \n            Clark County, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            Fredericksburgmentioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            Yorktown(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            [Jefferson] Daviswould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            Mobile, Alabama(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            Vicksburgby Yankees, the defense of \n            Richmond, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\n        Other letters of interest include those from \n            E. C. Cabellto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            Bank of Florida; two letters from \n            William Cabell Rivesto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.to his sister,\n            Frances Rebecca Booth, from \n            Paris, France(February 5, 1866).","SUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the \n            Cumming familypapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\n        Correspondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cummingconcerning the birth of\n            Lucy Cumming, 1897, and \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            Lucy Cummingin 1898.\n        Letters from \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.to his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            U.S. Public Health Service(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Serviceby the \n            American Medical Association(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            Sanitation Committee(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            Rupert Blue's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            Philadelphia(August 17, 1912), and his\n            VirginiaSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            Atlantic Seaboard, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            Europe, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            Francefor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            United Statesin 1919 at the \n            Cannesconference which organized the \n            League of Red Cross Societiesand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            Poland. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            England(December 20, 1918); \n            American University Unionin \n            Europe(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            Brest, France(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            Rheims, France(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            Rotterdam, Netherlands(February 20,\n            1919); \n            Red CrossConference at \n            Cannes(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            Public Health Laboratories(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            Europe(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            Europe, including \n            England, \n            France, \n            Belgium, \n            Poland, \n            Spain, \n            Italy, \n            Greece, and \n            Turkey, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            Europe.\n        Letters to \n            Lucy Booth Cumminginclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            Archer Jones Booth, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            James F. Epes(November 26, 1903); \n            Leakeand \n            Haxallgenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            Thomsongenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            Cabanissgenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            Lausanne Peace Conference(December 26,\n            1922).\n        Lucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            Clara Booth, and sister, \n            Henrietta Wise, while residing in \n            Yokohama, Japan, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            Europein 1919-1920.\n        The miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            Charles J. Hatfield's comments\n            introducing \n            Hugh S. Cummingat the \n            University of Pennsylvania(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            Herbert Hoover's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            Public Health Service(February 25,\n            1933).\n        Dr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            Commission on Nutrition(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            [Thomas] Parran(May 12, 1939).\n        The letters of \n            Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming(1907-1978) to \n            Lucy B. Cumming, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            Sweden, \n            Russia, and \n            Indonesia. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            Moscow, its living conditions, and the\n            Lubianka prison, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            Moscowquarters.\n        This collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            Hugh S. Cumming's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            Hampton, Virginia, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            Pan American Sanitary Bureauon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            Nottoway County, Virginia.\n        Other items of note include two speeches of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            Lucy B. Cumming's grandfather, \n            Edwin G. Booth, \" \n            Beechwood\" in \n            York County, Virginia, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            Lucy Booth Cumming; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            Cannes, France, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            Committee of Red Cross Societies; a\n            scrapbook of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            Lucy Cumming's membership certificate\n            in the \n            United Daughters of the Confederacy;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","SUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            Moscow, \n            Stockholm, \n            Paris, and \n            Indonesia; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            University of Virginia; American\n            activities in \n            Icelandand \n            Greenlandbefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\n        As a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\n        Among the noted correspondents are: \n            Dean Acheson; \n            Joseph W. Alsop; \n            John A. Blatnik; \n            Daniel J. Boorstin; \n            John Stewart Bryan; \n            Harry F. Byrd, Jr.; \n            Richard E. Byrd; \n            Bernard P. Chamerlain; \n            Virginius Dabney; \n            C. Douglas Dillon; \n            Thomas N. Downing; \n            Allen W. Dulles; \n            John Foster Dulles; \n            Homer Ferguson; \n            J. Allen Frear, Jr.; \n            Douglas Southall Freeman; \n            J. William Fulbright; \n            Wilson D. Gillette; \n            Joseph C. Grew; \n            Christian A. Herter; \n            Lou Henry Hoover(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            Cordell Hull; \n            Herschel V. Johnson; \n            Walter Lippman; \n            Henry Cabot Lodge; \n            John O. Marsh, Jr.; \n            Christopher C. McGrath; \n            David C. Mearns; \n            L. Quincy Mumford; \n            Stanley F. Reed; \n            Eleanor Roosevelt; \n            Elliot Roosevelt; \n            Dean Rusk; \n            Hugh D. Scott, Jr.; \n            John W. Snyder; \n            John Sparkman; \n            Maurice Stans; \n            Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.; \n            Potter Stewart; \n            Robert Taft, Jr.; \n            Edward Thye, Jr.; \n            Harry S. Truman.\n        In addition, there are references to: \n            Edwin Barclay; \n            Chiang Kai-shek; \n            Andrei Gromyko; \n            George Kennan; \n            Hunter Holmes McGuire; \n            Raoul Wallenberg.\n        Cumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            Winifred Burney West(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            Hankow, China, and in \n            Moscowwhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            Frank A. West, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            Hankow, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            Chiang Kai-shek, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            Moscow, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            Andrei Gromyko, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\n        Letters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            Cordell Hull, 1933-1950; \n            Walter Lippmandiscussing the case of \n            Raoul Wallenberg, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            Eleanor Roosevelt, June 13, 1950; \n            Richard E. Byrdregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            Harry S. Truman's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            Moscow, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., and of his\n            mother, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960.\n        Correspondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            State Department, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            Germany, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            Edwin Barclaywhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            Latin America, \n            Europe, and \n            Asia.\n        The subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            Cumming family, the \n            Alibi Club, the \n            John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University, \n            Bath County Community Hospital, the \n            National Cathedral Association, the \n            State Department, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\n        Correspondence and files regarding the \n            University of Virginiainclude the \n            Raven Society, the \n            Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund, the \n            O.W.L.S. Society, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            Julius P. Barclay, \n            Edmund Berkeley, Jr., \n            Colgate W. Darden, Jr., \n            Ernest H. Ern, \n            Arthur P. Gray III, \n            Frank L. Hereford, Jr., \n            William H. Runge, \n            B. F. D. Runk, \n            Edgar F. Shannon, and \n            John Cook Wyllie.\n        The photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            Virginia Military Institutein 1918, \n            U. S. Coast Guardactivities in \n            Greenlandduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            Reykjavik, Iceland, and \n            Washington, D.C.Of special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            Mesa Verde National Park, \n            Colorado, and four photographs of \n            Richard M. Nixonduring a visit to \n            Indonesiaas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\n        Bound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            Albemarle County, Virginia, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            Diana Whiting Smith Cumming, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            Hampton, Virginia. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            Greenlandduring 1941.\n        Other items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            1924 Democratic National Convention;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            Bird McGuire, \n            James P. Clarke, and \n            Claude A. Swanson; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            Liberia, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            Nevadaduring 1957.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad"],"unitid_tesim":["6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Hugh S. Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Hugh S. Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"creators_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These papers, 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f, 6922-h,\n            6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n, 6922-p,\n            6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac and\n            6922-ad, were donated to the Library by the Honorable Hugh\n            S. Cumming, Jr., of Washington, D.C., on June 3, November\n            16, and December 30, 1985, and bear no restrictions"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 53,100 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming\u003c/famname\u003ePapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n      ","\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n      ","\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup of the \n            CummingPapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        The papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eBiography\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003ewas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eShenstone\u003c/corpname\u003e, \" \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003e, to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRebecca (Hicks) Booth\u003c/persname\u003e. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eWinfield Academy\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eDinwiddie County\u003c/geogname\u003e, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            \u003cpersname\u003eTheodorick Pryor\u003c/persname\u003e, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eOxford, North Carolina\u003c/geogname\u003e; he\n            matriculated at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill\u003c/corpname\u003ein 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFredericksburg\u003c/geogname\u003eunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Taylor Lomax\u003c/persname\u003e, a professor at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eand a judge of\n            the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCourt of Appeals\u003c/corpname\u003e; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003eto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn 1833, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Jones\u003c/persname\u003e(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Travis Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBooth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNottoway Church\u003c/corpname\u003e. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Legislature\u003c/corpname\u003efor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAbraham Lincoln\u003c/persname\u003eto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Centennial Exhibition\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFairmont Park, Philadelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePhiladelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eMore information on Booth may be found in \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Booth\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Edwin Dwight\u003c/persname\u003e(F230.B74).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner (Jones) Booth\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n            attended \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eWinfield Academy\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eDinwiddie County\u003c/geogname\u003e, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDavid Comfort\u003c/persname\u003e, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eHampton-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003efor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ebefore enrolling\n            in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Pennsylvania\u003c/corpname\u003eat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eConfederate Army\u003c/corpname\u003eas a member of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNottoway Cavalry\u003c/corpname\u003ein the G and E\n            companies of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eThird Virginia Regiment\u003c/corpname\u003e. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBig Bethel\u003c/persname\u003eon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eConfederate Navy\u003c/corpname\u003e, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMobile Bay\u003c/geogname\u003e, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePensacola\u003c/geogname\u003e, and later released on\n            parole.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAfter the war he visited \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, then returned to live at \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eShenstone\u003c/corpname\u003e\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCarter's Grove\u003c/corpname\u003e, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Haxall Thomson\u003c/persname\u003eof \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eJefferson County, West Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e; they\n            had the following children: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenrietta Edwina Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, III\u003c/persname\u003e(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Harris Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn 1907, he settled in the old \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Wythe\u003c/persname\u003ehome at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWilliamsburg\u003c/geogname\u003e, and was a member of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBoard of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary\u003c/corpname\u003e. He died at home on January 5, 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n      ","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eBiography\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSee entries from: \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWho Was Who In America\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWho's Who in America\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNational Cyclopedia of American Biography\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003efrom the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        Edwin Gilliam Boothwas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            Shenstone, \" \n            Nottoway County, to \n            Gilliam Boothand \n            Rebecca (Hicks) Booth. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            Winfield Academyin \n            Dinwiddie County, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            Theodorick Pryor, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            Virginia. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            Oxford, North Carolina; he\n            matriculated at the \n            University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hillin 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            Fredericksburgunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            John Taylor Lomax, a professor at the \n            University of Virginiaand a judge of\n            the \n            Court of Appeals; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            Nottoway Countyto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            Virginia.\n        In 1833, he married \n            Sarah Tanner Jones(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            Archer Jones Booth(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            Sarah Tanner Booth(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            William Travis Booth(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\n        Booth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            Nottoway Church. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            Virginia Legislaturefor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            Virginia. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            Abraham Lincolnto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            National Centennial Exhibitionin \n            Fairmont Park, Philadelphia.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr., passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            Philadelphia.\n        More information on Booth may be found in \n            The Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Boothby \n            Henry Edwin Dwight(F230.B74).\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            Nottoway Countyto \n            Edwin Gilliam Boothand \n            Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth. He\n            attended \n            Winfield Academy, \n            Dinwiddie County, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            David Comfort, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            Hampton-Sydney Collegefor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            University of Virginiabefore enrolling\n            in the \n            University of Pennsylvaniaat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\n        During the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            Confederate Armyas a member of the \n            Nottoway Cavalryin the G and E\n            companies of the \n            Third Virginia Regiment. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            Big Bethelon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            Confederate Navy, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            Mobile Bay, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            Pensacola, and later released on\n            parole.\n        After the war he visited \n            Europe, then returned to live at \" \n            Shenstone\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            Carter's Grove, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            Clara Haxall Thomsonof \n            Jefferson County, West Virginia; they\n            had the following children: \n            Lucy Almira Booth(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            Henrietta Edwina Booth(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, III(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            Clara Thomson Booth(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            John Thomson Booth(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            William Harris Booth(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\n        In 1907, he settled in the old \n            George Wythehome at \n            Williamsburg, and was a member of the \n            Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary. He died at home on January 5, 1922.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        See entries from: \n            Who Was Who In America, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            Who's Who in America, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            National Cyclopedia of American Biography, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.from the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Cumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["GENERAL DESCRIPTION\n        The \n            Cumming Familypapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            Hugh Smithand \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            Winifred Burney West, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            Booth Family.\n        Dr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            U. S. Public Health Servicefrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            Europeand \n            Indonesiafrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\n        The majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\n        The collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            Booth FamilyPapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr., and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.There are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\n        SUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            Booth family, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            Booth family; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            Boothand allied families such as \n            Armistead, \n            Thomson, \n            Throckmorton, \n            Gilliam, \n            Rootes, \n            Bernard, and \n            Terry.\n        Correspondents include \n            Rebecca Hicks Booth, \n            Robert Henry Booth, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, and the latter's\n            children, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, \n            Archer Jones Booth, \n            Francis Rebecca Booth, and \n            Sarah Tanner Booth, as well as \n            Clara Haxall Thomson Booth, \n            Lucy Almira Booth, \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, \n            Charles J. Cabaniss, and \n            William Cabell Rives.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            Virginia. \n            Archer Jones Boothwrote to his father\n            from \n            Clark County, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            Fredericksburgmentioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            Yorktown(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            [Jefferson] Daviswould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            Mobile, Alabama(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            Vicksburgby Yankees, the defense of \n            Richmond, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\n        Other letters of interest include those from \n            E. C. Cabellto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            Bank of Florida; two letters from \n            William Cabell Rivesto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.to his sister,\n            Frances Rebecca Booth, from \n            Paris, France(February 5, 1866).","SUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the \n            Cumming familypapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\n        Correspondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cummingconcerning the birth of\n            Lucy Cumming, 1897, and \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            Lucy Cummingin 1898.\n        Letters from \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.to his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            U.S. Public Health Service(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Serviceby the \n            American Medical Association(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            Sanitation Committee(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            Rupert Blue's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            Philadelphia(August 17, 1912), and his\n            VirginiaSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            Atlantic Seaboard, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            Europe, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            Francefor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            United Statesin 1919 at the \n            Cannesconference which organized the \n            League of Red Cross Societiesand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            Poland. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            England(December 20, 1918); \n            American University Unionin \n            Europe(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            Brest, France(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            Rheims, France(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            Rotterdam, Netherlands(February 20,\n            1919); \n            Red CrossConference at \n            Cannes(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            Public Health Laboratories(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            Europe(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            Europe, including \n            England, \n            France, \n            Belgium, \n            Poland, \n            Spain, \n            Italy, \n            Greece, and \n            Turkey, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            Europe.