{"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3","prev":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=2","next":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=4","last":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=249"},"meta":{"pages":{"current_page":3,"next_page":4,"prev_page":2,"total_pages":249,"limit_value":10,"offset_value":20,"total_count":2481,"first_page?":false,"last_page?":false}},"data":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_33#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_33#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Commander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate.","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_33#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_33.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/33","title_filing_ssi":"Tucker, John Randolph","title_ssm":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"title_tesim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1897, undated","Date acquired: 01/08/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1897, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 01/08/1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33"],"text":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33","Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers","Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration","United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous.","John Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.","Note written by Ellen Emser","The John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.","Papers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026 Mary.","This series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.","This series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.","This series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.","This series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Commander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate.","ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon","Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"geogname_ssim":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"creator_ssm":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creator_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creators_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"places_ssim":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Commander Douglas Tucker, USN","Gift. Accession #A80-4"],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger documents case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger documents case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Ellen Emser\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.","Note written by Ellen Emser"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1872-1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1877-1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Admiral John R. Tuckerr, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1865-1866, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1867, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1868-1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1877, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 June-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 May-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1878-1882, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Captain James H. Rochelle (Incoming), 1865, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1895-1896, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 28, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1794, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 29, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 30, Other Correspondence, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 31, Other Correspondence, 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 32, Other Correspondence, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 33, Registro Metereologico by F. L. Galt, 1873 March-June, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 34, Contract Between Admiral J. R. Tucker and Pusey, Jones and Company, 1869 October 13, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 35, Passport for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1873 December 17, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 36, Certificate for Services Rendered on the Mario, Issued to Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874 May 12, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 37, Receipt for Land Purchased by Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1870 October 3, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 38, Receipts for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874, 1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 39, Newspaper Clippings (English), 1864-1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 40, Newspaper Clippings (Spanish), 1868-1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 41, Brief for the Defense, 1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 42, Congressional Materials, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 43, Advertisements for Forthcoming Books, circa 1870-1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 44, Calling Cards, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 45, Unattached Envelopes, circa 1880-1889, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 46, Other, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1872-1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1877-1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Admiral John R. Tuckerr, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1865-1866, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1867, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1868-1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1877, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 June-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 May-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1878-1882, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Captain James H. Rochelle (Incoming), 1865, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1895-1896, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 28, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1794, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 29, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 30, Other Correspondence, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 31, Other Correspondence, 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 32, Other Correspondence, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 33, Registro Metereologico by F. L. Galt, 1873 March-June, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 34, Contract Between Admiral J. R. Tucker and Pusey, Jones and Company, 1869 October 13, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 35, Passport for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1873 December 17, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 36, Certificate for Services Rendered on the Mario, Issued to Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874 May 12, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 37, Receipt for Land Purchased by Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1870 October 3, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 38, Receipts for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874, 1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 39, Newspaper Clippings (English), 1864-1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 40, Newspaper Clippings (Spanish), 1868-1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 41, Brief for the Defense, 1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 42, Congressional Materials, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 43, Advertisements for Forthcoming Books, circa 1870-1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 44, Calling Cards, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 45, Unattached Envelopes, circa 1880-1889, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 46, Other, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePapers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026amp; Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.","Papers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026 Mary.","This series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.","This series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.","This series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.","This series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5dc4a1b5e22652e6c7ec1d7265356f26\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCommander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Commander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate."],"names_coll_ssim":["Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon","Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":61,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T19:56:12.054Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","ead_ssi":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","_root_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","_nest_parent_":"vino_repositories_5_resources_33","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/ODU/repositories_5_resources_33.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archivesguides.lib.odu.edu/repositories/5/resources/33","title_filing_ssi":"Tucker, John Randolph","title_ssm":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"title_tesim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1865-1897, undated","Date acquired: 01/08/1980"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1865-1897, undated"],"unitdate_other_ssim":["Date acquired: 01/08/1980"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33"],"text":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33","Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers","Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration","United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States","Open to researchers without restrictions.","The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous.","John Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.","Note written by Ellen Emser","The John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.","Papers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026 Mary.","This series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.","This series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.","This series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.","This series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.","Commander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate.","ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon","Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)","English Spanish; Castilian"],"unitid_tesim":["MG 40","/repositories/5/resources/33"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers"],"repository_ssm":["Old Dominion University"],"repository_ssim":["Old Dominion University"],"geogname_ssm":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"geogname_ssim":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"creator_ssm":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creator_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"creators_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"places_ssim":["Chile--History--War with Spain, 1865-1866","Amazon River--Discovery and exploration"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Commander Douglas Tucker, USN","Gift. Accession #A80-4"],"access_subjects_ssim":["United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States"],"access_subjects_ssm":["United States. Navy--Officers","Confederate States of America. Navy","Peru. Marina","American Confederate voluntary exiles--Peru","Explorers--Peru","Explorers--United States"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger documents case boxes"],"extent_tesim":["0.40 Linear Feet","1 Hollinger documents case boxes"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1980],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eOpen to researchers without restrictions.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Open to researchers without restrictions."],"arrangement_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous.\u003c/p\u003e"],"arrangement_heading_ssm":["Arrangement Note"],"arrangement_tesim":["The collection is organized into four series: Series I: Correspondence; Series II: Legal and Business Papers; Series III: Publications and Newspaper Clippings; and Series IV: Miscellaneous."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eJohn Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eNote written by Ellen Emser\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical or Historical Information"],"bioghist_tesim":["John Randolph Tucker was born January 31, 1812 in Alexandria, Virginia. His parents were John Tucker, originally from Bermuda, and Sara Douglas, daughter of Dr. Charles Douglas, a physician who came to America after the Revolution. The Tucker family, some of whom had been in Virginia since before the Revolution, produced a number of prominent men in Virginia's political and social life.\nAfter attending private schools in Alexandria, Tucker entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman on June 1, 1826. Although six years later he passed the examination for advancement, there were no vacancies at that time and he had to wait until December 20, 1837 to be promoted to Lieutenant. As Lieutenant Commander he commanded the Stromboli during the Mexican War. Tucker received his commission as Commander on September 14, 1855 when he took over the command of the Pennsylvania. His last duty in the U.S. Navy was as Ordnance Officer of the Norfolk Navy Yard, from which he resigned due to the secession of Virginia.\nTucker was appointed Commander, first of the Virginia Navy and then the Confederate States Navy, at which time he assumed command of the Patrick Henry, formerly a U.S. Navy Steamer which was seized and converted into a Confederate man-of-war. As commander of the Patrick Henry, Tucker participated in battles with the Union Navy at Hampton Roads and Drewry's Bluff. In August of 1862, Tucker took over command of the Chicora at Charleston, South Carolina. Following Tucker's surrender in April 1865 at the Battle of Saylor's Creek, he was sent North as a prisoner of war. After his release July 24, 1865, he returned to the South to work as an agent of the Southern Express Company of Raleigh, North Carolina.\nWhile Tucker was in Raleigh, the Peruvian Minister to the United States contacted him to arrange an interview in Washington. Peru, which was at war with Spain, invited Tucker to join their Navy as a Rear Admiral, bringing with him two staff officers. Tucker accepted and went to Peru with Captain David Porter McCorkle and Commander Walter Raleigh Butt. Although some Peruvian Naval Officers objected to a foreigner in command of their fleet, Tucker distinguished himself in battle with Spain.