{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=24","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=23","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=25","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1898\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item\u0026page=219"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":24,"next_page":25,"prev_page":23,"total_pages":219,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":230,"total_count":2189,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01_c08","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger, 1893/1912","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01_c08#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01_c08","ref_ssm":["viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01_c08"],"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01_c08","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01","parent_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01","parent_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Business Records, 1868/1954"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_repositories_3_resources_509","viu_repositories_3_resources_509_c01"],"title_filing_ssi":"Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger","title_ssm":["Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger"],"title_tesim":["Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger, 1893/1912"],"text":["Board of Directors and Stockholders - Stock Ledger, 1893/1912","Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Business Records, 1868/1954","Ledger 8"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Business Records, 1868/1954"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","Business Records, 1868/1954"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1893/1912"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1893-1912"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":9,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"containers_ssim":["Ledger 8"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research use."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en"],"date_range_isim":[1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#7","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:54:12.250Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_509","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_509.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/447","title_filing_ssi":"Charlottesville Woolen Mills records","title_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records"],"title_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records"],"unitdate_ssm":["1868-1956"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1868-1956"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1868/1956"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"text":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956","MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509","Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)","The collection is open for research use.","This collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:","Business Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.","This series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Board of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers","Executive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence","Financial:\nLedgers 14-26","Superintendent:\nLedgers 27-71","Sales:\nLedgers 72-75","Labor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks","Production:\nLedgers 119-125","Legal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"","Series 2:","Miscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA.","The Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.","From the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"","The plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.","Charlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.","In 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Sources:","Maurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.","Delesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.","Dailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.","Gianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.","Britton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.","Poindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.","Daily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.","Sandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975.","Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.","This collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. It is divided into two series: Business Records and Miscellaneous. The first series, Business Records contains ledgers and business related paperwork, such as correspondence and legal documetns. The second series, Miscellaneous, contains the remaining artifacts and materials not directly associated with the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","A list of names located within this collection:\nMr. George R.B. Michie,\nMr. Edward Van Wagenen,\nMr. P.M. Greene,\nMr. John S. White,\nMr. Rigby,\nW. Erskine Buford,\nFred L. Watson,\nArchibald Lammey,\nHenry J. Wilkinson,\nGeorge W. Sommers,\nCharles H. Dickinson, Jr.,\nDonal G. Chester,\nGeorge T. Huff,\nAustin Kilham,\nClark E. Lindsay,\nDr. John R. Morris, Jr.,\nHerbert J. Smith, Jr.,\nDuryee Van Wagenen,\nH.A. Dinwiddie,\nL.T. Hankel,\nJohn H. Robinson","The tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.","\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"collection_ssim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills records, 1868/1956"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16353","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/509"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"creators_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The tin advert sign is in poor condition and should not be handled. The sign is housed in a box with a tray so that lifting the tray with its handles will negate any need for touching the item itself.","\"The library has not investigated the copyright status of these materials, and some or all may be protected by copyright. Users are responsible for making their own determinations about copyright status of these materials.\"","Please refer to:\nhttp://rightsstatements.org/page/CNE/1.0/?language=en"],"acqinfo_ssim":["Donated by the American Textile History Museum, 16 May 2017."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Industries -- Virginia","Textile industry","Wool fabrics","Textile workers","Supervisors, Industrial","Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["24.38 Cubic Feet 81 volumes,\n3 cubic foot boxes, \n4 document boxes,\n5 oversized flat boxes,\n4 oversized folders\n1 odd sized artifact box,\n2 artifacts"],"extent_tesim":["24.38 Cubic Feet 81 volumes,\n3 cubic foot boxes, \n4 document boxes,\n5 oversized flat boxes,\n4 oversized folders\n1 odd sized artifact box,\n2 artifacts"],"genreform_ssim":["Business records","Ledgers (account books)","Correspondence","Shop signs","Plats (maps)"],"date_range_isim":[1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBusiness Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBoard of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eExecutive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFinancial:\nLedgers 14-26\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSuperintendent:\nLedgers 27-71\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSales:\nLedgers 72-75\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLabor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eProduction:\nLedgers 119-125\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLegal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSeries 2:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["This collection is organized into two series: Business records and Miscellaenous materials. \nSeries 1:","Business Records, 1868-1956 (20.63 cubic feet). This series is arranged at the file and item level and chronologically. In order to maintain original order, the titles of each item begin with the names of the individual administrative departments to which they belong.\nBecause they all fall under the category of business records, one series by that name suffices for the purposes of this record.","This series contains 125 business ledgers that have been numbered sequentially, and other paperwork and material that directly related to the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills. This includes loose legal documents, correspondence, newspaper clipping, or materials from the ledgers themselves, all part of the greater business records of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Board of Directors and Stockholders:\nLedgers 1-12,\nLoose materials in minute books,\n\"Comparison of yearly earnings\",\nStock sales register, and\nLoose Materials in Stock Ledgers","Executive:\nLedger 13, and\nCorrespondence","Financial:\nLedgers 14-26","Superintendent:\nLedgers 27-71","Sales:\nLedgers 72-75","Labor:\nLedgers 76-118, and\nLoose materials in timebooks","Production:\nLedgers 119-125","Legal and Property:\nAbstract of title: Shadwell Dam, Virginia,\nTrademark patent,\nData re. Sale to C + O RR Co of Shadwell Property, and\nBlueprint of \"property to be acquired from Charlottesville woolen mills near Shadwell, VA\"","Series 2:","Miscellaneous, ~1913-1933 (3.75 cubic feet). This series is arranged first chronoligically according to the dates provided. The materials in this series vary from tools used in the factory to samples used for sales. The date range is a rough estimate based on what dates are provided. Some artifacts have no dates attributed to them and may have been created prior to 1913. The fabric samples dated from 1913 to 1933 are themselves arranged numerically according to their respective pattern numbers. The tin advert sign was made in Philadelphia, PA."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFrom the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCharlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eIn 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSources:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eMaurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDelesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eBritton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePoindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eDaily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Historical Note"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Charlottesville Woolen Mills factory was incorporated in 1868 by H.C. Marchant and was located in the southeastern part of Charlottesville, VA.","From the 1830s until it's seizure by the Confederate governement in 1861, the building operated as a combination wool, cotton, flour and lumber mill, and later also included a blacksmith's shop, corn mill, grist mill, plaster mill, and a store selling dry goods. During this time the land was sold a number of times until 1960, when the company was reorganized as the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, with John A. Marchant, his son. Henry Clay Marchant, John Wood, H. L. Anderson, T. J. Wertenbaker, and John C. Patterson operating a joint stock company. The textile plant provided wool uniforms for the soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War. A second reorganization in 1964 made Henry Clay Marchant the sole owner. Following the destruction of the mill during the Civil War and after the war had ended, the factory was rebuilt, and, on December 18, 1868, Charlottesville Woolen Mills was chartered \"for the manufacture, purchase and sale of woolen, cotton, silk and other fabrics ...\"","The plant went on to provide high quality textiles used by Brooks Brothers clothiers, uniforms for the cadets of West Point, and police officers in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles. At one point 90 percent of the country's military schools, including the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, purchased uniforms made here. Coffin makers in Atlanta and Burlington, N.C., also used the soft cloth to line caskets.","Charlottesvills Woolen Mills survived the Great Depression of the 1930s mainly because of its uniform contracts. It experienced its greatest prosperity manufacturing uniforms for soldiers during World War I and II. During the height of World War II a work force of about 400 people was producing 15,000 yards of uniform cloth a month.","In 1959 Charlottesville Woolen Mills was bought by Kent Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia. The introduction of synthetic fabrics in the late 1950s led to a decrease in demand for wool. In 1962 Kent Manufacturing Company dissolved the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.","Sources:","Maurer, David. \"Woolen Mills wove a tight community.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/woolen-mills-wove-a-tight-community/article_467a3534-5d1b-5f83-abdb-f1a170eb0396.html. 28 Aug. 2011.","Delesline, Nate. \"Historic Woolen Mills under contract for sale.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/historic-woolen-mills-under-contract-for-sale/article_7512bd70-b082-11e3-9f64-0017a43b2370.html. 20 March 2014.","Dailty Progress Staff. \"Labor dispute at Woolen Mills leads to worker strike.\" The Daily Progress, http://www.dailyprogress.com/125yearsofprogress/labor-dispute-at-woolen-mills-leads-to-worker-strike/article_49c5dff0-ec7d-11e6-9604-4f40db426882.html. 6 Feb. 2017.","Gianniny, Jr., Allan, Compiler. \"Charlottesville Woolen Mills Chronology.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/chronology.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2018.","Britton, Rick. \"The Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Clothing a Nation.\" Historic Woolen Mills, http://historicwoolenmills.org/Charlottesville.html. 2006.","Poindexter, Harry Edward. \"A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\" Thesis (M.A.), University of Virginia, 1955.","Daily Progress Staff. \"City's Oldest Industry is Regaining Health.\" The Daily Progress Charlottesville Bicentennial Edition, vol. 72, no. 89, 1962, p. 58.","Sandbeck, Peter. A History of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.Nichols Student Papers, University of Virginia School of Architecture, 1975."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16353 Charlottesville Woolen Mills Records, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16353 Charlottesville Woolen Mills Records, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCharlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. It is divided into two series: Business Records and Miscellaneous. The first series, Business Records contains ledgers and business related paperwork, such as correspondence and legal documetns. The second series, Miscellaneous, contains the remaining artifacts and materials not directly associated with the business dealings of the Charlottesville Woolen Mills.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eA list of names located within this collection:\nMr. George R.B. Michie,\nMr. Edward Van Wagenen,\nMr. P.M. Greene,\nMr. John S. White,\nMr. Rigby,\nW. Erskine Buford,\nFred L. Watson,\nArchibald Lammey,\nHenry J. Wilkinson,\nGeorge W. Sommers,\nCharles H. Dickinson, Jr.,\nDonal G. Chester,\nGeorge T. Huff,\nAustin Kilham,\nClark E. Lindsay,\nDr. John R. Morris, Jr.,\nHerbert J. Smith, Jr.,\nDuryee Van Wagenen,\nH.A. Dinwiddie,\nL.T. Hankel,\nJohn H. Robinson\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Charlottesville Woolen Mills, Charlottesville, VA. \nBusiness records, 1868-1956. Incorporated 1868 by H.C. Marchant; operated until 1962.","This collection is comprised of ledgers, papers, artifacts, a map, and a panoramic photograph. 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For more information, please see the Permissions and Copyright page on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: West Virginia \u0026 Regional History Center","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Clarksburg 50-Year Club","Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- )","West Virginia Historical Society","West Virginia Wesleyan College","Harmer family","Harmer, Harvey W. (Harvey Walker), 1865-1961","Smith, Edward Grandison","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Harvey W. Harmer (1865-1961) Papers, 1842/1961"],"collection_ssim":["Harvey W. 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(4 document cases, 5 in. each)"],"date_range_isim":[1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Harvey W. 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The first Board meeting was held in May 1839 and it has operated continuously since that time."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis sub-group comprises the official public minutes of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors. The first meeting of the Board was held in May 1839. A significant portion of historical minutes have been digitized and are available online, including those for the Civil War era. Modern minutes (from 1982-forward) are also available online.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This sub-group comprises the official public minutes of the Virginia Military Institute Board of Visitors. The first meeting of the Board was held in May 1839. A significant portion of historical minutes have been digitized and are available online, including those for the Civil War era. 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Board of Visitors"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":35,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:37:30.860Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxv_repositories_3_resources_701_c07"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c680","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Bobson \u0026 Boyulon, 1893/1899","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c680#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02_c680","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c02_c680"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c680","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Bobson \u0026 Boyulon","title_ssm":["Bobson \u0026 Boyulon"],"title_tesim":["Bobson \u0026 Boyulon"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bobson \u0026 Boyulon, 1893/1899"],"text":["Bobson \u0026 Boyulon, 1893/1899","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records","box Box 82"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1893/1899"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1893 -1899"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":864,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 82"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#679","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","662","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.","By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eMembers of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFrom the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eInsofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAvailable in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aid"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["Some 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.","Members of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.","From the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"","Insofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.","Available in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.","Researchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c680"}},{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Bond book, 1897/1947","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01","ref_ssm":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01"],"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","parent_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","parent_ssim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630"],"title_filing_ssi":"Bond book","title_ssm":["Bond book"],"title_tesim":["Bond book"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Bond book, 1897/1947"],"text":["Bond book, 1897/1947","Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947","box 1"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1897/1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1897-1947"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[1],"sort_isi":1,"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"containers_ssim":["box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["The collection is open for research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"date_range_isim":[1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947],"_nest_path_":"/components#0","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:30:59.961Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","ead_ssi":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","_root_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","_nest_parent_":"viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2630.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book","title_ssm":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book"],"title_tesim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book"],"unitdate_ssm":["1897-1947"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1897-1947"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1897/1947"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"text":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947","Ms.2010.077","Railroad","The collection is open for research.","The Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway was established through a reorganization of the bankrupt Norfolk and Western Railroad in 1896, the latter company itself having arisen from the Atlantic, Mississippi \u0026 Ohio Railroad, a successor to the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. In order to raise capital to pay off debt, meet its payroll and other obligations, and make continued improvements to the line, the new company issued $23 million in preferred stock, $66 million in common stock, and $62.5 million gold bonds paying four percent, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York.","Through expansion and various mergers, the N\u0026W grew to become a major U.S. carrier, serving 14 states. The company manufactured steam locomotives at its own Roanoke Machine Works (established in Roanoke, Virginia in 1882), and among the railroad's affiliated holdings were several hotels. In 1982, the N\u0026W combined with the Southern Railway to form Norfolk Southern Corporation.","The guide to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/).","The processing and description of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book commenced and was completed in October 2010.","The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book comprised part of a larger railroad-related collection purchased by Special Collections in 2009. The remainder of the acquisition of which this volume was a part was divided among the following collections:","Chapman J. French Papers, Ms2009-034","Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection, Ms2009-037","Norfolk and Western Railroad Accounting Ledgers, Ms2010-075","Wayne Perkins Collection, Ms2010-078","The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a single ledger volume bearing the title \"Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway Co. Transfer Book No. 1 Register \u0026 Ledger: Coupon First Consolidated Mortgage Four Per Cent Gold Bonds.