\n        Letters to \n            Lucy Booth Cumminginclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            Archer Jones Booth, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            James F. Epes(November 26, 1903); \n            Leakeand \n            Haxallgenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            Thomsongenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            Cabanissgenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            Lausanne Peace Conference(December 26,\n            1922).\n        Lucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            Clara Booth, and sister, \n            Henrietta Wise, while residing in \n            Yokohama, Japan, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            Europein 1919-1920.\n        The miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            Charles J. Hatfield's comments\n            introducing \n            Hugh S. Cummingat the \n            University of Pennsylvania(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            Herbert Hoover's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            Public Health Service(February 25,\n            1933).\n        Dr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            Commission on Nutrition(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            [Thomas] Parran(May 12, 1939).\n        The letters of \n            Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming(1907-1978) to \n            Lucy B. Cumming, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            Sweden, \n            Russia, and \n            Indonesia. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            Moscow, its living conditions, and the\n            Lubianka prison, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            Moscowquarters.\n        This collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            Hugh S. Cumming's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            Hampton, Virginia, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            Pan American Sanitary Bureauon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            Nottoway County, Virginia.\n        Other items of note include two speeches of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            Lucy B. Cumming's grandfather, \n            Edwin G. Booth, \" \n            Beechwood\" in \n            York County, Virginia, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            Lucy Booth Cumming; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            Cannes, France, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            Committee of Red Cross Societies; a\n            scrapbook of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            Lucy Cumming's membership certificate\n            in the \n            United Daughters of the Confederacy;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","SUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            Moscow, \n            Stockholm, \n            Paris, and \n            Indonesia; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            University of Virginia; American\n            activities in \n            Icelandand \n            Greenlandbefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\n        As a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\n        Among the noted correspondents are: \n            Dean Acheson; \n            Joseph W. Alsop; \n            John A. Blatnik; \n            Daniel J. Boorstin; \n            John Stewart Bryan; \n            Harry F. Byrd, Jr.; \n            Richard E. Byrd; \n            Bernard P. Chamerlain; \n            Virginius Dabney; \n            C. Douglas Dillon; \n            Thomas N. Downing; \n            Allen W. Dulles; \n            John Foster Dulles; \n            Homer Ferguson; \n            J. Allen Frear, Jr.; \n            Douglas Southall Freeman; \n            J. William Fulbright; \n            Wilson D. Gillette; \n            Joseph C. Grew; \n            Christian A. Herter; \n            Lou Henry Hoover(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            Cordell Hull; \n            Herschel V. Johnson; \n            Walter Lippman; \n            Henry Cabot Lodge; \n            John O. Marsh, Jr.; \n            Christopher C. McGrath; \n            David C. Mearns; \n            L. Quincy Mumford; \n            Stanley F. Reed; \n            Eleanor Roosevelt; \n            Elliot Roosevelt; \n            Dean Rusk; \n            Hugh D. Scott, Jr.; \n            John W. Snyder; \n            John Sparkman; \n            Maurice Stans; \n            Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.; \n            Potter Stewart; \n            Robert Taft, Jr.; \n            Edward Thye, Jr.; \n            Harry S. Truman.\n        In addition, there are references to: \n            Edwin Barclay; \n            Chiang Kai-shek; \n            Andrei Gromyko; \n            George Kennan; \n            Hunter Holmes McGuire; \n            Raoul Wallenberg.\n        Cumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            Winifred Burney West(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            Hankow, China, and in \n            Moscowwhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            Frank A. West, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            Hankow, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            Chiang Kai-shek, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            Moscow, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            Andrei Gromyko, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\n        Letters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            Cordell Hull, 1933-1950; \n            Walter Lippmandiscussing the case of \n            Raoul Wallenberg, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            Eleanor Roosevelt, June 13, 1950; \n            Richard E. Byrdregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            Harry S. Truman's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            Moscow, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., and of his\n            mother, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960.\n        Correspondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            State Department, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            Germany, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            Edwin Barclaywhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            Latin America, \n            Europe, and \n            Asia.\n        The subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            Cumming family, the \n            Alibi Club, the \n            John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University, \n            Bath County Community Hospital, the \n            National Cathedral Association, the \n            State Department, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\n        Correspondence and files regarding the \n            University of Virginiainclude the \n            Raven Society, the \n            Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund, the \n            O.W.L.S. Society, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            Julius P. Barclay, \n            Edmund Berkeley, Jr., \n            Colgate W. Darden, Jr., \n            Ernest H. Ern, \n            Arthur P. Gray III, \n            Frank L. Hereford, Jr., \n            William H. Runge, \n            B. F. D. Runk, \n            Edgar F. Shannon, and \n            John Cook Wyllie.\n        The photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            Virginia Military Institutein 1918, \n            U. S. Coast Guardactivities in \n            Greenlandduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            Reykjavik, Iceland, and \n            Washington, D.C.Of special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            Mesa Verde National Park, \n            Colorado, and four photographs of \n            Richard M. Nixonduring a visit to \n            Indonesiaas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\n        Bound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            Albemarle County, Virginia, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            Diana Whiting Smith Cumming, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            Hampton, Virginia. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            Greenlandduring 1941.\n        Other items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            1924 Democratic National Convention;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            Bird McGuire, \n            James P. Clarke, and \n            Claude A. Swanson; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            Liberia, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            Nevadaduring 1957."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard"],"famname_ssim":["Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"persname_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":222,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGENERAL DESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming Family\u003c/famname\u003epapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West\u003c/persname\u003e, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBooth Family\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU. S. Public Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003efrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003efrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth Family\u003c/famname\u003ePapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003eThere are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth family\u003c/famname\u003e, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth family\u003c/famname\u003e; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth\u003c/famname\u003eand allied families such as \n            \u003cfamname\u003eArmistead\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThomson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThrockmorton\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eGilliam\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eRootes\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBernard\u003c/famname\u003e, and \n            \u003cfamname\u003eTerry\u003c/famname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRebecca Hicks Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRobert Henry Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and the latter's\n            children, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrancis Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, as well as \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Haxall Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCharles J. Cabaniss\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Cabell Rives\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003ewrote to his father\n            from \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eClark County\u003c/geogname\u003e, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFredericksburg\u003c/geogname\u003ementioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYorktown\u003c/geogname\u003e(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            \u003cpersname\u003e[Jefferson] Davis\u003c/persname\u003ewould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMobile, Alabama\u003c/geogname\u003e(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVicksburg\u003c/geogname\u003eby Yankees, the defense of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRichmond\u003c/geogname\u003e, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther letters of interest include those from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eE. C. Cabell\u003c/persname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBank of Florida\u003c/corpname\u003e; two letters from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Cabell Rives\u003c/persname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003eto his sister,\n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, from \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eParis, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 5, 1866).\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n      ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming family\u003c/famname\u003epapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003econcerning the birth of\n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, 1897, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003ein 1898.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003eto his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Public Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003e(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service\u003c/corpname\u003eby the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Medical Association\u003c/corpname\u003e(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eSanitation Committee\u003c/corpname\u003e(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRupert Blue\u003c/persname\u003e's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePhiladelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e(August 17, 1912), and his\n            \u003cpersname\u003eVirginia\u003c/persname\u003eSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAtlantic Seaboard\u003c/geogname\u003e, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003efor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eUnited States\u003c/geogname\u003ein 1919 at the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes\u003c/geogname\u003econference which organized the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLeague of Red Cross Societies\u003c/corpname\u003eand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePoland\u003c/geogname\u003e. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e(December 20, 1918); \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican University Union\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBrest, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRheims, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRotterdam, Netherlands\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 20,\n            1919); \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eRed Cross\u003c/corpname\u003eConference at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes\u003c/geogname\u003e(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health Laboratories\u003c/corpname\u003e(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, including \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBelgium\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePoland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eSpain\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eItaly\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreece\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eTurkey\u003c/geogname\u003e, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003einclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames F. Epes\u003c/persname\u003e(November 26, 1903); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eLeake\u003c/famname\u003eand \n            \u003cfamname\u003eHaxall\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThomson\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCabaniss\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLausanne Peace Conference\u003c/corpname\u003e(December 26,\n            1922).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and sister, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenrietta Wise\u003c/persname\u003e, while residing in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYokohama, Japan\u003c/geogname\u003e, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003ein 1919-1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCharles J. Hatfield\u003c/persname\u003e's comments\n            introducing \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003eat the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Pennsylvania\u003c/corpname\u003e(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommittee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations\u003c/corpname\u003e(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHerbert Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003e(February 25,\n            1933).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommission on Nutrition\u003c/corpname\u003e(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            \u003cpersname\u003e[Thomas] Parran\u003c/persname\u003e(May 12, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe letters of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e(1907-1978) to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy B. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eSweden\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRussia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, its living conditions, and the\n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLubianka prison\u003c/corpname\u003e, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003equarters.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePan American Sanitary Bureau\u003c/corpname\u003eon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther items of note include two speeches of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy B. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's grandfather, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin G. Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBeechwood\u003c/corpname\u003e\" in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYork County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes, France\u003c/geogname\u003e, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommittee of Red Cross Societies\u003c/corpname\u003e; a\n            scrapbook of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's membership certificate\n            in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\u003c/corpname\u003e;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n      ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eStockholm\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eParis\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e; American\n            activities in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIceland\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003ebefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAs a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAmong the noted correspondents are: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDean Acheson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJoseph W. Alsop\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn A. Blatnik\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDaniel J. Boorstin\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Stewart Bryan\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry F. Byrd, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard E. Byrd\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBernard P. Chamerlain\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eVirginius Dabney\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eC. Douglas Dillon\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eThomas N. Downing\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAllen W. Dulles\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Foster Dulles\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHomer Ferguson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJ. Allen Frear, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDouglas Southall Freeman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJ. William Fulbright\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilson D. Gillette\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJoseph C. Grew\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChristian A. Herter\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLou Henry Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHerschel V. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWalter Lippman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Cabot Lodge\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn O. Marsh, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChristopher C. McGrath\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDavid C. Mearns\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eL. Quincy Mumford\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eStanley F. Reed\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEleanor Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eElliot Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDean Rusk\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh D. Scott, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn W. Snyder\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Sparkman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eMaurice Stans\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdward E. Stettinius, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003ePotter Stewart\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRobert Taft, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdward Thye, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry S. Truman\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are references to: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Barclay\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChiang Kai-shek\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAndrei Gromyko\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Kennan\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHunter Holmes McGuire\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRaoul Wallenberg\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West\u003c/persname\u003e(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHankow, China\u003c/geogname\u003e, and in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003ewhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrank A. West\u003c/persname\u003e, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHankow\u003c/geogname\u003e, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChiang Kai-shek\u003c/persname\u003e, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAndrei Gromyko\u003c/persname\u003e, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e, 1933-1950; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWalter Lippman\u003c/persname\u003ediscussing the case of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRaoul Wallenberg\u003c/persname\u003e, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEleanor Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e, June 13, 1950; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard E. Byrd\u003c/persname\u003eregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Antarctic Service\u003c/corpname\u003e, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry S. Truman\u003c/persname\u003e's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, and of his\n            mother, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming, 1960\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eState Department\u003c/corpname\u003e, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGermany\u003c/geogname\u003e, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Barclay\u003c/persname\u003ewhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eLatin America\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAsia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming family\u003c/famname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAlibi Club\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eJohn Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBath County Community Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Cathedral Association\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eState Department\u003c/corpname\u003e, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and files regarding the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003einclude the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eRaven Society\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eHugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eO.W.L.S. Society\u003c/corpname\u003e, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJulius P. Barclay\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdmund Berkeley, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eColgate W. Darden, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eErnest H. Ern\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArthur P. Gray III\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrank L. Hereford, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam H. Runge\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eB. F. D. Runk\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdgar F. Shannon\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Cook Wyllie\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Military Institute\u003c/corpname\u003ein 1918, \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU. S. Coast Guard\u003c/corpname\u003eactivities in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eReykjavik, Iceland\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003eOf special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eMesa Verde National Park\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eColorado\u003c/geogname\u003e, and four photographs of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard M. Nixon\u003c/persname\u003eduring a visit to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003eas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Whiting Smith Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1941.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003e1924 Democratic National Convention\u003c/corpname\u003e;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBird McGuire\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames P. Clarke\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClaude A. Swanson\u003c/persname\u003e; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eLiberia\u003c/geogname\u003e, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Antarctic Service\u003c/corpname\u003e; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNevada\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1957.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n    "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c04"}},{"id":"viu_viu00663_c02_c267","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Borderland Coal: composite financial\n records, 1898/1932","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c02_c267#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c02_c267","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00663_c02_c267"],"id":"viu_viu00663_c02_c267","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00663_c02","parent_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00663","viu_viu00663_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Borderland Coal: composite financial\n                  records","title_ssm":["Borderland Coal: composite financial\n records"],"title_tesim":["Borderland Coal: composite financial\n records"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Borderland Coal: composite financial\n records, 1898/1932"],"text":["Borderland Coal: composite financial\n records, 1898/1932","Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers","box Box 451"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","Borderland Coal Co. Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1932"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1898 -1932"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":1859,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 451"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#266","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:08.243Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00663","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00663","_root_":"viu_viu00663","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00663","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00663.xml","title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"text":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937","382","This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items.","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.","of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.","These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"collection_ssim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers \n \n 1895-1937"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["382"],"unitid_tesim":["382"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Before his death in 1938, the University of Virginia\n            Library had been negotiating with Edward L. Stone for the\n            purchase of his library. Mr. Stone had donated a number of\n            fine books, and some manuscripts, to the University of\n            Virginia Library, and its staff knew the value of his fine\n            private library. The tentative purchase price settled upon\n            was low principally because Mr. Stone wished his library to\n            remain intact. Unfortunately, Mr. Stone died before\n            negotiations were complete, but the Library concluded the\n            sale with his heirs in August 1938. As a result of this\n            purchase, the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of\n            Roanoke presented to the Library the files of\n            correspondence and other papers both of Mr. Stone's\n            extensive business interests and of his personal affairs.