\nFollowing his resignation in 1871 from the Peruvian Navy, Tucker was appointed President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. This Commission, which explored and surveyed the Upper Amazon River and its tributaries, discovered two new rivers, the Trinidad and the Herrera- yacu. Upon completion of the expedition, Tucker traveled to New York to meet with engravers to make maps and atlases from the Commission's findings.\nTucker retired to Petersburg, Virginia, until his sudden death on June 12, 1883. He was buried in Norfolk next to his wife, the former Virginia Webb, whom he married June 7, 1838, and who died in 1858. Their children were Randolph Tucker, Tarleton Webb Tucker, and Virginius Tucker.","Note written by Ellen Emser"],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1872-1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1877-1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Admiral John R. Tuckerr, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1865-1866, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1867, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1868-1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1877, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 June-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 May-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1878-1882, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Captain James H. Rochelle (Incoming), 1865, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1895-1896, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 28, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1794, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 29, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 30, Other Correspondence, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 31, Other Correspondence, 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 32, Other Correspondence, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 33, Registro Metereologico by F. L. Galt, 1873 March-June, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 34, Contract Between Admiral J. R. Tucker and Pusey, Jones and Company, 1869 October 13, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 35, Passport for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1873 December 17, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 36, Certificate for Services Rendered on the Mario, Issued to Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874 May 12, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 37, Receipt for Land Purchased by Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1870 October 3, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 38, Receipts for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874, 1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 39, Newspaper Clippings (English), 1864-1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 40, Newspaper Clippings (Spanish), 1868-1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 41, Brief for the Defense, 1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 42, Congressional Materials, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 43, Advertisements for Forthcoming Books, circa 1870-1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 44, Calling Cards, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 45, Unattached Envelopes, circa 1880-1889, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 46, Other, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 1, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 2, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 3, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1872-1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 4, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 5, Admiral John R. Tucker, 1877-1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 6, Admiral John R. Tuckerr, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 7, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1865-1866, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 8, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1867, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 9, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1868-1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 10, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1870, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 11, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1871, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 12, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 13, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1873, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 14, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 15, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1877, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 16, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), 1880, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 17, Admiral John R. Tucker (Incoming), undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 18, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 19, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 20, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 21, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1876 June-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 22, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 January-April, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 23, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1877 May-December, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 24, Captain James H. Rochelle, 1878-1882, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 25, Captain James H. Rochelle (Incoming), 1865, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 26, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 27, John Randolph Tucker (Incoming), 1895-1896, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 28, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1794, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 29, Other Correspondence (Copy), 1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 30, Other Correspondence, 1873-1874, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 31, Other Correspondence, 1897, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 32, Other Correspondence, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 33, Registro Metereologico by F. L. Galt, 1873 March-June, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 34, Contract Between Admiral J. R. Tucker and Pusey, Jones and Company, 1869 October 13, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 35, Passport for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1873 December 17, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 36, Certificate for Services Rendered on the Mario, Issued to Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874 May 12, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 37, Receipt for Land Purchased by Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1870 October 3, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 38, Receipts for Admiral J. R. Tucker, 1874, 1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 39, Newspaper Clippings (English), 1864-1865, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 40, Newspaper Clippings (Spanish), 1868-1872, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 41, Brief for the Defense, 1869, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 42, Congressional Materials, 1878, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 43, Advertisements for Forthcoming Books, circa 1870-1879, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 44, Calling Cards, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 45, Unattached Envelopes, circa 1880-1889, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.","[Identification of item and date], Box 1, Folder 46, Other, undated, Admiral John Randolph Tucker Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePapers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026amp; Mary.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["The John Randolph Tucker papers, many of which are in Spanish, deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Included in the collection are letters describing the expedition of the steamer Tambo and the difficulties encountered by Tucker and the Commission. These include hostile indigenous people, as well as financial and other problems in their dealings with the Peruvian government.","Papers related to John Randolph Tucker, the lawyer, are available in the Special Collections Research Center at William \u0026 Mary.","This series contains the correspondence of Admiral John R. Tucker, Captain James H. Rochelle, John Randolph Tucker, among others.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Admiral John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of Captain James H. Rochelle.","This sub-series contains the correspondence of John Randolph Tucker.","This sub-series contains all other correpondence in the collection.","This series contains legal and business papers while Admiral Tucker was President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon.","This series contains publications and newspaper articles collected by Admiral Tucker.","This series contains calling cards and other material collected by Admiral Tucker."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries."],"abstract_html_tesm":["\u003cabstract id=\"aspace_5dc4a1b5e22652e6c7ec1d7265356f26\" label=\"Abstract\"\u003eCommander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate.\u003c/abstract\u003e"],"abstract_tesim":["Commander in the United States, Confederate States and Peruvian Navy. Papers deal primarily with his service as President of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon. Spanish language materials predominate."],"names_coll_ssim":["Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon"],"names_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon","Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"corpname_ssim":["ODU Community Collections","Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon"],"persname_ssim":["Tucker, John Randolph (1812-1883)"],"language_ssim":["English Spanish; Castilian"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":61,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T19:56:12.054Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vino_repositories_5_resources_33"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Debussey, Adolphus","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eCivil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_1500.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195779","title_ssm":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1998","1861-1866, 1870-1871"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1866, 1870-1871"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500"],"text":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500","Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians.","No special access restriction applies.","Civil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Series include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862","This series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.","Transcriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.","This series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).","This series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Debussey, Adolphus","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creator_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creators_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet Summary: 5 1/2 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet Summary: 5 1/2 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters, A\u0026amp;M 3296, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters, A\u0026M 3296, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCivil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Civil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Series include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862","This series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.","Transcriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.","This series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).","This series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fd471c215eb274e14eb01d571b5f6aec\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Debussey, Adolphus"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"persname_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":101,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:37:42.996Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_1500.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/195779","title_ssm":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"unitdate_ssm":["1861-1998","1861-1866, 1870-1871"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["1861-1866, 1870-1871"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1861-1998"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500"],"text":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500","Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians.","No special access restriction applies.","Civil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Series include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862","This series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.","Transcriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.","This series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).","This series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","Debussey, Adolphus","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 3296","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/1500"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"creator_ssm":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creator_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creator_persname_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"creators_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians."],"access_subjects_ssm":["Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War -- Cabell County (W. Va.)","Civil War -- Charleston","Civil War - Logan County.","Civil War -- Music and musicians","Civil War - Virginia (U.S.) 4th Volunteer Infantry, Company F.","Civil War battles - Vicksburg.","Logan County - Civil War.","Music and musicians."