\" The volume is dedicated to the sale and transfer of the company's gold bonds, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York.","The ledger is divided into several sections. The first section consists of a register of sales and transfers of coupon bonds--arranged in chronological order--bearing the names of purchasers, the numbers of the individual bonds purchased, and the dates of purchase in chronological order. Also affixed in this section are correspondence and legal documents relating to the transfer of indivdidual bonds. The second section appears to be an abstract of the first, listing in chronological order the date of purchase, name and residence of bondholder, amount paid for each bond, and date of transfer. The third section consists of an accounting record, providing dates, descriptions and amounts of transactions. The final section is arranged by name of bondholder and includes dates and amounts of bond transfers.","The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.","The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a ledger containing register of sales and transfers of the company's mortgage bonds, including names of purchasers with dates and bond numbers purchased.","Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)","The materials in the collection are in English."],"collection_title_tesim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"collection_ssim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, 1897/1947"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Ms.2010.077"],"unitid_tesim":["Ms.2010.077"],"repository_ssm":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"repository_ssim":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"creator_ssm":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"creator_ssim":["Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"creators_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"access_terms_ssm":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"acqinfo_ssim":["The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book comprised part of a larger railroad-related collection purchased by Special Collections in 2009. The remainder of the acquisition of which this volume was a part was divided among the Chapman J. French Papers (Ms2009-034), the Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection (Ms2009-037), the Norfolk and Western Railroad Account Ledgers (Ms2010-075), and the Wayne Perkins Collection (Ms2009-078)."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Railroad"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Railroad"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"extent_tesim":["1 Cubic Feet 1 box"],"date_range_isim":[1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway was established through a reorganization of the bankrupt Norfolk and Western Railroad in 1896, the latter company itself having arisen from the Atlantic, Mississippi \u0026amp; Ohio Railroad, a successor to the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. In order to raise capital to pay off debt, meet its payroll and other obligations, and make continued improvements to the line, the new company issued $23 million in preferred stock, $66 million in common stock, and $62.5 million gold bonds paying four percent, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York.  \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThrough expansion and various mergers, the N\u0026amp;W grew to become a major U.S. carrier, serving 14 states. The company manufactured steam locomotives at its own Roanoke Machine Works (established in Roanoke, Virginia in 1882), and among the railroad's affiliated holdings were several hotels. In 1982, the N\u0026amp;W combined with the Southern Railway to form Norfolk Southern Corporation.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Administrative History"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway was established through a reorganization of the bankrupt Norfolk and Western Railroad in 1896, the latter company itself having arisen from the Atlantic, Mississippi \u0026 Ohio Railroad, a successor to the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad. In order to raise capital to pay off debt, meet its payroll and other obligations, and make continued improvements to the line, the new company issued $23 million in preferred stock, $66 million in common stock, and $62.5 million gold bonds paying four percent, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York.","Through expansion and various mergers, the N\u0026W grew to become a major U.S. carrier, serving 14 states. The company manufactured steam locomotives at its own Roanoke Machine Works (established in Roanoke, Virginia in 1882), and among the railroad's affiliated holdings were several hotels. In 1982, the N\u0026W combined with the Southern Railway to form Norfolk Southern Corporation."],"odd_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe guide to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (\u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\"\u003ehttps://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e  "],"odd_heading_ssm":["Rights Statement for Archival Description"],"odd_tesim":["The guide to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book by Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, is licensed under a CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, Ms2010-077, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Researchers wishing to cite this collection should include the following information: [identification of item], [box], [folder], Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book, Ms2010-077, Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe processing and description of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book commenced and was completed in October 2010.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["The processing and description of the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book commenced and was completed in October 2010."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book comprised part of a larger railroad-related collection purchased by Special Collections in 2009. The remainder of the acquisition of which this volume was a part was divided among the following collections:\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_3169.xml\"\u003eChapman J. French Papers, Ms2009-034\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2456.xml\"\u003eNorfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection, Ms2009-037\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2628.xml\"\u003eNorfolk and Western Railroad Accounting Ledgers, Ms2010-075\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/VT/repositories_2_resources_2631.xml\"\u003eWayne Perkins Collection, Ms2010-078\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Archival Materials"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book comprised part of a larger railroad-related collection purchased by Special Collections in 2009. The remainder of the acquisition of which this volume was a part was divided among the following collections:","Chapman J. French Papers, Ms2009-034","Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway and Associated Companies Collection, Ms2009-037","Norfolk and Western Railroad Accounting Ledgers, Ms2010-075","Wayne Perkins Collection, Ms2010-078"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a single ledger volume bearing the title \"Norfolk \u0026amp; Western Railway Co. Transfer Book No. 1 Register \u0026amp; Ledger: Coupon First Consolidated Mortgage Four Per Cent Gold Bonds.\" The volume is dedicated to the sale and transfer of the company's gold bonds, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThe ledger is divided into several sections. The first section consists of a register of sales and transfers of coupon bonds--arranged in chronological order--bearing the names of purchasers, the numbers of the individual bonds purchased, and the dates of purchase in chronological order. Also affixed in this section are correspondence and legal documents relating to the transfer of indivdidual bonds. The second section appears to be an abstract of the first, listing in chronological order the date of purchase, name and residence of bondholder, amount paid for each bond, and date of transfer. The third section consists of an accounting record, providing dates, descriptions and amounts of transactions. The final section is arranged by name of bondholder and includes dates and amounts of bond transfers.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a single ledger volume bearing the title \"Norfolk \u0026 Western Railway Co. Transfer Book No. 1 Register \u0026 Ledger: Coupon First Consolidated Mortgage Four Per Cent Gold Bonds.\" The volume is dedicated to the sale and transfer of the company's gold bonds, secured through a consolidated mortgage to the Mercantile Trust Company of New York.","The ledger is divided into several sections. The first section consists of a register of sales and transfers of coupon bonds--arranged in chronological order--bearing the names of purchasers, the numbers of the individual bonds purchased, and the dates of purchase in chronological order. Also affixed in this section are correspondence and legal documents relating to the transfer of indivdidual bonds. The second section appears to be an abstract of the first, listing in chronological order the date of purchase, name and residence of bondholder, amount paid for each bond, and date of transfer. The third section consists of an accounting record, providing dates, descriptions and amounts of transactions. The final section is arranged by name of bondholder and includes dates and amounts of bond transfers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials. \u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eReproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuareproduction\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuareproduction\u003c/a\u003e. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/scuapublication\"\u003ehttp://bit.ly/scuapublication\u003c/a\u003e. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Reproduction and Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The copyright status of this collection is unknown. Copyright restrictions may apply. Contact Special Collections and University Archives for assistance in determining the use of these materials.","Reproduction or digitization of materials for personal or research use can be requested using our reproduction/digitization form: http://bit.ly/scuareproduction. Reproduction or digitization of materials for publication or exhibit use can be requested using our publication/exhibition form: http://bit.ly/scuapublication. Please contact Special Collections and University Archives (specref@vt.edu or 540-231-6308) if you need assistance with forms or to submit a completed form."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_e98fac67a2bd3a478e286a510fcd6454\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eThe Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a ledger containing register of sales and transfers of the company's mortgage bonds, including names of purchasers with dates and bond numbers purchased.\u003c/abstract\u003e\n    "],"abstract_tesim":["The Norfolk and Western Railway Company Mortgage Bond Book consists of a ledger containing register of sales and transfers of the company's mortgage bonds, including names of purchasers with dates and bond numbers purchased."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections and University Archives, Virginia Tech","Norfolk and Western Railway Company (1896-1982)"],"language_ssim":["The materials in the collection are in English."],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:30:59.961Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viblbv_repositories_2_resources_2630_c01"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Boocock, Miriam (Duke), 1894/1939","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04","ref_ssm":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04"],"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05","parent_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05","parent_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01","viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05"],"title_filing_ssi":"Boocock, Miriam (Duke)","title_ssm":["Boocock, Miriam (Duke)"],"title_tesim":["Boocock, Miriam (Duke)"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Boocock, Miriam (Duke), 1894/1939"],"text":["Boocock, Miriam (Duke), 1894/1939","Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo","Box 1","Folder 5","Includes photographs."],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Series 1: Biographical Sketches of Women","Biographical Material, Bo"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1894/1939"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1894-1939"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":50,"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"containers_ssim":["Box 1","Folder 5"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"date_range_isim":[1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes photographs.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes photographs."],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#4/components#3","timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:05:11.969Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_9298","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_9298.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Tyler Family Papers, Group D","title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D"],"unitdate_ssm":["1939-1951"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1939-1951"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1939/1951"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"text":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951","Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298","Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)","Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility.","Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.","See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.","Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"collection_ssim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, 1939/1951"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"unitid_tesim":["Mss. 65 T97 Group D","/repositories/2/resources/9298"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Tyler Family"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"creators_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953","Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"acqinfo_ssim":["W\u0026amp;M Special Collections Research Center began acquiring and collecting Tyler family papers in 1922 and the collection has grown considerably since. The vast majority of this collection was donated by generous family and friends of the Tyler family between 1922 and 2002, with the bulk of the collection being donated to in 1949 by Mrs. Sue Ruffin Tyler and in 1955 by the children of Lyon G. Tyler. Some materials in this collection were purchased by W\u0026M Libraries, Special Collections Research Center."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Women--History--Virginia","Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["14.00 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Manuscripts (document genre)"],"date_range_isim":[1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026amp; Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Manuscripts and Rare Books Librarian, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the William \u0026 Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Sue Ruffin Tyler was a scholar and wife of Lyon Gardiner Tyler, son of US President John Tyler."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eTyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026amp; Mary Libraries\u003c/p\u003e  "],"prefercite_tesim":["Tyler Family Papers, Group D, Special Collections Research Center, William \u0026 Mary Libraries"],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related Materials:"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["See also Tyler Family Papers, Groups A-C, E-H, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Women of Virginia\u003c/emph\u003e. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published.\u003c/p\u003e  "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Papers, 1939-1951, of Sue Ruffin Tyler concerning a projected work, The Women of Virginia. Includes biographical sketches of women, correspondence with women who had sent sketches and were subscribers, and correspondence of Robert Hendrix who collected money from the subscribers but was unable to publish the book. Sue Ruffin Tyler contracted to write the historical material for a book on women in Virginia, to have been entitled The Women of Virginia. Living women were to submit sketches of themselves and their organizations and to subscribe to the volume. The volume was never published."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"famname_ssim":["Tyler Family","Tyler family"],"names_coll_ssim":["Tyler family"],"persname_ssim":["Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Tyler Family","Tyler family","Tyler, Sue Ruffin, 1889-1953"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":678,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T23:05:11.969Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_9298_c01_c05_c04"}},{"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c1631","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n Books, 1885/1917","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c1631#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02_c1631","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00917_c02_c1631"],"id":"viu_viu00917_c02_c1631","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00917_c02","parent_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00917","viu_viu00917_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n                  Books","title_ssm":["Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n Books"],"title_tesim":["Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n Books"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n Books, 1885/1917"],"text":["Book Ledger and Monthly Time\n Books, 1885/1917","Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records","box Box 244"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","Records"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1885/1917"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1885 -1888, 1917"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":1815,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"containers_ssim":["box Box 244"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917],"_nest_path_":"/components#1/components#1630","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00917","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00917","_root_":"viu_viu00917","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00917","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00917.xml","title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"text":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927","662","95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes","Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections.","The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.","The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.","The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.","By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.","The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"collection_ssim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company \n 1873-1927"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["662"],"unitid_tesim":["662"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Green Bookman in\n            1939."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["95 linear feer + 1200\n         volumes"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eStored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections. \n\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Stored off-site. Users must request boxes 48 hours in advance of desired use. Neither drop-in nor next-day requests can be fulfilled. For additional information, contact Special Collections."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eAs noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThese steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eSome consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eA certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Organization"],"arrangement_tesim":["The word \"organization\" is used here with considerable\n         diffidence, for any researcher studying the container list\n         that follows will realize quickly that there is no\n         organization in the usual sense of the word.","As noted under \"Provenance,\" the Low Moor Iron Company\n         papers were subjected to a number of moves; when processing\n         began in the fall of 1976, no discernible scheme of\n         organization could be determined.","The first step was to review the series of coded numbers\n         placed on the bundles of papers before they were moved to\n         the dormitory attic, but these did not provide any sort of\n         useful organization. Next, the spine titles of the original\n         letter boxes were reviewed (they had been copied onto the\n         gray cardboard sheets before the move to the dormitory\n         attic), but they, too, proved useless.","These steps having provided no scheme, and after a\n         considerable hiatus due to a turnover in student processors\n         on the collection, the new student processors were\n         instructed to begin a box-by-box inventory of the contents\n         of the collection. During this inventory, old folders were\n         replaced with acid-free ones, and the original folder\n         headings were copied onto the new ones. Some removal of\n         paper clips was accomplished, and the materials were\n         reviewed and notes taken for the guide.","Some consolidation of materials was accomplished, and in\n         other cases, materials were moved. This work has created\n         some problems in the numbering of the boxes. Thus, the\n         researchers will find boxes marked \"6A\" and \"23C\"; he will\n         also discover that certain box numbers have been entirely\n         omitted. As the box numbers exist only to aid in the\n         location of material, it was not felt that the unusual\n         numbers and the omissions would cause problems in working\n         with the papers.","A certain amount of movement of boxes within the\n         collection, and of materials among boxes, probably would\n         ease use of it. But what processing was accomplished on\n         this project took far longer than had been anticipated, and\n         there was no time in the late spring of 1978, when the\n         processors had to complete their work with the project, to\n         undertake a mass movement of material. Thus, they stand in\n         the order in which we found them at the beginning of the\n         project."