\n            The collection consisted of 207 letter boxes and\n            twenty-five \"large packing cases\" when it arrived at the\n            Library on August 11, 1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["This collection\n         consists of approximately 500,000 items."],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfter arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSpace was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eListings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["After arrival at the University, the collection was placed\n         in the stack areas of the then division of Rare Books and\n         Manuscripts of the Library, and was shelved in close proximity\n         to another large collection received only a year before, that\n         of the Low Moor Iron Company. The two comprised the largest\n         group of material in the division at the time, a group that,\n         unfortunately, was rarely used by researchers as there were no\n         finding aids to the mass, and interested researchers were\n         intimidated by the problems of research in the papers.","The collections remained in the stacks until 1958 when\n         expansion space in the division's storage area was reduced to\n         a minimum by the successful collecting program of the\n         intervening years. A review of the collections and their use\n         showed that the Stone collection and the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were rarely consulted, and it was decided to move them\n         out of the division's quarters to provide storage space for\n         collections that were being used by researchers.","Space was located in the attic of a student dormitory, and\n         the division prepared the papers for long-term storage by\n         removing them from the old letter boxes in which they had\n         arrived. Each bundle of papers was placed between sheets of\n         gray, newspaper-storage cardboard sheets; the spine titles of\n         the old letter boxes were copied onto the cardboard sheets,\n         and the bundle was wrapped in brown paper, tied up with\n         string, and numbered in a coded sequence.","The collections remained in the attic of Lefevre House\n         until the fall of 1976 when, after the receipt of a grant from\n         the National Endowment for the Humanities for the processing\n         of the two collections, they were transported to the Alderman\n         Library building once more In the Library's receiving room,\n         the bundles were cleaned in the dust hood, untied and\n         unwrapped, and the contents transferred into gray, Hollinger\n         storage boxes before transfer into the storage areas of the\n         Manuscripts Department for processing. The coded numbers on\n         the bundles were recorded but proved to be of no use in\n         restoring order to the papers, badly out of sequence from\n         their many moves over the years. Nor did the spine titles and\n         dates from the original letters boxes prove to be of any\n         particular use in organizing the collection.","Once processing work was completed at the end of the summer\n         of 1978, the Stone Papers were transferred back to the\n         dormitory attic as space in the Alderman Library building\n         remained short, and it was felt that adequate service on the\n         Stone Papers could be maintained from the attic now that a\n         guide to the papers had been prepared. (N.B. The Stone papers\n         were removed from the dormitory attic and transferred to the\n         University Library's high-density remote storage facility\n         following its opening in the mid-1990s.)","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the lists of box\n         contents that follow will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As previously noted, the Stone papers were subjected to a\n         number of moves before processing began, and, unfortunately,\n         there seems to have been little organization of the papers in\n         Mr. Stone's files in his Roanoke office. Presumably, he and\n         his staff could locate material that was needed from the\n         files, but at the time that processing began in the fall of\n         1976, no discernible scheme of organization could be\n         determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to the\n         dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of useful\n         organization. Next, the spine titles of the original letter\n         boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the gray\n         cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory attic), but\n         they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors on\n         the collection, the new student processors were instructed to\n         begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents of the\n         collection. During this inventory, old folders were replaced\n         with acid-free ones, and the original folder headings were\n         copied onto the new ones. Some removal of papers clips was\n         accomplished, and the materials were reviewed and notes were\n         taken for the guide.","The processors found that Mr. Stone's papers were comprised\n         of three series. One was devoted to his personal affairs, and\n         contained material about his diverse business interests\n         outside his two major ones, and about his civic and\n         professional interests, as well as papers from his private\n         life. The second series contained the papers from his major\n         business and \"first love\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company of Roanoke; and the third series included a wealth of\n         material about the Borderland Coal Company, an enterprise that\n         Mr. Stone served for twenty-seven years, first as president\n         and later, as chairman of the board.","For a long time, we considered separating the three series\n         of papers, and the processors evolved a good system of colored\n         slips clipped to the boxes to identify material from each\n         series contained in a box. However, as they neared the end of\n         their inventory, the processors became convinced, and argued\n         successfully that the series should not be separated.\n         Basically, all these papers are Mr. Stone's private papers as\n         he was the major stockholder in the Stone Printing Company and\n         it was very much a personal operation. There are\n         interrelationships between material that was found standing in\n         different folders in the same box, and the processors\n         correctly feared that drastic reorganization would destroy\n         those relationships. Thus, we decided to accept their\n         argument, and the box contents were allowed to remain as we\n         found them.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the collection\n         probably would ease use of it. But what processing was\n         accomplished on this project took far longer than had been\n         anticipated, and there was no time in the late spring of 1978,\n         when the processors had to complete their work with the\n         project, to undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they\n         stand in the order in which we found them at the beginning of\n         the project.","As has been stated above, the three series of papers in\n         this collection (Stone Personal; Borderland Coal Co.; and\n         Stone Printing and Mfg. Co.) have not been physically\n         separated and are scattered throughout the collection.\n         However, in the container listing which follows the three\n         series have been separated. Therefore, the listing for the\n         Edward L. Stone Personal Papers series begins with Box 11 of\n         the collection because that is the first box in which Stone's\n         personal papers can be found. (Boxes 1-10 appear in the\n         listing for the Borderland Coal Co. series.) This also means\n         that if a box contains material from more than one series it\n         will have more than one entry in the listing, so that to find\n         a complete listing of a particular box a researcher might need\n         to look at the listing for each of the three series. In\n         addition, some of the box entries in the listing are slightly\n         out of order, so that if a box appears to have no entry or\n         only a partial entry, in a particular series the entry is\n         sometimes picked up on the next page of the listing.","Listings of oversize material are located at the end of the\n         listing for each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eBiography of Edward L. Stone\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOnce, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eHis position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAlthough Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Borderland Coal\n         Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWorld War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eI spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBorderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWest Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eTO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eConsiderable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThis is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eYours very truly, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eL. E. Armentrout, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eManager \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eBy late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eWe have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eNow that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eUnionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         \u003ctitle type=\"simple\" render=\"doublequote\" href=\"\"\u003eHell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,\u003c/title\u003egives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cblockquote\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGentlemen, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eMy attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eFor your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/blockquote\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOfficers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eA History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company\u003c/emph\u003e\u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAt this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eStone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCommercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eEdward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eMany of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eOn November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAfter 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLater, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eEdward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eBut to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eIf we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eListening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eI am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eVery Sincerely, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEdward L. Stone \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eChairman of the Board\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["of Edward L. StoneEdward Lee Stone was born on September 15, 1864, in\n         Liberty (now Bedford) Virginia, the son of John Harmon Stone\n         and Mary Witt Stone. He was reared in very modest\n         circumstances, and received no more than an elementary school\n         education, yet he became one of the wealthiest and most\n         prominent citizens in the state of Virginia.","Edward Stone's career in the printing business is typical\n         of the fabled American dream. At ten years of age, having\n         recently lost his father, Stone was in the boys' playground of\n         his school. J. R. Guy, the editor of the Bedford Sentinel\n         newspaper, came to the playground looking for William Fellers,\n         Stone's cousin. When Stone asked Mr. Guy what he wanted with\n         William, Guy replied \"I want him to carry the papers. Stone\n         said, \"I'll carry 'em' for you.\" After being a delivery boy\n         for the Sentinel, Stone learned to set type and worked\n         evenings after school for five cents an evening; twenty-five\n         cents on Saturday. Less than a year later, economics\n         necessitated that he quit school to pursue his job full time.\n         Stone learned his lessons well, and showed enthusiasm in every\n         phase of his work. Young Stone worked alongside a window, and\n         enjoyed nothing better than to jump out into the street and\n         scrap with some passing youngster, returning to his duties\n         after the fun was over.","Stone was given more and more duties which he performed to\n         this employer's total satisfaction. At the age of sixteen, for\n         some now-inexplicable reason, Stone left the newspaper\n         business to work for a mercantile establishment, He soon grew\n         bored, however, and returned to printer's ink. This time he\n         worked for the Democrat, a weekly newspaper in Buchanan,\n         Virginia, then a thriving town at the intersection of the\n         James River and the Kanawha Canal.","Once, at the age of sixteen, Stone was entrusted with\n         getting out an entire edition of the paper by himself. The\n         editor was in court and many workmen were out sick. Stone and\n         an assistant set type at breakneck speed beginning at 7:15\n         A.M. and had the entire seven-column paper completed by noon\n         --an amazing feat. Stone was out playing ball by 2 P.M. and\n         earned a $5.00 bonus from his boss, editor William J. Boyd. In\n         1882, Boyd informed Stone that he was going to open a printing\n         office in Roanoke, Virginia, then a small town. Boyd wanted\n         Stone to be manager, and on July 20th, 1882, both men arrived\n         in Roanoke. A place could not be found for the new enterprise\n         however, and both returned to Buchanan. Stone became\n         disillusioned with the small scope of opportunities Buchanan\n         provided, and, with an ambition to \"become somebody\" in the\n         printing business, set out for Lynchburg. Landing in Lynchburg\n         in January 1883 he applied for work on the News and, after a\n         few days, secured a position as compositor. Here he remained\n         until March, achieving considerable reputation as a fast\n         compositor, yet not satisfied. Stone really longed for a\n         position in the printing business. John P. Bell offered Stone\n         a minor position in a branch office he had planned to open in\n         Roanoke. The position was, in most respects, inferior to the\n         one he had already held, but Stone gladly took it. He worked\n         hard, and showed superior business ability which impressed Mr.\n         Bell so much that when the manager of the business died in\n         1885 his position was offered to Stone. The position was not\n         offered without some misgivings because of Stone's youth (he\n         was only twenty-one) and his lack of business experience.\n         Stone, however, did such a good job as manager that Bell\n         realized that he had made the right choice. Stone eventually\n         gained control of the business and became president of the\n         company.","His position was secure enough that in 1890, he married\n         Miss Minnie Fishburn, daughter of J. A. Fishburn, a prominent\n         business man of Roanoke. The couple had one child, Mary\n         Katherine Stone.","Edward Stone's printing business grew in size and wealth.\n         By 1920 it was acknowledged by many to be the best-equipped\n         printing corporation in the south, and one of the largest as\n         well. He had many other business interests. He was president\n         of the Borderland Coal Corporation, president of the Virginia\n         Bridge and Iron Company, vice president and later president of\n         the Walker Foundry and Machine Company, chairman of the First\n         National Exchange Bank, and president of his primary business\n         and \"first love,\" the Stone Printing and Manufacturing\n         Company.","In March 1896 Stone was presented with a petition signed by\n         fourteen Roanoke business men requesting that he run for\n         mayor. Stone was very tempted, but a law stating that no one\n         in Roanoke public office would be permitted to do business\n         with the city stopped him. Stone felt that not being able to\n         do business with the city would be unfair to his stockholders.\n         Stone, a civic-minded individual, was chairman of the Roanoke\n         Community Fund in 1924, and of the City Planning and Zoning\n         Commission. He was also chairman of the war bond committee\n         during the First World War, and belonged to many societies and\n         organizations, including the American Institute of Graphic\n         Arts, the Florida State Historical Society, the Shenandoah\n         Club of Roanoke, the Country Club of Roanoke, the Roanoke Gun\n         Club, the Roanoke German Club, the Virginia Historical Society\n         (life member), the Better Printing Committee of the United\n         Typothetae of America, the Roanoke Rotary Club, the\n         International Benjamin Franklin Society of New York, and the\n         board of trustees of the Committee to Assist the Blind.","Edward Stone was also an extremely charitable man. He gave\n         large sums of money to the Roanoke Hospital and the Roanoke\n         Relief Fund, helped endow Roanoke College, gave heavily to the\n         Boy Scouts and the War Relief Clearing House, and donated\n         money to the Coal Miner's Relief Fund--even though it was\n         those very coal miners who were striking in Stone's coal\n         mines. He believed, however, that the miners' children should\n         not have to suffer for their parents' stand. The Stones also\n         gave money to support French children who had been left\n         fatherless as a result of the war. Stone, a Presbyterian,\n         donated $100.00 to the Jewish Relief Fund in 1917 to aid the\n         starving Jews in Russia displaced by the war, and also sent\n         funds to the Tuskeegee Institute.","Edward Stone's principal hobby was book collecting, and his\n         library was appraised at $50,000.00 in 1939. Among his\n         treasured pieces was a page from the original Gutenberg Bible.\n         Stone's library was considered to be the largest and\n         best-equipped privately-owned library in the state of\n         Virginia.","Stone's income fluctuated through the years. In 1917 and\n         1918, partly through stock sales, Stone declared an income of\n         $129,383.39 and $91,483.00 respectively, but 1926 was\n         considered an average year, and he declared an income of\n         $57,500.00.","Although Stone was a humanitarian and philanthropist, he\n         believed in keeping total control of his business and watched\n         his employees closely. He did not strongly oppose unionization\n         in his printing shop, but fully opposed unionization in his\n         coal mines, even using scabs to break strikes.","Stone suffered financial reversals during the Great\n         Depression but he reorganized his holdings to prevent a great\n         loss, and he weathered the Depression better than most\n         businessmen. His health had begun to fail by 1929, and by 1934\n         he was virtually bedridden. Finally, after a protracted\n         illness, Edward L. Stone died on June 3, 1938, at the age of\n         seventy-four.","A History of the Borderland Coal\n         CompanyThe Borderland Coal Company derived its name from its\n         dual location in Mingo County, West Virginia, and Pike County,\n         Kentucky, an area bordered by the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy\n         River. The mines proper were located in Kentucky, and the coal\n         washers and other processing equipment were located in West\n         Virginia. The company operated from 1903 to 1934. While the\n         Borderland Coal Company was incorporated in 1903, the first\n         batch of coal was not shipped until September 1, 1904. In that\n         year J. S. Tipton, formerly the majority stockholder, resigned\n         his post as general manager of Borderland Coal and sold most\n         of his stock to Edward L. Stone. At that time Stone was\n         president of the Young Men's Investment Club which owned a\n         large number of shares in the Borderland Coal Company, and\n         thus, Stone controlled the club's activities.","The Borderland Coal Company initially owned approximately\n         1,000 acres of coal land. The company mined bituminous or soft\n         coal, and sold slack coal, used by railroads and industrial\n         concerns, egg coal, used in private furnaces, and nut coal,\n         the highest quality of bituminous coal, used in the kitchens\n         of private homes.","The Borderland Coal Company grew through the early 1900's.\n         In 1905, a second plant was opened called simply \"Operation\n         #2.\" The company declared its first stock dividend in November\n         1907, and began the construction of an electric plant,\n         cableway, conveyor, and tipple at a cost of $27,950.00. In\n         1908 a new coal washer was installed. By late 1914 the\n         Borderland Company held 3,000 acres of coal lands containing\n         an estimated 20,000,000 tons of coal. The profits of the\n         Borderland Coal Company increased from $1,250.00 in 1904 to\n         $11,243.77 in 1905, to $49,977.21 in 1908, and to $110,532.68\n         in 1910.","The amount of coal mined increased from 246 railroad\n         carloads in 1904 to 3,781 railroad carloads in 1910, and\n         expansion continued until the outbreak of World War I. The\n         coal paid a regular annual dividend averaging 15-30%. Prior to\n         1911, the Leckie Coal Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the\n         exclusive agency for the sale of Borderland Coal. In that\n         year, however, the Borderland Coal Sales Company was formed,\n         with officers of the Borderland Coal Company doubling as\n         officials of the new company.","The town of Borderland, West Virginia, was a company town,\n         with company-owned homes, stores, school, and a church. The\n         rents in the company homes appear to have been within the\n         miners' incomes. The prices in the company stores, however,\n         were exorbitant. In fact, profits for the company store were\n         the second biggest money maker for the company in 1911,\n         totaling $11,811.78. The largest profit maker was coal, which\n         netted $91,741.07, while the sale of powder was ranked third,\n         totaling $3,165.86.","World War I created a great demand and a high prices for\n         coal, and the Borderland Coal Company prospered despite\n         difficulty finding railroad cars to transport its produce. In\n         1917, the company paid a record 60% dividend. On January 1,\n         1918, the company re-chartered itself in Virginia, and\n         patented the trademark and the name of the Borderland Coal\n         Company. The new capital stock was valued at nearly\n         $800,000.00. In November 1918 construction began on a new\n         tipple at a cost of $116,000.00. After the First World War,\n         the Borderland Coal Company experienced a decrease in both the\n         demand and the price of coal. The problem of labor and\n         unionization, however, ultimately caused the company's\n         demise.","Borderland Coal Company officials had been concerned over\n         the growth of coal mine unionization long before any major\n         trouble began. As early as 1915, L. E. Armentrout, the\n         corporation's Vice President and General Manager began using\n         \"secret service men\" to infiltrate the ranks of the miners and\n         report on any union activity. It is not known whether these\n         agents were U.S. government agents or private investigators,\n         but the latter is presumed. One of them reported on March 10,\n         1915:","I spent the entire day Monday with Emmett and Ed McKee,\n            Gus Cantrell, and Henry McKnight, all white Americans. We\n            played cards in an empty house on the Kentucky side. We had\n            a nice fire and everything was very comfortable. We would\n            play cards until we got tired, then we would stop\n            everything and talk unionism. Gus Cantrell said that he had\n            been talking to the boys for the last year, trying to get\n            them to organize a local of the U.M.W. of A. He said that\n            there was plenty of good, solid union men and that there\n            were also a lot of rotten scabs here. That he got into a\n            conversation with George McCormick, a white man, and\n            McCormick told him that he didn't believe in the union and\n            that he didn't want anything to do with the U.M.W. of A. .\n            . . I told Cantrell that I would be willing to help\n            organize the local. He said, \"Well, the work is picking up\n            now and we will wait until the boys get a good pay day,\n            then we will put this thing through.\"","Borderland Coal Company successfully resisted unionization\n         in the years before World War I. Wartime regulations prevented\n         strikes and hindered unionization, but after the war many\n         miners felt that it was time to air their grievances. Miners\n         disagreed over specific demands, but most felt that grave\n         inequalities existed in the rates for day workers established\n         by the Bituminous Coal Commission. The miners requested that a\n         conference be held but this request was turned down by the\n         Commission. Dissatisfaction became more pronounced, and during\n         the middle of July 1920 the miners in some of the subdistricts\n         walked out in an unauthorized strike. Shutdowns spread to\n         Indiana and Illinois. President Woodrow Wilson intervened and\n         told the miners that if they returned to work a grievance\n         committee would be formed. The miners returned to work August\n         10, 1920, and the committee was set up. Management and labor\n         agreed on a wage increase and all was quiet for a while.","West Virginia was in a unique position in that most of the\n         mines in that state were non-union. The Interstate Commerce\n         Commission fixed freight rates with a \"differential\" low\n         enough that West Virginia coal would not be eliminated by\n         production from other fields closer to their market. When the\n         market for coal was good, the differential also allowed the\n         union coal fields of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to pay\n         the union scale of wages and still sell their coal in\n         competition with the product of non-union fields, such as\n         those in West Virginia. When the demand for coal was low and\n         prices receded, however, the differential no longer aided the\n         union fields and they began to experience an adverse effect.