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.5 Linear Feet Summary: 5 1/2 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3 in.)"],"extent_tesim":["0.5 Linear Feet Summary: 5 1/2 in. (1 document case, 2 1/2 in.; 1 flat storage box, 3 in.)"],"date_range_isim":[1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters, A\u0026amp;M 3296, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus DeBussey, Soldier, Civil War Letters, A\u0026M 3296, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCivil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSeries include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTranscriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Civil War correspondence of the DeBussey brothers of Ravenswood, WV. There is a single letter each from John DeBussey and George DeBussey. John DeBussey served in the Confederate Army while George DeBussey served in the 2nd. WV Cavalry. Most of the letters are from Adolphus DeBussey who served in the 4th. WV Infantry as a musician. In his letters Adolphus documents the service of his regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater during the battles of Vicksburg, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee. There is much mention of fighting and prolonged encampments in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Included are details of an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs, an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge, and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte. The letters also record his experiences during Sherman's march through Georgia. The collection includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case.","Series include: \nSeries 1. Inventory, undated\nSeries 2. Transcripts -- Preservation Copies, undated\nSeries 3. Correspondence, 1861-1871, 1912-1913, 1964, undated\nSeries 4. Ephemera -- Envelopes, 1912–1913\nSeries 5. Transcripts -- Originals, undated\nSeries 6. Article, 1998\nSeries 7. Artifact, ca. 1861-1862","This series includes an item-level inventory of Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes preservation copies of the transcriptions in Series 4. Transcriptions -- Originals. These transcriptions are of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.","This series includes correspondence from Corporal DeBussey, other members of the DeBussey family, and others. Topics include the service of Cpl. DeBussey's regiment in the Kanawha Valley early in the war and in the Western Theater; the battles of Vicksburg, MI and Chattanooga, TN; an 1861 Confederate raid on Burning Springs; an 1861 skirmish at Gauley Bridge; and the 1861 battle of Guyandotte.","Transcriptions of selected letters are available in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes assorted empty envelopes received by Cpl. Adolphus DeBussey.","This series includes transcriptions of assorted letters from Series 3. Correspondence.  Preservation copies of these transcriptions are in Series 2. Transcriptions -- Preservation Copies.","This series includes Item no. 95. An article regarding the DeBussey Collection from the West Virginia and Regional History Collection Newsletter (Vol. 14, No. 1, Fall 1998).","This series includes Corporal Adolphus DeBussey's flute with its case."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_fd471c215eb274e14eb01d571b5f6aec\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","Debussey, Adolphus"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"names_coll_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"persname_ssim":["Debussey, Adolphus"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":101,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T01:37:42.996Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_1500"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Adolphus P. Howard Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Howard, Adolphus P.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIncludes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2814.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196860","title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1854-1904"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1854-1904"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814"],"text":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814","Adolphus P. Howard Papers","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas","Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers","No special access restriction applies.","511, 515, 517","Includes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"geogname_ssim":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"creator_ssm":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creators_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"places_ssim":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Linear Feet Summary: 5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Linear Feet Summary: 5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0515, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026M 0515, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e511, 515, 517\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["511, 515, 517"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_1f42716ae40bcf4c34ce3aebebeb5711\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)"],"famname_ssim":["Howard family"],"persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:35:13.743Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2814.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/196860","title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1854-1904"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1854-1904"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814"],"text":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814","Adolphus P. Howard Papers","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas","Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers","No special access restriction applies.","511, 515, 517","Includes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0515","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2814"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"geogname_ssim":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"creator_ssm":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creators_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"places_ssim":["Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville, N.Y.","Olympia, W.A.","Kansas"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Banks and banking","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Engineers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Linear Feet Summary: 5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Linear Feet Summary: 5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0515, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026M 0515, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e511, 515, 517\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["511, 515, 517"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes the wills of A. P. Howard, Corry, Pennsylvania; 1897, and Sarah H. Howard, Wellsville, N. Y., correspondence, reports, leases, tax receipts, and mortgage. Information on J. W. Howard and Hugh H. McCullough estates. Copy of Bradstreet's report on the University Company of Olympia, Washington and J. R. Chaplin, manager of the Company. Also, report on various business enterprises and financial standing of A. P. Howard. Some correspondence of Edward Spencer and tax receipts for land in Kansas. One copy of \"The Practical Engineer,\" John Wallace, Pittsburgh, Penna., 1865, and one copy of \"The Popular Educator,\" Vols. III and IV, London, N. C."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_1f42716ae40bcf4c34ce3aebebeb5711\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","University Company of Olympia (W.A.)"],"famname_ssim":["Howard family"],"persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Spencer, Edward"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:35:13.743Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2814"}},{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"Adolphus P. Howard Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Howard, Adolphus P.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIncludes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2816.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/208266","title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-1938"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-1938"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816"],"text":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816","Adolphus P. Howard Papers","Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)","Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899","No special access restriction applies.","511, 515, 517","Includes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     ","Personal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.","Legal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"creator_ssm":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creators_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"places_ssim":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Linear Feet 5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Linear Feet 5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0517, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026M 0517, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e511, 515, 517\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["511, 515, 517"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePersonal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLegal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     ","Personal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.","Legal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_526459cf82e2ae17b111b755717dfc65\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company"],"famname_ssim":["Howard family"],"persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:45:03.376Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","ead_ssi":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","_root_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","_nest_parent_":"wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WVU/repositories_2_resources_2816.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.wvu.edu/ark:/99999/208266","title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1850-1938"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1850-1938"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816"],"text":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816","Adolphus P. Howard Papers","Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)","Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899","No special access restriction applies.","511, 515, 517","Includes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     ","Personal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.","Legal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition.","Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.","West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/","West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William","English"],"unitid_tesim":["A\u0026M 0517","Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","Previous Archival Resource Key","/repositories/2/resources/2816"],"normalized_title_ssm":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"collection_ssim":["Adolphus P. Howard Papers"],"repository_ssm":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"repository_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center"],"geogname_ssm":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"geogname_ssim":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"creator_ssm":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"creators_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P."],"places_ssim":["Columbus (Ohio)","Congo (W. Va.)","Ohio","Pittsburgh (Pa.)","Wellsville (Ohio)","Chicago (Ill.)"],"access_terms_ssm":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Abolition of slavery","Banks and banking","Livestock","Farms and farming.","Missionaries","Printers and printing.","Women's history -- 1850-1899"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.4 Linear Feet 5 in. (1 document case)"],"extent_tesim":["0.4 Linear Feet 5 in. (1 document case)"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eNo special access restriction applies.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["No special access restriction applies."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026amp;M 0517, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Description and date of item], [Box/folder number], Adolphus P. Howard Papers, A\u0026M 0517, West Virginia and Regional History Center, West Virginia University Libraries, Morgantown, West Virginia."],"relatedmaterial_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e511, 515, 517\u003c/p\u003e"],"relatedmaterial_heading_ssm":["Related A\u0026M Collections"],"relatedmaterial_tesim":["511, 515, 517"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eIncludes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003ePersonal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eLegal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Includes business and personal correspondence, accounts, legal papers, bank statements, maps, etc. Business correspondence, 1850-1938, include letters concerning A. P. Howard's various business enterprises; farm, livestock, fruit and produce, Wellsville, Ohio; printing firm, Columbus, Ohio; tannery, Corry, Penna.; bank and metal works, Pittsburgh, PA; farm, Congo, WV; subscription agent in Wellsville, Ohio for National Era, Washington, D.C. Earlier letters are  to A. G. DeSellem, an uncle, including several concerning missionary work and anti-slavery activities; mention is made of several colleges, Western Reserve, Oberlin, and a school in Albany.                                                     ","Personal correspondence, 1853-1912, includes family letters from J.F. Howard, father, J.W. Howard, cousin; and Frank, Carl, Perle, and Homer, sons. Also, some letters from A.P. Howard to his sons and his wife. Several regarding his service in Civil War; choice of site and inscription for a monument to the 15th Pennsylvania, Cavalry.","Legal papers include inventory and appraisement of William Taggart's estate. Map of Chicago during Columbia Exposition."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003ePermission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the \u003ca href=\"https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/visit/permissions-and-copyright\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePermissions and Copyright page\u003c/a\u003e on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Permission to publish or reproduce is required from the copyright holder. For more information, please see the  Permissions and Copyright page  on the West Virginia and Regional History Center website."],"physloc_html_tesm":["\u003cphysloc id=\"aspace_526459cf82e2ae17b111b755717dfc65\"\u003eWest Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/\u003c/physloc\u003e"],"physloc_tesim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center / West Virginia University / 1549 University Avenue / P.O. Box 6069 / Morgantown, WV 26506-6069 / Phone: 304-293-3536  / URL: https://wvrhc.lib.wvu.edu/"],"names_coll_ssim":["American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, Adolphus P.