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eCoal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026amp; O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026amp; O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         \u003cblockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo Mr. George Wickes \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eSupt. of Mines \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eKay Moor, Virginia \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDear George, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eTony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSigned, \n            \u003clb\u003e\u003c/lb\u003eEd D. Wickes Supt. of Mines\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003eLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhen America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eWhy did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eManufacturers Record\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003edated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eLow Moor Iron Company Personnel:\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eExecutive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFactory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company, the first producer of pig\n         iron in Virginia according to the company's claims, was a\n         self-contained manufacturing unit producing from its own\n         mines the coal, limestone, and iron ore needed for its iron\n         production. Located in Low Moor near Clifton Forge in\n         Alleghany County in western Virginia, an area rich in\n         mineral deposits, the company was in operation from\n         1872-1930, producing only pig iron; it never attempted to\n         produce finished iron products.","Coal came to the Low Moor furnaces from the Kay Moor\n         Mines at Kay Moor, West Virginia, about thirty miles from\n         Low Moor; limestone was produced from the Low Moor\n         limestone quarries; and iron ore came from the Fenwick,\n         Dolly Ann, Jordan, Rich Patch, Low Moor, and Longdale\n         Mines, most of them within twenty miles of Low Moor at\n         Covington or Clifton Forge.","The towns of Low Moor and Kay Moor were company towns in\n         every respect. Workers lived in company-owned houses,\n         bought food in company stores, worshiped at the company\n         church, saw movies in the company theater, were treated in\n         the company hospital, and were buried in the company\n         cemetery. Workers received part of their pay in scrip that\n         they exchanged for goods and services. According to a\n         statement from the Kay Moor Mines dated November 1904, Kay\n         Moor then employed 338 people, paid them an average wage of\n         $36.26 per month, and issued half of their pay in scrip.\n         Kay Moor had four stores; Low Moor had seven or eight. All\n         of these stores carried large inventories which are\n         detailed in the collection. These inventories are valuable\n         to anyone interested in determining the wants and needs of\n         a coal miner and his family.","In the late 1910's and 1920's Kay Moor had a company\n         theater called the Azure Theater which seated about 300\n         people. There were also plans for a company-owned social\n         center, to have pool tables, a soda fountain, and\n         provisions for dancing and skating. The company was in\n         tough economic straits by the 1920's, however, and there is\n         no evidence that the social center was built. The town of\n         Low Moor was so completely under the company's influence\n         that one of Low Moor Iron Company's assistant managers\n         served as the town sheriff. He often foreclosed on people\n         who did not pay their debts, and drove troublesome people\n         \"out of town on a rail\" as he put it.","The Low Moor Iron Company's fortunes fluctuated during\n         the various business cycles between the years 1880-1930.\n         Low Moor was one of the larger pig iron producers in\n         Virginia, but Virginia pig iron production was not\n         important nationally. Low Moor officials sometimes sold\n         their product themselves, but more often they used agents,\n         the prevalent method at the time. Low Moor Iron Company\n         used a variety of agents through the 1900's. James F. Bryan\n         acted as the exclusive agent for the sale of Kay Moor Coal\n         from September 21, 1903 to September, 1905. From about 1890\n         until about 1910 Dalton Nash and Company were the exclusive\n         eastern agents of Low Moor Iron. After that time the\n         exclusive agency went to Philips Isham and Company located\n         in New York. From about 1890 the western agency was handled\n         chiefly by Thomas Mack and Company. After 1902 Thomas Mack\n         and Company underwent a name change, becoming Walter\n         Wallingford and Company, with offices located in\n         Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Chicago.","Perhaps the Low Moor Iron Company's biggest problem over\n         the years was obtaining railroad cars for the\n         transportation of its finished product. Low Moor Iron\n         Company had its own cars for transporting its raw materials\n         among its various facilities. For the long haul necessary\n         for its finished goods, however, it depended upon the\n         services of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and the\n         relationship was not always a happy one. The Low Moor\n         Company complained many times to the C \u0026 O Railroad\n         about the discrepancies between long-and shorthaul freight\n         rates. Low Moor also had trouble getting cars from the C\n         \u0026 O. In a letter to one of Low Moor Company's agents\n         from an irate customer dated 1898, the customer wrote: \"We\n         wrote you on Saturday and endeavored to question upon your\n         mind the necessity of taking care of us with Low Moor iron.\n         We are on our uppers--there is not a pound of Low Moor iron\n         in the yard. Of the one hundred tons ordered some time ago,\n         not one pound of it has been received.\" This was, according\n         to the Low Moor Iron Company, because they could not get\n         the railroad cars. In a letter from Thomas Mack and Company\n         dated November 26, 1901, to General Manager E. C. Means:\n         \"We are hopeful that the car supply will get better because\n         of the number of orders you have of ours for prompt\n         shipment. Our customers are complaining that they are not\n         getting the iron fast enough. . . . We hope that the\n         railroad will be able to supply you with empty cars.\" In\n         another letter dated 1916 to John B. Guernsey, then acting\n         General Manager of the Low Moor Iron Company, \"We were not\n         supplied with coke cars for today's loading, and\n         consequently we have been practically down of Kay Moor\n         ovens all day.\"","The problem of procuring labor also plagued the Low Moor\n         Company. The company sometimes tried to hire immigrant\n         laborers and send the men directly to Low Moor from New\n         York City. There were problems with this, as is explained\n         in the following letter dated April 7, 1906: \n         To Mr. George Wickes \n            Supt. of Mines \n            Kay Moor, Virginia \n            Dear George, \n            Tony arrived with twenty one men last night. One\n            got away in Jersey two in Washington D.C., four in\n            Charlottesville. Some of the men are very good looking,\n            but taken as a whole they are the worst lot I have ever\n            seen: Irish, German-Jews, and Italians. . . . Our New\n            York transportations to this place have never been a\n            success.Signed, \n            Ed D. Wickes Supt. of MinesLow Moor usually employed labor agencies, one\n         of which was Atwood's Employment Agency. Often the Low Moor\n         Company would request certain nationalities, believing them\n         to be better workers than others. Sometimes the company\n         would request a gang of twenty made up of \"ten Greeks and\n         ten Italians.\" Many of the immigrants fled Low Moor and Kay\n         Moor when they learned that they would have to work\n         underground. There is a fair amount of material on\n         immigrant labor and its procurement in the collection, and\n         it is noted in the description of the box contents.","Low Moor Iron Company not only had trouble procuring\n         labor, but it also had trouble with labor already employed\n         in the mines and at the factory. Labor dissension and\n         strikes troubled the Kay Moor Mines through the 1900's. The\n         great coal strike of 1902 hurt the Low Moor Company's coal\n         mining operation, but by 1903 things were \"nearly back to\n         normal\" according to the mine superintendent. There was\n         still trouble at Kay Moor Mines, however. In a letter dated\n         April 26, 1906, to the treasurer of Low Moor Company, the\n         manager of the mines wrote about the trouble in \"trying to\n         get the agitators out.\" The mines were seventy-five men\n         short of the total labor force needed because many of the\n         coal miners returned to their farms during the spring.\n         There were rumblings of another strike at Kay Moor, the\n         result of which was to be a fourteen percent increase in\n         wages for the Kay Moor Mine workers via an agreement with\n         the United Mine Workers Union in December.","The Low Moor Iron Company grew along with the rest of\n         Virginia industry in the 1890's and 1900's. Starting with\n         only one furnace in the 1870's, it opened a second furnace\n         at Covington, Virginia, in 1891. In 1911 it opened a third\n         furnace, this time at Low Moor. Covington, with its heavy\n         industry, soon became known as the \"Pittsburgh of\n         Virginia.\" Virginia's pig iron production rose from 9,000\n         short tons in 1870 to 544,034 long tons in 1903. Judging\n         from the Low Moor Company's correspondence, the most\n         prosperous period for the company fell between the years\n         1895-1907. In the years between 1907-1917 problems befell\n         the Virginia pig iron industry. In a letter from William W.\n         Hearns, the president of the Virginia based Princess Pig\n         Iron Company, to U. S. Senator Thomas S. Martin, Hearns\n         writes of the problems of the Virginia pig iron industry:\n         \"There is not a blast furnace in Virginia that is making\n         any money from the manufacture of pig iron. The cause of\n         this is there is an exceedingly low price on pig iron in\n         the country at the present time, and the increased cost of\n         manufacturing is due to the increase in wages in all\n         lines.\" With the outbreak of World War I prices rose\n         dramatically, but in a market report to Low Moor dated\n         November 11, 1916, it was stated that: \"In spite of the\n         high prices, it is not a picnic to be in the iron industry.\n         There is a desperate shortage of cars and equipment in the\n         coal and iron districts, and in consequence there are\n         troubles of all kinds to get materials shipped. The\n         situation has grown serious.\"","When America became involved in the First World War, it\n         meant a boost for the Low Moor Iron Company. The government\n         helped it procure labor, and even helped it repair its\n         furnaces. The problem of supplies and cars for their\n         shipments, however, plagued the company more than ever. It\n         had a good deal of trouble getting all the raw materials it\n         needed due chiefly to the \"tight ship\" run by Harry F.\n         Byrd, Sr., U.S. Fuel Administrator for Virginia. After the\n         war very serious problems began to trouble the Low Moor\n         Iron Company. The demand for iron fell precipitously and a\n         short but severe depression ensued from 1919-1922. The\n         depression seemed to hit the iron industry especially hard.\n         Prices took a huge drop due to the lack of demand, and many\n         pre-war contracts had to be revalued. To compound the\n         company's problems, the Kay Moor Mines went on strike in\n         1919. This strike was quickly settled, as the market for\n         coal was so good that the Low Moor Company ceased taking\n         orders temporarily in 1921 as it could not fill the orders\n         it had on hand.","The Low Moor Company furnaces lay idle for some twenty\n         months. Finally, in November 1922 one of Low Moor's\n         furnaces was finally fired up. While prosperity gradually\n         returned to the rest of the country, the Low Moor Iron\n         Company never recovered. Production of pig iron in the\n         Virginia iron industry declined from 544,034 tons in 1903\n         to 148,053 tons in 1923, considered a good year for the\n         industry as a whole. In February 1926 Low Moor officials\n         talked of merging with two other iron companies in order to\n         revive the iron business for the three companies. The\n         merger, however, never occurred. By late 1926 the company\n         was in the process of liquidation. An advertisement in the\n         Charleston, West Virginia, Daily Mail dated April 30, 1927,\n         told of a huge warehouse sale at the Low Moor Iron Company.\n         The advertisement noted \"thousands of screws, pipe\n         fittings, valves, etc.\" The last piece of correspondence\n         from the Low Moor Iron Company in the collection is dated\n         1929. It deals with the sale of a machine.","Why did the iron industry in Virginia decline as it did?\n         Some say that lack of speed, efficiency, and a decent\n         transportation system for Alleghany County caused it. In a\n         letter from C. E. Bertie, secretary of the Virginia Pig\n         Iron Association, to the \n         Manufacturers Recorddated 1925, Bertie claimed that it was the\n         tremendous rise in the cost of transportation. Virginia, he\n         claimed, had almost no home market. Over 80% of its normal\n         production was shipped out to other states. The failure of\n         the Interstate Commerce Commission to treat Virginia\n         furnaces as southern furnaces was the cause of much of the\n         trouble. From 1914-1925 there were four blanket increases\n         in freight rates in the country, of which only one applied\n         equally to all localities. Southern furnaces were received\n         only two increases--a 25% increase in 1918 and a 25%\n         increase in 1920--but northern furnaces had had 5%, 15%,\n         25%, and 40% increases in their transportation costs.\n         Virginia furnaces, although recognized as southern\n         furnaces, had had freight rates increased in line with the\n         northern furnaces. Prior to the war Virginia iron reached\n         all points in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois on a\n         competitive basis with southern furnaces. After World War I\n         the advantage was limited to a small portion of\n         southeastern Ohio. All of Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan\n         were now lost to the Virginia producers. The Virginia\n         producer, according to Bertie, felt that the freight rates\n         should be restored to a relationship with southern\n         furnaces. If what Bertie said was true, the other southern\n         states iron industries should not have been in the same\n         desperate economic straits as Virginia's, and statistics\n         should support this. In the 1920's production rose to new\n         heights in Alabama. In Tennessee, however, iron production\n         plunged to new lows during the 1920's. While the south\n         accounted for 10.2% of the entire U. S. production in the\n         years 1919-1924, Virginia accounted for less than 1% during\n         those years. In 1915 Virginia accounted for over 6% of the\n         U.S. iron production. One can see a decline in other areas\n         of the south than Virginia. While the discrepancies in the\n         freight rates may have helped cause the decline, clearly\n         there are other reasons.","During the 1900's there was a discovery of extremely\n         rich iron ore deposits in the mid-west. Much of this ore\n         was on or near the surface, making the mining of it both\n         easy and inexpensive. This in turn lowered production costs\n         of the pig iron. This caused iron production to shift to\n         that region, and resulted in a decline in the Virginia iron\n         industry. There was a sharp increase in iron production in\n         the mid-west through the 1920's. The iron ore in the\n         mid-west may have been of better quality than Virginia, but\n         the iron ore in Virginia was of sufficient quality to\n         produce a good pig iron. The western ore deposits were not\n         as conveniently located as Virginia deposits, but the\n         inexpensiveness of production more than made up for it.","In examining the rise and fall of the Low Moor Iron\n         Company, we can see a situation in which the conditions for\n         the manufacture of iron were nearly ideal. There was plenty\n         of land for expansion and resources for the manufacture of\n         the iron. The major internal problem faced by the Low Moor\n         Iron Company was that of transportation. External\n         developments, however, caused the final demise of the Low\n         Moor Iron Company.","Low Moor Iron Company Personnel:","Executive Staff: Managing Director, Colonel H. M.\n         Goodwin: ca. 1881. General Managers: H. G. Merry: ca.\n         1884-1902; E. C. Means: ca. 1905-1915; J. P. Guernsey: ca.\n         1915 (acting General Manager); F. U. Humbert: ca.\n         1916-1929. Assistant General Manager: E. B. Wilkinson: ca.\n         1909-1915. Treasurers and Assistant Treasurers: Edward Low:\n         ca. 1886-1898; Frank Lyman (in New York): ca. 1898-1919; S.\n         G. Cragill (Asst. Treasurer): ca. 1900-1915; H. A. Dalton:\n         ca. 1921-1929; John Lipscomb (Asst. Treasurer): ca.\n         1918-1928.","Factory and Mine Supervisors: Kay Moor Superintendents:\n         C. C. Cooke: ca. 1918; Ed. D. Wickes: ca. 1906; H. L.\n         Tansell: ca. 1903; A. H. Reed: ca. 1906. Kay Moor Managers:\n         J. W. Monteith: manager of mines. ca. 1918; promoted in\n         1925 to general superintendent in charge of mine plants,\n         coke ovens, shops, repairs, and construction; A. L.\n         Monteith: assistant superintendent of mines, ca. 1918;\n         George T. Wickes: manager of Covington mines, ca.\n         1906-1917; Ross Howell, ca. 1918. Stack Mines\n         Superintendents: J. H. Carpenter: ca. 1906; C. D.\n         Oberschain: ca. 1907; J. L. Harris: ca. 1903; John S. Ham:\n         ca. 1891-1901. Rich Patch Mines Superintendents: John R.\n         Thompson: foreman, ca. 1906. Low Moor assorted other\n         personnel: S. L. Tulley: trainmaster, ca. 1906; B. J.\n         Shenkley: foreman, Low Moor limestone quarries; L. Q. Wood:\n         assistant traffic manager, ca. 1919."],"custodhist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"custodhist_heading_ssm":["Provenance"],"custodhist_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company ceased operations in 1930;\n            what happened to the records of the company in the years\n            immediately following is not known, but in 1939, the Green\n            Bookman, a Charlottesville bookshop, sold the records to\n            the University of Virginia Library.","The records arrived at the receiving room door of the\n            new Alderman Library on October 16, 1939, in a trailer\n            truck whose load was estimated to weigh about fourteen\n            tons. As the manuscripts staff dug around in the piles of\n            over 1200 account books, and countless boxes of papers they\n            realized that the company had saved almost all of its\n            papers including checks, invoices, vouchers, and receipts,\n            and certain of these records were destroyed as their\n            information was recorded in other records. Once the bulk of\n            the collection had been reduced, the remaining records were\n            transferred to the stack area of the Division of Rare Books\n            and Manuscripts."],"otherfindaid_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSome 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eMembers of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eFrom the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eInsofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eAvailable in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eResearchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"otherfindaid_heading_ssm":["Other Finding Aid"],"otherfindaid_tesim":["Some 1200 bound accounting record books of the Low Moor\n            Iron Company came into the custody of the Library with the\n            loose papers. When the project staff investigated these\n            volumes in the dormitory attic where they were stored, they\n            found that the volumes had been shelved by size rather than\n            by series. Thus, a letterbook may stand next to a stock\n            report book for a furnace, which is, in turn, next to a\n            store account book for the Kay Moor Mines' store. No series\n            are shelved in order.","Members of the project staff surveyed the volumes,\n            completing for each volume two copies of a mimeographed\n            survey form, and assigning to each volume a number. One\n            copy of the survey report form was placed in the volume,\n            and the second was returned to the Library.","From the survey report forms, 3 x 5 inch index\n            cards--with a carbon copy of each--were typed. One set of\n            index cards has been kept in order by the numbers assigned\n            to the volumes as they stand on the shelves. This provides\n            a shelf list for the use of the library staff. The other\n            set of cards was sorted into categories as a finding aid.\n            On the list that follows, the researcher will find a number\n            of major headings such as \"Accounts,\" \"Inventories,\"\n            \"Letter Books,\" and \"Shipments-Outgoing.