\n         These conditions appeared after the First World War, and as a\n         result operators of unionized mines demanded the unionization\n         of the Wast Virginia coal fields. Thus the U.M.W. put pressure\n         on all non-union fields, including those of the Borderland\n         Coal Company. Borderland Coal Company had been fairly quiet\n         about unionization up to this time. On May 5, 1920, however,\n         L. E. Armentrout had issued the following notice:","TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE EMPLOYEES OF THE BORDERLAND\n            COAL COMPANY \n            Considerable efforts are being made to organize this\n            field and certain advantages are being held out to some men\n            showing the advisability of belonging to the Union. \n            This is a free country and this company is not going\n            to dictate to its employees whether they shall or shall not\n            join the Union, but for your information and for the\n            information of your friends, we wish to state positively\n            that no Union man will be employed by this company, and if\n            you find that it is to your interest to join the Union, we\n            would suggest that you arrange to move out and call at the\n            office and we will be glad to settle with you. This will\n            save you as well as the company further trouble, but we\n            sincerely hope that the pleasant relations between the\n            Company and the men will continue, and that each and every\n            one of you will continue in our employ. \n            Yours very truly, \n            L. E. Armentrout, \n            Manager","By late May, 1920 the situation had become acute.\n         Armentrout wrote to James P. Woods, president of the\n         Borderland Coal Company:","The organizers have just about put us out of business at\n            both plants . . . We have a good many men who have not\n            joined the Union, but these agitators are intimidating them\n            and have them so scared they won't attempt to try to work.\n            I will have a conference with the West Virginia attorneys\n            today to see if I cannot get a temporary injunction, or\n            probably prosecution for these intimidators. \n            We have three Deputy Sheriffs in Kentucky and expect\n            two more in today. We have both plants pretty well policed\n            at night, but still some of the intimidators slip through\n            the mines and get to some of the men. . . \n            Now that the primary is over, we believe that\n            Unionism will die out. . . . In fact, no Union cards have\n            been issued and for the past two or three days they have\n            not been able to locate the man who has been giving them\n            orders on the stores. Some of them (the fired Union Men)\n            have already remarked that they could not support their\n            families on $7.00 to $8.00 a week, and they hated to go to\n            bed at night when their children were crying for something\n            to eat.","Unionism, however, did not die out. Union \"agitators\" saw\n         to that no coal could be mined at the Borderland Company's\n         coal fields. In a letter to Stone dated July 6, 1920,\n         Armentrout stated that he was able to get \"very little action\n         from the Governor of West Virginia. . .I just finished talking\n         to Governor Morrow's office in Frankfort, Kentucky, and the\n         home guards will likely entrain today. They will likely have\n         machine guns so if that they get in according to promise, we\n         think that conditions will improve very rapidly.\"","The Borderland Coal Company kept its promise and\n         dispossessed hundreds of its employees. Fired from their jobs\n         and ousted from their homes, they were forced to live in\n         tents. In a union pamphlet entitled \"Borderland and Bullets\"\n         these men told of the horrible indignities forced on company\n         employees who joined the union. The purpose of the pamphlet\n         was to oppose the re-election of Colonel James P. Woods,\n         president of the Borderland Coal Company, to the U. S. House\n         of Representatives. Woods ran for re-election in the sixth\n         Virginia district claiming that he had been always fair to the\n         working man, and he won.","The situation at Borderland soon deteriorated into\n         violence. A pamphlet dated \"winter, 1920\" and entitled \n         Hell with the Lid Off in Mingo\n         County, West Virginia,gives an account of drunken\n         company guards wounding a number of workers by firing into\n         their tents. On May 12, 1920, Edward Stone, chairman of the\n         board of the Borderland Coal Company, had examined an\n         advertisement for the Thompson sub-machine gun but had decided\n         that \"the gun is not sufficient for our needs at the mine.\" On\n         May 16 Governor John J. Cornwell of West Virginia sent a\n         telegram to the War Department in Washington requesting that\n         Federal troops be sent to the Tug River District, where\n         Borderland Coal Company was located. There had been fighting\n         in the Tug River District for nearly four days. Secretary of\n         War John Weeks, basing his decision on reports from one of his\n         staff officers who had visited the area, decided that federal\n         troops were not needed. Four days later Governor Cornwell\n         declared martial law in West Virginia. Militiamen from both\n         Kentucky and West Virginia were involved in the fighting.","In the summer of 1921 the U. M. W. began its famous \"summer\n         march\" which precipitated guerilla warfare between the\n         pro-union and anti-union forces. On June 29, Governor Cornwell\n         ordered the citizens of West Virginia to take up arms and\n         defend themselves against the pro-unionists. The papers of the\n         Borderland Coal Company include lists of casualties written on\n         scrap paper, such as \"Stone Mountain, 5 Baldwin men and 4\n         citizens killed (one the mayor), 2 Feltz Bros. killed, 2\n         military companies there, 2 on the way.\" In April 1922 the\n         coal miners' grievances came to a head and they struck. They\n         demanded a continuation of the system of bargaining and\n         contract, including the \"checkoff,\" which is a list devised to\n         check on payment of union dues. In addition to demanding\n         stable wage rates, the miners demanded a six-hour day and a\n         five-day week. These increased hours would mean steady\n         employment, one of the miners' main goals.","The strike apparently took some pressure off the Borderland\n         Coal Company because after 1922 there is little or nothing in\n         the collection regarding unionization. Company officials had\n         managed to avoid unionization of their mines but had caused\n         the company much damage in the process. Bitter feelings\n         prevailed after the strike. A letter from L. E. Armentrout to\n         the Borderland Coal Company dated 1923 states:","Gentlemen, \n            My attention has just been called to the enclosed\n            blotter bearing the union label. It has been the policy of\n            this company for several years, in fact, ever since we have\n            been in business, not to recognize any Union whatever. We\n            spent, or lost, something like $300,000.00 fighting the\n            United Mine Workers here in 1920 and 1921, and also have\n            some injunctions against them. \n            For your information, please do not place any more\n            printing with any Union shop, and if you have any more of\n            these blotters, tear them up or dispose of them otherwise\n            as it is inconsistent with our policy, and we positively\n            will not stand for it.","While much of the collection regards labor struggles, there\n         is little material regarding immigrant labor although 40% of\n         the workers were immigrants. West Virginia was a sparsely\n         populated state at this time, and immigrants were needed to\n         supplement the labor in their mines. The first constitution of\n         the state provided for the appointment of an immigration\n         officer whose duties were to advertise the attractions of West\n         Virginia throughout Europe and make arrangements with\n         industries to supply transportation for foreign workmen. Of\n         the 80,877 workers employed in the West Virginia coal mines in\n         1915, 49,753 were American-born (37,918 white and 11,835\n         black) and 31,124 were foreign-born. Italians made up the\n         largest percentage of the immigrant labor force, about one\n         third of all foreigners employed in the mines while Hungarians\n         comprised the second-most prevalent nationality, approximately\n         one-sixth of the foreign born total.","The Borderland Coal Company never fully recovered from the\n         trouble that paralyzed its mines in 1920. The 1920's were a\n         very depressed period for the mining industry in general and\n         the depression of 1929 brought prices to an all time low. Coal\n         production fell precipitously from 1927-1933 although there\n         seemed to be a slight upturn that year. In 1927, L. E.\n         Armentrout resigned from the company and a year later the\n         Borderland Coal Sales Company was dissolved due to lack of\n         business. The Norfolk and Chesapeake Coal Company became\n         exclusive agents for the sale of Borderland coal. At a meeting\n         of the Borderland Coal Company's board of directors in 1929,\n         it was stated that since the market for coal was so poor, it\n         hardly paid to keep the mines going. The Borderland Coal\n         Company mines were only worked four days during the entire\n         month of May 1932. In a letter from Edward L. Stone to a\n         Borderland Coal Company creditor, Stone wrote that as the\n         Borderland Coal Company did not have the money to pay its\n         debts, all creditors would have to wait for their money, and\n         that he hoped that he could avoid declaring the Borderland\n         Coal Company bankrupt. In 1934 Stone received a letter from a\n         stockholder consoling him for having to \"lose Borderland\n         Coal.\" Apparently the company was then out of business.","The demise of the Borderland Coal Company was the result of\n         broad national trends; the product of their mines was of high\n         quality, and in good supply. The problem of labor and\n         unionization paralyzed the Borderland Coal Company. Lack of\n         production in the mines meant that the Borderland Coal Company\n         could not pay dividends which affected their stockholders. The\n         bad mining conditions, a lack of demand for coal and low\n         market prices made it impossible for the Borderland Coal\n         Company to recover. The return of the coal-rich region of\n         Alsace-Lorraine to France meant that our allies no longer\n         needed American coal. Domestic demand increased, but it did\n         not compensate for decreased industrial use. The switch to\n         alternative forms of energy such as oil, also damaged the coal\n         industry. Although prosperity returned to the rest of the\n         country, the coal industry never totally recovered, and the\n         Borderland Coal Company was one of the victims.","Officers of the Borderland Coal Company: Edward Lee Stone\n         --President ca. 1907-1919, Chairman of the Board 1919-ca.\n         1934; James P. Woods (attorney at law --U. S. Representative,\n         6th Virginia District) --Vice President ca. 1905-1922,\n         President 1922-1932; L. E. Armentrout --Manager ca. 1905-1915,\n         Vice President and Manager ca. 1915-1927; Ernest B. Fishburn\n         --Secretary-Treasurer ca. 1905-1930","Officers of the Borderland Coal Sales Company: L. E.\n         Armentrout --President; Edward Lee Stone --Vice President;\n         James P. Woods --second Vice President; R. N. Osborne,\n         Jr.--Secretary (discharged in 1924); W. W.\n         Austin--Secretary.","A History of the Stone Printing and\n         Manufacturing CompanyThe Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia, was established in 1883 as the Bell Printing and\n         Manufacturing Company. John P. Bell of Lynchburg served as\n         president, and Samuel J. Fields of Abington, Virginia, served\n         as manager. Edward L. Stone, the eventual chairman of the\n         board, was then employed as a journeyman printer and pressman.\n         In 1885, Stone succeeded Fields as the company's manager, and\n         his brother, Albert A. Stone, joined the business.","At this time the company occupied a small site on Commerce\n         Street in Roanoke, an area about twenty by twenty-five feet.\n         In 1889 the plant was seriously damaged by fire, and within a\n         few months, the company moved to larger quarters on the second\n         and third floors of the Gale Building on Jefferson Street.\n         Shortly thereafter, the controlling interest was purchased by\n         Edward L. Stone, with the remainder of the stock being\n         purchased by J. B. Fishburn and Albert A. Stone.","In 1892, the name of the company was changed to the Stone\n         Printing and Manufacturing Company, and the company occupied a\n         new, three-story building at 116 North Jefferson Street. In\n         1896, a duplicate building was added on the north side; in a\n         few years another addition was placed at the rear. The company\n         built another addition in 1902 but five years later the old\n         structure was torn down and a new two-stories building, 210 x\n         110 feet, was completed. The new structure gave the Stone\n         Printing Company 50,000 square feet of space, which is about\n         100 times the floor space originally occupied on Commerce\n         Street. The company today occupies the same site on Jefferson\n         Street.","In 1883 the capital stock of the company was $5,000.00, and\n         in 1900, it was increased to $50,000.00. In 1910 the capital\n         stock had grown to $350,000.00. All of the stock increases\n         were taken, with one exception, by the original stockholders.\n         Sales grew from $84,371.00 in 1900 to $179,433.78 in 1905, and\n         from $253,781.15 in 1909 to a high of $608,174.36 in 1920.","Stone had considered selling his printing company to a\n         British syndicate in 1912. He felt, however, that business was\n         good and getting better and eventually decided to retain\n         control. By 1920 the Stone Printing Company had customers in\n         half the states in the union and in some foreign countries.\n         Between 1920 and 1929, however, sales showed a steady decline.\n         In 1929 they fell to $399,701.43 and declined throughout the\n         depression.","The Stone Printing Company's most important business came\n         from railroads as the company printed tariff and rate\n         schedules as well as tickets. Since the railroad rates changed\n         rapidly during the early 1900's, railroad printing was very\n         lucrative. The principal railroad customer and in fact, the\n         largest customer, of the Stone Printing Company was the\n         Norfolk and Western Railroad. In 1910 the Norfolk and Western\n         Railroad accounted for $85,652.60 in sales. Combined with the\n         sales to other railroads in 1910, the total of railroad sales\n         was approximately $193,000.00 of a total of $339,678.92 --well\n         over half of the total sales of the Stone Printing\n         Company.","Commercial printing comprised the second largest source of\n         the Stone Printing Company's business, accounting for\n         $135,110.32 of a total $608,174.36 in 1920. The fourth largest\n         amount of business, after the Norfolk and Western Railway,\n         other railroads, and commercial printing, was school and\n         college printing. The Stone Printing Company printed the\n         yearbooks for the University of Virginia, the Georgia\n         Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi,\n         Randolph-Macon College, Hollins College, Virginia Polytechnic\n         Institute, and others.","The profit margin in printing often was small, and thus\n         costs had to be carefully controlled. Edward L. Stone was a\n         commissioner of the American Printers Cost Commission which\n         kept a close watch on printing costs and tried to keep them\n         down. Another serious problem that bothered Stone Printing\n         Company was unionization. As most Roanoke printing shops,\n         Stone Printing Company was an open shop where either union or\n         non-union people could be employed. The company's officers did\n         not penalize or prevent workers from joining the union. The\n         International Typographical Union, however, put pressure on\n         Edward Stone to turn his establishment into a closed shop,\n         that is, a shop that would hire only union members, pay union\n         wages, and abide by union rules. Paying union wages did not\n         trouble Stone because he already paid more than the union\n         scale in most cases. For example, in 1905 when the union scale\n         was $13.50 per week, Stone pointed out that while two of his\n         employees received less and one received the union wage, over\n         forty workers received between $15.00 and $25.00 per week.\n         Stone felt it folly to pay all workers the same because, he\n         said, \"some are so much better than others.\"","Edward Stone's paternalistic attitude toward his employees\n         is reflected in a collection of letters exchanged with his\n         workers. Forced to fire an employee who lied about being able\n         to work on a printing press, Stone lent him the money to go to\n         printing school, and re-hired him when he had learned the\n         trade. Another worker left the company without notice, heading\n         home to Lexington, Virginia. When the employee needed money to\n         return to Roanoke, Stone lent it to him with the understanding\n         that the employee would never again leave without asking\n         Stone's permission. Another employee left Stone without notice\n         to work for another printing firm, but when the employee\n         wanted his old job back, Stone gave it to him. Stone\n         frequently lent money to his employees, and did not press them\n         for repayment.","Many of the union's rules, however bothered Stone. Among\n         the ones he objected to were (1) in all cases when it became\n         necessary to reduce the working force of an office, the last\n         person hired should be the first dropped; (2) in machine\n         composition, all work must be time work and no piece work\n         should be allowed; (3) no member of the International\n         Typographical Union should engage in a speed contest either by\n         hand composition or on machines, and violation of this rule\n         was to be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00, or by\n         suspension; (4) an eight hour day (Stone Printing had a 9 to\n         9-1/2 hour day); and (5) no one holding active membership in a\n         local union should sign any individual or private contract\n         with any employer, agreeing to work for any stated time,\n         length, or conditions as the union alone was to have the power\n         to contract for conditions, wages, and hours. This fifth\n         stipulation bothered Stone the most for he firmly believed\n         that an employee should perform whatever duty Stone demanded\n         of him.","On November 20, 1907, there was a union strike in Roanoke.\n         The union men employed by the Stone Printing Company walked\n         out, and the union formed a picket line in front of the Stone\n         Printing Company. Stone wrote to Joel Cuthin, Mayor of\n         Roanoke: \"We have never been opposed to the union, but we have\n         objected to having them run our business, unless they acquired\n         it by ownership.\" The union put pressure on the Stone Printing\n         Company. A memo to Edward Stone from Albert Stone dated 1915\n         told of some Stone Printing Company material being returned by\n         certain Roanoke merchants because they did not bear the union\n         label. The amount of material returned, however, was very\n         small. The union pressure placed on Stone was generally\n         peaceful and there was no violence or destruction. After the\n         unsuccessful strike, Stone took back all of his union men.","After 1920 the company's sales and profits declined. In\n         1927, Albert Stone, who had assumed the presidency of the\n         company, commissioned Ernst and Ernst, financial analysts, to\n         examine the operation of Stone Printing and make\n         recommendations for improving business. The analysts found\n         Stone Printing to be an innovative company which sought and\n         found new markets such as school and college printing and the\n         printing of calendars, and which had sound leadership. Ernst\n         and Ernst felt that it was a change in economic conditions,\n         not the company itself, that caused the company's problems.\n         Competition had changed and grown in intensity by 1920, making\n         the ability to sell most important. The analysts recommended\n         the creation of a sales department coupled with more\n         aggressive selling techniques.","Later, Albert Stone, Jr., Edward Stone's nephew, claimed\n         that it was the reluctance of the Stone Printing Company to\n         cut prices during the depression of 1919-1922 that caused the\n         company's problems. He claimed that by the time the company\n         did cut its prices, Stone Printing had lost many of its most\n         valued customers, and suggested a closer watch of costs\n         coupled with an expansion of the calendar line. Although these\n         suggestions were followed, business did not improve.","When the Great Depression hit in 1929, business worsened.\n         Loyal customers and a solid financial base kept the Stone\n         Printing Company from bankruptcy. Edward Stone's health was\n         failing by 1929, and most of the company's affairs were passed\n         on to his brother Albert. In a letter from Edward Stone to the\n         board of directors in 1930, he wrote: \n         the years operations to date, with vastly improved\n            selling efforts, has only brought us the same volume of\n            business that we had last year but the increased\n            organization expense, incident to this extra selling\n            effort, and the extraordinary competition in the matter of\n            price, has prevented us from obtaining prices that we\n            should really obtain for our products.Edward Stone recommended a reduction in salaries\n         across the board from the president on down, and layoffs of\n         certain personnel.","When Franklin D. Roosevelt first initiated his New Deal\n         program in 1933, Edward Stone was apprehensive. In a letter\n         dated July 26, 1933, he wrote: \n         We would like the best in the world to go along with the\n            National Industrial Recovery Act, and be able to wire\n            President Roosevelt an affirmative reply in connection with\n            the agreement addressed \"To Every Employer.\" \n            But to do so, with my modest knowledge of economics,\n            would mean arbitrary action on our part, with a \"blind\n            faith\" that we do not possess. \n            If we still further reduce the working hours to 35\n            per week (as the New Deal suggested) the increased cost of\n            production reaches the geometric progression stage, with\n            the result that our losses on current contracts, which we\n            see no way of passing along to our customers until we would\n            actually see no way of meeting our payroll or meeting our\n            bills, would mean disaster. \n            Listening in over the radio last night I understand\n            that 5,000 or more telegrams had been received by the\n            President indicating unconditional acceptance of the\n            Agreement. It is quite possible that we should do likewise,\n            regardless, just as we offered ourselves, body and\n            resources, in wartime. \n            I am giving expression to these thoughts even though\n            I feel the \"patriotic\" thing for us to do may be to go\n            ahead, \"blindly,\" and in spite of our objections or reasons\n            for not doing so, and sign the agreement. \n            Very Sincerely, \n            Edward L. Stone \n            Chairman of the BoardClearly, Stone expected no miracles, but he went\n         along with the N.I.R.A. and generally supported Roosevelt.\n         There are references to increasing business by 1937.\n         Correspondence ends the following year with Edward Stone's\n         death. The Stone Printing Company, however, is in business to\n         this very day."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEdward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Edward L. Stone/Borderland Coal Company Papers,\n            Accession #382, Special Collections, University of Virginia\n            Library, Charlottesville, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThese papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["These papers fill 455 special four-inch Hollinger storage\n         boxes (ca. 150 linear feet) and span the years 1895-1937.\n         There are three major series: Edward L. Stone's papers re his\n         personal life and diversified business, professional, and\n         civic concerns; papers concerned with his principal business,\n         the Stone Printing and Manufacturing Company of Roanoke,\n         Virginia; and those papers concerned with the Borderland Coal\n         Company of West Virginia and Kentucky of which Stone was the\n         principal officer for many years. Because these series\n         basically are composed of Stone's personal papers, and because\n         there are interrelationships between material in one series\n         and that in another, the series have been maintained in the\n         boxes in the order in which they were found.","The papers are rich in material for many types of studies.\n         Because Stone's major concern was his printing business, there\n         is a great amount of material about that business, its labor\n         problems, economic problems, its professional associations,\n         relationships with its customers --especially the railroads\n         --and so on. Because Mr. Stone collected medieval manuscripts\n         and examples of fine printing that formed a great private\n         library, there is, in his personal papers, a good deal of\n         correspondence and material about this special interest. His\n         personal papers also contain considerable material about his\n         diversified business and civic interests. And the records of\n         the Borderland Coal Company--which Mr. Stone operated either\n         as president or as chairman of the board for twenty-seven\n         years--are rich in information concerning this vital industry,\n         its periods of economic success and decline, its relationships\n         with the railroads that moved its products, and its labor\n         problems."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":2216,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:08.243Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00663_c02_c267"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\", 1898","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05","parent_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\"","title_ssm":["Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\""],"title_tesim":["Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\""],"normalized_title_ssm":["Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\", 1898"],"text":["Borockenborough, Emily (Baskerville) and Cabanis, Sarah (Heath) \"Sadie\", 1898","Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo","Box 1","Folder 5"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":52,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"containers_ssim":["Box 1","Folder 5"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[1898],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#4/components#5","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:05:11.969Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9298.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler Family Papers, Group D","title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1951"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1951"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1951"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"text":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298","Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility.","Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.","See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"creators_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["W\u0026amp;M Special Collections Research Center began acquiring and collecting Tyler family papers in 1922 and the collection has grown considerably since. The vast majority of this collection was donated by generous family and friends of the Tyler family between 1922 and 2002, with the bulk of the collection being donated to in 1949 by Mrs. Sue Ruffin Tyler and in 1955 by the children of Lyon G. Tyler. Some materials in this collection were purchased by W\u0026M Libraries, Special Collections Research Center."