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"names_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company","Howard family","Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"corpname_ssim":["West Virginia and Regional History Center","American Missionary Association","J.W. and A. P. Howard Company"],"famname_ssim":["Howard family"],"persname_ssim":["Howard, Adolphus P.","DeSellem, A.G.","Howard, John F.","Taggart, William"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T00:45:03.376Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/wvmturhc_repositories_2_resources_2816"}},{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American man tintype portrait","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1551#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Max Rambod","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1551#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. \u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1551#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1551.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/190885","title_filing_ssi":"African American man tintype portrait","title_ssm":["African American man tintype portrait"],"title_tesim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1865-1900"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["c. 1865-1900"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551"],"text":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551","African American man tintype portrait","African American young men","tintypes (prints)","The collection is open for research use.","\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)","\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)","\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)","Sources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change","\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/","Tintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.","Tintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. ","This collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. ","The tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. ","These portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American man tintype portrait"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"collection_ssim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Max Rambod, Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 1 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","tintypes (prints)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","tintypes (prints)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-sized folder."],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-sized folder."],"genreform_ssim":["tintypes (prints)"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)","\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)","\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)","Sources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change","\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/","Tintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.","Tintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16795, African American man tintype portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16795, African American man tintype portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. ","The tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. ","These portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity."],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:41:37.131Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","ead_ssi":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","_root_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","_nest_parent_":"viu_repositories_3_resources_1551","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/UVA/repositories_3_resources_1551.xml","aspace_url_ssi":"https://archives.lib.virginia.edu/ark:/59853/190885","title_filing_ssi":"African American man tintype portrait","title_ssm":["African American man tintype portrait"],"title_tesim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"unitdate_ssm":["c. 1865-1900"],"unitdate_bulk_ssim":["c. 1865-1900"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["File","Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551"],"text":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551","African American man tintype portrait","African American young men","tintypes (prints)","The collection is open for research use.","\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)","\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)","\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)","Sources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change","\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/","Tintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.","Tintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. ","This collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. ","The tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. ","These portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity.","Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MSS 16795","Archival Resource Key","/repositories/3/resources/1551"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American man tintype portrait"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"collection_ssim":["African American man tintype portrait"],"repository_ssm":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"repository_ssim":["University of Virginia, Special Collections Dept."],"creator_ssm":["Max Rambod"],"creator_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"creators_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"acqinfo_ssim":["This collection was purchased from Max Rambod, Inc. by the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia Library on 1 March 2023."],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American young men","tintypes (prints)"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American young men","tintypes (prints)"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-sized folder."],"extent_tesim":["0.03 Cubic Feet One letter-sized folder."],"genreform_ssim":["tintypes (prints)"],"date_range_isim":[1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["The collection is open for research use."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eSources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. \u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical / Historical"],"bioghist_tesim":["\"African Americans' engagement with photography in the 19th century began a tradition for Black photographers' use of photography today to promote social change. African Americans, whether they are in front or behind the camera, create empowering images that define the beauty and resilience contained within the Black experience.\" (1)","\"To pose for a photograph became an empowering act for African Americans. It served as a way to counteract racist caricatures that distort facial features and mocked Black society. African Americans in urban and rural settings participated in photography to demonstrate dignity in the Black experience.\" (1)","\"For African Americans in particular, photographic portraits offered a means of self-representation and empowerment. The abolitionist Frederick Douglass—who was himself the most photographed man of the 19th century—consistently championed the medium for its capacity to affirm the humanity and dignity of its sitters and challenge dehumanizing, racist stereotypes. Other Black Americans, including native Virginian James Presley Ball (1825–1904), practiced and shaped the medium from its earliest years.\" (2)","Sources:\n\"How Black people in the 19th century used photography as a tool for social change\"\nhttps://www.si.umich.edu/about-umsi/news/how-black-people-19th-century-used-photography-tool-social-change","\"A Powerful Influence: Early Photographs of African Americans from the Collection of Dennis O. Williams\" Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Dr. Sarah Kennel, curator. November 19, 2022- June 15 2023.\nhttps://vmfa.museum/exhibitions/exhibitions/powerful-influence-early-photographs-african-americans-collection-dennis-o-williams/","Tintypes were portable, cheap, and fast to make. They came onto the scene in 1853 and were used through 1930. Photographers could easily sell their services at fairs or travel to battlefields. Some of the most common subjects were Civil War fields and soldiers, who would send photos home to loved ones.","Tintype creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.The metal plates are coated with chemicals, exposed to light in a camera, and processed with additional chemistry. This creates an underexposed negative image. When that negative is placed on a dark background, the transparent areas appear black, which makes the plate look like a positive image. "],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eMSS 16795, African American man tintype portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["MSS 16795, African American man tintype portrait, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Content Description"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection features one 2.25 X4\" tintype photograph of an unidentified African American man dressed in a three-piece suit with a bowtie, pocket square, and derby hat with a sash perched at a stylish angle on his head. The man leans against a marble column against a plain background in a studio. ","The tintype was invented in 1855, one decade before the emancipation of enslaved African Americans across the United States. His suit, medium, and background suggest a date roughly within the mid-to-late nineteenth century. ","These portraits come from a time just after emanicipation when African Americans were creating new lives for themselves. Photography was one way to commemorate freedom and memorialize prosperity."],"names_coll_ssim":["Max Rambod"],"names_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"corpname_ssim":["Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library","Max Rambod"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":0,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T23:41:37.131Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viu_repositories_3_resources_1551"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African American Stereoview Collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7514#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7514#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_7514.xml","title_ssm":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"title_tesim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-1901 and undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-1901 and undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514"],"text":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514","African American Stereoview Collection","African Americans--History.","Stereoscopic photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.","This stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.","This stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.","This stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"collection_ssim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["African Americans--History."],"geogname_ssim":["African Americans--History."],"places_ssim":["African Americans--History."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.","This stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.","This stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.","This stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":31,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:37:01.998Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_7514","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_7514.xml","title_ssm":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"title_tesim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["1860-1901 and undated"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1860-1901 and undated"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514"],"text":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514","African American Stereoview Collection","African Americans--History.","Stereoscopic photographs","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","This collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.","This stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.","This stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.","This stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile.","Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","English"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00129","/repositories/2/resources/7514"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"collection_ssim":["African American Stereoview Collection"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"geogname_ssm":["African Americans--History."],"geogname_ssim":["African Americans--History."],"places_ssim":["African Americans--History."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["0.50 Linear Feet"],"genreform_ssim":["Stereoscopic photographs"],"date_range_isim":[1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eThis stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains numerous stereograms taken throughout the Jim Crow Era. The stereograms portray the racist attitudes of the time period. Stereograms are an early form of photography which was often used for educational purposes. When a view finder is used to look at the stereograms, the images appear to be three dimensional.","This stereograph is faded photograph of a man in blackface playing the fiddle.  The stereogram is very early, probably around 1860.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") introduces the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereogram (previously titled \"A Negro Family\") concludes the story of an African American family. The family members, who appear to Caucasians in black face, are looking at a raccoon up in a tree. Instead, it is the father of the family who falls out of the tree.","This stereoview portrays African Americans at a poker party. It was produced by Berry, Kelley and Chadwick of Philadelphia.","This stereogram features a man and woman in blackface, embracing on a swing.","This stereogram depicts an African American man and woman and their dog sitting on a large pile on cotton. A young boy is peeking over the top of the pile."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from the Curator of Manuscripts and Rare Books, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":31,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T05:37:01.998Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_7514"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African and African American photograph collection","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African and African American photograph collection","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. ","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. ","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T22:07:48.730Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1174.