\"","Insofar as it has been possible to determine from the\n            data on the survey report forms, the volumes have been\n            assigned to categories. Most of the major categories, or\n            headings, have sub-headings. Within those sub-headings, the\n            volumes have been arranged chronologically. The\n            investigators realize that after careful study of some of\n            these volumes, they will be revealed as belonging to other\n            categories than those in which they have initially been\n            placed. The card index will allow such movement.","Available in the Manuscripts/Archives Reading Room in\n            the Library is the sorted card index file. There is a card\n            for every volume in this file whereas, on the pages that\n            follow, volumes have been summarized under the headings and\n            sub-headings. In each case, the number of volumes has been\n            given in the summarized list; the date ranges given are\n            inclusive in most cases, and do not reveal the many gaps in\n            sequences unless the number of volumes is small and the\n            date range wide. Occasional remarks about the content of\n            volumes have been supplied if the contents are not obvious\n            from the heading or sub-heading.","Researchers wishing to examine any of these volumes will\n            have to use the card index file in order to be able to give\n            to the staff the volume number assigned to the individual\n            volumes that are to be inspected."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePapers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Papers of the Low Moor Iron Company, Accession #662,\n            Special Collections, University of Virginia Library,\n            Charlottesville, Va."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBy 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eIn late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n        ","\u003cp\u003eThe more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information"],"processinfo_tesim":["By 1958, little storage space remained in Alderman\n            Library, and the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division was\n            especially crowded because of the rapid growth of its\n            collections. After an examination of its storage areas, the\n            division's staff decided to move the Low Moor records to\n            the attic of one of the student dormitories. The collection\n            had had little use chiefly because there was no finding\n            aid. There seemed little likelihood of extensive researcher\n            use until the collection could be processed.","In preparation for the move, the old letter boxes in\n            which much of the collection had arrived in the Library\n            were discarded. The records from each box were placed\n            between sheets of the heavy gray cardboard used to protect\n            unbound newspapers in the Library's stacks, and the spine\n            labels of the old letter boxes were copied onto the\n            cardboard. The resulting bundles were wrapped with brown\n            Kraft paper and tied up with string. The bundles were\n            numbered. Whatever original order the letter boxes may have\n            had was lost by the time they arrived in the Library, and\n            after the bundling, removal to a dormitory attic, and\n            subsequent return to the Library in 1976, all vestiges of\n            the original order were lost.","The bundles remained in the dormitory attic for almost\n            twenty years. Occasional visits were made by the division\n            staff to check on their condition, and on very rare\n            occasions, a researcher was brave enough to ask to be shown\n            the collection. Once the researcher saw the imposing amount\n            of material and the conditions in the attic, interest in\n            using the collection invariably died.","In late 1976 a grant from the National Endowment for the\n            Humanities was obtained to allow the Library to process the\n            Low Moor Iron Company papers, and the papers of Edward L.\n            Stone and the Borderland Coal Company, another large\n            collection of records stored in the same dormitory attic.\n            All of these records and papers were moved back to the\n            Library where the bundles were cleaned and opened. The\n            contents of each were placed in a Hollinger storage box,\n            and all notes on the paper wrappings and on the gray\n            cardboard sheets were recorded.","The more than 1200 bound accounting records of the Low\n            Moor Iron Company were surveyed by the grant project staff.\n            The contents of each volume were noted on a mimeographed\n            form, and later typed on 3 x 5\" cards to create a\n            readily-accessible file for the Manuscripts Reading Room.\n            This information was also typed on pages to be added to\n            this guide."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThis material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The Low Moor Iron Company papers consist of\n         approximately 280 four-inch Hollinger archives boxes (ca.\n         95 linear feet) of records, ca. 1885-1927, and some 1200\n         bound volumes of the company's accounting records,\n         1873-1927, of this iron producing company located in Low\n         Moor (four miles southwest of Clifton Forge), Alleghany\n         County, Virginia.","This material consists of records typical of those\n         produced by a firm of this type in the period, but as the\n         company owned its own coal and iron mines and limestone\n         quarries, there is considerable information about the\n         production of these raw materials. Large numbers of the\n         records that deal with the company's employees have\n         survived: time books, payroll books, hands ledgers, and the\n         like. Because these books sometimes include information\n         about the employee's trade or job with the company, and as\n         race is indicated in some of the records, these books\n         should provide date for studies of the structure and upward\n         mobility within the labor force, patterns of\n         ethnic--possibly racial--occupational penetration and\n         mobility, material conditions of the workers, and so on.\n         The papers should permit a range of studies detailing the\n         pattern and evolution of industrial organization in the\n         iron industry, and the evolution of markets and marketing\n         structures for the entire period. Because the company was\n         dependent upon railroads to move its raw materials to the\n         furnaces, and for the marketing of its products, there is\n         considerable information about railroads and their\n         relationship to their customers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1879,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:56:23.128Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00917_c02_c1631"}},{"id":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Booth family, 1885/1923","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02"],"id":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00113","_root_":"viu_viu00113","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00113_c01_c02","parent_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00113","viu_viu00113_c01","viu_viu00113_c01_c02"],"title_filing_ssi":"Booth family","title_ssm":["Booth family"],"title_tesim":["Booth family"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booth family, 1885/1923"],"text":["Booth family, 1885/1923","Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers","Box Box 1","Booth family"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","SUBGROUP I: Booth Family Papers","Series II. Genealogical Papers"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1885/1923"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1885-1923, n.d."],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[3],"sort_isi":18,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 1"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"famname_ssim":["Booth family"],"names_ssim":["Booth family"],"date_range_isim":[1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923],"_nest_path_":"/components#0/components#1/components#1","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00113","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00113","_root_":"viu_viu00113","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00113","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00113.xml","title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"text":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984","6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad","ca. 53,100 items","Collection is open to research.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup of the \n            CummingPapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        The papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        Edwin Gilliam Boothwas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            Shenstone, \" \n            Nottoway County, to \n            Gilliam Boothand \n            Rebecca (Hicks) Booth. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            Winfield Academyin \n            Dinwiddie County, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            Theodorick Pryor, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            Virginia. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            Oxford, North Carolina; he\n            matriculated at the \n            University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hillin 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            Fredericksburgunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            John Taylor Lomax, a professor at the \n            University of Virginiaand a judge of\n            the \n            Court of Appeals; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            Nottoway Countyto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            Virginia.\n        In 1833, he married \n            Sarah Tanner Jones(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            Archer Jones Booth(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            Sarah Tanner Booth(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            William Travis Booth(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\n        Booth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            Nottoway Church. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            Virginia Legislaturefor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            Virginia. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            Abraham Lincolnto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            National Centennial Exhibitionin \n            Fairmont Park, Philadelphia.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr., passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            Philadelphia.\n        More information on Booth may be found in \n            The Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Boothby \n            Henry Edwin Dwight(F230.B74).\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            Nottoway Countyto \n            Edwin Gilliam Boothand \n            Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth. He\n            attended \n            Winfield Academy, \n            Dinwiddie County, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            David Comfort, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            Hampton-Sydney Collegefor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            University of Virginiabefore enrolling\n            in the \n            University of Pennsylvaniaat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\n        During the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            Confederate Armyas a member of the \n            Nottoway Cavalryin the G and E\n            companies of the \n            Third Virginia Regiment. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            Big Bethelon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            Confederate Navy, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            Mobile Bay, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            Pensacola, and later released on\n            parole.\n        After the war he visited \n            Europe, then returned to live at \" \n            Shenstone\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            Carter's Grove, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            Clara Haxall Thomsonof \n            Jefferson County, West Virginia; they\n            had the following children: \n            Lucy Almira Booth(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            Henrietta Edwina Booth(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, III(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            Clara Thomson Booth(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            John Thomson Booth(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            William Harris Booth(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\n        In 1907, he settled in the old \n            George Wythehome at \n            Williamsburg, and was a member of the \n            Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary. He died at home on January 5, 1922.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        See entries from: \n            Who Was Who In America, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            Who's Who in America, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            National Cyclopedia of American Biography, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.from the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\"","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","GENERAL DESCRIPTION\n        The \n            Cumming Familypapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            Hugh Smithand \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            Winifred Burney West, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            Booth Family.\n        Dr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            U. S. Public Health Servicefrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            Europeand \n            Indonesiafrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\n        The majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\n        The collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            Booth FamilyPapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr., and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.There are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\n        SUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            Booth family, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            Booth family; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            Boothand allied families such as \n            Armistead, \n            Thomson, \n            Throckmorton, \n            Gilliam, \n            Rootes, \n            Bernard, and \n            Terry.\n        Correspondents include \n            Rebecca Hicks Booth, \n            Robert Henry Booth, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, and the latter's\n            children, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, \n            Archer Jones Booth, \n            Francis Rebecca Booth, and \n            Sarah Tanner Booth, as well as \n            Clara Haxall Thomson Booth, \n            Lucy Almira Booth, \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, \n            Charles J. Cabaniss, and \n            William Cabell Rives.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            Virginia. \n            Archer Jones Boothwrote to his father\n            from \n            Clark County, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            Fredericksburgmentioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            Yorktown(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            [Jefferson] Daviswould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            Mobile, Alabama(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            Vicksburgby Yankees, the defense of \n            Richmond, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\n        Other letters of interest include those from \n            E. C. Cabellto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            Bank of Florida; two letters from \n            William Cabell Rivesto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.to his sister,\n            Frances Rebecca Booth, from \n            Paris, France(February 5, 1866).","SUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the \n            Cumming familypapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\n        Correspondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cummingconcerning the birth of\n            Lucy Cumming, 1897, and \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            Lucy Cummingin 1898.\n        Letters from \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.to his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            U.S. Public Health Service(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Serviceby the \n            American Medical Association(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            Sanitation Committee(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            Rupert Blue's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            Philadelphia(August 17, 1912), and his\n            VirginiaSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            Atlantic Seaboard, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            Europe, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            Francefor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            United Statesin 1919 at the \n            Cannesconference which organized the \n            League of Red Cross Societiesand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            Poland. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            England(December 20, 1918); \n            American University Unionin \n            Europe(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            Brest, France(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            Rheims, France(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            Rotterdam, Netherlands(February 20,\n            1919); \n            Red CrossConference at \n            Cannes(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            Public Health Laboratories(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            Europe(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            Europe, including \n            England, \n            France, \n            Belgium, \n            Poland, \n            Spain, \n            Italy, \n            Greece, and \n            Turkey, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            Europe.\n        Letters to \n            Lucy Booth Cumminginclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            Archer Jones Booth, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            James F. Epes(November 26, 1903); \n            Leakeand \n            Haxallgenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            Thomsongenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            Cabanissgenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            Lausanne Peace Conference(December 26,\n            1922).\n        Lucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            Clara Booth, and sister, \n            Henrietta Wise, while residing in \n            Yokohama, Japan, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            Europein 1919-1920.\n        The miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            Charles J. Hatfield's comments\n            introducing \n            Hugh S. Cummingat the \n            University of Pennsylvania(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            Herbert Hoover's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            Public Health Service(February 25,\n            1933).\n        Dr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            Commission on Nutrition(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            [Thomas] Parran(May 12, 1939).\n        The letters of \n            Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming(1907-1978) to \n            Lucy B. Cumming, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            Sweden, \n            Russia, and \n            Indonesia. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            Moscow, its living conditions, and the\n            Lubianka prison, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            Moscowquarters.\n        This collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            Hugh S. Cumming's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            Hampton, Virginia, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            Pan American Sanitary Bureauon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            Nottoway County, Virginia.