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026amp; Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Women of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tyler family"],"persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":678,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:05:11.969Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c06"}},{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon, 1895/1905","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05","ref_ssm":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05"],"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05","parent_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05","parent_ssim":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010","Lantern slides","Box 5 - Lantern slides"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51","vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon","title_ssm":["Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon"],"title_tesim":["Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon, 1895/1905"],"text":["Bowling Green Gate Entrance to Mount Vernon, 1895/1905","Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010","Lantern slides","Box 5 - Lantern slides","Black and white photographic image of the west front of the Mount Vernon Mansion from the bowling green entrance. Note the missing bull's-eye window on the Mansion's pediment. Photographer unknown. Label with handwritten information: Carriage Entrance, Mt. Vernon, Va.","box 5 - lantern slides","Thurston, John H.","Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion","Mansion exterior","Bowling Green Entrance","Bowling Green Gate","Lantern slides"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010","Lantern slides","Box 5 - Lantern slides"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010","Lantern slides","Box 5 - Lantern slides"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1895/1905"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["c. 1900"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":3664,"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"collection_ssim":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010"],"physdesc_tesim":["Black and white photographic image of the west front of the Mount Vernon Mansion from the bowling green entrance. Note the missing bull's-eye window on the Mansion's pediment. Photographer unknown. Label with handwritten information: Carriage Entrance, Mt. Vernon, Va."],"containers_ssim":["box 5 - lantern slides"],"creator_ssim":["Thurston, John H."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"persname_ssim":["Thurston, John H."],"names_ssim":["Thurston, John H."],"geogname_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion","Mansion exterior","Bowling Green Entrance","Bowling Green Gate"],"geogname_ssm":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion","Mansion exterior","Bowling Green Entrance","Bowling Green Gate"],"places_ssim":["Mount Vernon (Va. : Estate)","Mansion","Mansion exterior","Bowling Green Entrance","Bowling Green Gate"],"access_subjects_ssim":["Lantern slides"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Lantern slides"],"date_range_isim":[1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905],"_nest_path_":"/components#50/components#4/components#4","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:59.831Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","ead_ssi":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_root_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","_nest_parent_":"vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/MV/repositories_4_resources_49.xml","title_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"title_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-2010"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1850-2010"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1850/2010"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010"],"text":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010","HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49","This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.","The Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size.","Items in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources.","The Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate.","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction.","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)","Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G.  (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F.  (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J.","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P.  (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler  (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D.  (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M.  (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T.  (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E.  (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W.  (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M.  (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H.  (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E.  (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010"],"collection_ssim":["Historical Photograph Collection, 1850/2010"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49"],"unitid_tesim":["HPC","/repositories/4/resources/49"],"repository_ssm":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"repository_ssim":["The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon"],"creator_ssm":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_ssim":["Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G.  (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F.  (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J.","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P.  (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler  (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D.  (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M.  (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T.  (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E.  (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W.  (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M.  (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H.  (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E.  (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction.","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)"],"creators_ssim":["Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G.  (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F.  (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J.","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P.  (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler  (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D.  (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M.  (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T.  (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E.  (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W.  (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M.  (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H.  (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E.  (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-","Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction.","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["89 Linear Feet Variety of container sizes based on photograph sizes and material types. Over-sized items are housed in drawers."],"extent_tesim":["89 Linear Feet Variety of container sizes based on photograph sizes and material types. Over-sized items are housed in drawers."],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research during scheduled appointments. Researchers must complete the Washington Library's Special Collections and Archives Registration Form before access is provided. The library reserves the right to restrict access to certain items for preservation purposes."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The Historical Photograph Collection is an artifical collection organized in functional order. Items are first arranged by subject and then subsequently by media format and size."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eItems in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["Items in this collection were either created by or under contract by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association or acquired by gift and purchase from various sources. Materials are added to the collection as they are acquired. For additional information please contact the Manager of Visual Resources."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Name and date of item], Historical Photograph Collection, [Folder], Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[Name and date of item], Historical Photograph Collection, [Folder], Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, The George Washington Presidential Library [hereafter Washington Library], Mount Vernon, Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Historical Photograph Collection is largely comprised of materials created by or for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. Some of the earliest photographs of the estate were created and sold to visitors by the Association as a means of income. Those efforts helped to establish an important collection of 19th century views. The collection spans the 1850s to 2000s and includes over 140 linear feet of analog material providing a visual history of the Mansion, outbuildings, tombs, grounds, events, visitors, collection objects, personnel, and changes throughout the estate."],"corpname_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction.","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)"],"persname_ssim":["Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G.  (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F.  (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J.","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P.  (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler  (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D.  (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M.  (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T.  (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E.  (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W.  (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M.  (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H.  (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E.  (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-"],"names_ssim":["Photo Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association","Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","Detroit Publishing Co.","Commercial Photo Co.","Henry's Camera Center","Brown Brothers (New York, N.Y.)","Library of Congress","Wayne Studio and Photographic Color Laboratories","United States. Forest Service","F. W. Van Zile Popular Tours","United States. Federal Highway Administration","Associates' Photography and News Service","Washington star-news (Washington, D.C.) (1852-1981)","Kadel \u0026 Herbert News Service (New York)","Wide World Photos, inc.","Hart, Schaffner \u0026 Marx","Davis, Wick, Rosengarten Company, Inc.","Sunday Group Editorial Service","Sunday Sun Magazine","Smithsonian American Art Museum","Grand Army of the Republic","Washington Photo Co. (1900s)","Judd \u0026 Detweiler","Central News Photo Service","Bain News Service","National Pictorial News","American Legion","National Photo Company","Warner Bros. Pictures (1923-1967)","Boy Scouts of America","International News Photos (New York, N.Y.)","National Broadcast Company","Rembrandt Studios, Inc.","Freemasons. Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22 (Alexandria, Va.)","Washington Times-Herald","Acme Newspictures (New York, N.Y.)","U. S. Army Signal Corps","United States Information Agency","Carl Byoir \u0026 Associates","Republic Aviation Corporation","White House (Washington, D.C.)","Frick Art Reference Library (New York)","Corcoran Gallery of Art","Allen \u0026 Horton","Wenderoth, Taylor \u0026 Brown","Boude \u0026 Miley Photographers","Bell \u0026 Bro. (Washington, D.C.)","Currier \u0026 Ives","Whitehurst Gallery (Washington, D.C.)","Seeley \u0026 Murphy","R. F. Field \u0026 Co.","American Stereoscopic Company","Langenheim, Loyd \u0026 Co.","E. \u0026 H.T. Anthony (Firm)","London Stereoscopic Company","Underwood \u0026 Underwood","H.C. White Co.","Berry, Kelley \u0026 Chadwick","American Colortype Company","Kilburn Brothers","International View Co.","Stereo-Travel Co.","R. Newell \u0026 Son","Centennial Photographic Co.","Rudolph Lesch Fine Arts, Inc.","Young People's Christian Union (Founded 1893)","Israel \u0026 Riddle. Stephen Israel","H. E. Hoyt \u0026 Co.","Beck Engraving Company","McIntosh Stereopticon Co.","Williams, Brown \u0026 Earle","Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences","A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","Soule Art Company","Washington and Lee University","American Museum of Natural History (New York)","New York (State) Education Department. Division of visual instruction.","L. Manasse, Lantern Slides (Chicago)","Pennsylvania. State Museum (Harrisburg, PA)","Fisher, Robert B.","Dunlop, James R.","Leet Bros.","Abbott, Harold T.","Chamberlain, Samuel V., 1895-1975","Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","Dillon, Luke C., 1836-1904","Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882","Wall, Charles Cecil, 1903-1995","Rowe, Abbie, 1905-1967","Meek, James W.","Harris \u0026 Ewing","Brady, Mathew B., approximately 1823-1896","Penrose, Henry K.","Louden, Orren R.","Trowbridge, Raymond W., 1886-1936","Johnson, N. G.  (Newton G.)","Parker, Edmund, 1827-1898","Bushrod, Thomas, 1825-1902","Jarvis, J. F.  (John Fillis), 1849-1931","Glocker, Charles Peyton","Glocker, Marietta Rodgers Cooper, 1845-1920","Davis, V. C.","Simms, Charles","Graham, Albert Belmont, 1868-1960","Woltz, Lewis P.","Baker, Reid S.","Laverty, H.J.","Lossing, Benson John, 1813-1891","Bailey, Worth, 1908-1980","Sprouse, Edith Moore","Lehman, Harry","Williams, Morley Jeffers, 1886-1977","Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","Petitt, Arthur","Grimsley, Norman","Doughton, Page","Kennedy, George","Hatch","Webster, John Wallace","Grimsley, Norman, 1890-1976","Maxey, Mary Frances Campbell","Cragg, Esther Thomas, 1900-1966","Ritter, H.H.","Hillers, J.K.","Gibbs, Edward C., 1893-1963","Gibbs, Francis T.","Loeb, Morris, 1878-1969","Neitzey, Wilfred Henry, 1895-1988","Wernle, Albert","Vandenberg, Arthur H., Senator, 1884-1951","Washington, George, 1732-1799","Battle, John Stewart, 1890-1972","Harkness, Hope Hodgman Powel, 1889-1974","Tarr, Irene Haley, 1898-1988","Furness, Anna Ramsey, 1876-1964","Isham, Elizabeth Totten","Tyler, Constance Ellen, 1911-1963","Burdick, Alison Ward, 1912-2007","Lamont, Elinor Miner, 1901-1972","Sullivan, Priscilla Manning, 1911-1994","Cabot, Nancy Graves, 1889-1969","Beirne, Rosamond Randall, 1894-1969","Moore, Susan Rutledge, 1906-1987","Platt, Page Anderson, 1899-1984","Bolton, Frances Payne Bingham, 1885-1977","Leary, Eliza Ferry, 1851-1935","Fisher, Amos","Herbert, Upton","Tracy, Sarah, 1820-1896","Hollingsworth, John McHenry, 1823-1889","Blake, Levi Lowell, 1830-1904","Burgess, William H., 1816-1893","Woodbridge, S. Homer (Samuel Homer), 1848","Young , James","Sully, Thomas, 1783-1872","Petigru, James Louis, 1789-1863","Fraser, Charles, 1782-1860","Yancey, William Lowndes, 1814-1863","Thomas, O. J. \"Buck\" (Oswald)","Rouse, Harrison Dodge","Cragg, James \"Finney\", 1898-1977","Washington, Julian H., 1894-1953","Craig, James Y., 1839-1926","Bailey, Olive, 1903-1980","Quander, Thomas H.","Ford, George F., 1859-1935","Kaessinger, Charles H.","Holland, William, 1887-1968","Heiberg, Anna Howell Dodge, 1877-1967","Lowther, Minnie Kendall, 1869-1947","Livingood, Lily Foster","Rouse, James B., 1896-1946","Killam, Charles W.","Rouse, William L.","Enersen, Lawrence","Permar, William Jones, 1856-1940","Lacey, Fred","Simms, Walter","Ayres, Tom","Collins, Howard","Rogers, Manuel","McCalley, Charles","Deavers, Linton, 1906-1968","Costello, Ernest","Miller, George W. (Willie)","Taylor, Roy","Morse, Frank","Clapp, Harvey, Jr.","Fredericks, Harold J.","Duvall, James Garfield (Jesse)","Barnwell, Edward","Sutliff, Shirley","Tindall, Joyce","Neitzey, Albert","Macomber, Walter","Simms, Sherman","Thane, Elswyth, 1900-1984","Embrey, Ernest","Dodson, Howard","Thomas, James","Jacobs, William","Hammond, Frank H.","Castellani, John A., 1944-1993","Dakin, Monta Lee","Rhodehamel, John, H.","Clark, Ellen McCallister, 1953-","Norton, Dean","Schrage-Norton, Susanne","Thompson, Mary V., 1955-","Gorham, Anne Huber","Miller, Johnnie J.","Bermingham, Philip","Harbour, John E.","Compton, Grant","Horstman, Neil W., 1946-2020","Payne, John Lee, Sr., 1943-2007","Embrey, Ernest \"Lee\", Jr.","Talbot, Robert \"Abie\"","Dawson, Kenneth","Keeler, Sue","Kennedy, Flora","St. Mars, Hope","Tancil, Gladys","Meadows, Christine, 1932-2013","Tisara, Nina","Sarbanes, Paul","Lee, Jane Carew, 1931-2019","Stanton, Robert George, 1940-","Connolly, Harry, 1952-","Funderburk, Charles F.","Todd, Scotty","Staten, Henry","Carter, Theodore M.","Miller, Rebecca","Eves, Ethel","McDermott, Charlie","Hayes, Rutherford B., 1822-1893","Hayes, Lucy Webb, 1831-1889","Halsted, Nancy Marsh, 1817-1891","Hudson, Susan Edwards Johnson, 1825-1913","Gould, Jay, 1836-1892","Harrison, Benjamin, 1833-1901","Morton, Levi P.  (Levi Parsons), 1824-1920","McKinley, William, 1834-1901","Heinrich, Prince of Prussia, 1862-1929","Edison, Thomas A. (Thomas Alva), 1847-1931","Daniels, Josephus, 1862-1948","Comegys, Harriet Clayton, 1840-1927","Townsend, Justine Van Rensselaer, 1828-1912","Joffre, Joseph Jacques Césaire, 1852-1931","Viviani, René, 1863-1925","Balfour, Arthur James, 1848-1930","Foster, George E., Sir (George Eulas), 1847-1931","Lansing, Robert, 1864-1928","Riggs, Jane Agnes, 1854-1930","Moncheur, Ludovic, Baron, 1857-1940","Vesnić, Milenko, 1863-1921","Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, Marquess of, 1860-1935","Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 1864-1945","Tokugawa, Iesato, 1863-1940","Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1875-1934","Marshall, Thomas R. (Thomas Riley), 1854-1925","Léopold III, King of the Belgians, 1901-1983","Elisabeth, Queen, consort of Albert I, King of the Belgians, 1876-1965","Foster, Victorine Du Pont, 1849-1934","Townsend, Amy Cornell","Marshall, Lois Irene Kimsey, 1873-1958","Baker, Newton Diehl, 1871-1937","Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 1894-1972","Phillips, William, 1878-1968","Gouraud, Henri, 1867-1946","Calles, Plutarco Elías, 1877-1945","Wright, J. Butler  (Joshua Butler), 1877-1939","George, David Lloyd, 1863-1945","Marie, Queen, consort of Ferdinand I, King of Romania, 1875-1938","Howard, Eleanor Washington, 1856-1937","Whitehill, Clarence, 1871-1932","Curtis, Charles, 1860-1936","Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964","Hoover, Lou Henry, 1874-1944","Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962","Thayer, Pauline Revere, 1862-1934","Hart, Laurance H.","Roosevelt, Franklin D.  (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945","Damtew, Desta, Ras, 1892-1937","Richards, Alice Haliburton King, 1860-1936","Peery, George Campbell, 1873-1952","Peery, Nancy Gillespie, 1882-1963","Page, Roswell, 1858-1939","Call, Norman, 1880-1959","Smoot, William Albert, 2nd, 1878-1941","Watson, Edwin M.  (Edwin Martin), 1883-1945","Bastedo, Paul, 1887-1951","Buchan, John, 1875-1940","Stirl, George S.","George VI, King of Great Britain, 1895-1952","Elizabeth, Queen, consort of George VI, King of Great Britain, 1900-2002","Lamb, William Harrison","Marler, Howard B.","Towner, Harriet C. (Harriet Cole), 1869-1942","Qualters, Thomas","Bloom, Sol, 1870-1949","Lindsay, Ronald C., 1877-1945","Lindsay, Elizabeth Sherman Hoyt, 1885-1954","Somoza, Anastasio, 1896-1956","Somoza, Salvadora Debayle, 1895-1987","Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1909-2004","Churchill, Winston, 1874-1965","Prado y Ugarteche, Manuel, 1889-1967","Petar II Karađorđević, King of Yugoslavia, 1923-1970","Darden, Colgate W. (Colgate Whitehead), 1897-1981","Wallington, Jimmy","Moncure, Henry T.","Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897-2003","Brown, Wilson, 1882-1957","Peñaranda Castillo, Enrique, 1892-1969","Beneš, Edvard, 1884-1948","Billups, Mary Govan, 1874-1971","Failing, Mary Forbush, 1862-1947","Denham, Mary Simkins, 1868-1950","Loughborough, Louise Wright, 1881-1962","Hanks, Mary Esther Vilas, 1873-1959","Carpenter, Harriet Isham, 1869-1948","Morínigo, Higinio, 1897-1983","Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1901-1966","Gaulle, Charles de, 1890-1970","Hoppenot, Henri","Sveinn Björnsson, 1881-1952","Thor Thors, 1903-1965","Grau San Martín, Ramón, 1887-1969","ʻAbd al-Ilāh, Prince, 1913-1958","Ríos Morales, Juan Antonio, 1888-1946","Stelle, John H., 1891-1962","Cassell, C. Abayomi (Christian Abayomi)","Bevin, Ernest, 1881-1951","Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1969","Alexander of Tunis, Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, Earl, 1891-1969","Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972","Patterson, Robert Porter, 1891-1952","Alemán, Miguel, 1905-1983","Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959","Clark, Tom C. (Tom Campbell), 1899-1977","Thurmond, Strom, 1902-2003","Thurmond, Jean Crouch, 1926-1960","Dutra, Eurico Gaspar, 1883-1974","Nehru, Kamala, 1899-1936","Nehru, Jawaharlal, 1889-1964","Gandhi, Indira, 1917-1984","Franks, Oliver, Baron, 1905-1992","Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1926-","Philip, Prince, consort of Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 1921-2021","Simmons, John F. (John Farr), 1892-1968","Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan, 1933-","Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1901-1964","Frederika, Queen, consort of Paul I, King of the Hellenes, 1917-1981","Rhee, Syngman, 1875-1965","Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975","Tubman, William V. S., 1895-1971","Warren, Romayne Latta, 1877-1968","Magloire, Paul Eugène, 1907-2001","Scelba, Mario, 1901-","Martino, Gaetano, 1900-1967","Phibūnsongkhrām, Plǣk, 1897-1964","Nu, U, 1907-1995","Albert II, King of the Belgians, 1934-","Conger, Clement E.","Cunha, Paulo, 1908-1986","Robertson, Albert James, 1893-1978","Broyhill, Joel T.  (Joel Thomas), 1919-2006","Buxton, Clarence Edward, 1888-1978","Soekarno, 1901-1970","Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), Jr., 1900-1986","Kishi, Nobusuke, 1896-1987","Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 1926-2020","Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006","Cooke, Elizabeth Throckmorton, 1897-1993","Carter, Rosalynn","Bush, George, 1924-2018","Hussein, King of Jordan, 1935-1999","Bush, Laura Welch, 1946-","Bush, George W. (George Walker), 1946-","Slaughter, Philip, Reverend, 1808-1890","Sharples, James, 1752-1811","Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1741-1828","Mills, Clark, 1810-1883","Crosby, Ellen Lovell, 1853-1942","Crosby, Virginia Van Stone, 1888-1964","Merritt, J. D.","Mott, Agnes Peter, 1880-1957","Washington, Martha, 1731-1802","Kennon, Britannia Wellington Peter, 1815-1911","Bush, Margaret Gage","Everett, Edward, 1794-1865","Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911","Farnsworth, Hannah Blake, 1802-1879","Lewis, Eleanor Parke Custis, 1779-1852","Gutekunst, Frederick, 1831-1917","McHenry, Mary","Mitchell, Jim, 1795-1870","Bufford, John Henry, 1810-1870","Nichols, David","Wright, Joseph, 1756-1793","Peale, Charles Willson, 1741-1827","Lee, Mary Randolph Custis, 1808-1873","Ferris, Stephen James, 1835-1915","Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865","Stuart, Gilbert, 1755-1828","Wollaston, John, 1710-1775?","Custis, George Washington Parke, 1781-1857","Leutze, Emanuel, 1816-1868","Worth, E. M. (Edwin M.), Professor, 1838-1917","Brewerton, George Douglas, 1820-1901","Whitehurst, Jesse Harrison, 1819-1875","Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","Gibbs, J. (Joseph) Norman, 1855-1933","Lewis, Annie Burr Auchincloss, 1902-1959","Broadwell, Elizabeth Lytle","Sarony, Napoleon, 1821-1896","Dickinson, Alice London, 1814-1881","Eve, Philoclea Edgeworth Casey, 1813-1889","Pine, Robert Edge, 1730?-1788","Harper, Emily L. (Emily Louisa), 1812-1892","Rinehart, A. E.  (Alfred Edward), 1851-1915","Hill, Alice Hale, 1840-1908","Miley, Michael, 1841-1918","Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757-1834","Laughton, Lily Macalester Berghmans, 1832-1891","Platz, Max","Leiter, Mary Theresa, 1844-1913","Murat, Catherine Willis, 1803-1867","Thomas, Samuel A.","Ritchie, Anna Cora Mowatt, 1819-1870","Washington, Mary Ball, 1708-1789","Naramore, D. H. (Daniel H.)","Baulch, William","Loyd, William","Langenheim, Frederick, 1809-1879","Langenheim, William, 1807-1874","England, William, 1830-1896","Waldsmith, Robert, 1913-1993","Stacy, George, 1831-1897","White, Hawley C.","Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","Kelley, E. W., active 1868-1908","Cremer, James, 1821-1893","Bell, William, 1830-1910","Wasson, C. L. (Charles L.)","Newell, Robert, 1822-1897","Brown, Henry Kirke, 1814-1886","Tuttle, H. C.","Kilburn, B. W.  (Benjamin West), 1827-1909","Weil, P. F. (Peter F.)","Chase, W. M.  (William M.), approximately 1818-1901","Butler, Lucretia Wolcott Dodge, 1876-1914","Greenough, Horatio, 1805-1852","O'Donovan, William Rudolph, 1844-1920","Votaw, Albert H.  (Albert Hiatt), 1850-1931","Walker, Lewis E.  (Lewis Emory), 1822-1880","DeSouza, E.","Miller, Arthur C.","Ulman, Nathalia","Rau, William Herman, 1855-1920","Thurston, John H.","Thompson, E. B. (Ezra Bowen), 1865-1951","Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911","Van Altena, Edward, 1873-1968","Heyder, Augusta A.","Wilcox, William A. (William Alonzo), 1857-"],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3769,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:38:59.831Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vimtvl_repositories_4_resources_49_c51_c05_c05"}},{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1898/1931","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01","ref_ssm":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01"],"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03","parent_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03","parent_ssim":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","Sermon notebooks, 1898/1932"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied]","title_ssm":["box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied]"],"title_tesim":["box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied]"],"normalized_title_ssm":["box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1898/1931"],"text":["box 1, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1898/1931","A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","Sermon notebooks, 1898/1932","box 1","folder 2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","Sermon notebooks, 1898/1932"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","Sermon notebooks, 1898/1932"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1931"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898 December 25- 1931 June"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":4,"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"collection_ssim":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954"],"containers_ssim":["box 1","folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:24.185Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","ead_ssi":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","_root_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","_nest_parent_":"vihart_repositories_4_resources_711","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/JMU/repositories_4_resources_711.xml","title_ssm":["A.S. Hammack papers"],"title_tesim":["A.S. Hammack papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1864-1954"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1864-1954"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1864/1954"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954"],"text":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","SC 0337","Massanetta Springs Camp \u0026 Conference Center (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- History","Virginia -- Church history","Camp meetings -- Virginia","Church camps -- Virginia","Hymns, English","Notebooks","Sermons","Printed Ephemera","Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.","The collection is largely arranged chronologically and according to record type.","Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/59603027/josie-g-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Josie G Huffman Hammack (27 Feb 1867–4 Aug 1963), Find a Grave Memorial ID 59603027, citing Oak Hill Cemetery, Mount Solon, Augusta County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by Tina Cockrell (contributor 47333811).","Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/161030673/paul-willard-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Paul Willard Hammack (30 Oct 1898–31 Jul 1985), Find a Grave Memorial ID 161030673, citing Columbia Gardens Cemetery, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by hgs205 (contributor 46875108).","Abraham Statton Hammack (1865-1932) was born near Stribling Springs, Virginia. A.S. Hammack married Josie G. Huffman (1867-1963) in 1890. He graduated from Union Biblical Seminary in 1890 and became an ordained minister in the Evangelical United Brethren Church. He worked in the areas of New Creek, South Branch, Augusta, Churchville, and Harrisonburg before a four-year term as a presiding elder. Hammack became Conference Superintendent in 1909 and served until 1922. This era was commonly known as the \"Golden Age\" era due to the sixty-five buildings erected and significant growth in church membership done under his leadership. Paul Hammack Jr. (1898-1985) is the grandson of A.S. Hammack.","Loose ephemera was separated from the two Virginia Music Camp books that were cataloged individually.","The A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr. The sub-group of sermon notebooks have notes relating to the construction of Hammack's sermons, congregation size, donation information, and the date and location for the sermon given. The Minister's Pocket Ritual has margin notes as well as inserts containing birth and death dates of church members with notes for eulogies. In the 1907 sermon notebook, Hammack's notes and ephemera contain a 1929 annual report for Mt. Zion church, budgeting information, and slip of paper entitled \"United States Casualty Company\" with a listed amount Hammack needs to pay by the end of the month.","Paul Hammack Jr.'s (1898-1985) ephemera from the Virginia Music Camp, now a part of Massanetta Springs camp, comprises sheet music, nametags, postcards, and student schedules for the program.","Select printed materials including those related to the Virginia Music Camp were separated and cataloged individually.","The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).","The A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr.","English\n."],"collection_title_tesim":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954"],"collection_ssim":["A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 0337"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 0337"],"repository_ssm":["James Madison University"],"repository_ssim":["James Madison University"],"geogname_ssm":["Massanetta Springs Camp \u0026 Conference Center (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- History","Virginia -- Church history"],"geogname_ssim":["Massanetta Springs Camp \u0026 Conference Center (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- History","Virginia -- Church history"],"places_ssim":["Massanetta Springs Camp \u0026 Conference Center (Harrisonburg, Va.) -- History","Virginia -- Church history"],"creator_ssm":["Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections"],"creators_ssim":["Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr.","James Madison University Libraries Special Collections"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Paul Hammack Jr., grandson of A.S. Hammack, in May 2022."