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African and African American photograph collection","title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"unitdate_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["circa 1850s-1945"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"text":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174","African and African American photograph collection","African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers","This collection is open for research use.","This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. ","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","English"],"unitid_tesim":["WLU.Coll.0552","/repositories/5/resources/1174"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African and African American photograph collection"],"collection_title_tesim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"collection_ssim":["African and African American photograph collection"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Purchases in November 2023 and June 2024"],"access_subjects_ssim":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"access_subjects_ssm":["African American children","African Americans","Carte de visite photographs","Tintype","Ambrotype","African American women","African American men","African American soldiers"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"extent_tesim":["2.5 Linear Feet one document case, 1 folder in a shared box, 1 oversize folder"],"date_range_isim":[1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], African and African American Photograph Collection (WLU Coll. 0552), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA"],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTwenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eTintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThere is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCarte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eFull length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026amp; Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eCopyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThese students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePublished by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eGelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eTintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eSixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eStudio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLarge albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003ePanoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection contains images of both African and African American individuals. The subjects photographed include military personnel, men, women, and children. Some individuals were photographed inside of a photographer's studio. The images vary in size and format and range in date from circa 1850s-1945. Each item has a description at the file level.","Cased ambrotype photograph of a young woman who is posted standing. Her left arm is resting beside a book on a round table. The image is almost a full portrait.","Cased tintype of a girl who appears to be in her teenage years. She is posed sitting in a high back chair. She is holding a hat in her lap.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on a chair. Her right hand is holding a hat. Photography studio was Christmas and Zay's of Mansfield, Ohio.","Twenty-nine images dating from circa 1860s-1870s of the Patterson family in Richmond, Virginia. There are twenty tintypes and nine carte de visites. ","Tintype full-portrait of a woman. She is posed standing with her left hand resting on an object on a table top. Her right hand is hold the handle of a parasol. She is wearing a hat and a sash. The sash has been hand colored. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype full-portrait of a man. He is posed standing with his right arm resting against a stand. He is wearing a hat. Photographer was C. Campbell of Richmond.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is wearing a net bonnet with a ribbon and a necklace (choker).","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting in a chair. Her left hand is resting on the chair's arm, and she is wearing a ring on her left hand pointer finger. Her right hand is resting in her lap. She is wearing a hat, a brooch, and earrings.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His suit jacket is buttoned, and he is wearing a tie.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right hand is holding his jacket lapel. He is wearing a vest and a tie. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting down. Her left arm is resting on a table top. She is wearing a bonnet with flowers. The flowers have been hand colored. She is wearing a ring on each hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed sitting down with his left arm resting against a table top. The middle button on his vest is undone. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posted sitting down. His pocket watch fob chain is visit. It appears his cheeks have been hand colored. He is wearing a ring on his left pinky finger. It also looks like he is wearing a stick pin in the lapel of his vest. The back of the tintype frame has been covered by newsprint.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. His tie tack is visible. There is writing on the back that may be his name, but it's hard to make out.","Tintype portrait of an older man. He is posed sitting down. His right arm is resting on the chair arm. His left arm is resting on his lap. His pocket watch fob chain is visible.","Tintype full-portrait of a young man. He is posed standing behind a chair with is left hand fingers touching the chair back. He is wearing a hat.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing beside a prop which looks like a wooden fence. Her right hand is resting on the prop. She has bows in her hair.","Tintype full-portrait of an older woman. She is posed sitting on what looks to be crates draped in fabric. She is wearing a head scarf. It appears she is also wearing earrings and maybe a cuff bracelet on her left wrist.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She is posed sitting. Her right arm is resting on a pile of two books. She is wearing what looks like a hair band.","Tintype full-portrait of a girl. She is posed standing between a tree stump prop and a chair. Her left arm is resting on the chair. She is wearing a ring on her left hand.","Tintype full-portrait of a young woman. She is posed standing next to a prop. Her left arm is resting on the prop. She has a kerchief around her neck and a hat or head covering.","Tintype portrait of a young man. He is posed seated with his left arm resting on the chair arm. He is wearing a tie tack and a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand.","Tintype portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed seated with his left hand holding onto the chair arm. He is holding something in his right hand. His pocket watch fob chain is visible as is a tie tack.","Tintype portrait of a young woman. She may be wearing a brooch. She is wearing earrings. She is identified as Laura Johnson.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man. His cheeks appear to have been hand colored. He is posed sitting down with his right arm resting on top of the back of the chair. He may be wearing a ring on the pinky finger of his left hand. The photographer was P. E. Gibbs of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Her cheeks appear to have been hand colored. She is posed standing with her arms crossed and resting on a prop. She is wearing a wedding band. The photographer was G. W. Davis of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is spotting on the image. She is wearing a necklace and appears to have pin keeping her collar closed. She is identified as Estelle Patterson of Richmond. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Gallery in Richmond.","There are six additional carte de visites which are believed to be associated with the Pattersons but in an unclear way. One or two of the subjects may be mixed race but the others are caucasian.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. There is some hand coloring on her face and hat. She is wearing a brooch. The photographer was Campbell's Photographic Art Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite portait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing earrings. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young woman. Likely a copy of an earlier image. She is wearing a net bonnet. She may be wearing earrings. She is identified as \"Cousin Mollie.\" The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite portrait of a young man/older boy. Likely a copy of an earlier image. Photographer was Lee Gallery of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a girl. She is posed sitting down wither her legs crossed and feet resting on a stool. Her left hand is pressed against the left side of her jaw and her left elbow is resting on a table top. She is holdin a book in her right hand. The photographer was C. R. Rees and Bro. of Richmond.","Carte de visite full-portrait of a baby. Likely a copy of an earlier image. The photographer was Frayser of Richmond.","There is also a ticket for 1/2 pound of coffee from the Canton Tea Compnay located in Richmond. On the back is stamped the name \"L. T. Robertson.\"","Tintype full-body portrait of a young boy. He is posed standing next to a stand with a round top. His right hand is resting on top of a pile of two books. His feet are bare.","Carte de visite full-portrait image of an elderly man. He is posed sitting in a chair. He is holding a cane with this left hand. A top hat is laying upside down on the floor beside him. The photograph was made by Manchester Bros. of Providence, Rhode Island.","Carte de visite of an elderly woman. It is not a full-portrait image and is likely a copy made from an earlier image. She is wearing a bonnet. Writing on the back indicates this photograph was once in an album. Someone has written a name on the back \"Mrs. [indecipherable] Gather.\"","Full length portrait of Nancy Wilson wearing a dress with one hand resting on a chair. There is a handwritten note on the back of the photograph that reads, \"My Mother, Nancy Wilson born 1844. 66 years old when she passed.\" The note is dated 1910.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph mounted on cardstock. The image is of a woman posed standing with her right hand resting on a wicker chair.","Published by Strohmeyer and Wyman of New York, NY and sold by Underwood \u0026 Underwood, this stereoview shows five African American children sitting on a floor and eating watermelon. The reverse includes an ink inscription \"Anna E. Ward, July 18, 1894, from 'Papa.'\"","Sepia-toned image is mounted on thick cardstock. The young woman is in a light colored dress and seated on a porch. Her right arm is draped around the dog.","Copyrighted in 1896 by B. W. Kilbourn of Littleton, New Hampshire, this stereoview image shows 24 African men, women, and children posed with statues and musical instruments. They are gathered under a decorative umbrella at the 1895 Cotton States International Exposition. This was the third and final Cotton Exposition held in Atlanta. Its purpose was to foster trade between southern states and South American nations as well as to show the products and facilities of the region to the rest of the nation and to Europe.","Gelatin silver full-length postcard photograph of two young cowboys. One is wearing chaps, a white shirt, and a bandana tied around his neck. He is also wearing a gun holster. He's holding a revolver in his right hand. The other individual is wearing denim pants and a white shirt. He is holding a rifle in his right hand. Both are wearing cowboy hats but neither is wearing cowboy boots.","Gelatin silver print photograph mounted on cardstock. Cheyne's Studio of Hampton, Virginia is stamped on the lower mount. The image features seven Hampton Normal School students posted for a professional portrait in 1916. Hampton Normal School is now Hampton University. The male students are both African American and Indigenous. They are all dressed in the same military uniform, some with ranks on their sleeves. Five of the students are standing in a formal pose with their hands at their sides. Two students are seating in chairs with hands clasped. Placed between the seated students is a large potted plant on a stand. At the base of the stand is a lettered sign that reads: \"Success / Agr\" with a pictorial vignette of a white plow, a growing plant, and a white cloud and \"1916 / Crowns Labor.\"","These students may have been the first class of ROTC cadets. ROTC started in 1916 at Hampton.","Published by the Keystone View Company in circa 1918, this stereoview card was issued as 19118. The caption reads \"Uncle Sam Provides for Comfort of His Soldiers. Colored Troops En Route to France. Taking Train Rest at Railway Division Front.\" The reverse provides two paragraphs of text about the photograph.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman wearing an overcoat and holding a hat. She is posed standing beside a chair with her right arm leaning against the top. The photographer was Benjamin Blakemore at his studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Sepia-toned gelatin silver photograph of a young woman posed seated with a child on her lap and a child seated on her left. This image might have been taken a studio in Staunton, Virginia.","Gelatin silver print that has been hand-tinted. The image is of two men. One man is a sailor with the U. S. Navy. He's wearing a blue sailor's uniform including the beret. He is wearing a white carnation. The other man is wearing a gray pinstriped suit and a fedora. He is also wearing a white carnation. The image appears to have been take in a photographer's studio.","Gelatin silver print of a USMC platoon likely taken during basic training. The USMC established a segregated basic training camp at Camp Lejeune, NC called Montford Point. The photographer's stamp on the back is for Henry Renfrew of Jacksonville, North Carolina, which means this platoon was likely at Montford Point, circa 1943-1943. The marines are wearing their Summer Service uniform, including sabres. Most have rifles at their side. Many of the marines are indentified in pencil on the back. A few are identified in ink on the front.","Tintype studio photograph of a couple. The woman has shoulder-length curly hair and wears a tiered longsleeve dress with a brooch at the collar. The man dresses in a suit and tie with a long sportcoat. He has short hair and a goatee. Their elbows rest on a column with a decoration on top.","Sixth plate tintype studio image of a woman and a young girl. The woman wears a light-colored patterned gown and a straw hat. She sits on a chair. A young girl stands beside her and rests a hand on her shoulder. The young girl wears a white dress and boots. They are posed before a painted backdrop of a garden. The ground is covered in grass and leaves.","Studio portrait of an unidentified officer in the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias. The photograph is from the C. W. Borah studio in Columbus, Ohio. The man is photographed in full regalia. He wears a double-breasted frock coat which features two vertical rows of polished brass buttons, shoulder epaulets, and a high collar. He wears a chapeau with a folded brim and a side plume. A ceremonial sword rests in his gloved hand. He wears several medals and ribbons.","Large albumen photograph of African American barbers. Photograph shows five men in white coats and bow ties standing beside velvet upholstered barber's chairs lining a long counter, ornate mirrors above each station. The men rest their hands on the chairs.","Panoramic sepia toned gelatin silver photograph of a group of unidentified African American soldiers in the U. S. Army during the circa 1940s. The photograph features 88 soldiers along with 5 white officers."