\n        Other items of note include two speeches of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            Lucy B. Cumming's grandfather, \n            Edwin G. Booth, \" \n            Beechwood\" in \n            York County, Virginia, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            Lucy Booth Cumming; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            Cannes, France, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            Committee of Red Cross Societies; a\n            scrapbook of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            Lucy Cumming's membership certificate\n            in the \n            United Daughters of the Confederacy;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","SUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            Moscow, \n            Stockholm, \n            Paris, and \n            Indonesia; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            University of Virginia; American\n            activities in \n            Icelandand \n            Greenlandbefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\n        As a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\n        Among the noted correspondents are: \n            Dean Acheson; \n            Joseph W. Alsop; \n            John A. Blatnik; \n            Daniel J. Boorstin; \n            John Stewart Bryan; \n            Harry F. Byrd, Jr.; \n            Richard E. Byrd; \n            Bernard P. Chamerlain; \n            Virginius Dabney; \n            C. Douglas Dillon; \n            Thomas N. Downing; \n            Allen W. Dulles; \n            John Foster Dulles; \n            Homer Ferguson; \n            J. Allen Frear, Jr.; \n            Douglas Southall Freeman; \n            J. William Fulbright; \n            Wilson D. Gillette; \n            Joseph C. Grew; \n            Christian A. Herter; \n            Lou Henry Hoover(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            Cordell Hull; \n            Herschel V. Johnson; \n            Walter Lippman; \n            Henry Cabot Lodge; \n            John O. Marsh, Jr.; \n            Christopher C. McGrath; \n            David C. Mearns; \n            L. Quincy Mumford; \n            Stanley F. Reed; \n            Eleanor Roosevelt; \n            Elliot Roosevelt; \n            Dean Rusk; \n            Hugh D. Scott, Jr.; \n            John W. Snyder; \n            John Sparkman; \n            Maurice Stans; \n            Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.; \n            Potter Stewart; \n            Robert Taft, Jr.; \n            Edward Thye, Jr.; \n            Harry S. Truman.\n        In addition, there are references to: \n            Edwin Barclay; \n            Chiang Kai-shek; \n            Andrei Gromyko; \n            George Kennan; \n            Hunter Holmes McGuire; \n            Raoul Wallenberg.\n        Cumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            Winifred Burney West(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            Hankow, China, and in \n            Moscowwhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            Frank A. West, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            Hankow, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            Chiang Kai-shek, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            Moscow, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            Andrei Gromyko, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\n        Letters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            Cordell Hull, 1933-1950; \n            Walter Lippmandiscussing the case of \n            Raoul Wallenberg, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            Eleanor Roosevelt, June 13, 1950; \n            Richard E. Byrdregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            Harry S. Truman's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            Moscow, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., and of his\n            mother, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960.\n        Correspondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            State Department, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            Germany, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            Edwin Barclaywhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            Latin America, \n            Europe, and \n            Asia.\n        The subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            Cumming family, the \n            Alibi Club, the \n            John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University, \n            Bath County Community Hospital, the \n            National Cathedral Association, the \n            State Department, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\n        Correspondence and files regarding the \n            University of Virginiainclude the \n            Raven Society, the \n            Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund, the \n            O.W.L.S. Society, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            Julius P. Barclay, \n            Edmund Berkeley, Jr., \n            Colgate W. Darden, Jr., \n            Ernest H. Ern, \n            Arthur P. Gray III, \n            Frank L. Hereford, Jr., \n            William H. Runge, \n            B. F. D. Runk, \n            Edgar F. Shannon, and \n            John Cook Wyllie.\n        The photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            Virginia Military Institutein 1918, \n            U. S. Coast Guardactivities in \n            Greenlandduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            Reykjavik, Iceland, and \n            Washington, D.C.Of special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            Mesa Verde National Park, \n            Colorado, and four photographs of \n            Richard M. Nixonduring a visit to \n            Indonesiaas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\n        Bound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            Albemarle County, Virginia, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            Diana Whiting Smith Cumming, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            Hampton, Virginia. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            Greenlandduring 1941.\n        Other items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            1924 Democratic National Convention;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            Bird McGuire, \n            James P. Clarke, and \n            Claude A. Swanson; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            Liberia, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            Nevadaduring 1957.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1777-1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad"],"unitid_tesim":["6922-b, -d, -e, -f, -h, -i,\n         -k, -l, -m, -n, -p, -r, -s, -u, -w, -ab, -ac and -ad"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Hugh S. Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Hugh S. Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"creators_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["These papers, 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f, 6922-h,\n            6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n, 6922-p,\n            6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac and\n            6922-ad, were donated to the Library by the Honorable Hugh\n            S. Cumming, Jr., of Washington, D.C., on June 3, November\n            16, and December 30, 1985, and bear no restrictions"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 53,100 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming\u003c/famname\u003ePapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n      ","\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n      ","\u003carrangement\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eOrganization\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eORGANIZATION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/arrangement\u003e\n    "],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement"],"arrangement_tesim":["Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup of the \n            CummingPapers is divided into three\n            series: I. Correspondence and Legal Papers; II.\n            Genealogical Papers; and, III. Photographs and Printed\n            Material. The folders in the first series have been\n            arranged chronologically. The folders in the second series\n            have been arranged in alphabetical order by family name.\n            The series entitled \"Miscellaneous\" contains photographs\n            and printed material, with folders in alphabetical\n            order.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        The papers of Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., are arranged\n            chronologically and have been arranged in five series: 1)\n            Correspondence; 2) Memoirs; 3) Miscellaneous Papers; 4)\n            Bound Volumes; and 5) Oversize Items.","Organization\n        ORGANIZATION\n        This subgroup is divided into three series: I.\n            Correspondence, II. Photographs and Miscellaneous, and III.\n            Bound Volumes. Series I is divided into five subseries of\n            correspondence: general, chronological, alphabetical files,\n            topical files, and subject files. Series II contains\n            photographs followed by miscellaneous folders. Folder\n            headings have been modified as necessary and the material\n            has been arranged chronologically within each series."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cbioghist\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eBiography\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003ewas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eShenstone\u003c/corpname\u003e, \" \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003e, to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRebecca (Hicks) Booth\u003c/persname\u003e. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eWinfield Academy\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eDinwiddie County\u003c/geogname\u003e, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            \u003cpersname\u003eTheodorick Pryor\u003c/persname\u003e, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eOxford, North Carolina\u003c/geogname\u003e; he\n            matriculated at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill\u003c/corpname\u003ein 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFredericksburg\u003c/geogname\u003eunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Taylor Lomax\u003c/persname\u003e, a professor at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eand a judge of\n            the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCourt of Appeals\u003c/corpname\u003e; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003eto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn 1833, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Jones\u003c/persname\u003e(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Travis Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBooth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNottoway Church\u003c/corpname\u003e. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Legislature\u003c/corpname\u003efor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAbraham Lincoln\u003c/persname\u003eto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Centennial Exhibition\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFairmont Park, Philadelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePhiladelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eMore information on Booth may be found in \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eThe Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Booth\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003eby \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Edwin Dwight\u003c/persname\u003e(F230.B74).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County\u003c/geogname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner (Jones) Booth\u003c/persname\u003e. He\n            attended \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eWinfield Academy\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eDinwiddie County\u003c/geogname\u003e, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDavid Comfort\u003c/persname\u003e, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eHampton-Sydney College\u003c/corpname\u003efor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003ebefore enrolling\n            in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Pennsylvania\u003c/corpname\u003eat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDuring the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eConfederate Army\u003c/corpname\u003eas a member of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNottoway Cavalry\u003c/corpname\u003ein the G and E\n            companies of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eThird Virginia Regiment\u003c/corpname\u003e. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBig Bethel\u003c/persname\u003eon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eConfederate Navy\u003c/corpname\u003e, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMobile Bay\u003c/geogname\u003e, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePensacola\u003c/geogname\u003e, and later released on\n            parole.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAfter the war he visited \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, then returned to live at \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eShenstone\u003c/corpname\u003e\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCarter's Grove\u003c/corpname\u003e, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Haxall Thomson\u003c/persname\u003eof \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eJefferson County, West Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e; they\n            had the following children: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenrietta Edwina Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, III\u003c/persname\u003e(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Harris Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn 1907, he settled in the old \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Wythe\u003c/persname\u003ehome at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWilliamsburg\u003c/geogname\u003e, and was a member of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBoard of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary\u003c/corpname\u003e. He died at home on January 5, 1922.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n      ","\u003cbioghist\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eBiography\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSee entries from: \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWho Was Who In America\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eWho's Who in America\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eNational Cyclopedia of American Biography\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003efrom the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/bioghist\u003e\n    "],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical/Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        Edwin Gilliam Boothwas born on January\n            11, 1810, at \" \n            Shenstone, \" \n            Nottoway County, to \n            Gilliam Boothand \n            Rebecca (Hicks) Booth. At age ten he\n            was sent to \n            Winfield Academyin \n            Dinwiddie County, where he began a\n            friendship with \n            Theodorick Pryor, who later became one\n            of the most influential and successful ministers in\n            southeastern \n            Virginia. His chief preparation for\n            college was at \n            Oxford, North Carolina; he\n            matriculated at the \n            University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hillin 1824, (at the age of fourteen) after an\n            arduous course in classics and mathematics. Subsequently,\n            he studied law at \n            Fredericksburgunder the supervision of\n            Judge \n            John Taylor Lomax, a professor at the \n            University of Virginiaand a judge of\n            the \n            Court of Appeals; and, although not a\n            well-disciplined student, he was diligent in his quest for\n            legal knowledge, and afterward returned to \n            Nottoway Countyto practice law in the\n            five southeastern counties of \n            Virginia.\n        In 1833, he married \n            Sarah Tanner Jones(May 10, 1811,\n            -August 29, 1860) with whom he had five children: \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., (February\n            27, 1839 -January 5, 1922); \n            Archer Jones Booth(May 22, 1844\n            -November 22, 1864); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(December 17,\n            1846 -June 7, 1885); \n            Sarah Tanner Booth(June 3, 1848\n            -September 23, 1865); and, \n            William Travis Booth(July 12, 1850\n            -June 25, 1861).\n        Booth was known for his public spirit and devotion to\n            politics, his activities for the welfare of man and for the\n            promotion of Christianity. On August 30, 1838, he made a\n            public profession of his faith in Christ, and was soon made\n            the ruling elder in the \n            Nottoway Church. In 1847, he was\n            elected from the Nottoway District to serve in the \n            Virginia Legislaturefor the 1848 and\n            1849 sessions, and took part in the revision and\n            codification of the civil laws of \n            Virginia. During the Civil War, he\n            attempted to alleviate the miseries of military prisons by\n            obtaining permission to assist friends in prison. He\n            received permission from President \n            Abraham Lincolnto pass through the\n            blockade in April 1863, and dined with Lincoln and Davis\n            over the month, by their invitations. In 1876, he erected\n            the Old Virginia Building at the \n            National Centennial Exhibitionin \n            Fairmont Park, Philadelphia.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr., passed away\n            on February 13, 1886 in \n            Philadelphia.\n        More information on Booth may be found in \n            The Life and Character of Edwin Gilliam\n               Boothby \n            Henry Edwin Dwight(F230.B74).\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., was born on\n            February 27, 1839, in \n            Nottoway Countyto \n            Edwin Gilliam Boothand \n            Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth. He\n            attended \n            Winfield Academy, \n            Dinwiddie County, and was prepared for\n            college by \n            David Comfort, a Princeton graduate.\n            He then attended \n            Hampton-Sydney Collegefor two years,\n            graduating in 1859, and spent part of a session at the \n            University of Virginiabefore enrolling\n            in the \n            University of Pennsylvaniaat\n            Philadelphia where he graduated as a doctor of medicine in\n            1861.\n        During the Civil War, he enlisted in the \n            Confederate Armyas a member of the \n            Nottoway Cavalryin the G and E\n            companies of the \n            Third Virginia Regiment. His company\n            fought at the Battle of \n            Big Bethelon June 10, 1861. On May 1,\n            1863, he was commissioned as assistant surgeon in the \n            Confederate Navy, and was a surgeon on\n            the C. S. S. Selma during the Battle of \n            Mobile Bay, where their fleet was\n            defeated and the steamer was sunk on August 5, 1864. He was\n            taken prisoner and sent to \n            Pensacola, and later released on\n            parole.\n        After the war he visited \n            Europe, then returned to live at \" \n            Shenstone\" until ca. 1886 when he\n            moved to \" \n            Carter's Grove, \" James City County.\n            In October 1870, he married \n            Clara Haxall Thomsonof \n            Jefferson County, West Virginia; they\n            had the following children: \n            Lucy Almira Booth(July 15, 1871\n            -1960); \n            Frances Rebecca Booth(October 1, 1873\n            -? ); \n            Henrietta Edwina Booth(January 6,\n            1876-? ); \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, III(July 14, 1878\n            -? ); \n            Clara Thomson Booth(July 10, 1880 -?\n            ); \n            John Thomson Booth(May 13, 1883 -? );\n            and, \n            William Harris Booth(June 16, 1885 -?\n            ).\n        In 1907, he settled in the old \n            George Wythehome at \n            Williamsburg, and was a member of the \n            Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary. He died at home on January 5, 1922.","BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES\n        See entries from: \n            Who Was Who In America, Volume II, 1943 -1950, page 139; \n            Who's Who in America, 1984-1985, 43rd edition, Volume I, A-K, pp.\n            723-724; the \n            National Cyclopedia of American Biography, pp. 279-280, and the obituary for \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.from the November\n            26, 1986 \"Washington Post.\""],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Cumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-b, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content Information"],"scopecontent_tesim":["GENERAL DESCRIPTION\n        The \n            Cumming Familypapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            Hugh Smithand \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            Winifred Burney West, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            Booth Family.\n        Dr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            U. S. Public Health Servicefrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            Europeand \n            Indonesiafrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\n        The majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\n        The collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            Booth FamilyPapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr., and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.There are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\n        SUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            Booth family, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            Booth family; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            Boothand allied families such as \n            Armistead, \n            Thomson, \n            Throckmorton, \n            Gilliam, \n            Rootes, \n            Bernard, and \n            Terry.\n        Correspondents include \n            Rebecca Hicks Booth, \n            Robert Henry Booth, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, and the latter's\n            children, \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, \n            Archer Jones Booth, \n            Francis Rebecca Booth, and \n            Sarah Tanner Booth, as well as \n            Clara Haxall Thomson Booth, \n            Lucy Almira Booth, \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, \n            Charles J. Cabaniss, and \n            William Cabell Rives.