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Camp meetings -- Virginia","Church camps -- Virginia","Hymns, English","Notebooks","Sermons","Printed Ephemera"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Camp meetings -- Virginia","Church camps -- Virginia","Hymns, English","Notebooks","Sermons","Printed Ephemera"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.2 cubic feet 7 folders"],"extent_tesim":["0.2 cubic feet 7 folders"],"genreform_ssim":["Notebooks","Sermons","Printed Ephemera"],"date_range_isim":[1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection open to research. Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection. Please contact Research Services staff before visiting the James Madison University Special Collections Library to use this collection."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is largely arranged chronologically and according to record type.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is largely arranged chronologically and according to record type."],"bibliography_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/59603027/josie-g-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Josie G Huffman Hammack (27 Feb 1867–4 Aug 1963), Find a Grave Memorial ID 59603027, citing Oak Hill Cemetery, Mount Solon, Augusta County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by Tina Cockrell (contributor 47333811).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFind a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/161030673/paul-willard-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Paul Willard Hammack (30 Oct 1898–31 Jul 1985), Find a Grave Memorial ID 161030673, citing Columbia Gardens Cemetery, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by hgs205 (contributor 46875108).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bibliography_heading_ssm":["Bibliography"],"bibliography_tesim":["Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/59603027/josie-g-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Josie G Huffman Hammack (27 Feb 1867–4 Aug 1963), Find a Grave Memorial ID 59603027, citing Oak Hill Cemetery, Mount Solon, Augusta County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by Tina Cockrell (contributor 47333811).","Find a Grave, database and images (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/161030673/paul-willard-hammack: accessed 24 January 2023), memorial page for Paul Willard Hammack (30 Oct 1898–31 Jul 1985), Find a Grave Memorial ID 161030673, citing Columbia Gardens Cemetery, Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, USA; Maintained by hgs205 (contributor 46875108)."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAbraham Statton Hammack (1865-1932) was born near Stribling Springs, Virginia. A.S. Hammack married Josie G. Huffman (1867-1963) in 1890. He graduated from Union Biblical Seminary in 1890 and became an ordained minister in the Evangelical United Brethren Church. He worked in the areas of New Creek, South Branch, Augusta, Churchville, and Harrisonburg before a four-year term as a presiding elder. Hammack became Conference Superintendent in 1909 and served until 1922. This era was commonly known as the \"Golden Age\" era due to the sixty-five buildings erected and significant growth in church membership done under his leadership. Paul Hammack Jr. (1898-1985) is the grandson of A.S. Hammack.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Bio/Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Abraham Statton Hammack (1865-1932) was born near Stribling Springs, Virginia. A.S. Hammack married Josie G. Huffman (1867-1963) in 1890. He graduated from Union Biblical Seminary in 1890 and became an ordained minister in the Evangelical United Brethren Church. He worked in the areas of New Creek, South Branch, Augusta, Churchville, and Harrisonburg before a four-year term as a presiding elder. Hammack became Conference Superintendent in 1909 and served until 1922. This era was commonly known as the \"Golden Age\" era due to the sixty-five buildings erected and significant growth in church membership done under his leadership. Paul Hammack Jr. (1898-1985) is the grandson of A.S. Hammack."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[identification of item], [box #, folder #], A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, SC 0337, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["[identification of item], [box #, folder #], A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, SC 0337, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLoose ephemera was separated from the two Virginia Music Camp books that were cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["Loose ephemera was separated from the two Virginia Music Camp books that were cataloged individually."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr. The sub-group of sermon notebooks have notes relating to the construction of Hammack's sermons, congregation size, donation information, and the date and location for the sermon given. The Minister's Pocket Ritual has margin notes as well as inserts containing birth and death dates of church members with notes for eulogies. In the 1907 sermon notebook, Hammack's notes and ephemera contain a 1929 annual report for Mt. Zion church, budgeting information, and slip of paper entitled \"United States Casualty Company\" with a listed amount Hammack needs to pay by the end of the month. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePaul Hammack Jr.'s (1898-1985) ephemera from the Virginia Music Camp, now a part of Massanetta Springs camp, comprises sheet music, nametags, postcards, and student schedules for the program.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr. The sub-group of sermon notebooks have notes relating to the construction of Hammack's sermons, congregation size, donation information, and the date and location for the sermon given. The Minister's Pocket Ritual has margin notes as well as inserts containing birth and death dates of church members with notes for eulogies. In the 1907 sermon notebook, Hammack's notes and ephemera contain a 1929 annual report for Mt. Zion church, budgeting information, and slip of paper entitled \"United States Casualty Company\" with a listed amount Hammack needs to pay by the end of the month.","Paul Hammack Jr.'s (1898-1985) ephemera from the Virginia Music Camp, now a part of Massanetta Springs camp, comprises sheet music, nametags, postcards, and student schedules for the program."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSelect printed materials including those related to the Virginia Music Camp were separated and cataloged individually.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["Select printed materials including those related to the Virginia Music Camp were separated and cataloged individually."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright interests in this collection have not been transferred to the James Madison University Special Collections Library. For more information, contact the Special Collections Library Reference Desk (library-special@jmu.edu)."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_aa4afc3d0f3ce7a96a114031c9030464\"\u003eThe A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The A.S. Hammack Papers, 1864-1954, comprise two minister books, ten sermon notebooks, and ephemera related to the Virginia Music Camp collected by Paul Hammack Jr."],"corpname_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections"],"persname_ssim":["Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"names_coll_ssim":["Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"names_ssim":["James Madison University Libraries Special Collections","Hammack, A. S. (Abraham Statton), 1865-1932","Hammack, Paul W., Jr."],"language_ssim":["English\n."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":14,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:36:24.185Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vihart_repositories_4_resources_711_c03_c01"}},{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"box 1, [title not supplied], 1896/1898","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01","ref_ssm":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01"],"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01","parent_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01","parent_ssim":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905","Item dated 1896/1905, 1896/1905"],"parent_ids_ssim":["vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"box 1, [title not supplied]","title_ssm":["box 1, [title not supplied]"],"title_tesim":["box 1, [title not supplied]"],"normalized_title_ssm":["box 1, [title not supplied], 1896/1898"],"text":["box 1, [title not supplied], 1896/1898","Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905","Item dated 1896/1905, 1896/1905","box 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905","Item dated 1896/1905, 1896/1905"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905","Item dated 1896/1905, 1896/1905"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896/1898"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896 - 1898"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":2,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"collection_ssim":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905"],"containers_ssim":["box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["There are no restrictions."],"date_range_isim":[1896,1897,1898],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:51.873Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","ead_ssi":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","_root_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","_nest_parent_":"vircu_repositories_3_resources_17","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VCU/repositories_3_resources_17.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vcu-tm/vircuh00015.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Wright, Otho Clement, collection","title_ssm":["Otho Clement Wright collection"],"title_tesim":["Otho Clement Wright collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1896-1905"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1905"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896/1905"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905"],"text":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905","2005.Apr.09","/repositories/3/resources/17","Physicians -- Account books -- Virginia","Physicians -- Virginia -- Southside Virginia","Collection is open to research.","The collection is arranged in chronological order.","A member and president of the Medical Society of Virginia in 1911, a founder and former president of the Southside Virginia Medical Association, and the Seaboard Medical Association, Otho Clement Wright was a well known and active physician in Southside Virginia. Wright served on the State Board of Medical Examiners as the hygiene, preventative medicine and medical jurisprudence examiner. He also served on the Board of Directors for the Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, the first hospital in the nation exclusively for mental illness. Born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia on 29 September 1867, Wright attended medical school at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore graduating in 1893, later to become the Medical School of the University of Maryland. He established his practice in Jarratt, Virginia a town along the railroad south of Petersburg. There he was active in community functions and was President of the Bank of Jarratt. He died on 08 July 1915, when his automobile was struck by a train.","The collection consists of the two medical ledgers (1896-1898, 1900-1905) used in Wright's practice. The ledgers list business transactions with patients. A typical entry will include a date, a brief description of the service performed, and a dollar amount of the service. The collection does not contain any personal or other professional information.","There are no restrictions.","VCU Health Sciences Library","Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905"],"collection_ssim":["Otho Clement Wright collection, 1896/1905"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["2005.Apr.09","/repositories/3/resources/17"],"unitid_tesim":["2005.Apr.09","/repositories/3/resources/17"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Commonwealth University, Cabell Library"],"creator_ssm":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"creator_ssim":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"creators_ssim":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915","VCU Health Sciences Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["There are no restrictions."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by Otho C. W. Fraher."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Physicians -- Account books -- Virginia","Physicians -- Virginia -- Southside Virginia"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Physicians -- Account books -- Virginia","Physicians -- Virginia -- Southside Virginia"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet 2 items"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet 2 items"],"date_range_isim":[1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is arranged in chronological order.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is arranged in chronological order."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA member and president of the Medical Society of Virginia in 1911, a founder and former president of the Southside Virginia Medical Association, and the Seaboard Medical Association, Otho Clement Wright was a well known and active physician in Southside Virginia. Wright served on the State Board of Medical Examiners as the hygiene, preventative medicine and medical jurisprudence examiner. He also served on the Board of Directors for the Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, the first hospital in the nation exclusively for mental illness. Born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia on 29 September 1867, Wright attended medical school at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore graduating in 1893, later to become the Medical School of the University of Maryland. He established his practice in Jarratt, Virginia a town along the railroad south of Petersburg. There he was active in community functions and was President of the Bank of Jarratt. He died on 08 July 1915, when his automobile was struck by a train.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["A member and president of the Medical Society of Virginia in 1911, a founder and former president of the Southside Virginia Medical Association, and the Seaboard Medical Association, Otho Clement Wright was a well known and active physician in Southside Virginia. Wright served on the State Board of Medical Examiners as the hygiene, preventative medicine and medical jurisprudence examiner. He also served on the Board of Directors for the Eastern State Hospital in Williamsburg, the first hospital in the nation exclusively for mental illness. Born in Pittsylvania County, Virginia on 29 September 1867, Wright attended medical school at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore graduating in 1893, later to become the Medical School of the University of Maryland. He established his practice in Jarratt, Virginia a town along the railroad south of Petersburg. There he was active in community functions and was President of the Bank of Jarratt. He died on 08 July 1915, when his automobile was struck by a train."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOtho Clement Wright Collection, Accession #2005/Apr/09, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Otho Clement Wright Collection, Accession #2005/Apr/09, Special Collections and Archives, Health Sciences Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection consists of the two medical ledgers (1896-1898, 1900-1905) used in Wright's practice. The ledgers list business transactions with patients. A typical entry will include a date, a brief description of the service performed, and a dollar amount of the service. The collection does not contain any personal or other professional information.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The collection consists of the two medical ledgers (1896-1898, 1900-1905) used in Wright's practice. The ledgers list business transactions with patients. A typical entry will include a date, a brief description of the service performed, and a dollar amount of the service. The collection does not contain any personal or other professional information."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThere are no restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["There are no restrictions."],"corpname_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library"],"persname_ssim":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"names_coll_ssim":["Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"names_ssim":["VCU Health Sciences Library","Wright, Otho Clement, 1867-1915"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":3,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:39:51.873Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vircu_repositories_3_resources_17_c01_c01"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1894/1898","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied]","title_ssm":["box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied]"],"title_tesim":["box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied]"],"normalized_title_ssm":["box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1894/1898"],"text":["box 3, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1894/1898","Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers","box 3","folder 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1894/1898"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1894-1898"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":19,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1894,1895,1896,1897,1898],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1163.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lipps, Jonathan E., Account Books","title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1892-1924"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1892-1924"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1892/1924"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"text":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Ms.1940.016","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books","The collection is open for research.","The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.","Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.","The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.","This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E.","The materials in this collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.016"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.016"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Lipps, J. E.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books were donated to the university in 1939 and transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 1955."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026amp; Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRelating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fc64ae25daf31267b46a7ca25a705c43\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E."],"language_ssim":["The materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":30,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c02"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1896/1898","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied]","title_ssm":["box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied]"],"title_tesim":["box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied]"],"normalized_title_ssm":["box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1896/1898"],"text":["box 3, folder 2, [title not supplied], 1896/1898","Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers","box 3","folder 2"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1896/1898"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1896-1898"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":20,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"containers_ssim":["box 3","folder 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1896,1897,1898],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#2","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1163.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lipps, Jonathan E., Account Books","title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1892-1924"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1892-1924"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1892/1924"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"text":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Ms.1940.016","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books","The collection is open for research.","The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.","Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.","The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.","This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E.","The materials in this collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.016"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.016"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Lipps, J. E.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books were donated to the university in 1939 and transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 1955."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026amp; Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRelating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fc64ae25daf31267b46a7ca25a705c43\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E."],"language_ssim":["The materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":30,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c03"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1898/1900","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03","parent_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied]","title_ssm":["box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied]"],"title_tesim":["box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied]"],"normalized_title_ssm":["box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1898/1900"],"text":["box 4, folder 1, [title not supplied], 1898/1900","Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers","box 4","folder 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Customer account ledgers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1898/1900"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1898-1900"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":21,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"containers_ssim":["box 4","folder 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1898,1899,1900],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_1163.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Lipps, Jonathan E., Account Books","title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books"],"unitdate_ssm":["1892-1924"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1892-1924"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1892/1924"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"text":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924","Ms.1940.016","Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books","The collection is open for research.","The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.","Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.","The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.","This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E.","The materials in this collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"collection_ssim":["Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, 1892/1924"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.1940.016"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.1940.016"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"creators_ssim":["Lipps, J. E.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books were donated to the university in 1939 and transferred to Special Collections and University Archives in 1955."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Local/Regional History and Appalachian South","Wise County (Va.)","Account books"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"extent_tesim":["3.2 Cubic Feet 10 boxes"],"genreform_ssim":["Account books"],"date_range_isim":[1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is divided by type, then organized chronologically."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026amp; Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eJ. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["Jonathan Elbert Lipps, son of Morgan T. and Elizabeth Davenport Lipps, was born in what is now Wise County, Virginia, on October 25, 1851. While still a child, the younger Lipps moved with his family to the Gladeville area. Jonathan taught school on Little Toms Creek in 1871, then at Bull Run in 1872, and at Buffalo Gap in 1873. That same year, he married Sarah Cephina Gilley (1851-1935) and also became the county's assistant assessor. In 1877, Lipps began teaching at Pinnacle Gap and was appointed the county's first notary public. Lipps purchased a farm in Powells Valley in 1879 and was appointed postmaster of the new Butcher's Fork post office. In 1881, Sarah Gilley Lipps assumed the office of Butcher's Fork and remained in that position until 1887.","In 1885, Jonathan Lipps was appointed to the Wise County board of supervisors, to serve out the unexpired term of a deceased member. Lipps lost a close campaign for county clerk in 1885. He ran again in 1887; winning by three votes, he served in the office until 1893. In 1890, Lipps and others formed the Gladeville Improvment Company, later the Clear Creek Improvement Company, instrumental in the development of the northern section of the town of Wise. Following his service as county clerk, Lipps, with his son-in-law C. P. Addington and son Wade H. Lipps, established a department store under the name J. E. Lipps \u0026 Co. in Wise. After 11 years in business, Lipps sold his interest in the store to Addington, who later sold it to C. W. Renfro.","In 1908, Lipps was appointed commissioner of the revenue for the county's eastern district but served only half of the four-year term. He was elected to the town council of Wise for three terms.","J. E. Lipps died January 31, 1943, and is buried with his wife in Wise Cemetery."