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":24,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-20T22:07:48.730Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1174"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"African Qur'an Manuscript","abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1657.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African Qur'an Manuscript and Shoulder Bag","title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"unitdate_ssm":["after 1869"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["after 1869"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"text":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657","African Qur'an Manuscript","Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). ","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Arabic"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_ssim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1869],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e[The following information was compiled by William \u0026amp; Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eNigerian Qur'an\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esura\u003c/emph\u003e, one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003emadrasa\u003c/emph\u003e (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026amp; Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026amp; Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa\u003c/emph\u003e [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esuras\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Arabic book\u003c/emph\u003e. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWebology\u003c/emph\u003e 4.1 (2007). \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["Arabic"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:58:51.390Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_1657","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_1657.xml","title_filing_ssi":"African Qur'an Manuscript and Shoulder Bag","title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"unitdate_ssm":["after 1869"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["after 1869"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"text":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657","African Qur'an Manuscript","Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). ","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Arabic"],"unitid_tesim":["MS 00093","/repositories/2/resources/1657"],"normalized_title_ssm":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_title_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"collection_ssim":["African Qur'an Manuscript"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Muslims","Quran--Manuscripts, Arabic","Religion and culture"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"extent_tesim":["2.00 Linear Feet"],"date_range_isim":[1869],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eAfrican Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["African Qur'an Manuscript, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eUnbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003e \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003e[The following information was compiled by William \u0026amp; Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e  \u003cemph render=\"bold\"\u003eNigerian Qur'an\u003c/emph\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esura\u003c/emph\u003e, one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003emadrasa\u003c/emph\u003e (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026amp; Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026amp; Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa\u003c/emph\u003e [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003eThe scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003esuras\u003c/emph\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen, \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eThe Arabic book\u003c/emph\u003e. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\" \u003cemph render=\"italic\"\u003eWebology\u003c/emph\u003e 4.1 (2007). \u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Unbound manuscript of the Qur'an (after 1869) with a leather shoulder bag (undated). Consists of about 700 pages with each page containing about 12 lines of script. Written in Arabic with African decorations throughout. The number of \"ayahs\" in this volume is a variant from Eastern or Ottoman contemporary Qur'ans. All of the verses are separated by three small circles in the form of a pyramid and every tenth verse is separated by two concentric circles.","The manuscript is written Left to Right (LTR) and reads front to back.  The page numbers in pencil indicate correct reading order.\n   [The following information was compiled by William \u0026 Mary students Alex Wingate, James Sylvester and Professor George Greenia, spring semester 2017]","Nigerian Qur'an","The volume is comprised of a stack of loose sheets, still pristine for their age, never intended to be bound into a book block. The covers are stiff paste board without writing or decoration, the first (\"title\") sheet composed of two sheets pasted together for rigidity and strength. Loose sheets would allow for easy sharing among a group memorizing and chanting a given passage or  sura , one of the 114 chapters of the standard Qur'an whose text was already stabilized within a few decades of the death of the Prophet. The format suggests that this Qur'an was prepared to travel, but in the end was preserved more as a private cultic object than put into service as a study or recitation text in a mosque or  madrasa  (school). There is little sign of normal reader's use or deterioration from travel despite its sturdy goat skin tote bag with decorative stitching and dyed panels and shoulder strap. The muted decoration is non-representational and leans toward the geometric in accordance with Islamic tradition.","The handmade paper was leaf cast in sheets probably four times the size of the current leaves and cut in quarters. The paper molds incorporated two wire watermarks straddling the eventual cut lines so that a portion of each design is visible on each leaf. The watermarks present a curious and decidedly Western intrusion for a sacred Qur'an which avoids imagery other than highly stylized floral or star motifs. The sheets were created extra thick which makes them durable as singlets if less accom­mo­dating to repeated folding or sewing into a normal book block. The writing support is dense and opaque, an advantage for bold script with a deep ink bite and destined for bold illuminations on both sides.","The first watermark, common among British papermakers, offers an image of a seated Britannia with a spear and a shield bearing a 'cross ordinary.' The second is the coat of arms of the Church Missionary Society Bookshop, a shield quartered with a star in the center. The first quarter (top left) has a dove, the second (top right) an open book, the third (bottom left) an elephant, and the fourth (bottom right) a palm tree. A scroll underneath the shield reads \"C.M.S. BOOKSHOP LAGOS.\" The Lagos bookshop was founded in 1869 so the paper which ended up in this Qur'an was made no earlier than that date. According to Terence Walz, the writing support might be better dated to 1900 or later: \"Paper made by Waterlow \u0026 Sons Limited, John Dent \u0026 Co., T.H. Saunders, and C.M.S. Bookshop (Lagos), all British firms, probably dates from the time of formal British occupation (1900) and after\" (in  The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa  [Eds. Graziano Kra?tli, Ghislaine Lydon. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2011], 102). The paper is made to British standards and the good quality black and red inks are as likely imported from England as not. There is perhaps a gentle irony in the fact that a Christian missionary enterprise supplied the writing supports for a foreign Muslim community to produce a Qur'an.","The scribal hand is uniform throughout, probably written with reeds, the traditional tool of Islamic scribes; by the turn of the twentieth century steel nib pens were becoming common and might have been used for the red vocalization marks. The Arabic alphabet does not include short vowels which are cued for readers through a corrector's second pass – a practice which guarantees the over­sight of two know­ledgeable scribes and therefore a more reliable and accurate text. The decorative touches are traditional designs conforming to Islamic delight in colorful geometric patterns as navigational aids meant to help a reader find his way through the  suras ."," Hand copying Qur'ans is a highly significant cultic practice among Muslims. Paul L. Hover notes that \"Printing was forbidden in the Middle East soon after its invention, and Islamic societies resisted the printing press for several centuries. The most powerful Muslim ruler of the time, the Turkish Sultan Byazid II, banned the possession of printed matter as early as 1485, and his decision was enforced in 1515 by Selim I. (J. Pedersen,  The Arabic book . Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984). The earliest printing press located in the Arab world was established in North Lebanon in 1610 at the Maronite monastery of St. Anthony. … Abandoning manuscripts would be cultural treason, for copying is considered a kind of prayer. Every manuscript was a link in the chain of authority with the past, an assurance that one would not be drawn far from the source of truth. Printing would not only be a gesture of impiety, but rather an act of infidelity that strikes at the heart of Islamic civilization.\" (\"Islamic Book and Information Culture: An Overview.\"  Webology  4.1 (2007). "],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"language_ssim":["Arabic"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T02:58:51.390Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_1657"}},{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"A. Gold and Company ledgers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1327.xml","title_filing_ssi":"A. Gold and Company ledgers","title_ssm":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"title_tesim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-1880"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-1880"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327"],"text":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327","A. Gold and Company ledgers","Virginia -- Brownsburg","This collection is open for research use.","This collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"collection_title_tesim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"collection_ssim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"creator_ssm":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.3 Linear Feet 1 flat box"],"extent_tesim":["1.3 Linear Feet 1 flat box"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], A. Gold and Company Ledgers (BBM Coll. 0006), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], A. Gold and Company Ledgers (BBM Coll. 0006), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-28T16:03:11.142Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","ead_ssi":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","_root_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","_nest_parent_":"vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WLU/repositories_5_resources_1327.xml","title_filing_ssi":"A. Gold and Company ledgers","title_ssm":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"title_tesim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1866-1880"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1866-1880"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327"],"text":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327","A. Gold and Company ledgers","Virginia -- Brownsburg","This collection is open for research use.","This collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880.","The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.","Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","English"],"unitid_tesim":["BBM.Coll.0006","/repositories/5/resources/1327"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"collection_title_tesim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"collection_ssim":["A. Gold and Company ledgers"],"repository_ssm":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"repository_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, Leyburn Library"],"geogname_ssm":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"geogname_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"creator_ssm":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creator_corpname_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"creators_ssim":["A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"places_ssim":["Virginia -- Brownsburg"],"access_terms_ssm":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["1.3 Linear Feet 1 flat box"],"extent_tesim":["1.3 Linear Feet 1 flat box"],"date_range_isim":[1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection is open for research use.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["This collection is open for research use."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003e[Identification of item], A. Gold and Company Ledgers (BBM Coll. 0006), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["[Identification of item], A. Gold and Company Ledgers (BBM Coll. 0006), Special Collections and Archives, James G. Leyburn Library, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThis collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["This collection consists of two volumes from the A. Gold and Company located in Brownsburg, Va. The volumes includes accounts for customer purchases. The first volume also includes several pages devoted to the post office that was likely run by the company. The second volume includes several pages that have fabric samples glued in included calico and gingham. The collection ranges from 1866-1880."