\n        Edwin Gilliam Booth's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            Virginia. \n            Archer Jones Boothwrote to his father\n            from \n            Clark County, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            Fredericksburgmentioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr., wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            Yorktown(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            [Jefferson] Daviswould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            Mobile, Alabama(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            Vicksburgby Yankees, the defense of \n            Richmond, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\n        Other letters of interest include those from \n            E. C. Cabellto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            Bank of Florida; two letters from \n            William Cabell Rivesto \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.to his sister,\n            Frances Rebecca Booth, from \n            Paris, France(February 5, 1866).","SUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup of the \n            Cumming familypapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\n        Correspondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            Hugh S. Cummingconcerning the birth of\n            Lucy Cumming, 1897, and \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            Lucy Cummingin 1898.\n        Letters from \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.to his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            U.S. Public Health Service(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Serviceby the \n            American Medical Association(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            Sanitation Committee(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            Rupert Blue's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            Philadelphia(August 17, 1912), and his\n            VirginiaSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            Atlantic Seaboard, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            Europe, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            Francefor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            United Statesin 1919 at the \n            Cannesconference which organized the \n            League of Red Cross Societiesand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            Poland. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            England(December 20, 1918); \n            American University Unionin \n            Europe(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            Brest, France(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            Rheims, France(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            Rotterdam, Netherlands(February 20,\n            1919); \n            Red CrossConference at \n            Cannes(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            Public Health Laboratories(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            Europe(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            Europe, including \n            England, \n            France, \n            Belgium, \n            Poland, \n            Spain, \n            Italy, \n            Greece, and \n            Turkey, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            Europe.\n        Letters to \n            Lucy Booth Cumminginclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            Archer Jones Booth, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            James F. Epes(November 26, 1903); \n            Leakeand \n            Haxallgenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            Thomsongenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            Cabanissgenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            Lausanne Peace Conference(December 26,\n            1922).\n        Lucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            Clara Booth, and sister, \n            Henrietta Wise, while residing in \n            Yokohama, Japan, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            Europein 1919-1920.\n        The miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            Charles J. Hatfield's comments\n            introducing \n            Hugh S. Cummingat the \n            University of Pennsylvania(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            Herbert Hoover's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            Public Health Service(February 25,\n            1933).\n        Dr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            Commission on Nutrition(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            [Thomas] Parran(May 12, 1939).\n        The letters of \n            Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming(1907-1978) to \n            Lucy B. Cumming, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            Sweden, \n            Russia, and \n            Indonesia. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            Moscow, its living conditions, and the\n            Lubianka prison, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            Moscowquarters.\n        This collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            Hugh S. Cumming's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            Hampton, Virginia, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            Pan American Sanitary Bureauon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            Nottoway County, Virginia.\n        Other items of note include two speeches of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            Lucy B. Cumming's grandfather, \n            Edwin G. Booth, \" \n            Beechwood\" in \n            York County, Virginia, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            Lucy Booth Cumming; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            Cannes, France, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            Committee of Red Cross Societies; a\n            scrapbook of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            Lucy Cumming's membership certificate\n            in the \n            United Daughters of the Confederacy;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","SUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\n        SCOPE AND CONTENT\n        This subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Jr., a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            Moscow, \n            Stockholm, \n            Paris, and \n            Indonesia; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            University of Virginia; American\n            activities in \n            Icelandand \n            Greenlandbefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\n        As a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\n        Among the noted correspondents are: \n            Dean Acheson; \n            Joseph W. Alsop; \n            John A. Blatnik; \n            Daniel J. Boorstin; \n            John Stewart Bryan; \n            Harry F. Byrd, Jr.; \n            Richard E. Byrd; \n            Bernard P. Chamerlain; \n            Virginius Dabney; \n            C. Douglas Dillon; \n            Thomas N. Downing; \n            Allen W. Dulles; \n            John Foster Dulles; \n            Homer Ferguson; \n            J. Allen Frear, Jr.; \n            Douglas Southall Freeman; \n            J. William Fulbright; \n            Wilson D. Gillette; \n            Joseph C. Grew; \n            Christian A. Herter; \n            Lou Henry Hoover(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            Cordell Hull; \n            Herschel V. Johnson; \n            Walter Lippman; \n            Henry Cabot Lodge; \n            John O. Marsh, Jr.; \n            Christopher C. McGrath; \n            David C. Mearns; \n            L. Quincy Mumford; \n            Stanley F. Reed; \n            Eleanor Roosevelt; \n            Elliot Roosevelt; \n            Dean Rusk; \n            Hugh D. Scott, Jr.; \n            John W. Snyder; \n            John Sparkman; \n            Maurice Stans; \n            Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.; \n            Potter Stewart; \n            Robert Taft, Jr.; \n            Edward Thye, Jr.; \n            Harry S. Truman.\n        In addition, there are references to: \n            Edwin Barclay; \n            Chiang Kai-shek; \n            Andrei Gromyko; \n            George Kennan; \n            Hunter Holmes McGuire; \n            Raoul Wallenberg.\n        Cumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            Winifred Burney West(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            Hankow, China, and in \n            Moscowwhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            Frank A. West, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            Hankow, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            Chiang Kai-shek, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            Moscow, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            Andrei Gromyko, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\n        Letters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            Cordell Hull, 1933-1950; \n            Walter Lippmandiscussing the case of \n            Raoul Wallenberg, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            Eleanor Roosevelt, June 13, 1950; \n            Richard E. Byrdregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            Harry S. Truman's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            Moscow, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            Hugh S. Cumming, Sr., and of his\n            mother, \n            Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960.\n        Correspondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            State Department, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            Germany, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            Edwin Barclaywhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            Latin America, \n            Europe, and \n            Asia.\n        The subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            Cumming family, the \n            Alibi Club, the \n            John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University, \n            Bath County Community Hospital, the \n            National Cathedral Association, the \n            State Department, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\n        Correspondence and files regarding the \n            University of Virginiainclude the \n            Raven Society, the \n            Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund, the \n            O.W.L.S. Society, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            Julius P. Barclay, \n            Edmund Berkeley, Jr., \n            Colgate W. Darden, Jr., \n            Ernest H. Ern, \n            Arthur P. Gray III, \n            Frank L. Hereford, Jr., \n            William H. Runge, \n            B. F. D. Runk, \n            Edgar F. Shannon, and \n            John Cook Wyllie.\n        The photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            Virginia Military Institutein 1918, \n            U. S. Coast Guardactivities in \n            Greenlandduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            Reykjavik, Iceland, and \n            Washington, D.C.Of special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            Mesa Verde National Park, \n            Colorado, and four photographs of \n            Richard M. Nixonduring a visit to \n            Indonesiaas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\n        Bound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            Albemarle County, Virginia, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            Diana Whiting Smith Cumming, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            Hampton, Virginia. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            Greenlandduring 1941.\n        Other items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            1924 Democratic National Convention;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            Bird McGuire, \n            James P. Clarke, and \n            Claude A. Swanson; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            Liberia, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            U.S. Antarctic Service; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            Nevadaduring 1957."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard"],"famname_ssim":["Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family"],"persname_ssim":["Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Booth Family","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"names_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","Shenstone","Winfield Academy","University of North Carolina at Chapel\n            Hill","University of Virginia","Court of Appeals","Nottoway Church","Virginia Legislature","National Centennial Exhibition","Hampton-Sydney College","University of Pennsylvania","Confederate Army","Nottoway Cavalry","Third Virginia Regiment","Confederate Navy","Carter's Grove","Board of Visitors of the College of William and\n            Mary","U. S. Public Health Service","Bank of Florida","U.S. Public Health Service","Public Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service","American Medical Association","Sanitation Committee","League of Red Cross Societies","American University Union","Red Cross","Public Health Laboratories","Lausanne Peace Conference","Committee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations","Public Health Service","Commission on Nutrition","Lubianka prison","Pan American Sanitary Bureau","Beechwood","Committee of Red Cross Societies","United Daughters of the Confederacy","U.S. Antarctic Service","State Department","Alibi Club","John Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University","Bath County Community Hospital","National Cathedral Association","Raven Society","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund","O.W.L.S. Society","Virginia Military Institute","U. S. Coast Guard","Mesa Verde National Park","1924 Democratic National Convention","St. Mary's Episcopal\n                     Church","Committee of Red Cross\n                     Societies","United Daughter of the\n                     Confederacy","Anderson and Sheppard,\n                           Ltd.","Atlantic Council","Bath County Community\n                        Hospital","Berkshire Farm For Boys\n                           (Washington Committee)","Board of Examiners of Foreign\n                           Service","Frederick Bunnell-Vassar\n                           College","Chevy Chase Club","Christ\n                        Church","Cosmos Club","University of\n                        Pennsylvania","Hugh Smith Cumming\n                        Trust","Hugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming\n                           Memorial Fund","Diplomatic and Consular Officers,\n                        Retired","Davidson College","Princeton University Oral History\n                        Project","Episcopal Diocese and Research\n                        Committees","Foreign Service Advisory\n                           Committee","Foxcroft School","Garth Newel Music Center","Historic Georgetown,\n                           Inc.","Meridan House\n                           Foundation","Metropolitan Club","Moscow Church","National Cathedral\n                        Association","The Raven Society","State\n                        Department","Swannanoa","United States Navy","University of the\n                        Pacific","University of\n                        Virginia","Virginia Historical\n                           Society","Virginia Military\n                        Institute","Washington Institute of Foreign\n                           Affairs","Birne T. West Trust","Woodrow Wilson House\n                           Council","U.S. Guard Coast","U. S. Antartic\n                     Service","University of Virginia O.W.L.S.\n                     Society","Coast Guard","Cumming Family","Booth Family","Booth family","Booth","Armistead","Thomson","Throckmorton","Gilliam","Rootes","Bernard","Terry","Cumming family","Leake","Haxall","Cabaniss","Cumming","Hicks family","Thomson Family","Armistead family","Terry family","Thomson family","Kendrick Family","West Family","Wise Family","Edwin Gilliam Booth","Gilliam Booth","Rebecca (Hicks) Booth","Theodorick Pryor","John Taylor Lomax","Sarah Tanner Jones","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.","Archer Jones Booth","Frances Rebecca Booth","Sarah Tanner Booth","William Travis Booth","Abraham Lincoln","Edwin Gilliam Booth, Sr.","Henry Edwin Dwight","Sarah Tanner (Jones) Booth","David Comfort","Big Bethel","Clara Haxall Thomson","Lucy Almira Booth","Henrietta Edwina Booth","Edwin Gilliam Booth, III","Clara Thomson Booth","John Thomson Booth","William Harris Booth","George Wythe","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Hugh Smith","Lucy Booth Cumming","Winifred Burney West","Hugh Smith Cumming, Sr.","Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr.","Rebecca Hicks Booth","Robert Henry Booth","Francis Rebecca Booth","Clara Haxall Thomson Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming","Charles J. Cabaniss","William Cabell Rives","[Jefferson] Davis","E. C. Cabell","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.","Hugh S. Cumming","Lucy Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming, Sr.","Rupert Blue","Virginia","James F. Epes","Clara Booth","Henrietta Wise","Charles J. Hatfield","Herbert Hoover","[Thomas] Parran","Winifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming","Lucy B. Cumming","Edwin G. Booth","HUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.","Dean Acheson","Joseph W. Alsop","John A. Blatnik","Daniel J. Boorstin","John Stewart Bryan","Harry F. Byrd, Jr.","Richard E. Byrd","Bernard P. Chamerlain","Virginius Dabney","C. Douglas Dillon","Thomas N. Downing","Allen W. Dulles","John Foster Dulles","Homer Ferguson","J. Allen Frear, Jr.","Douglas Southall Freeman","J. William Fulbright","Wilson D. Gillette","Joseph C. Grew","Christian A. Herter","Lou Henry Hoover","Cordell Hull","Herschel V. Johnson","Walter Lippman","Henry Cabot Lodge","John O. Marsh, Jr.","Christopher C. McGrath","David C. Mearns","L. Quincy Mumford","Stanley F. Reed","Eleanor Roosevelt","Elliot Roosevelt","Dean Rusk","Hugh D. Scott, Jr.","John W. Snyder","John Sparkman","Maurice Stans","Edward E. Stettinius, Jr.","Potter Stewart","Robert Taft, Jr.","Edward Thye, Jr.","Harry S. Truman","Edwin Barclay","Chiang Kai-shek","Andrei Gromyko","George Kennan","Hunter Holmes McGuire","Raoul Wallenberg","Frank A. West","Lucy Booth Cumming, 1960","Julius P. Barclay","Edmund Berkeley, Jr.","Colgate W. Darden, Jr.","Ernest H. Ern","Arthur P. Gray III","Frank L. Hereford, Jr.","William H. Runge","B. F. D. Runk","Edgar F. Shannon","John Cook Wyllie","Richard M. Nixon","Diana Whiting Smith Cumming","Bird McGuire","James P. Clarke","Claude A. Swanson","Robert H. Booth","Edwin Gilliam\n                     Booth","Clara Haxell (Thomson)\n                     Booth","Archer Jones\n                     Booth","Frances Rebecca\n                     Booth","Lucy Booth","Hugh Smith\n                     Cumming","Gilliam\n                     Booth","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Annie Terry","Rebecca Sealy Terry\n                     White","Edwin Gilliam","E. G. Booth","Hugh S. Cumming Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                     Cumming","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Jr.","Franklin D. Roosevelt","H. Morganthou, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Bess Furman","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                     Sr.","Hugh Smith\n                        Cumming","Winifred B. Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Jr.","Hugh S. Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Lucy Booth\n                        Cumming","Hugh Smith Cumming,\n                        Sr.","Nell Hayne","Culver Gleysteen","John B. Kendrick, II","Margaret Kendrick","Anthony Lake","Oscar Morland","H. R. Mumford","Marjorie Savage","Birne T. West","Diana Whiting Smith\n                     Cumming","Marion Kemp","[Bob Wilson]"],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":222,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eGENERAL DESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming Family\u003c/famname\u003epapers consist of ca.\n            53,100 items (23 Hollinger boxes, ca. 8 linear shelf feet),\n            1777-1778, 1806 (1820-1977) 1984, including correspondence,\n            financial and legal papers, newspaper clippings,\n            photographs, bound volumes, writings, printed material, and\n            miscellaneous related items pertaining to the life and\n            activities of Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith\u003c/persname\u003eand \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, Sr., and their\n            son, Ambassador \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (1900-1986), and\n            his wife, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West\u003c/persname\u003e, as well as other\n            family members. Also present are papers relating to the \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBooth Family\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDr. Cumming (1869-1948) was Surgeon General of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU. S. Public Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003efrom 1920\n            to 1936; Ambassador Cumming (1900-) was a career diplomat\n            and served primarily in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003efrom 1933 until his\n            retirement in 1963.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe majority of the collection is chiefly correspondence\n            dealing with family, professional, and diplomatic matters.\n            In addition, Ambassador Cumming maintained extensive files\n            containing additional correspondence, photographs, reports,\n            memoranda, notes, and other related materials regarding his\n            public and personal activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe collection has been divided into three subgroups: I.\n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth Family\u003c/famname\u003ePapers, II. Papers of Dr.\n            and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, and III.\n            Papers of Ambassador \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003eThere are\n            various series and subseries within each subgroup. A more\n            detailed description of the papers, especially biographical\n            and organizational information, can be found later in this\n            guide, under each subgroup. The descriptions were compiled\n            by Robin D. Wear (Subgroup I), T. Sharon Defibaugh\n            (Subgroup II), and Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. (Subgroup III).