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-%20work/public-domain/cc0/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your- work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books, Ms1940-016, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing, arrangement, and description of the Jonathan E. Lipps Account Books commenced and was completed in May 2011. Initial description was completed in or prior to May 1970."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eRelating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains a set of account books maintained by Jonathan E. Lipps, a general store proprietor and a court clerk for Wise County, Virginia. Among the other items in the collection is a single ledger, probably maintained by Lipps while the county clerk, listing county court cases, with fees for clerk duties associated with each.","Relating to Lipps' general store, the collection includes a series of day books spanning the years 1896 to 1904. Each book contains dates of transactions, customers' names, goods purchased, and prices. Credit transactions from the day books were copied into a separate set of customer credit account ledgers, each containing customer names, dates of transactions, goods purchased, prices, credits, and account balances. The store's business is also recorded in a cash book, which provides a daily account of the store's cash drawer, and two ledgers containing inventories of the store's merchandise. The collection also contains a set of three ledgers that seem to record both Lipps' personal financial accounts and the store's accounts with various banks and businesses.","The collection is completed by a single ledger from a Wise County lumber company, apparently operated by Lipp's son-in-law, C. P. Addington. The ledger records customer names, dates of transactions, sizes and types of lumber purchased, prices, account credits, and balances."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (\u003ca href=\"mailto:specref@vt.edu\"\u003especref@vt.edu\u003c/a\u003e or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_fc64ae25daf31267b46a7ca25a705c43\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThis collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["This collection contains the court clerk and general store account ledgers of Jonathan E. Lipps of Wise County, Virginia."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech"],"persname_ssim":["Lipps, J. E."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Lipps, J. E."],"language_ssim":["The materials in this collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":30,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:29:03.904Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_1163_c03_c04"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Box 5: Bible, 1810/1919","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eEwell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, which is signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible, first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and last entry is 1918. Contains newspaper obituaries. A few loose notes about births and deaths.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04","parent_ssim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892","Series 4: Ewell family Bible, 1810/1919"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04"],"title_filing_ssi":"Box 5: Bible","title_ssm":["Box 5: Bible"],"title_tesim":["Box 5: Bible"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Box 5: Bible, 1810/1919"],"text":["Box 5: Bible, 1810/1919","Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892","Series 4: Ewell family Bible, 1810/1919","Box 5","English","Ewell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, which is signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible, first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and last entry is 1918. Contains newspaper obituaries.  A few loose notes about births and deaths."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892","Series 4: Ewell family Bible, 1810/1919"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892","Series 4: Ewell family Bible, 1810/1919"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1810/1919"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1810-1919"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":1010,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892"],"containers_ssim":["Box 5"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"language_ssim":["English"],"date_range_isim":[1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eEwell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, which is signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible, first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and last entry is 1918. Contains newspaper obituaries.  A few loose notes about births and deaths.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Ewell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, which is signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible, first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and last entry is 1918. Contains newspaper obituaries.  A few loose notes about births and deaths."],"_nest_path_":"/components#3/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:01:05.763Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_2023","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_2023.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert Papers","title_ssm":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers"],"title_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1784-1934","1830-1892"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1784-1934"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1830-1892"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892"],"text":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892","Mss. 39.1 Ew3","/repositories/2/resources/2023","Virginia--Genealogy","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia--Militia--History--War of 1812","College of William and Mary--History--19th century","Genealogy","Hampden-Sydney College","History of the College","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Washington and Lee University--History--19th century","United States Military Academy","Clippings (information artifacts)","Correspondence","Diplomas","Financial records","Poems","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection has been organized into six series.","Series 1 includes letters arranged alpabetically by writer. A uniform entry has been adopted for each name, and persons of the same name have been identified and distinguished from each other by indicating their relationship to Benjamin S. Ewell or other persons. For example, the entry Brown (Harriot S.) is used for letters signed H. S. Brown and Hattie, and the entry Ewell (Elizabeth), daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, is used for letters signed Lizzy Ewell or simply Lizzy.","Series 2 includes papers from various sources.","Series 3 is the plat of Ewell property.","Series 4 contains the Ewell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, and signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible. The first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and the last entry is from 1918.","Series 5 is a scrapbook of mostly newspaper clippings from mid to late 1800's. Page 15 has an article, \"A Yankee's description of Williamsburg.\" Page 66 has a clipping, \"The Old Garden\" by Elizabeth J. Galt. Page 155 has an article about lightning striking the home of Beverly S. Scott, son-in-law of Benjamin Ewell. There are some handwritten poems and many published poems in the newspaper clippings. (Acc. No. 2008.196)","Series 6 is the diploma of Benjamin Stoddert Ewell from the United States Military Academy at West Point. (Acc. No. 2011.020)","Benjamin Stoddert Ewell was born in Georgetown, D. C., June 10, 1810, the son of Thomas Ewell and Elizabeth Stoddert. He graduated from United States Military Academy and taught there. He taught at Hampden- Sydney College and at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University). In 1848, he was elected professor of mathematics and acting president of College of William and Mary and in 1854, became president. He was colonel of 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment and later assistant adjutant-general to Joseph E. Johnston. He was president of William and Mary 1854-1888 and died in 1894. He was the brother of Richard Stoddert Ewell, had another brother, William Stoddert, a sister Elizabeth S. Ewell, and a daughter, Elizabeth S. Ewell Scott.","The original finding aid references \"Photographs of pages from the Ewell Family Bible\"; however, these were not located with the collection as of April 11, 2018. Karen King, SCRC Staff.","Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00084.frame","Acc. 2011.020 added by Benjamin Bromley in January 2011.","Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers in the Swem Library Special Collections' University Archives section (UA 2.06). See also a report (entitled 'diary') of B. S. Ewell, April-August 1864 (Box 5, Vol. 5) in the Joseph E. Johnston Papers for a discussion of Williamsburg during the War.","At the York County Heritage Trust:\nFolder 13416: Letter from George Hay Kain to Isabel Small, September  11, 1950 and September 14, 1950; reply from Isabel Small to George Kain, September 12, 1957 (Information on McIlwaine family residence location in York and recollections of Gen. Jubal Early's visit to the family at request of Gen. Richard Ewell, Julia's brother-in-law). -On  microfilm: The Republican newspaper, April 17, 1839, marriage announcement of Benjamin S. Ewell to Julia Ann McIwaine, April 16, 1839; also bound Marriage Index to York Newspapers 1783-1850 entry. -Folder 19684, The Jere Kere Carl Scrap Book, Vol. 19, pg. 160, obituary of Mrs. Julia Ewell.","This collection contains materials dated 1784-1934. It includes correspondence, legal papers, and accounts, chiefly 1830-1892, of Benjamin S. Ewell, professor at the U.S. Military Academy, Hampden-Sydney College, Washington and Lee College, and the College of William and Mary (which he served as acting president, 1848-1849, and president, 1854-1888). Letters from Ewell during the Civil War when he was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston are included as well. Among the correspondents are members of the Tyler, Ewell, Campbell, and Brown families of Virginia and Tennessee. The collection also contains the memorandum book on the Ewell family by Elizabeth S. Ewell.","The following letters and papers were originally included in the Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, but have been removed:","Letter from 'V. Jefferson Davis' (Varina Davis) at Beauvoir House, Beauvoir, Mississippi, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1890 January 25. This letter acknowledges receipt of the resolutions passed by the citizens of Williamsburg and James City County on the death of Jefferson Davis. This item has been transferred to the Jefferson Davis Papers.","Letter from Sallie Munford at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth Ewell. 1865 May 16. This item has been transferred to Virginia Cities - Williamsburg Papers (Folder 3).","Mason family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.","Neale family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.","Photograph of Malachi Gardner, carriage driver of Benjamin S. Ewell. Undated. As of 5/2016, this item has been transferred to the Portrait File: University Archives Photograph Collection, F and S, Gardiner, Malachi. 2 copies.","The letters below were transferred to the William and Mary College Papers (College Papers Collecton) or the Office of the President, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Records:","Letter from Robert Nelson at Shanghai, China, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1873 November 10. This item has been transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 139.","Letter from F. N. Page at Shelby, Gloucester County, Virginia, to Professor Benjamin S. Ewell. 1849 April 18.","Letter from Charles F. Richardson at New York, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell. 1877 March 9.","An act to establish a normal school at William and Mary College. 1888 March 19.","Resolution of the alumni association of William and Mary College, upon the death of Benjamin S. Ewell. 1894 October 1.","Two pages from a report of Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated.","Page 17 of a report by Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated. The report includes a quotation from an address by former president John Tyler to the alumni of William and Mary on the 166th Anniversary.","Page 19 of a paper concerning the establishment of a normal college. Undated.","Printed card containing information about William and Mary College. Undated.","Black certificate of proficiency. College of William and Mary Papers. Undated.","Braxton (Corbin) to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Buckland, Prince William County, Virginia Postmarked Richmond, Virginia, 1848 July 24","Burgess (B.J.), at Wilmington, North Carolina, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1878 November 2","Craik (James), at Louisville, Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1876 September 2","Davies (Charles), at New York, to John Tyler, 1848 April 27. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.","Ewell (Benjamin S.), at Washington, D.C., to Charles W. Porter, 1872 February 16","Ewell (Elizabeth) to Richard Ewell, 1858 July 9. (See William and Mary Papers, Folder 17, Item 3.)","Ewell (Elizabeth) to William Stoddert, 1858 July 22","Forest (Douglas F.), at Washington, D.C., to the President and Faculty of William and Mary College, 1879 March 26","Fulton (William), at Salisbury, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, 1872 July 29","Gilman (D. C.), at Baltimore, Maryland, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1887 May 28","Griffin (J. L. C.), at Sharon, Mississippi, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1855 January 12","Grisby (Hugh Blair), at Charlotte Court House, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1868 January 2","Grisby (Hugh Blair), at Edgehill, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1872 June 2","Hall (J. Lesslie), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Mrs. Beverly Scott, at Ewell, James City County, Virginia, 1902 February 7","Hobson (Annie J. W.), at Richmond, to Col. Ewell, 1877 September 29","Hoge (Addison), at Oxford, Mississippi, to Col. B. S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1888 May 18","Hough (M.), at Baltimore, to Elizabeth Ewell, daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, 1859 February 9","Lee (J. F.), at Annapolis, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, 1868 January 23","McLane (Robert), at Washington, D.C., to John Tyler and the Board of Visitors of William and Mary College, Virginia, 1848 April 5. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 82, page 2, item 2m papers relating to the appointment of Benjamin S. Ewell to the chair of mathematics, 1848 April 5-27","Meade (William), at Millwood, Clarke County, Virginia, to Professor Ewell, at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1849 March 18. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 99.","Munford (Maria), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth S. Ewell, 1859 October 30","Munford (Maria) to Elizabeth S. Ewell, undated","Smith (R. McF.), at Nashville, Tennessee, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Ewell, Virginia, 1892 October 3. Original letter was transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 127, page 5.","Sweet (Drew), at Waynesville, Ohio, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1887 May 15","Turner (Harriot S.), at Washington, D.C., to Dr. [?] Wise, undated","Turner (Harriot S.) to Dr. Wise, undated","Watkins (F. N.), at Hampden Sidney College, to the Visitors of the William and Mary University, 1848 April 7. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.","West (Robert), at North East P.O., Cecil County, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1866 April 8","Wyatt (Charles B.), at San Francisco, California, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1869 April 8","Letter from unknown person to Elizabeth Ewell, undated. Incomplete. Transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 120.","Letter from R. McCandlish at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia. Forwarded to Buckland, Prince William County. 1848 July 15.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Office of the President","College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President","Ewell family","Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892"],"collection_ssim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, 1784/1934, bulk 1830/1892"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 39.1 Ew3","/repositories/2/resources/2023"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 39.1 Ew3","/repositories/2/resources/2023"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia--Genealogy","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia--Militia--History--War of 1812"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia--Genealogy","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia--Militia--History--War of 1812"],"places_ssim":["Virginia--Genealogy","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--19th century","Williamsburg (Va.)--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Virginia--Militia--History--War of 1812"],"creator_ssm":["Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Office of the President","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"creator_ssim":["Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Office of the President","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Office of the President","College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Ewell family"],"creators_ssim":["Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-","Special Collections Research Center","Office of the President","College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President","Ewell family"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift: 1,128 items of Mrs. R. M. Crawford, 12/31/1935. Gift: 100 items, Elizabeth S. Hamlin, 03/30/1936. Gift: 25 items, Mrs. C. Hughes Lyon, 05/1/1957. Gift: 1 item, Percy Hamlin, 04/1973. Gift: 1 item, Kenneth Lemley, 03/1973. Acc. No. 2001,14A, gift, 1 item, of Staunton Aylor, 04/14/2001. Acquisition information for material received after 7/13/2009 is available by consulting a Special Collections Research Center staff member. The West Point Diploma was acuired in 2001 (Mss. Acc. 2011.020)"],"access_subjects_ssim":["College of William and Mary--History--19th century","Genealogy","Hampden-Sydney College","History of the College","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Washington and Lee University--History--19th century","United States Military Academy","Clippings (information artifacts)","Correspondence","Diplomas","Financial records","Poems"],"access_subjects_ssm":["College of William and Mary--History--19th century","Genealogy","Hampden-Sydney College","History of the College","United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865","Washington and Lee University--History--19th century","United States Military Academy","Clippings (information artifacts)","Correspondence","Diplomas","Financial records","Poems"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["3.5 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["3.5 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Clippings (information artifacts)","Correspondence","Diplomas","Financial records","Poems"],"date_range_isim":[1784,1785,1786,1787,1788,1789,1790,1791,1792,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,1798,1799,1800,1801,1802,1803,1804,1805,1806,1807,1808,1809,1810,1811,1812,1813,1814,1815,1816,1817,1818,1819,1820,1821,1822,1823,1824,1825,1826,1827,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833,1834,1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection has been organized into six series. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 1 includes letters arranged alpabetically by writer. A uniform entry has been adopted for each name, and persons of the same name have been identified and distinguished from each other by indicating their relationship to Benjamin S. Ewell or other persons. For example, the entry Brown (Harriot S.) is used for letters signed H. S. Brown and Hattie, and the entry Ewell (Elizabeth), daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, is used for letters signed Lizzy Ewell or simply Lizzy.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2 includes papers from various sources. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 3 is the plat of Ewell property. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 4 contains the Ewell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, and signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible. The first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and the last entry is from 1918.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 5 is a scrapbook of mostly newspaper clippings from mid to late 1800's. Page 15 has an article, \"A Yankee's description of Williamsburg.\" Page 66 has a clipping, \"The Old Garden\" by Elizabeth J. Galt. Page 155 has an article about lightning striking the home of Beverly S. Scott, son-in-law of Benjamin Ewell. There are some handwritten poems and many published poems in the newspaper clippings. (Acc. No. 2008.196)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 6 is the diploma of Benjamin Stoddert Ewell from the United States Military Academy at West Point. (Acc. No. 2011.020)\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement of Materials:"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection has been organized into six series.","Series 1 includes letters arranged alpabetically by writer. A uniform entry has been adopted for each name, and persons of the same name have been identified and distinguished from each other by indicating their relationship to Benjamin S. Ewell or other persons. For example, the entry Brown (Harriot S.) is used for letters signed H. S. Brown and Hattie, and the entry Ewell (Elizabeth), daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, is used for letters signed Lizzy Ewell or simply Lizzy.","Series 2 includes papers from various sources.","Series 3 is the plat of Ewell property.","Series 4 contains the Ewell Family Bible, published by Williams and Whiting in 1810, and signed by Thomas Ewell. Family records are in the center of the Bible. The first entry is the birth of Thomas Ewell in 1784 and the last entry is from 1918.","Series 5 is a scrapbook of mostly newspaper clippings from mid to late 1800's. Page 15 has an article, \"A Yankee's description of Williamsburg.\" Page 66 has a clipping, \"The Old Garden\" by Elizabeth J. Galt. Page 155 has an article about lightning striking the home of Beverly S. Scott, son-in-law of Benjamin Ewell. There are some handwritten poems and many published poems in the newspaper clippings. (Acc. No. 2008.196)","Series 6 is the diploma of Benjamin Stoddert Ewell from the United States Military Academy at West Point. (Acc. No. 2011.020)"],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Stoddert Ewell was born in Georgetown, D. C., June 10, 1810, the son of Thomas Ewell and Elizabeth Stoddert. He graduated from United States Military Academy and taught there. He taught at Hampden- Sydney College and at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University). In 1848, he was elected professor of mathematics and acting president of College of William and Mary and in 1854, became president. He was colonel of 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment and later assistant adjutant-general to Joseph E. Johnston. He was president of William and Mary 1854-1888 and died in 1894. He was the brother of Richard Stoddert Ewell, had another brother, William Stoddert, a sister Elizabeth S. Ewell, and a daughter, Elizabeth S. Ewell Scott.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell was born in Georgetown, D. C., June 10, 1810, the son of Thomas Ewell and Elizabeth Stoddert. He graduated from United States Military Academy and taught there. He taught at Hampden- Sydney College and at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University). In 1848, he was elected professor of mathematics and acting president of College of William and Mary and in 1854, became president. He was colonel of 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment and later assistant adjutant-general to Joseph E. Johnston. He was president of William and Mary 1854-1888 and died in 1894. He was the brother of Richard Stoddert Ewell, had another brother, William Stoddert, a sister Elizabeth S. Ewell, and a daughter, Elizabeth S. Ewell Scott."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe original finding aid references \"Photographs of pages from the Ewell Family Bible\"; however, these were not located with the collection as of April 11, 2018. Karen King, SCRC Staff.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Custodial History"],"custodhist_tesim":["The original finding aid references \"Photographs of pages from the Ewell Family Bible\"; however, these were not located with the collection as of April 11, 2018. Karen King, SCRC Staff."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAdditional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00084.frame\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["General"],"odd_tesim":["Additional information may be found at http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaead/published/wm/viw00084.frame"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAcc. 2011.020 added by Benjamin Bromley in January 2011.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Acc. 2011.020 added by Benjamin Bromley in January 2011."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBenjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers in the Swem Library Special Collections' University Archives section (UA 2.06). See also a report (entitled 'diary') of B. S. Ewell, April-August 1864 (Box 5, Vol. 5) in the Joseph E. Johnston Papers for a discussion of Williamsburg during the War.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAt the York County Heritage Trust:\n\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eFolder 13416\u003c/emph\u003e: Letter from George Hay Kain to Isabel Small, September  11, 1950 and September 14, 1950; reply from Isabel Small to George Kain, September 12, 1957 (Information on McIlwaine family residence location in York and recollections of Gen. Jubal Early's visit to the family at request of Gen. Richard Ewell, Julia's brother-in-law). \u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003e-On  microfilm\u003c/emph\u003e: \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Republican \u003c/emph\u003enewspaper, April 17, 1839, marriage announcement of Benjamin S. Ewell to Julia Ann McIwaine, April 16, 1839; also bound\u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e Marriage Index to York Newspapers 1783-1850 \u003c/emph\u003eentry. -\u003cemph render=\"underline\"\u003eFolder 19684\u003c/emph\u003e, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Jere Kere Carl Scrap Book\u003c/emph\u003e, Vol. 19, pg. 160, obituary of Mrs. Julia Ewell.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers in the Swem Library Special Collections' University Archives section (UA 2.06). See also a report (entitled 'diary') of B. S. Ewell, April-August 1864 (Box 5, Vol. 5) in the Joseph E. Johnston Papers for a discussion of Williamsburg during the War.","At the York County Heritage Trust:\nFolder 13416: Letter from George Hay Kain to Isabel Small, September  11, 1950 and September 14, 1950; reply from Isabel Small to George Kain, September 12, 1957 (Information on McIlwaine family residence location in York and recollections of Gen. Jubal Early's visit to the family at request of Gen. Richard Ewell, Julia's brother-in-law). -On  microfilm: The Republican newspaper, April 17, 1839, marriage announcement of Benjamin S. Ewell to Julia Ann McIwaine, April 16, 1839; also bound Marriage Index to York Newspapers 1783-1850 entry. -Folder 19684, The Jere Kere Carl Scrap Book, Vol. 19, pg. 160, obituary of Mrs. Julia Ewell."