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eThe materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use"],"userestrict_tesim":["The materials from Washington and Lee University Special Collections are made available for use in research, teaching, and private study, pursuant to U.S. Copyright law. The user assumes full responsibility for any use of the materials, including but not limited to, infringement of copyright and publication rights of reproduced materials. Any materials used should be fully credited with the source."],"names_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"corpname_ssim":["Washington and Lee University, University Library Special Collections and Archives","A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)"],"language_ssim":["English"],"descrules_ssm":["Describing Archives: A Content Standard"],"total_component_count_is":2,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-28T16:03:11.142Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/vilxw_repositories_5_resources_1327"}},{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","type":"collection","attributes":{"title":"A. H. Hand Papers","creator":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_919#creator","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"Hand, A. H.","label":"Creator"}},"abstract_or_scope":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_919#abstract_or_scope","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eLetters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available.\u003c/p\u003e","label":"Abstract Or Scope"}},"breadcrumbs":{"id":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_919#breadcrumbs","type":"document_value","attributes":{"value":{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_919.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Hand, A. H. Papers","title_ssm":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"title_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1835, 2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835, 2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919"],"text":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919","A. H. Hand Papers","Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Processed by Ellen Strong in 1985.","Letters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available."," A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection."," 4 items.","Letters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Hand, A. H.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"collection_ssim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Hand, A. H."],"creator_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"creators_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift 2009 supplement sent by Mary M. Thacher of Stonington, CT."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Typescripts"],"date_range_isim":[1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eInformation about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/A._H._Hand\" title=\"A. H. Hand\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA. H. Hand Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Ellen Strong in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Ellen Strong in 1985."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e 4 items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available."," A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection."," 4 items.","Letters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Hand, A. H."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T03:18:49.790Z","collection":{"numFound":1,"start":0,"numFoundExact":true,"docs":[{"id":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","ead_ssi":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","_root_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","_nest_parent_":"viw_repositories_2_resources_919","ead_source_url_ssi":"data/oai/WM/repositories_2_resources_919.xml","title_filing_ssi":"Hand, A. H. Papers","title_ssm":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"title_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"unitdate_ssm":["1835, 2009"],"unitdate_inclusive_ssm":["1835, 2009"],"level_ssm":["collection"],"level_ssim":["Collection"],"unitid_ssm":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919"],"text":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919","A. H. Hand Papers","Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts","Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.","Information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  .","Processed by Ellen Strong in 1985.","Letters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available."," A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection."," 4 items.","Letters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York.","Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.","Special Collections Research Center","Hand, A. H.","English"],"unitid_tesim":["SC 01080","/repositories/2/resources/919"],"normalized_title_ssm":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"collection_title_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"collection_ssim":["A. H. Hand Papers"],"repository_ssm":["College of William and Mary"],"repository_ssim":["College of William and Mary"],"creator_ssm":["Hand, A. H."],"creator_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"creator_persname_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"creators_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"access_terms_ssm":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"acqinfo_ssim":["Gift 2009 supplement sent by Mary M. Thacher of Stonington, CT."],"access_subjects_ssim":["Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts"],"access_subjects_ssm":["Education, Higher--History--19th century","Education--History--19th century","Education--New York (State)","Princeton (N.J.)--History--19th century","Correspondence","Typescripts"],"has_online_content_ssim":["false"],"extent_ssm":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"extent_tesim":["0.01 Linear Foot"],"genreform_ssim":["Correspondence","Typescripts"],"date_range_isim":[1835,1836,1837,1838,1839,1840,1841,1842,1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1875,1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,1910,1911,1912,1913,1914,1915,1916,1917,1918,1919,1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009],"accessrestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eCollection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility.\u003c/p\u003e"],"accessrestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Access:"],"accessrestrict_tesim":["Collection is open to all researchers. Manuscript collections and archival records may contain materials with sensitive or confidential information that is protected under federal or state right to privacy laws and regulations, such as the Virginia Public Records Act (Code of Virginia. § 42.1-76-91); and the Virginia Freedom of Information Act (Code of Virginia § 2.2-3705.5). Confidential material may include, but is not limited to, educational, medical, and personnel records. If sensitive material is found in this collection, please contact a staff member immediately. The disclosure of personally identifiable information pertaining to a living individual may have legal consequences for which the College of William and Mary assumes no responsibility."],"bioghist_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eInformation about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki: \u003cextref href=\"http://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/A._H._Hand\" title=\"A. H. Hand\"\u003e\u003c/extref\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"],"bioghist_heading_ssm":["Biographical Information:"],"bioghist_tesim":["Information about this individual or organization may be available in the Special Collections Research Center Wiki:  ."],"prefercite_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eA. H. Hand Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary.\u003c/p\u003e"],"prefercite_tesim":["A. H. Hand Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Swem Library, College of William and Mary."],"processinfo_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eProcessed by Ellen Strong in 1985.\u003c/p\u003e"],"processinfo_heading_ssm":["Processing Information:"],"processinfo_tesim":["Processed by Ellen Strong in 1985."],"scopecontent_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eLetters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n","\u003cp\u003e 4 items.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eLetters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York.\u003c/p\u003e"],"scopecontent_heading_ssm":["Scope and Contents","Scope and Contents"],"scopecontent_tesim":["Letters, 16 March and 21 July 1835, of A. H. Hand, Princeton, New Jersey to his cousin Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, New York, giving advice on being a student and discussing the value of an education. Typescripts available."," A paper explaining the relationship of the cousins, a biography of both men, and a genealogy report of the Cornwall Family and descendants of John and Rebecca Hand sent by a descendant in 2009 is also part of the collection."," 4 items.","Letters include: 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.] to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.J.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 16 March 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton [N.J.], to Augustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York; 21 July 1835. A.H. Hand, Princeton, [N.Y.] to cousin A[u]gustus Cornwall, Catskill, N[ew] York."],"userestrict_html_tesm":["\u003cp\u003eBefore reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library.\u003c/p\u003e"],"userestrict_heading_ssm":["Conditions Governing Use:"],"userestrict_tesim":["Before reproducing or quoting from any materials, in whole or in part, permission must be obtained from the Special Collections Research Center, and the holder of the copyright, if not Swem Library."],"names_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center","Hand, A. H."],"corpname_ssim":["Special Collections Research Center"],"persname_ssim":["Hand, A. H."],"language_ssim":["English"],"total_component_count_is":1,"online_item_count_is":0,"component_level_isim":[0],"sort_isi":0,"timestamp":"2026-05-21T03:18:49.790Z"}]}},"label":"Breadcrumbs"}}},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/viw_repositories_2_resources_919"}}],"included":[{"type":"facet","id":"repository_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Repository","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Alexandria Library","value":"Alexandria Library","hits":41},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Alexandria+Library"}},{"attributes":{"label":"College of William and Mary","value":"College of William and Mary","hits":606},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=College+of+William+and+Mary"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","value":"Edgar Cayce Foundation","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Edgar+Cayce+Foundation"}},{"attributes":{"label":"George Mason University","value":"George Mason University","hits":30},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=George+Mason+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Hampden-Sydney College","value":"Hampden-Sydney College","hits":13},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Hampden-Sydney+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"James Madison University","value":"James Madison University","hits":72},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=James+Madison+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Library of Virginia","value":"Library of Virginia","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Library+of+Virginia"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Longwood University","value":"Longwood University","hits":13},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Longwood+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Old Dominion University","value":"Old Dominion University","hits":26},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Old+Dominion+University"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Randolph-Macon College","value":"Randolph-Macon College","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=Randolph-Macon+College"}},{"attributes":{"label":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","value":"The George Washington Presidential Library at Mount Vernon","hits":27},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Brepository%5D%5B%5D=The+George+Washington+Presidential+Library+at+Mount+Vernon"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/repository_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"collection_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Collection","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"\"The Negro\" Lithograph","value":"\"The Negro\" Lithograph","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22The+Negro%22+Lithograph\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"\"Young Eph's Lament\" Song Sheet","value":"\"Young Eph's Lament\" Song Sheet","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=%22Young+Eph%27s+Lament%22+Song+Sheet\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"19th century newspaper illustrations collection","value":"19th century newspaper illustrations collection","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=19th+century+newspaper+illustrations+collection\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Gold and Company ledgers","value":"A. Gold and Company ledgers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+Gold+and+Company+ledgers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. H. Hand Papers","value":"A. H. Hand Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.+H.+Hand+Papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.B. Stickney, Compiler, Genealogical Materials","value":"A.B. Stickney, Compiler, Genealogical Materials","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.B.+Stickney%2C+Compiler%2C+Genealogical+Materials\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.C.L. Gatewood Papers","value":"A.C.L. Gatewood Papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.C.L.+Gatewood+Papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.J. Lawrence Account Book","value":"A.J. Lawrence Account Book","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.J.+Lawrence+Account+Book\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.J. Morrison Collection","value":"A.J. Morrison Collection","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.J.+Morrison+Collection\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.S. Hammack papers","value":"A.S. Hammack papers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=A.S.