\n            This collection contains 6922-b, 6922-d, 6922-e, 6922-f,\n            6922-h, 6922-h, 6922-i, 6922-k, 6922-l, 6922-m, 6922-n,\n            6922-p, 6922-r, 6922-s, 6922-u, 6922-w, 6922-ab, 6922-ac\n            and 6922-ad.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP I BOOTH FAMILY PAPERS\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the Cumming Papers pertains chiefly to\n            the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth family\u003c/famname\u003e, and consists of ca. 270\n            items, (Boxes 1 and 2), encompassing the years 1814-1978.\n            Included are correspondence, legal papers, and photographs\n            of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth family\u003c/famname\u003e; and biographical and\n            genealogical information in the form of correspondence,\n            notes, copies of family documents, and printed material\n            concerning the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBooth\u003c/famname\u003eand allied families such as \n            \u003cfamname\u003eArmistead\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThomson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThrockmorton\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eGilliam\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eRootes\u003c/famname\u003e, \n            \u003cfamname\u003eBernard\u003c/famname\u003e, and \n            \u003cfamname\u003eTerry\u003c/famname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondents include \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRebecca Hicks Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRobert Henry Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and the latter's\n            children, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrancis Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eSarah Tanner Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, as well as \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Haxall Thomson Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Almira Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCharles J. Cabaniss\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Cabell Rives\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003e\u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e's two older sons\n            fought in the Civil War on the Confederate side in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVirginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003ewrote to his father\n            from \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eClark County\u003c/geogname\u003e, and to his grandmother\n            from a camp near \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFredericksburg\u003c/geogname\u003ementioning long marches\n            and various campsites. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, wrote to his\n            father from a camp near \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYorktown\u003c/geogname\u003e(June 5, 1861), discussing\n            camp life, the hardships of warfare, and their hopes that\n            President \n            \u003cpersname\u003e[Jefferson] Davis\u003c/persname\u003ewould send an\n            additional 25,000 men; and, later writes from the C. S.\n            Steamer Selma off \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMobile, Alabama\u003c/geogname\u003e(April 13, 1864)\n            mentioning the occupation of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eVicksburg\u003c/geogname\u003eby Yankees, the defense of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRichmond\u003c/geogname\u003e, and news of Archer's\n            regiment and an anticipated battle.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther letters of interest include those from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eE. C. Cabell\u003c/persname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(November 22, 1846\n            and November 14, 1847) concerning a controversy between\n            Booth and his brother, Archer, and the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBank of Florida\u003c/corpname\u003e; two letters from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam Cabell Rives\u003c/persname\u003eto \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth\u003c/persname\u003e(July 5, 1858 and\n            November 24, 1862); and a lengthy letter from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Gilliam Booth, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003eto his sister,\n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrances Rebecca Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, from \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eParis, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 5, 1866).\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n      ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP II PAPERS OF DR. AND MRS. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHUGH SMITH CUMMING, SR.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming family\u003c/famname\u003epapers includes papers of\n            Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh Smith Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e(1869-1948) and\n            his wife, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e(1871-1960), and\n            contains ca. 825 items, (Boxes 3-7, 4 Hollinger boxes, 3.5\n            linear shelf feet), 1897-1956. They consist of\n            correspondence, memoirs, essays, speeches, invitations,\n            printed items, photographs, legal papers, bound volumes,\n            and oversize items.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence forms the largest series of the papers;\n            there are letters of congratulation to Dr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003econcerning the birth of\n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, 1897, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, 1900, as well as\n            letters of condolence regarding the death of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003ein 1898.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003eto his wife, Lucy,\n            1900-1938, were usually written during his absences from\n            home due to work connected with his appointments to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Public Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003e(1894-1920)\n            and as Surgeon General (1920-1936); they contain references\n            to his inspection and quarantine duties, departmental\n            gossip, family news, and personal observations about the\n            various places that he visited. Notable topics include: the\n            endorsement of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health and Marine Hospital\n            Service\u003c/corpname\u003eby the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican Medical Association\u003c/corpname\u003e(July 13,\n            1905); the case of an insane Russian alien (November 12,\n            1911); Lucy's appointment to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eSanitation Committee\u003c/corpname\u003e(November 15,\n            1912); Surgeon General \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRupert Blue\u003c/persname\u003e's and Cumming's chances of\n            an assignment in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePhiladelphia\u003c/geogname\u003e(August 17, 1912), and his\n            \u003cpersname\u003eVirginia\u003c/persname\u003eSurvey and other inspection\n            work along the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAtlantic Seaboard\u003c/geogname\u003e, especially of\n            sewage systems and oyster beds (1914-1915). The majority of\n            Dr. Cumming's letters to his wife were written during his\n            service in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, 1918-1920, where he visited\n            and inspected ports of embarkation, evacuation points,\n            departing ships, and camps used by the American forces in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003efor evidence of epidemics or\n            disease. He also represented the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eUnited States\u003c/geogname\u003ein 1919 at the \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes\u003c/geogname\u003econference which organized the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLeague of Red Cross Societies\u003c/corpname\u003eand\n            headed a medical mission to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePoland\u003c/geogname\u003e. Topics in this group include:\n            post-war conditions in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e(December 20, 1918); \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAmerican University Union\u003c/corpname\u003ein \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e(December 29, 1918); abominable\n            conditions at the American camp at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBrest, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(January 9, 1919);\n            effects of shelling on the ruins at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRheims, France\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 9, 1919);\n            typhoid fever outbreak at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRotterdam, Netherlands\u003c/geogname\u003e(February 20,\n            1919); \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eRed Cross\u003c/corpname\u003eConference at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes\u003c/geogname\u003e(March 20, 1919); chances for an\n            enduring peace (March 28, 1919); work on a committee on\n            preventive medicine and hygiene and a subcommittee on \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health Laboratories\u003c/corpname\u003e(April 3-23,\n            1919); and comments on the high cost of food and its affect\n            upon the morals of civilians in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e(April 24, 1919). These letters,\n            in general, describe Cumming's itinerary while in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, including \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eFrance\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eBelgium\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003ePoland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eSpain\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eItaly\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreece\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eTurkey\u003c/geogname\u003e, his duties of inspection, and\n            the appearance of post-war \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003einclude the\n            following topics: a sketch of the life of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArcher Jones Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, (an uncle of hers)\n            as a Confederate soldier, by \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames F. Epes\u003c/persname\u003e(November 26, 1903); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eLeake\u003c/famname\u003eand \n            \u003cfamname\u003eHaxall\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (October 21, 1905); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eThomson\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (March 29, 1914;\n            [February 9, 1934]; November 15, 1929); \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCabaniss\u003c/famname\u003egenealogy (September 27, 1933)\n            and photographs of celebrities attending the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLausanne Peace Conference\u003c/corpname\u003e(December 26,\n            1922).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLucy Cumming also corresponded with her mother, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClara Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, and sister, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenrietta Wise\u003c/persname\u003e, while residing in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYokohama, Japan\u003c/geogname\u003e, (1906), and while\n            visiting her husband in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003ein 1919-1920.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe miscellaneous correspondence of Hugh and Lucy\n            Cumming contains: a copy of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCharles J. Hatfield\u003c/persname\u003e's comments\n            introducing \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003eat the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Pennsylvania\u003c/corpname\u003e(October 20,\n            1930); copy of Mrs. Cumming's comments in a prologue to a\n            series of radio broadcasts regarding the health of young\n            people for the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommittee on Periodic Health\n            Examinations\u003c/corpname\u003e(January 12, 1932), and a copy of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHerbert Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e's letter of\n            appreciation to Cumming about his work in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePublic Health Service\u003c/corpname\u003e(February 25,\n            1933).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eDr. and Mrs. Cumming's letters to their son, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, generally\n            contain family news and descriptions of trips undertaken in\n            connection with Cumming's work as Surgeon General, with\n            occasional references to Dr. Cumming's viewpoints amd\n            opinions, including the technical meeting of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommission on Nutrition\u003c/corpname\u003e(May 24 and 31,\n            1937) and his opinion of his successor, \n            \u003cpersname\u003e[Thomas] Parran\u003c/persname\u003e(May 12, 1939).\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe letters of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney (West)\n            Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e(1907-1978) to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy B. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, 1948-1956, furnish a\n            varied picture of the life of the wife of a diplomat and\n            her responsibilities in the work of an embassy. These\n            letters were written while her husband, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, (1900-1986) was\n            stationed in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eSweden\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eRussia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e. Two letters in particular\n            (March 5 and 19, 1951) describe the city of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, its living conditions, and the\n            \u003ccorpname\u003eLubianka prison\u003c/corpname\u003e, which was near the\n            Cumming's \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003equarters.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis collection also contains the typescript of Dr. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's personal memoirs,\n            beginning with his birth on August 17, 1869, in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, and ending with his\n            last day at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003ePan American Sanitary Bureau\u003c/corpname\u003eon\n            February 1, 1947, and Lucy Cumming's memoirs of her\n            childhood in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNottoway County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther items of note include two speeches of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \"Toast at Tennis\n            Club\" (N.D.) and \"Address at the opening session of the\n            Septima Conferencia Sanitaria\" (November 1924), and a Power\n            of Attorney re the estate of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy B. Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's grandfather, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin G. Booth\u003c/persname\u003e, \" \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBeechwood\u003c/corpname\u003e\" in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eYork County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, (June 19,\n            1919). The collection also contains a diary and date book\n            of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e; a pictoral record\n            of the Medical Conference held at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eCannes, France\u003c/geogname\u003e, (April 1-11, 1919) at\n            the invitation of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eCommittee of Red Cross Societies\u003c/corpname\u003e; a\n            scrapbook of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, containing\n            academic diplomas, official certificates, honorary degrees,\n            appointments, photographs, newsclippings, obituaries, etc.;\n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e's membership certificate\n            in the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUnited Daughters of the Confederacy\u003c/corpname\u003e;\n            and a charcoal-and-chalk profile sketch of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n      ","\u003cscopecontent\u003e\n        \u003chead\u003eScope and Content\u003c/head\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSUBGROUP III PAPERS OF AMBASSADOR \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHUGH SMITH CUMMING, JR.\u003c/persname\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eSCOPE AND CONTENT\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThis subgroup consists of ca. 5,200 items (Boxes 7-23,\n            ca. 4.5 linear shelf feet), 1777-1778, 1806, 1820,\n            1861-1892, 1907 (1931-1977) 1984, correspondence,\n            photographs, financial and legal items, newspaper\n            clippings, tape recordings, bound volumes and miscellaneous\n            items relating to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, a career\n            diplomat. These papers are chiefly comprised of personal\n            and diplomatic correspondence. Topics of interest in the\n            subgroup include: Cumming's life as a diplomat in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eStockholm\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eParis\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003e; European economic\n            conditions, 1939-1945; the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e; American\n            activities in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIceland\u003c/geogname\u003eand \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003ebefore and during World War\n            II; diplomacy, family and personal matters; and\n            involvements in civic and professional organizations.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAs a diplomat, Cumming corresponded with several\n            prominent contemporaries, especially his fellow diplomats,\n            but the majority of their letters are concerned with\n            routine matters. The correspondence was written in various\n            places: Austria, Belgium, China, Cuba, Egypt, France, Great\n            Britain, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy,\n            Liberia, the Netherlands, Poland, South America, the Soviet\n            Union, Sweden, and Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eAmong the noted correspondents are: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDean Acheson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJoseph W. Alsop\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn A. Blatnik\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDaniel J. Boorstin\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Stewart Bryan\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry F. Byrd, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard E. Byrd\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBernard P. Chamerlain\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eVirginius Dabney\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eC. Douglas Dillon\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eThomas N. Downing\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAllen W. Dulles\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Foster Dulles\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHomer Ferguson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJ. Allen Frear, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDouglas Southall Freeman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJ. William Fulbright\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilson D. Gillette\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJoseph C. Grew\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChristian A. Herter\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLou Henry Hoover\u003c/persname\u003e(Mrs. Herbert Hoover);\n            \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHerschel V. Johnson\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWalter Lippman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHenry Cabot Lodge\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn O. Marsh, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChristopher C. McGrath\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDavid C. Mearns\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eL. Quincy Mumford\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eStanley F. Reed\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEleanor Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eElliot Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDean Rusk\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh D. Scott, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn W. Snyder\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Sparkman\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eMaurice Stans\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdward E. Stettinius, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003ePotter Stewart\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRobert Taft, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdward Thye, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry S. Truman\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eIn addition, there are references to: \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Barclay\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChiang Kai-shek\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAndrei Gromyko\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eGeorge Kennan\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHunter Holmes McGuire\u003c/persname\u003e; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRaoul Wallenberg\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCumming's correspondence, 1907-1984, relates to his life\n            and career and includes letters from and to his wife, his\n            mother, relatives, friends, and colleagues. There are\n            several letters congratulating him on his marriage to \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Burney West\u003c/persname\u003e(1907-1978), 1935,\n            as well as her letters to members of her family, 1930-1932\n            and 1951-1952, while she was living in the American\n            Consulate in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHankow, China\u003c/geogname\u003e, and in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003ewhere her husband was counselor\n            to the American Embassy. In these letters, which were\n            primarily addressed to her brother-in-law, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrank A. West\u003c/persname\u003e, she discusses her\n            social and personal activities. The letters contain\n            references to contemporary events and individuals such as:\n            executions taking place near the American Consulate in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHankow\u003c/geogname\u003e, January 30, 1931; the U.S.S.