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains materials dated 1784-1934. It includes correspondence, legal papers, and accounts, chiefly 1830-1892, of Benjamin S. Ewell, professor at the U.S. Military Academy, Hampden-Sydney College, Washington and Lee College, and the College of William and Mary (which he served as acting president, 1848-1849, and president, 1854-1888). Letters from Ewell during the Civil War when he was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston are included as well. Among the correspondents are members of the Tyler, Ewell, Campbell, and Brown families of Virginia and Tennessee. The collection also contains the memorandum book on the Ewell family by Elizabeth S. Ewell.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains materials dated 1784-1934. It includes correspondence, legal papers, and accounts, chiefly 1830-1892, of Benjamin S. Ewell, professor at the U.S. Military Academy, Hampden-Sydney College, Washington and Lee College, and the College of William and Mary (which he served as acting president, 1848-1849, and president, 1854-1888). Letters from Ewell during the Civil War when he was assistant adjutant-general to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston are included as well. Among the correspondents are members of the Tyler, Ewell, Campbell, and Brown families of Virginia and Tennessee. The collection also contains the memorandum book on the Ewell family by Elizabeth S. Ewell."],"separatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThe following letters and papers were originally included in the Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, but have been removed:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from 'V. Jefferson Davis' (Varina Davis) at Beauvoir House, Beauvoir, Mississippi, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1890 January 25. This letter acknowledges receipt of the resolutions passed by the citizens of Williamsburg and James City County on the death of Jefferson Davis. This item has been transferred to the Jefferson Davis Papers. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Sallie Munford at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth Ewell. 1865 May 16. This item has been transferred to Virginia Cities - Williamsburg Papers (Folder 3). \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMason family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eNeale family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePhotograph of Malachi Gardner, carriage driver of Benjamin S. Ewell. Undated. As of 5/2016, this item has been transferred to the Portrait File: University Archives Photograph Collection, F and S, Gardiner, Malachi. 2 copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eThe letters below were transferred to the William and Mary College Papers (College Papers Collecton) or the Office of the President, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Records:\u003c/emph\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Robert Nelson at Shanghai, China, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1873 November 10. This item has been transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 139.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from F. N. Page at Shelby, Gloucester County, Virginia, to Professor Benjamin S. Ewell. 1849 April 18. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from Charles F. Richardson at New York, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell. 1877 March 9. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eAn act to establish a normal school at William and Mary College. 1888 March 19.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eResolution of the alumni association of William and Mary College, upon the death of Benjamin S. Ewell. 1894 October 1. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwo pages from a report of Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 17 of a report by Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated. The report includes a quotation from an address by former president John Tyler to the alumni of William and Mary on the 166th Anniversary. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePage 19 of a paper concerning the establishment of a normal college. Undated. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePrinted card containing information about William and Mary College. Undated. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBlack certificate of proficiency. College of William and Mary Papers. Undated. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBraxton (Corbin) to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Buckland, Prince William County, Virginia Postmarked Richmond, Virginia, 1848 July 24 \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBurgess (B.J.), at Wilmington, North Carolina, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1878 November 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCraik (James), at Louisville, Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1876 September 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDavies (Charles), at New York, to John Tyler, 1848 April 27. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEwell (Benjamin S.), at Washington, D.C., to Charles W. Porter, 1872 February 16\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEwell (Elizabeth) to Richard Ewell, 1858 July 9. (See William and Mary Papers, Folder 17, Item 3.)\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eEwell (Elizabeth) to William Stoddert, 1858 July 22\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eForest (Douglas F.), at Washington, D.C., to the President and Faculty of William and Mary College, 1879 March 26\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFulton (William), at Salisbury, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, 1872 July 29\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGilman (D. C.), at Baltimore, Maryland, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1887 May 28\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGriffin (J. L. C.), at Sharon, Mississippi, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1855 January 12\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrisby (Hugh Blair), at Charlotte Court House, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1868 January 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGrisby (Hugh Blair), at Edgehill, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1872 June 2\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHall (J. Lesslie), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Mrs. Beverly Scott, at Ewell, James City County, Virginia, 1902 February 7\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHobson (Annie J. W.), at Richmond, to Col. Ewell, 1877 September 29\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHoge (Addison), at Oxford, Mississippi, to Col. B. S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1888 May 18\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eHough (M.), at Baltimore, to Elizabeth Ewell, daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, 1859 February 9\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLee (J. F.), at Annapolis, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, 1868 January 23\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMcLane (Robert), at Washington, D.C., to John Tyler and the Board of Visitors of William and Mary College, Virginia, 1848 April 5. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 82, page 2, item 2m papers relating to the appointment of Benjamin S. Ewell to the chair of mathematics, 1848 April 5-27\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMeade (William), at Millwood, Clarke County, Virginia, to Professor Ewell, at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1849 March 18. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 99. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMunford (Maria), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth S. Ewell, 1859 October 30 \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMunford (Maria) to Elizabeth S. Ewell, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSmith (R. McF.), at Nashville, Tennessee, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Ewell, Virginia, 1892 October 3. Original letter was transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 127, page 5. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSweet (Drew), at Waynesville, Ohio, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1887 May 15\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTurner (Harriot S.), at Washington, D.C., to Dr. [?] Wise, undated\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTurner (Harriot S.) to Dr. Wise, undated \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWatkins (F. N.), at Hampden Sidney College, to the Visitors of the William and Mary University, 1848 April 7. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWest (Robert), at North East P.O., Cecil County, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1866 April 8\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eWyatt (Charles B.), at San Francisco, California, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1869 April 8\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from unknown person to Elizabeth Ewell, undated. Incomplete. Transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 120. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetter from R. McCandlish at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia. Forwarded to Buckland, Prince William County. 1848 July 15.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"separatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Separated Materials"],"separatedmaterial_tesim":["The following letters and papers were originally included in the Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Papers, but have been removed:","Letter from 'V. Jefferson Davis' (Varina Davis) at Beauvoir House, Beauvoir, Mississippi, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1890 January 25. This letter acknowledges receipt of the resolutions passed by the citizens of Williamsburg and James City County on the death of Jefferson Davis. This item has been transferred to the Jefferson Davis Papers.","Letter from Sallie Munford at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth Ewell. 1865 May 16. This item has been transferred to Virginia Cities - Williamsburg Papers (Folder 3).","Mason family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.","Neale family data, undated. Transferred to Virginia genealogy, Mss. 39.4 G29.","Photograph of Malachi Gardner, carriage driver of Benjamin S. Ewell. Undated. As of 5/2016, this item has been transferred to the Portrait File: University Archives Photograph Collection, F and S, Gardiner, Malachi. 2 copies.","The letters below were transferred to the William and Mary College Papers (College Papers Collecton) or the Office of the President, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell Records:","Letter from Robert Nelson at Shanghai, China, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia. 1873 November 10. This item has been transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 139.","Letter from F. N. Page at Shelby, Gloucester County, Virginia, to Professor Benjamin S. Ewell. 1849 April 18.","Letter from Charles F. Richardson at New York, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell. 1877 March 9.","An act to establish a normal school at William and Mary College. 1888 March 19.","Resolution of the alumni association of William and Mary College, upon the death of Benjamin S. Ewell. 1894 October 1.","Two pages from a report of Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated.","Page 17 of a report by Benjamin S. Ewell as president of William and Mary College. Undated. The report includes a quotation from an address by former president John Tyler to the alumni of William and Mary on the 166th Anniversary.","Page 19 of a paper concerning the establishment of a normal college. Undated.","Printed card containing information about William and Mary College. Undated.","Black certificate of proficiency. College of William and Mary Papers. Undated.","Braxton (Corbin) to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Buckland, Prince William County, Virginia Postmarked Richmond, Virginia, 1848 July 24","Burgess (B.J.), at Wilmington, North Carolina, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1878 November 2","Craik (James), at Louisville, Benjamin S. Ewell at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1876 September 2","Davies (Charles), at New York, to John Tyler, 1848 April 27. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.","Ewell (Benjamin S.), at Washington, D.C., to Charles W. Porter, 1872 February 16","Ewell (Elizabeth) to Richard Ewell, 1858 July 9. (See William and Mary Papers, Folder 17, Item 3.)","Ewell (Elizabeth) to William Stoddert, 1858 July 22","Forest (Douglas F.), at Washington, D.C., to the President and Faculty of William and Mary College, 1879 March 26","Fulton (William), at Salisbury, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, 1872 July 29","Gilman (D. C.), at Baltimore, Maryland, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1887 May 28","Griffin (J. L. C.), at Sharon, Mississippi, to President Benjamin S. Ewell, 1855 January 12","Grisby (Hugh Blair), at Charlotte Court House, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1868 January 2","Grisby (Hugh Blair), at Edgehill, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1872 June 2","Hall (J. Lesslie), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Mrs. Beverly Scott, at Ewell, James City County, Virginia, 1902 February 7","Hobson (Annie J. W.), at Richmond, to Col. Ewell, 1877 September 29","Hoge (Addison), at Oxford, Mississippi, to Col. B. S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1888 May 18","Hough (M.), at Baltimore, to Elizabeth Ewell, daughter of Benjamin S. Ewell, 1859 February 9","Lee (J. F.), at Annapolis, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, 1868 January 23","McLane (Robert), at Washington, D.C., to John Tyler and the Board of Visitors of William and Mary College, Virginia, 1848 April 5. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 82, page 2, item 2m papers relating to the appointment of Benjamin S. Ewell to the chair of mathematics, 1848 April 5-27","Meade (William), at Millwood, Clarke County, Virginia, to Professor Ewell, at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia, 1849 March 18. Transferred to William and Mary College Papers, folder 99.","Munford (Maria), at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Elizabeth S. Ewell, 1859 October 30","Munford (Maria) to Elizabeth S. Ewell, undated","Smith (R. McF.), at Nashville, Tennessee, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Ewell, Virginia, 1892 October 3. Original letter was transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 127, page 5.","Sweet (Drew), at Waynesville, Ohio, to Col. Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1887 May 15","Turner (Harriot S.), at Washington, D.C., to Dr. [?] Wise, undated","Turner (Harriot S.) to Dr. Wise, undated","Watkins (F. N.), at Hampden Sidney College, to the Visitors of the William and Mary University, 1848 April 7. Letter recommending Benjamin S. Ewell for a professorship.","West (Robert), at North East P.O., Cecil County, Maryland, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1866 April 8","Wyatt (Charles B.), at San Francisco, California, to Benjamin S. Ewell, at Williamsburg, Virginia, 1869 April 8","Letter from unknown person to Elizabeth Ewell, undated. Incomplete. Transferred to the William and Mary College Papers, folder 120.","Letter from R. McCandlish at Williamsburg, Virginia, to Benjamin S. Ewell at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia. Forwarded to Buckland, Prince William County. 1848 July 15."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Office of the President","College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President"],"names_coll_ssim":["College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President","Ewell family","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"famname_ssim":["Ewell family"],"persname_ssim":["Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Office of the President","College of William and Mary--Alumni and alumnae","College of William and Mary. Office of the President","Ewell family","Ewell, Benjamin Stoddert, 1810-1894","Ewell, Elizabeth S., 1814-"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1014,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:01:05.763Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_2023_c04_c01"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":386},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Fairfax County Public Library","value":"Fairfax County Public Library","hits":31},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Fairfax+County+Public+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":39},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":69},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":15},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":9},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Randolph-Macon College","value":"Randolph-Macon College","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Randolph-Macon+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Shenandoah County Library","value":"Shenandoah County Library","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Shenandoah+County+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":142},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A Calendar of The Jefferson Papers of the University of Virginia","value":"A Calendar of The Jefferson Papers of the University of Virginia","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A+Calendar+of+The+Jefferson+Papers+of+the+University+of+Virginia\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","value":"A.S. Hammack papers, 1864/1954","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.S.+Hammack+papers%2C+1864%2F1954\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ackerly Family Papers","value":"Ackerly Family Papers","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Ackerly+Family+Papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","value":"Adele Goodman Clark papers, 1849/1978","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Adele+Goodman+Clark+papers%2C+1849%2F1978\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alexander Brown Papers (I), 1815/1910","value":"Alexander Brown Papers (I), 1815/1910","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alexander+Brown+Papers+%28I%29%2C+1815%2F1910\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Black Family Reunion Digital Collection, 1937/2005","value":"Alexandria Black Family Reunion Digital Collection, 1937/2005","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Black+Family+Reunion+Digital+Collection%2C+1937%2F2005\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr. Papers \n 1868-1945","value":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr. Papers \n 1868-1945","hits":8},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C+Jr.+Papers+%0A+1868-1945\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred Dickinson Barksdale Papers \n 1893-1940","value":"Alfred Dickinson Barksdale Papers \n 1893-1940","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+Dickinson+Barksdale+Papers+%0A+1893-1940\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred Dickinson Barksdale Papers \n 1905-1973","value":"Alfred Dickinson Barksdale Papers \n 1905-1973","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+Dickinson+Barksdale+Papers+%0A+1905-1973\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred Spates Papers \n 1843-1909","value":"Alfred Spates Papers \n 1843-1909","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+Spates+Papers+%0A+1843-1909\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Allen Caperton Braxton Papers","value":"Allen Caperton Braxton Papers","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Allen+Caperton+Braxton+Papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"909","value":"909","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=909\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"910","value":"910","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=910\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"911","value":"911","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=911\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"912","value":"912","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=912\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"913","value":"913","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=913\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"914","value":"914","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=914\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"915","value":"915","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=915\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"916","value":"916","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=916\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"917","value":"917","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=917\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"918","value":"918","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=918\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"919","value":"919","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=919\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","value":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=A.+D.+Handy%2C+Stereopticons+and+Supplies+%28Boston%2C+Ma%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","value":"Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ames%2C+Anne+Carrington+Dwight%2C+1849-1904\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Detroit Publishing Co.","value":"Detroit Publishing Co.","hits":17},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Detroit+Publishing+Co.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","value":"Dodge, Harrison Howell, 1852-1937","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Dodge%2C+Harrison+Howell%2C+1852-1937\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","value":"Goldsborough, Eleanor Rogers, 1822-1906","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Goldsborough%2C+Eleanor+Rogers%2C+1822-1906\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Graham, Christine Blair, 1852-1915","value":"Graham, Christine Blair, 1852-1915","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Graham%2C+Christine+Blair%2C+1852-1915\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","value":"Ingersoll, T. W. (Truman Ward), 1862-1922","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ingersoll%2C+T.+W.+%28Truman+Ward%29%2C+1862-1922\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","value":"Johnston, Frances Benjamin, 1864-1952","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Johnston%2C+Frances+Benjamin%2C+1864-1952\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Leet Bros.","value":"Leet Bros.","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Leet+Bros.\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","value":"Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association+of+the+Union\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","value":"Singley,  B. L.  (Benjamin Lloyd)","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Singley%2C++B.+L.++%28Benjamin+Lloyd%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","value":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+D.+Handy%2C+Stereopticons+and+Supplies+%28Boston%2C+Ma%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.E. McEwen","value":"A.E. McEwen","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.E.+McEwen"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert B. Brady","value":"Albert B. Brady","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+B.+Brady"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","value":"Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Albert+and+Shirley+Small+Special+Collections+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett,\n                  Jr.","value":"Alfred C. Garnett,\n                  Jr.","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C%0A++++++++++++++++++Jr."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr.","value":"Alfred C. Garnett, Jr.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alfred+C.+Garnett%2C+Jr."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alice W. Saunders","value":"Alice W. Saunders","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Alice+W.+Saunders"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aline Bernstein","value":"Aline Bernstein","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aline+Bernstein"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ambrose Bierce","value":"Ambrose Bierce","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ambrose+Bierce"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","value":"Ames, Anne Carrington Dwight, 1849-1904","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Ames%2C+Anne+Carrington+Dwight%2C+1849-1904"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Andrew Varick Stout Anthony","value":"Andrew Varick Stout Anthony","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Andrew+Varick+Stout+Anthony"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Blue Room","value":"Blue Room","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Blue+Room"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bowling Green","value":"Bowling Green","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Bowling+Green"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bowling Green Entrance","value":"Bowling Green Entrance","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Bowling+Green+Entrance"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Bowling Green Gate","value":"Bowling Green Gate","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Bowling+Green+Gate"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Central Passage","value":"Central Passage","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Central+Passage"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Circle Storehouse","value":"Circle Storehouse","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Circle+Storehouse"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Circle Storehouse, Clerk's Quarters and Paint Cellar","value":"Circle Storehouse, Clerk's Quarters and Paint Cellar","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Circle+Storehouse%2C+Clerk%27s+Quarters+and+Paint+Cellar"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Coach House","value":"Coach House","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Coach+House"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Colonnades","value":"Colonnades","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Colonnades"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Dairy","value":"Dairy","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Dairy"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Deer park","value":"Deer park","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Deer+park"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alaska—History—1867-1959","value":"Alaska—History—1867-1959","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Alaska%E2%80%94History%E2%80%941867-1959\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alaska—Maps","value":"Alaska—Maps","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Alaska%E2%80%94Maps\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albumen prints","value":"Albumen prints","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Albumen+prints\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Armed Forces","value":"Armed Forces","hits":40},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Armed+Forces\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Black-and-white photographs","value":"Black-and-white photographs","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Black-and-white+photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Buddhism -- Thailand","value":"Buddhism -- Thailand","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Buddhism+--+Thailand\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Cabinet photographs","value":"Cabinet photographs","hits":13},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Cabinet+photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Calendars (documents)","value":"Calendars (documents)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Calendars+%28documents%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Card Photographs","value":"Card Photographs","hits":30},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Card+Photographs\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Commonplace books","value":"Commonplace books","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Commonplace+books\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Diseases","value":"Diseases","hits":6},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Diseases\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":12},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Item","value":"Item","hits":2189},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}