+Hammack+papers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abigail Brown Shaw Cole diary","value":"Abigail Brown Shaw Cole diary","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcollection%5D%5B%5D=Abigail+Brown+Shaw+Cole+diary\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/collection_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"date_range_isim","attributes":{"label":"Date range","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"0","value":"0","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=0\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1000","value":"1000","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1000\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1001","value":"1001","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1001\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1002","value":"1002","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1002\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1003","value":"1003","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1003\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1004","value":"1004","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1004\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1005","value":"1005","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1005\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1006","value":"1006","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1006\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1007","value":"1007","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1007\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1008","value":"1008","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1008\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"1009","value":"1009","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1009\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/date_range_isim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"creator_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Creator","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","value":"A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=A.+Gold+and+Company+%28Brownsburg%2C+Va.%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","value":"Ackerson, John Thaddeus, 1898-1975","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Ackerson%2C+John+Thaddeus%2C+1898-1975\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams family","value":"Adams family","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams+family\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Herbert Baxter, 1850-1901","value":"Adams, Herbert Baxter, 1850-1901","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Herbert+Baxter%2C+1850-1901\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, John Quincy, 1767-1848","value":"Adams, John Quincy, 1767-1848","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+John+Quincy%2C+1767-1848\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, John, 1735-1826","value":"Adams, John, 1735-1826","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+John%2C+1735-1826\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Louisa Catherine, 1775-1852","value":"Adams, Louisa Catherine, 1775-1852","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Louisa+Catherine%2C+1775-1852\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Adams, Richard","value":"Adams, Richard","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Adams%2C+Richard\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Akers, Lilly \u0026 Ellison Families","value":"Akers, Lilly \u0026 Ellison Families","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Akers%2C+Lilly+%26+Ellison+Families\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alan Wofsy Fine Arts","value":"Alan Wofsy Fine Arts","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Alan+Wofsy+Fine+Arts\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Albree, John","value":"Albree, John","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bcreators%5D%5B%5D=Albree%2C+John\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/creator_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"names_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Names","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" Caruthers, William Alexander","value":" Caruthers, William Alexander","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=+Caruthers%2C+William+Alexander"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Los Angeles Times (Firm)","value":" Los Angeles Times (Firm)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=+Los+Angeles+Times+%28Firm%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","value":"A. D. Handy, Stereopticons and Supplies (Boston, Ma)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+D.+Handy%2C+Stereopticons+and+Supplies+%28Boston%2C+Ma%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","value":"A. Gold and Company (Brownsburg, Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+Gold+and+Company+%28Brownsburg%2C+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A. W. Luster","value":"A. W. Luster","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.+W.+Luster"}},{"attributes":{"label":"A.G. Lichtenstein and Associates ","value":"A.G. Lichtenstein and Associates ","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=A.G.+Lichtenstein+and+Associates+"}},{"attributes":{"label":"ANTA (Organization)","value":"ANTA (Organization)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=ANTA+%28Organization%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"ANTA West (Organization)","value":"ANTA West (Organization)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=ANTA+West+%28Organization%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Aaron Quinby","value":"Aaron Quinby","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Aaron+Quinby"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abbott, Harold T.","value":"Abbott, Harold T.","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Abbott%2C+Harold+T."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abbott, W. R.","value":"Abbott, W. R.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bnames%5D%5B%5D=Abbott%2C+W.+R."}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/names_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"geogname_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Places","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" \tWater-supply--Virginia--Charlottesville","value":" \tWater-supply--Virginia--Charlottesville","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=+%09Water-supply--Virginia--Charlottesville"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Ohio County (W. Va.) -- Archives","value":" Ohio County (W. Va.) -- Archives","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=+Ohio+County+%28W.+Va.%29+--+Archives"}},{"attributes":{"label":" United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","value":" United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=+United+States+--+History+--+Civil+War%2C+1861-1865"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abb's Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","value":"Abb's Valley (Va. and W. Va.)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Abb%27s+Valley+%28Va.+and+W.+Va.%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","value":"Accomack County (Va.)--History","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County+%28Va.%29--History"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Accomack County, V.A.","value":"Accomack County, V.A.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Accomack+County%2C+V.A."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","value":"Acton (Eng. : Estate)","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Acton+%28Eng.+%3A+Estate%29"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Africa","value":"Africa","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Africa"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Africa, East--Maps","value":"Africa, East--Maps","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Africa%2C+East--Maps"}},{"attributes":{"label":"African Americans--History.","value":"African Americans--History.","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=African+Americans--History."}},{"attributes":{"label":"Alabama","value":"Alabama","hits":3},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Bplaces%5D%5B%5D=Alabama"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/geogname_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access_subjects_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Subjects","items":[{"attributes":{"label":" Business enterprises -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","value":" Business enterprises -- Virginia -- Harrisonburg","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Business+enterprises+--+Virginia+--+Harrisonburg\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":" New Market, Battle of, New Market, Va., 1864—Anniversaries","value":" New Market, Battle of, New Market, Va., 1864—Anniversaries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+New+Market%2C+Battle+of%2C+New+Market%2C+Va.%2C+1864%E2%80%94Anniversaries\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","value":" Tobacco -- Cooperative Marketing -- Virginia -- Rockingham County","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Tobacco+--+Cooperative+Marketing+--+Virginia+--+Rockingham+County\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":" Women's Scrapbook/ Commonplace Book Collections (University of Virginia)","value":" Women's Scrapbook/ Commonplace Book Collections (University of Virginia)","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=+Women%27s+Scrapbook%2F+Commonplace+Book+Collections+%28University+of+Virginia%29\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"19th Century U.S. Newspapers","value":"19th Century U.S. Newspapers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=19th+Century+U.S.+Newspapers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"19th century","value":"19th century","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=19th+century\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"20th Century U.S. Newspapers","value":"20th Century U.S. Newspapers","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=20th+Century+U.S.+Newspapers\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolition of slavery","value":"Abolition of slavery","hits":5},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolition+of+slavery\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionists","value":"Abolitionists","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionists\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Abolitionists--Massachusetts--Diaries","value":"Abolitionists--Massachusetts--Diaries","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Abolitionists--Massachusetts--Diaries\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Academic records","value":"Academic records","hits":2},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess_subjects%5D%5B%5D=Academic+records\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access_subjects_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"level_ssim","attributes":{"label":"Level","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Box","value":"Box","hits":1},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Box"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Collection","value":"Collection","hits":2481},"links":{"remove":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"attributes":{"label":"File","value":"File","hits":20},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=File"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Item","value":"Item","hits":7},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Item"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Record Group","value":"Record Group","hits":17},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Record+Group"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Series","value":"Series","hits":4},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Series"}},{"attributes":{"label":"Subgroup","value":"Subgroup","hits":11},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Subgroup"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/level_ssim.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"facet","id":"access","attributes":{"label":"Access","items":[{"attributes":{"label":"Online access","value":"online","hits":14},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Baccess%5D%5B%5D=online\u0026f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}}]},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog/facet/access.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"all_fields","attributes":{"label":"All Fields"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=all_fields"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"keyword","attributes":{"label":"Keyword"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=keyword"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"name","attributes":{"label":"Name"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=name"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"place","attributes":{"label":"Place"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=place"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"subject","attributes":{"label":"Subject"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=subject"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"title","attributes":{"label":"Title"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=title"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"container","attributes":{"label":"Container"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=container"}},{"type":"search_field","id":"identifier","attributes":{"label":"Identifier"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026search_field=identifier"}},{"type":"sort","id":"score desc, title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"relevance"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=score+desc%2C+title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"date (ascending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=date_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"date_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"date (descending)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=date_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"creator (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=creator_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"creator_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"creator (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=creator_sort+desc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort asc","attributes":{"label":"title (A-Z)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=title_sort+asc"}},{"type":"sort","id":"title_sort desc","attributes":{"label":"title (Z-A)"},"links":{"self":"https://arvasarchive.org/catalog.json?f%5Bdate_range%5D%5B%5D=1869\u0026f%5Blevel%5D%5B%5D=Collection\u0026page=3\u0026sort=title_sort+desc"}}]}