\n            Panay's attempt to pay ransom to secure the release of a\n            kidnap victim, February 27, 1931; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eChiang Kai-shek\u003c/persname\u003e, December 16, 1930;\n            May Day celebrations in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, May 11, 1951; and meeting \n            \u003cpersname\u003eAndrei Gromyko\u003c/persname\u003e, November 11 and 18,\n            1951. Her Moscow letters were signed \"jed.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eLetters of interest include several from Mr. and Mrs. \n            \u003cpersname\u003eCordell Hull\u003c/persname\u003e, 1933-1950; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWalter Lippman\u003c/persname\u003ediscussing the case of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRaoul Wallenberg\u003c/persname\u003e, December 8, 1947; a\n            thank-you letter from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEleanor Roosevelt\u003c/persname\u003e, June 13, 1950; \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard E. Byrd\u003c/persname\u003eregarding his efforts\n            on behalf of the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Antarctic Service\u003c/corpname\u003e, August 21 and\n            December 27, 1941; and President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHarry S. Truman\u003c/persname\u003e's appointment of\n            Cumming to the personal rank of Minister while serving as\n            deputy chief of mission and counselor of the embassy at \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eMoscow\u003c/geogname\u003e, August 14, 1951; condolence\n            letters, 1948-1949, regarding the death of his father, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Sr.\u003c/persname\u003e, and of his\n            mother, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming, 1960\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence from Cumming's diplomatic service,\n            1926-1964, includes copies of correspondence with the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eState Department\u003c/corpname\u003e, a report on economic\n            and political situations in Nazi \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGermany\u003c/geogname\u003e, November 15, 1939, and an\n            incomplete report of an assassination attempt against\n            Liberian President \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdwin Barclay\u003c/persname\u003ewhich involved the use of\n            medicine men and magic, 1934, as well as several\n            confidential reports and related papers pertaining to his\n            service in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eLatin America\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eEurope\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAsia\u003c/geogname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe subject files, 1934-1984, comprise the largest\n            section of the collection; arranged alphabetically by name\n            or subject, they contain correspondence and related papers\n            pertaining to Cumming's civic and professional activities.\n            These include appointments and efficiency reports, papers\n            regarding members of the \n            \u003cfamname\u003eCumming family\u003c/famname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eAlibi Club\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eJohn Foster Dulles Oral History Project at\n            Princeton University\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eBath County Community Hospital\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eNational Cathedral Association\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eState Department\u003c/corpname\u003e, Diplomatic and\n            Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) and other similar\n            subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and files regarding the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003einclude the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eRaven Society\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eHugh S. and Lucy Booth Cumming Memorial\n            Fund\u003c/corpname\u003e, the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eO.W.L.S. Society\u003c/corpname\u003e, and others. As a\n            consequence, he corresponded with several members of its\n            faculty, students, and staff such as \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJulius P. Barclay\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdmund Berkeley, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eColgate W. Darden, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eErnest H. Ern\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eArthur P. Gray III\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eFrank L. Hereford, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eWilliam H. Runge\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eB. F. D. Runk\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eEdgar F. Shannon\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJohn Cook Wyllie\u003c/persname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eThe photographs, 1918-1961, pertain to: life at the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eVirginia Military Institute\u003c/corpname\u003ein 1918, \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU. S. Coast Guard\u003c/corpname\u003eactivities in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1941; the first\n            commerical flight between \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eReykjavik, Iceland\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003eOf special interest is\n            a 1923 photograph of Cumming as a park ranger in \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eMesa Verde National Park\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eColorado\u003c/geogname\u003e, and four photographs of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eRichard M. Nixon\u003c/persname\u003eduring a visit to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eIndonesia\u003c/geogname\u003eas part of his 1953 Asian\n            tour.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eBound volumes, 1777 -1778, 1806, 1820, 1850-1892 and\n            1941, include a scrapbook regarding Sunday School\n            conventions in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eAlbemarle County, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e, 1868-1875,\n            a journal containing entries regarding the issuing of\n            military rations, 1777-1778; and a 1866-1868 diary and\n            commonplace book of \n            \u003cpersname\u003eDiana Whiting Smith Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e, a school\n            teacher and resident of \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eHampton, Virginia\u003c/geogname\u003e. Also present is\n            Cumming's diary of his official trip to \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eGreenland\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1941.\u003c/p\u003e\n        \u003cp\u003eOther items of interest include: passsports of Hugh and\n            Winifred Cumming, 1922-1947; invitations, a 1909 school\n            report, guest tickets to the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003e1924 Democratic National Convention\u003c/corpname\u003e;\n            three 1913 visitor passes to public viewing galleries in\n            Congress from \n            \u003cpersname\u003eBird McGuire\u003c/persname\u003e, \n            \u003cpersname\u003eJames P. Clarke\u003c/persname\u003e, and \n            \u003cpersname\u003eClaude A. Swanson\u003c/persname\u003e; two tape recordings\n            of Cumming interviews, 1954 and 1969; an article by him\n            regarding \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eLiberia\u003c/geogname\u003e, February, 1937; three pages\n            from the New York Daily Tribune, April 23, 1861, with\n            references to the early phase of the Civil War, a 1940\n            Cumming article on the \n            \u003ccorpname\u003eU.S. Antarctic Service\u003c/corpname\u003e; and a pass for\n            Cumming as an official observer at a nuclear test explosion\n            (\"Diablo\") in \n            \u003cgeogname\u003eNevada\u003c/geogname\u003eduring 1957.\u003c/p\u003e\n      \u003c/scopecontent\u003e\n    "]}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00113_c01_c02_c02"}},{"id":"viu_viu00114_c03_c05","type":"Item","attributes":{"title":"Booth\n FamilyCorrespondence, 1874/1902","breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_viu00114_c03_c05#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"ref_ssi":"viu_viu00114_c03_c05","ref_ssm":["viu_viu00114_c03_c05"],"id":"viu_viu00114_c03_c05","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00114","_root_":"viu_viu00114","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00114_c03","parent_ssi":"viu_viu00114_c03","parent_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984","SERIES III: GENEALOGY"],"parent_ids_ssim":["viu_viu00114","viu_viu00114_c03"],"title_filing_ssi":"Booth\n                  FamilyCorrespondence","title_ssm":["Booth\n FamilyCorrespondence"],"title_tesim":["Booth\n FamilyCorrespondence"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Booth\n FamilyCorrespondence, 1874/1902"],"text":["Booth\n FamilyCorrespondence, 1874/1902","Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984","SERIES III: GENEALOGY","Box Box 2","Booth\n                  Family"],"parent_unittitles_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984","SERIES III: GENEALOGY"],"parent_unittitles_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984","SERIES III: GENEALOGY"],"normalized_date_ssm":["1874/1902"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["1874-1902"],"level_ssm":["Item"],"level_ssim":["Item"],"component_level_isim":[2],"sort_isi":19,"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"containers_ssim":["Box Box 2"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"child_component_count_isi":0,"parent_access_restrict_tesm":["Collection is open to research."],"parent_access_terms_tesm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"famname_ssim":["Booth\n                  Family"],"names_ssim":["Booth\n                  Family"],"date_range_isim":[1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902],"_nest_path_":"/components#2/components#4","timestamp":"2026-08-14T22:55:49.050Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_viu00114","ead_ssi":"viu_viu00114","_root_":"viu_viu00114","_nest_parent_":"viu_viu00114","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/uva-sc/viu00114.xml","title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"text":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984","6922-aa","ca. 1800 items","Collection is open to research.","Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities","This addition to the papers of Ambassador \n         Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.contains ca. 1800\n         items (4 Hollinger boxes, 1.5 linear feet), 1874-1984, chiefly\n         correspondence of Hugh and \n         Winifred Cummingand genealogical\n         material. The collection is arranged into four series:\n         correspondence, topical, genealogy, and photographs and\n         printed material.","The correspondence includes: correspondence between Hugh\n         and Winifred Cumming while he was away on diplomatic missions\n         in \n         England, \n         Canada, and \n         Iceland; letters concerning a book, \n         Recollections of a Childhood in Nottoway, by \n         Lucy Booth Cumming; and correspondence\n         with \n         St. Paul's Church, \n         Washington, D.C., and the \n         University of Virginia.","In the topical files are papers relating to his diplomatic\n         service, including Indonesian affairs and an interview for the\n         John Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project.","Families represented in the genealogical material include\n         the \n         Ballentine, \n         Blandy, \n         Booth, \n         Cryer, \n         Epes, \n         Forman, \n         Canabiss, \n         Gholson, \n         Martiau, and \n         Starke families.","The photographs are predominantly those of the \n         University of VirginiaMedical Class of\n         1891-1892 (with members identified) and the past Presidents\n         and Board of Governors at the \n         Metropolitan Club, November 3, 1969.","See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","St. Paul's Church","University of Virginia","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project","Metropolitan Club","University of Virginia Gift\n                  Fund","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n                  Project","University of Virginia\n                  Library","Colonial Dames of\n                  America","Hawthorne","Ballentine","Blandy","Booth","Cryer","Epes","Forman","Canabiss","Gholson","Martiau","Starke families","Ballentine Family","Blandy Family","Booth Family","Booth\n                  Family","Bothwell","Blackstone","Cryer Family","Forman Family","Gholson Family","Martiau Family","Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Epes, William Dandridge","English"],"collection_title_tesim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"collection_ssim":["Cumming Family Papers \n 1874-1984"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["6922-aa"],"unitid_tesim":["6922-aa"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Hugh Smith Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_ssim":["Hugh Smith Cumming,\n         Jr."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Epes, William Dandridge"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","St. Paul's Church","University of Virginia","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project","Metropolitan Club","University of Virginia Gift\n                  Fund","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n                  Project","University of Virginia\n                  Library","Colonial Dames of\n                  America","Hawthorne"],"creator_famname_ssim":["Ballentine","Blandy","Booth","Cryer","Epes","Forman","Canabiss","Gholson","Martiau","Starke families","Ballentine Family","Blandy Family","Booth Family","Booth\n                  Family","Bothwell","Blackstone","Cryer Family","Forman Family","Gholson Family","Martiau Family"],"creators_ssim":["Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.","Winifred Cumming","Lucy Booth Cumming","Epes, William Dandridge","University of Virginia. Library. Special\n            Collections Dept.","St. Paul's Church","University of Virginia","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project","Metropolitan Club","University of Virginia Gift\n                  Fund","John Foster Dulles Oral History\n                  Project","University of Virginia\n                  Library","Colonial Dames of\n                  America","Hawthorne","Ballentine","Blandy","Booth","Cryer","Epes","Forman","Canabiss","Gholson","Martiau","Starke families","Ballentine Family","Blandy Family","Booth Family","Booth\n                  Family","Bothwell","Blackstone","Cryer Family","Forman Family","Gholson Family","Martiau Family"],"access_terms_ssm":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was given to the Library on May 13,\n            1985, by the Honorable Hugh Smith Cumming, Jr., of\n            Washington, D.C., and has no restrictions."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"physdesc_tesim":["ca. 1800 items"],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to research.\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Access Restrictions"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to research."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-aa, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"prefercite_tesim":["Cumming Family\n            Papers, Accession 6922-aa, Special Collections Department, University of\n         Virginia Library"],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eFunded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Funding Note"],"processinfo_tesim":["Funded in part by a grant from the National Endowment\n            for the Humanities"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis addition to the papers of Ambassador \n         \u003cpersname\u003eHugh S. Cumming, Jr.\u003c/persname\u003econtains ca. 1800\n         items (4 Hollinger boxes, 1.5 linear feet), 1874-1984, chiefly\n         correspondence of Hugh and \n         \u003cpersname\u003eWinifred Cumming\u003c/persname\u003eand genealogical\n         material. The collection is arranged into four series:\n         correspondence, topical, genealogy, and photographs and\n         printed material.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe correspondence includes: correspondence between Hugh\n         and Winifred Cumming while he was away on diplomatic missions\n         in \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eEngland\u003c/geogname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eCanada\u003c/geogname\u003e, and \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eIceland\u003c/geogname\u003e; letters concerning a book, \n         \u003cbibref type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003e\u003ctitle type=\"simple\" href=\"\"\u003eRecollections of a Childhood in Nottoway\u003c/title\u003e\u003c/bibref\u003e, by \n         \u003cpersname\u003eLucy Booth Cumming\u003c/persname\u003e; and correspondence\n         with \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eSt. Paul's Church\u003c/corpname\u003e, \n         \u003cgeogname\u003eWashington, D.C.\u003c/geogname\u003e, and the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eIn the topical files are papers relating to his diplomatic\n         service, including Indonesian affairs and an interview for the\n         \u003ccorpname\u003eJohn Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project\u003c/corpname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eFamilies represented in the genealogical material include\n         the \n         \u003cfamname\u003eBallentine\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eBlandy\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eBooth\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eCryer\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eEpes\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eForman\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eCanabiss\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eGholson\u003c/famname\u003e, \n         \u003cfamname\u003eMartiau\u003c/famname\u003e, and \n         \u003cfamname\u003eStarke families\u003c/famname\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n      ","\u003cp\u003eThe photographs are predominantly those of the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eUniversity of Virginia\u003c/corpname\u003eMedical Class of\n         1891-1892 (with members identified) and the past Presidents\n         and Board of Governors at the \n         \u003ccorpname\u003eMetropolitan Club\u003c/corpname\u003e, November 3, 1969.\u003c/p\u003e\n    "],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Content"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This addition to the papers of Ambassador \n         Hugh S. Cumming, Jr.contains ca. 1800\n         items (4 Hollinger boxes, 1.5 linear feet), 1874-1984, chiefly\n         correspondence of Hugh and \n         Winifred Cummingand genealogical\n         material. The collection is arranged into four series:\n         correspondence, topical, genealogy, and photographs and\n         printed material.","The correspondence includes: correspondence between Hugh\n         and Winifred Cumming while he was away on diplomatic missions\n         in \n         England, \n         Canada, and \n         Iceland; letters concerning a book, \n         Recollections of a Childhood in Nottoway, by \n         Lucy Booth Cumming; and correspondence\n         with \n         St. Paul's Church, \n         Washington, D.C., and the \n         University of Virginia.","In the topical files are papers relating to his diplomatic\n         service, including Indonesian affairs and an interview for the\n         John Foster Dulles Oral History\n         Project.","Families represented in the genealogical material include\n         the \n         Ballentine, \n         Blandy, \n         Booth, \n         Cryer, \n         Epes, \n         Forman, \n         Canabiss, \n         Gholson, \n         Martiau, and \n         Starke families.","The photographs are predominantly those of the \n         University of VirginiaMedical Class of\n         1891-1892 (with members identified) and the past Presidents\n         and Board of Governors at the \n         Metropolitan Club, November 3, 1969."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eSee the \n            \u003cextref type=\"simple\" href=\"https://www.library.virginia.edu/policies/use-of-materials\"\u003e\n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy.\u003c/extref\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n      "],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Use Restrictions"],"userestrict_tesim":["See the \n            \n            University of Virginia Library’s use policy."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc\u003e\u003c/physloc\u003e\n      "],"corpname_ssim":["University of Virginia. 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